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Unionists desired a centralized Turkish-dominated Ottoman state, while the Itilafists desired decentralization and federalization. In addition, many ethnic political parties also existed, but most were banned after the passage of a law banning ethnic parties. Some ethnic parties like the
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All registered males above the age of 25 were allowed to vote in two-stage elections, where they first voted for a representative who would go on to vote for a deputy. The
Ottoman Empire's first election was held in 1876, and its second in 1877, both of which lacked political parties. With the end of
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As a goal of the
Tanzimat reforms was standardization and centralization, the millets of the empire lost much of their autonomy. However, during the 19th century, many of the Christian Millets were quick to import Western systems of governance and political participation in their societies. The
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used to be picked by the Sultan instead of the Grand Vizier. However, in the early months of the Second
Constitutional Era, Abdul Hamid, under pressure by the CUP was stripped of this privilege, and all cabinets seats were chosen by the Grand Vizier in 1908. During
117:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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and dissatisfaction with Abdul Hamid lead to the "temporary" suspension of the constitution and the parliament, resulting in a modern despotism/autocracy of Abdul Hamid, during which internal reform continued. The
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The elections held following the 1908 revolution were the first elections in
Ottoman and Turkish history to feature political parties. The two major parties during the Second Constitutional Era were the
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anyway the next year. Parliament's criticism of the monarch over incompetency in the war resulted in Abdul Hamid suspending the constitution and parliament in 1878, thus ending the
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Starting in the 19th century the
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served to be a committed constitutional monarch, and rarely if ever asserted his royal authority (even though after 1913 the ruling party ceased to respect the
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The
Sublime Porte is a synecdoche to refer to the Ottoman government, a complex of buildings where the Grand Vizier and his cabinet was based. The
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started, which yielded much needed reform to the government and social contract with the multicultural citizens of the empire.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Turkish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Overview of the national government of the late Ottoman Empire
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the First Constitutional Era came 34 years of direct rule by
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914:Ottoman law
761:Young Turks
675:Action Army
653:. However,
613:secular law
558:World War I
546:Cemal Pasha
542:Enver Pasha
538:Talat Pasha
251:August 2021
97:(July 2021)
1341:Sanjakbeys
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934:References
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509:parliament
221:newspapers
92:in Turkish
50:improve it
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505:elections
467:Mahmud II
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56:talk page
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