2036:
663:
759:
940:
until decades later. Though Hooley included an illustration of the piece, it was not incorporated into his reconstruction of the skull, and the skull length he proposed had consequently been repeated by other researchers. Witton attempted to fit the skull together to see if the rediscovered piece would be a bridging element, and sought confirmation from other pterosaur researchers at the museum. He concluded that the jaw-piece represented almost the entire missing portion of the skull (which might only be missing millimetres), and suggested that the skull would have been much shorter than previously assumed, making
1899:
1875:
1257:
8721:
1719:
7488:
8759:
2316:
6290:
1232:
151:
921:
8771:
672:
6296:
504:
129:
5673:
2045:
910:
7504:
1974:
8728:
5678:
1030:
5132:
8734:
1045:(26 ft). The most completely known skull is fragmentary but is thought to have been about 45 centimetres (18 in) in length, based on a long-lost fragment of its jaw reported in 2012. Before this, the skull had been estimated to be 56 centimetres (22 in) long. At 28.5 centimetres (11.2 in), the jaws were less than 80 percent of the skull's length, which is short for a
1108:
5140:
5147:
7496:
2143:, which is typical for fossils there. The Vectis Formation consists of coastal and near-shore deposits, which were deposited in an environment dominated by tides. During the Early Cretaceous, southern England would have had a mean temperature in the range of 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). The Wessex Formation would have had a
1839:
of strong and weak elements in their skulls; they do not have to struggle with their prey, but need to be able to tear and pull morsels from cadavers. These birds also have relatively small eyes compared to predatory birds, as they do not need to search for hiding animals, or to make carefully judged
1655:
period. They are distinguished from other pterosaurs by features such as the shape and position of their teeth, broad snouts, narrowed orbits, and large naso-antorbital fenestrae. In addition to the istiodactylids from China, teeth indicate the presence of the group in Spain and the elsewhere in the
408:
was a large pterosaur; estimates of its wingspan range from 4.3 to 5 metres (14 to 16 ft). Its skull was about 45 centimetres (18 in) long, and was relatively short and broad for a pterosaur. The front of the snout was low and blunt, and bore a semicircle of 48 teeth. The triangular teeth
2026:
carnivores. The wings of istiodactylids seem to have been shorter than those of other ornithocheiroids, which may have been more adapted to oceanic soaring; their wings may have been more suited for taking off and landing. Modern birds that soar inland have shorter and deeper wings than those that
1143:
specimens, unlike other pterosaurs, which is perhaps because they would disrupt the tightly interlocking dentition. A sharp projection between two teeth at the middle front of the mandible has been described as an odontoid (or "pseudo-tooth"), but was previously interpreted as an actual tooth. The
1960:
was most likely a scavenger that would have used its robust teeth to scrape meat from bones, as indicated by wear-facets on the tooth-tips (he proposed that scratch-marks should be looked for on dinosaur bones). He also suggested that if they were scraping away the last flesh from a carcass, like
653:
and named it after the latter, when the only specimen available in 1901, NHMUK R176, does not appear to have had these elements. Only the back of the skull was listed as present by
Lydekker in 1888, but it was rumoured that a set of jaws had been lost from Fox's collection, so it is possible that
939:
reported the "rediscovery" of a jaw-piece that belonged to specimen NHMUK R3877, found while he was visiting the museum to photograph the skull. The piece had been neglected in a drawer for a century, perhaps removed shortly after Hooley's 1913 article, and had apparently not been fully prepared
2001:
in 1914, and by
Cherrie D. Bramwell and George R. Whitfield in 1974, but the details of istiodactylid flight performance have not been studied. Witton suggested that istiodactylids would have been powerful fliers, due to an enlarged area for downstroke musculature attachments and well-developed
1044:
was quite a large pterosaur, with estimates of its wingspan ranging from 4.3 to 5 metres (14 to 16 ft). This makes it the largest known member of its family, Istiodactylidae. Some isolated pterosaur wing-bone fragments that may belong to this genus indicate a wingspan as large as 8 metres
1130:
and triangular roots that were shorter than the crowns. Most tooth crowns had slightly blunted points, or were somewhat worn. The margins of the tooth crowns were not serrated, but had faint keels. There were 24 upper teeth, restricted to the part in front of the nostril, and 24 lower teeth,
1348:
Since additional members of the family
Istiodactylidae were discovered only in the 21st century, with many of those discoveries occurring in quick succession, the interrelationships and exact content of the group are still unclear and need reappraisal. In 2014, Andres and colleagues placed
2115:
on the Isle of Wight. These formations date from the
Barremian to the lower Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous, about 120 million years ago. It is uncertain from which of these formations the first known specimen was collected, but it may have been the Wessex Formation, where isolated
2087:
Witton also found that due to their relatively slighter flight-musculature, istiodactylids were adapted to launching from the ground like vultures, rather than from water like other ornithocheiroids. He also considered the fact that istiodactylid fossils are mainly found in
3671:
Zhou, Xuanyu; Pêgas, Rodrigo V.; Ma, Waisum; Han, Gang; Jin, Xingsheng; Leal, Maria E.C.; Bonde, Niels; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Lautenschlager, Stephan; Wei, Xuefang; Shen, Caizhi; Ji, Shu'an (2021). "A new darwinopteran pterosaur reveals arborealism and an opposed thumb".
1955:
and extant scavengers, such as the lack of a sharp, pointed beak, which could have made it less capable of tearing flesh, but the long neck may have provided enough pulling power, and the claws on the fingers may have been used to manipulate carcasses. Martill agreed that
2096:, which received much terrestrial input, evidence that supports the idea of them scavenging in terrestrial settings. Witton found it unlikely that istiodactylids and their relatives were especially proficient on the ground, due to their disproportionate limbs and small
1919:
served to fill the space where no tooth was present. This completed an arc-like bite that would have been necessary to sever morsels that would otherwise remain attached by a thread. Martill stated that few other animals are known with teeth similar to those of
1865:
appears to have been the best-adapted for a scavenging lifestyle. He envisioned that istiodactylids would have to step back from a carcass if more powerful carnivores were attracted to it, but would return to finish the remains when those animals were satiated.
1844:
appears to have had large jaw muscles, and therefore a strong bite, and the skull was deep, which would have helped resist bending when pulling flesh. Individual bones of the skull were instead slender and shallow, and the toothrows were short, which indicates
848:
fragment that may belong to a juvenile, and isolated teeth found through screen washing from 2002 and onwards. During the early 21st century, new types of istiodactylids were reported from China. In 2006, Brian Andres and Ji Qiang named a second species of
977:
specimen NHMUK R3877 remains the most well-preserved istiodactylid skeleton, and that some details of the group's anatomy are known only from it. In 2022, the
Chinese palaeontologist Yizhi Xu and colleagues stated that the difference between
3925:
Yoshida, S.; Jackson, M. D.; Johnson, H. D.; Muggeridge, A. H.; Martinius, A. W. (2001). "Outcrop studies of tidal sandstones for reservoir characterization (Lower
Cretaceous vectis formation, isle of wight, Southern England)".
2002:
pectoral and upper arm bones, and they probably spent much time in the air. Istiodactylids had wing-membranes connected to shortened bodies with short legs and long forelimbs, which may have created large wings with a high
1766:. Howse and colleagues found that the distinctive teeth indicated a specialised diet or feeding technique, and instead suggested they could have been used to remove chunks of meat from prey or a carcass in the manner of a "
1317:
to be a member of the group
Ornithocheiroidea, but the exact configuration and content of this group has varied between studies. Within Ornithocheiroidea, Unwin found Istiodactylidae (which at the time only consisted of
3647:
Ozeki, Masanori; Unwin, David M.; Bell, Phil R.; Li, Daqing; Xing, Lida (2023). "A new pterosaur specimen from the Lower
Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China: The oldest fossil record of Nurhachius".
973:, or even the same species, since they were found in the same formation and had few differences. He provisionally retained the existing taxonomy, awaiting further investigation of the issue. Witton stated that
997:, but had no documented history prior to the mid-1960s. In 2021, the Russian palaeontologist Alexander O. Averianov and colleagues suggested that the front ends of an istiodactylid snout and mandible at the
2100:, though they may have had relatively large thigh muscles. He also found the feet too small in relation to their body size to have been used for climbing or suspension, as had previously been suggested.
2200:, and one or two other undetermined istiodactylids. This diversity is comparable to that seen in other parts of the world during the Early Cretaceous, and the lack of toothless pterosaurs may be due to
778:
dinosaur (this conclusion had also been reached independently by the
British palaeontologist Christopher Bennett). They pointed out that no detailed attempts had been made to compare the sacrum of
629:
Specimen NHMUK R176 is a poorly preserved skeleton consisting of the back of the skull, a neck vertebra, the sternum, the sacrum, the right humerus, the notarium, the left humerus, part of the
1762:, while noting it was not a "duck-billed pterosaur" (as it has been popularly called), due to its strong teeth. He suggested that the alternately meshing teeth and the broad snout indicated a
3536:, a new istiodactylid pterosaur (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province (China) and comments on the Istiodactylidae"
1068:
was relatively short and broad compared to most other pterosaurs, and it had a short, low snout-region in front of the nostrils. Much of the skull was occupied by very large naso-antorbital
718:
pterosaurs found in
England, and NHMUK R3877 was one of the only known three-dimensionally preserved pterosaur skeletons for much of the 20th century (pterosaur bones are often flattened
1801:, which were ideal for obtaining slippery prey. Instead, the "razor-edged" teeth would be better suited for shearing food than for grabbing fish. Witton also discussed an unpublished
1857:
fed on large prey that necessitated strong jaws for processing, yet was also motionless enough so that strain on the jaws and skull could be controlled during feeding. The eyes of
1861:
also seem to have been proportionally small, compared to pterosaurs that are presumed to have been predatory (such as ornithocheirids). Witton concluded that among pterosaurs,
2866:
Steel, L. (2012). "The pterosaur collection at the Natural History Museum, London, UK: an overview and list of specimens, with description of recent curatorial developments".
646:
1219:
crest. The forelimbs of istiodactylids were large, up to 4.5 times longer than their legs. The long wing-finger may have occupied 50 percent of the wing-skeleton. The
2545:
1820:
too broad and the jaws too long, resulting in a misleading similarity to the skull of a duck. Pointing out that the jaws were dissimilar to the broad, flattened, and
8847:
3039:
1965:
was an obligate consumer of vertebrate animals, probably a carnivore, since it plotted closest to carnivorous reptiles in an analysis of dental microwear texture.
8906:
2035:
1096:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) was abbreviated, and the mandible was deepest where the mandibular rami (halves of the lower jaw) diverged. The
758:
662:
3964:
Insole, A. N.; Hutt, S. (1994). "The palaeoecology of the dinosaurs of the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Early Cretaceous), Isle of Wight, Southern England".
1677:
Two fossils from North America formerly thought to have been similar to istiodactylids are now believed to have been misidentified; a mandible fragment from the
622:
means "tooth", a name originally used by Fox and his friends. Seeley presumably assigned the new species to the existing genus due to similarities between their
4049:
Martill, D. M.; Hutt, S. (1996). "Possible baryonychid dinosaur teeth from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, England".
3285:
8901:
3993:"Atmospheric pCO2 and depositional environment from stable-isotope geochemistry of calcrete nodules (Barremian, Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Beds, England)"
1084:. The hind part of the skull was relatively tall, and the skull table bore a low crest or ridge at the front. The snout identified in 2021 revealed that
8834:
4028:
3509:
746:
subsequently reviewed Hooley's article, disagreeing with some of his conclusions about the anatomy and classification of the animal. After Hooley's
1118:
The tips of the jaws bore a semicircle of 48 teeth which were even in size, triangular, and compressed sideways. The teeth have been described as "
1017:, visited England in 1888 for the Geological Congress, and again in 1891, possibly acquiring the specimen then. Averianov and colleagues performed
649:, and the specimen is considered the holotype today. Later researchers have been mystified by the fact that Seeley described the jaws and teeth of
3588:
Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019).
8911:
4133:
4101:
3943:
3177:
2438:
1770:" or by biting and twisting the skull. They also pointed out that the animal was known from continental beds, and may therefore have been a
742:, as the vertebrae of the specimen that genus was based on differed markedly from those of Hooley's specimen. The American palaeontologist
706:. The first of these, NHMUK R3877, was collected as three blocks and consists of a skull, neck and trunk vertebrae, a shoulder blade, an
929:
Snout of NHMUK R3877 highlighting crushing and displacement of bone (above), and the missing jaw fragment rediscovered by Witton (below)
8720:
3747:
2509:
1135:" outline. The front teeth were closely spaced, and the hind teeth were more widely spaced, with recesses for the opposing teeth. No
770:
In 1993, the British palaeontologists Stafford C. Howse and Andrew C. Milner concluded that the holotype sacrum and only specimen of
394:
was the only pterosaur known from three-dimensionally preserved fossils for much of the 20th century. In 2006, a species from China,
2972:
998:
1961:
marabou storks, they would have been in the back of the queue for access to it. In 2020, Jordan Bestwick and colleagues found that
2827:"Pterosaurs of the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England: a review with new data"
2608:
2022:. Flight is very important to birds that scavenge, as it helps them locate, reach, and eat carcasses before they are found by
2334:
1816:
in a manner similar to ducks. Witton found that Fastnacht had reconstructed the skull incorrectly, for example by making the
1786:
was able to cut meat in this way, but added that it would not have been able to process food with precisely occluding teeth.
575:
2529:
1898:
7487:
6295:
3928:
Sedimentary Environments Offshore Norway — Palaeozoic to Recent, Proceedings of the Norwegian Petroleum Society Conference
3121:
Averianov, A. O.; Kolchanov, V. V.; Zverkov, N. G.; Aleksandrova, G. N.; Yaroshenko, O. P. (2021). "The wandering jaws of
3031:
1874:
1824:
bills of ducks, and that the teeth were not suited for filter-feeding, he dismissed the idea of a duck-like lifestyle for
1256:
750:, little was written about the animal for the rest of the 20th century, and no similar pterosaurs were found for decades.
582:
409:
were closely spaced, interlocked, and formed a "razor-edged" outline. The lower jaw also had a tooth-like projection that
8749:
6289:
1180:
150:
2018:(that fly with little flapping), and may have been ideal for low-energy soaring, which is necessary when searching for
1187:(a structure consisting of fused vertebrae in the shoulder-region of some pterosaurs and birds) consisted of six fused
1524:
961:
794:, with one writer even treating the original species as a synonym of the newer. As a definite species of pterosaurs, "
730:
in its own family, Ornithodesmidae. His article ended with a discussion wherein it was noted that the palaeontologist
710:, and parts of the forelimbs. The second specimen, NHMUK R3878, was collected in one block, and includes parts of the
2460:, Seeley, a lizard from the Cambridge Greensand, preserved in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge"
3242:
2003:
3991:
Robinson, S. A.; Andrews, J. E.; Hesselbo, S. P.; Radley, J. D.; Dennis, P. F.; Harding, I. C.; Allen, P. (2002).
3773:"Dietary diversity and evolution of the earliest flying vertebrates revealed by dental microwear texture analysis"
2027:
soar over the ocean; the wing shape of istiodactylids indicate that they may have preferred terrestrial settings.
680:
Blocks of specimen NHMUK R3877 and NHMUK R3878 photographed before full preparation, with limb-bones, sternum and
5672:
4126:
1470:
1009:
has been found. It may have entered the Russian collection when a curator of this museum, the Russian geologist
8916:
4230:
3467:
2723:
2329:
1497:
883:
743:
552:
5131:
2926:
1076:
and the bony nostril). Unusually, this opening extended past the jaw joint and the back of the mandible. The
5708:
1437:
731:
5677:
5139:
1291:, and even considered it a modified form of the former. Later writers classified it among the short-tailed
8787:
8628:
6786:
3717:"Feeding-related characters in basal pterosaurs: implications for jaw mechanism, dental function and diet"
3338:
2078:
595:
550:, he concluded that it belonged to a bird (though more dinosaur-like than any known bird), which he named
8727:
3992:
3471:
8873:
8775:
8733:
3830:
1978:
1306:
1149:
889:
410:
1131:
restricted to the symphysal region. The upper and lower teeth interlocked, forming a "razor-edged" or "
645:, he described and illustrated parts of NHMUK R176, which makes the 1901 naming valid according to the
7503:
1309:. In 2003, two competing schools of pterosaur classification emerged, that of David Unwin and that of
456:
differed from other istiodactylids in having a proportionally shorter skull. The distinctive teeth of
6881:
5320:
5230:
5146:
4119:
4058:
4004:
3889:
3784:
3731:
3681:
3601:
3483:
3386:
3330:
3261:
3134:
2875:
2838:
2743:
2677:
2089:
1689:
1365:
within Istiodactylidae, which they called Istiodactylinae. In 2019, Xuanyu Zhou and colleagues found
1310:
1216:
1093:
7495:
3343:
8763:
8385:
8074:
7761:
7060:
6987:
4755:
4475:
2321:
2148:
1750:
fed on fish, occasionally dipping in water in pursuit of prey. In 1991, the German palaeontologist
1674:), with members of the group previously only known from Early Cretaceous sites in Europe and Asia.
1637:
1265:
1204:
1100:
of the upper jaw was very slender, and only 6–7 millimetres (0.2–0.3 in) deep. The tip of the
1073:
858:
414:
277:
8825:
7914:
6388:
6231:
5374:
5177:
5164:
5078:
4920:
4551:
4526:
4020:
3907:
3854:
3590:"First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity"
3445:
3402:
3356:
2938:
2930:
2891:
2761:
2600:
2479:
2433:. Guide 10; Field Guides to Fossils. London: The Palaeontological Association. pp. 324–335.
2382:
2023:
1998:
1933:
1798:
1794:
1678:
1420:
1396:
1378:
1338:
719:
691:
473:
325:
145:
8878:
1948:), but perhaps also from fish, for example by snapping at their backs near the water surface.
574:, the first popular book about pterosaurs, Seeley reported another specimen (NHMUK R176 at the
567:
was a pterosaur, finding it similar to fossils that he had seen before, but Seeley disagreed.
8860:
8852:
8340:
7155:
7084:
6326:
6313:
6256:
6019:
5917:
5819:
5737:
5515:
5492:
5458:
5388:
4929:
4845:
4797:
4771:
4484:
4389:
4097:
3939:
3812:
3697:
3629:
3567:
3501:
3437:
3374:
3277:
3173:
3098:
3012:
2989:
2968:
2705:
2505:
2434:
2267:
2201:
2144:
1817:
1136:
638:
512:
449:
373:
8865:
3032:"The pterodactyl that fell down the back of the sofa, part 1: another 'unexpected discovery'"
869:, though much smaller, with a wingspan of 2.7 metres (8.9 ft), and more teeth. In 2006,
8569:
8452:
8444:
8236:
8165:
8090:
7632:
7535:
7522:
7454:
7334:
7323:
6573:
6430:
6367:
6142:
6124:
5962:
5786:
5602:
5588:
5546:
5052:
5038:
4970:
4649:
4199:
4066:
4012:
3973:
3931:
3897:
3846:
3802:
3792:
3739:
3716:
3689:
3653:
3619:
3609:
3557:
3547:
3491:
3429:
3394:
3348:
3269:
3206:
3165:
3142:
3088:
3078:
2922:
2883:
2846:
2751:
2695:
2685:
2592:
2471:
2374:
1994:
1881:
1836:
1751:
1652:
1164:
1014:
920:
827:
703:
603:
586:
535:
488:
484:
441:
390:, in 2001; this name is Greek for "sail finger". More specimens were described in 1913, and
365:
208:
41:
2534:– a maniraptoran theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, England"
1223:
were short compared to the forelimbs, and the feet were as long as the small third finger.
491:, which represent river and coastal environments that were shared with various pterosaurs,
8658:
8501:
8350:
8135:
8039:
8014:
8007:
7994:
7927:
7813:
7711:
7677:
7573:
7553:
7407:
7265:
7206:
7193:
7164:
7040:
6951:
6810:
6683:
6638:
6510:
6439:
6418:
6244:
5905:
5885:
5857:
5833:
5769:
5761:
5754:
5746:
5501:
5481:
5311:
5287:
5237:
5045:
5028:
5018:
4995:
4951:
4943:
4911:
4900:
4879:
4833:
4825:
4764:
4680:
4620:
4539:
4508:
4398:
4377:
4330:
4215:
4190:
3834:
2569:
2231:
2193:
2179:
1982:
1936:, which takes circular bites from fish as well as prey much larger than itself (including
1718:
1694:
1657:
1510:
1483:
1323:
1292:
1196:
1188:
1160:
1077:
951:
for him to conclude they did not belong in the same genus, but he advised against placing
830:
763:
711:
527:
524:
516:
445:
234:
221:
4062:
4008:
3893:
3788:
3735:
3685:
3605:
3487:
3390:
3334:
3265:
3138:
2879:
2842:
2747:
2681:
2425:
Howse, S. C. B.; Milner, A. R.; Martill, D. M. (2001). "Pterosaurs". In Martill, D. M.;
993:
may be specimen CAMMZ T706, which was recognised in 1982 by the English palaeontologist
8635:
8608:
8586:
8410:
8324:
8309:
8261:
8200:
8185:
8151:
7976:
7960:
7948:
7934:
7887:
7844:
7804:
7718:
7664:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7350:
7257:
7178:
7105:
7016:
6772:
6664:
6599:
6540:
6480:
6446:
6166:
6093:
6065:
5984:
5934:
5873:
5842:
5442:
5418:
5396:
5342:
5300:
5244:
5212:
4893:
4810:
4787:
4666:
4592:
4560:
4413:
4362:
4310:
4089:
3977:
3807:
3772:
3624:
3589:
3562:
3531:
3093:
3062:
2956:
2700:
2661:
2657:
2293:
2184:
2093:
1944:
may also have taken circular bites from prey larger than itself (such as dinosaurs and
1743:
1671:
1406:
1382:
1058:
1046:
1001:
in Moscow, specimen SGM 1810–01, could also be the missing holotype, since analysis of
994:
936:
894:
878:
870:
671:
590:
503:
413:
with the teeth. The skull had a very large naso-antorbital opening (which combined the
137:
4070:
3935:
3210:
2998:(Istiodactylidae: Pterosauria), with comments on the Chinese istiodactylid pterosaurs"
2596:
2573:
2475:
2378:
2139:. Hooley's specimens were from the Vectis Formation; these specimens are encrusted in
2111:
is known from the Wessex Formation and the younger, overlying Vectis Formation of the
464:
that may have used its teeth to sever morsels from large carcasses in the manner of a
17:
8895:
8672:
8643:
8619:
8600:
8558:
8543:
8492:
8481:
8374:
8366:
8316:
8253:
8224:
8208:
8192:
8178:
8119:
8097:
7941:
7702:
7645:
7564:
7399:
7371:
7343:
7214:
7097:
6888:
6818:
6690:
6673:
6529:
6466:
6410:
6175:
6131:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5976:
5926:
5850:
5807:
5800:
5726:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5408:
5350:
5335:
5328:
5276:
5059:
4728:
4688:
4638:
4607:
4568:
4463:
4455:
4433:
4337:
4321:
3858:
3743:
3406:
3377:(2003). "Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group".
3194:
2604:
2483:
2386:
2246:
2225:
2112:
2062:
2015:
1779:
1767:
1702:
1683:
1648:
1327:
1281:
1235:
1192:
1176:
1127:
1010:
803:
630:
560:
539:
465:
426:
382:
369:
335:
79:
4024:
3930:. Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publications. Vol. 10. pp. 233–257.
3449:
3360:
2942:
2895:
1231:
472:
may have been adapted for soaring, which would have helped it find carcasses before
368:
period, about 120 million years ago. The first fossil was discovered on the English
8665:
8593:
8464:
8359:
8293:
8245:
8055:
7983:
7861:
7829:
7597:
7364:
7292:
7233:
7128:
6765:
6750:
6734:
6725:
6714:
6554:
6517:
6403:
6353:
6196:
6109:
6102:
6082:
6054:
6047:
6033:
6026:
5941:
5898:
5865:
5581:
5523:
5466:
5451:
5431:
5256:
4987:
4979:
4959:
4886:
4865:
4858:
4713:
4501:
4447:
4406:
2851:
2826:
2426:
2354:
2297:
2289:
2261:
2219:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2044:
2007:
1973:
1806:
1802:
1662:
1334:
909:
865:, pertaining to China), based on a partial skeleton. They found it very similar to
787:
634:
579:
542:, an island off the coast of southern England. Though he compared it with those of
260:
3657:
3398:
3352:
3273:
3146:
1029:
2690:
1381:
for the family Istiodactylidae and its closest relatives, such as the new family
8819:
8551:
8511:
8430:
8394:
8128:
7903:
7836:
7779:
7725:
7582:
7250:
7121:
7113:
7073:
7032:
7024:
6899:
6866:
6834:
6826:
6797:
6758:
6742:
6701:
6630:
6622:
6615:
6561:
6502:
6494:
6155:
6117:
6040:
5695:
5628:
5595:
5531:
4872:
4741:
4696:
4673:
4348:
3321:
Unwin, D. M. (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs".
2276:
2252:
2236:
2197:
2163:
1853:, and did not have to subdue struggling prey. Together, these features indicate
1287:
1168:
1054:
826:, "finger", referring to the wings of large pterosaurs. They also named the new
775:
54:
8810:
3797:
3614:
2993:
2913:(Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China".
1697:
of China was named in reference to the describers assuming it was ancestral to
1107:
8519:
8474:
8402:
8277:
8269:
8104:
8083:
8028:
7896:
7871:
7821:
7786:
7732:
7620:
7612:
7605:
7357:
7280:
7272:
7171:
7135:
6973:
6874:
6853:
6842:
6779:
6396:
6189:
6182:
5617:
5508:
4515:
4172:
3850:
3693:
3496:
3433:
3422:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2311:
2301:
2281:
2272:
2213:
1813:
1301:
1248:
1092:
ridge as in other pterosaurs, a feature previously unknown in this genus. The
1081:
715:
600:
547:
425:, to which the shoulder blades connected. It had very large forelimbs, with a
99:
64:
3441:
3281:
3016:
989:
Howse and colleagues suggested in 2001 that the now missing holotype jaws of
947:
Witton's updated skull reconstruction was different enough from the skull of
8579:
8021:
7969:
7691:
7684:
7652:
7590:
7316:
7309:
7301:
7221:
6999:
6965:
6915:
6908:
6645:
6583:
6487:
6075:
5474:
5191:
4818:
4658:
4493:
4370:
4292:
4279:
4242:
4181:
4142:
4016:
2887:
2257:
2240:
2205:
2175:
2159:
2097:
1945:
1915:
In 2014, Martill suggested that the odontoid at the tip of the lower jaw of
1885:
1850:
1821:
1771:
1763:
1723:
1701:, but it was later shown to be the poorly preserved remains of an unrelated
1641:
1386:
1377:. In the same year, Kellner and colleagues created the more inclusive group
1362:
1005:
from its matrix showed that it likely came from the Vectis Formation, where
844:
specimens were later found on the Isle of Wight, including IWCMS 2003.40, a
747:
557:
531:
476:
461:
417:
and the opening for the bony nostril) and a slender eye socket. Some of the
361:
195:
162:
104:
48:
3902:
3873:
3816:
3701:
3633:
3571:
3505:
3102:
2709:
128:
3067:
gen. et sp. nov., from the Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China"
1295:, and from the 1980s and onwards, it was generally found to be closest to
8804:
8651:
8535:
8527:
8301:
8285:
8216:
7793:
7143:
7048:
6980:
6652:
6607:
6380:
5609:
5269:
4166:
2285:
2074:
1667:
1220:
1208:
1184:
1111:
1069:
1018:
702:
near Atherfield Point on the Isle of Wight in 1904, originating from the
699:
543:
492:
430:
422:
418:
182:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
3243:"A functional odontoid in the dentary of the Early Cretaceous pterosaur
3083:
2765:
1080:(eye socket) was reclined and slender, and was capped at the front by a
8839:
3911:
3552:
2967:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. p. 147.
2934:
2578:; an ornithosaur from the Wealden Shales of Atherfield (Isle of Wight)"
2155:
2121:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2019:
1929:
1775:
1212:
1200:
1172:
1145:
1132:
1123:
1097:
1089:
986:
was limited, and that their interrelationship warranted further study.
845:
707:
681:
508:
109:
84:
3882:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1730:
Based on his 1913 long-jawed reconstruction, Hooley found the beak of
714:
and forelimbs. These specimens represent the most complete remains of
7242:
7009:
6591:
5199:
5066:
4160:
3195:"Giant pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, UK"
2171:
2140:
2125:
1951:
Martill stated that there were many differences between the skull of
1645:
1330:. In 2014, Brian Andres and colleagues placed Istiodactylidae in the
1002:
623:
610:, which he now considered pterosaurian. Seeley named the new species
172:
8781:
2455:
2358:
440:
was the only known pterosaur of its kind, and was placed in its own
2756:
2727:
6340:
4936:
4096:(1st ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
3771:
Bestwick, J.; Unwin, D. M.; Butler, R. J.; Purnell, M. A. (2020).
2167:
1972:
1937:
1925:
1793:
were unlike the enlarged and recurved teeth in pterosaurs such as
1739:
1735:
1717:
1331:
1255:
1230:
1119:
1106:
1028:
887:
from the same formation. In 2008, Lü and colleagues instead found
757:
502:
357:
1203:
was very deep, with a bowed front edge and a shallow, triangular
1199:
articulated with a depression on each side. The main part of the
802:
therefore required a new genus name. In 2001, Howse, Milner, and
402:, but it has also been suggested to belong to a different genus.
2058:
1759:
1101:
8785:
7520:
6311:
5693:
5162:
4277:
4153:
4115:
1904:
Texture-dietary space for modern reptiles and pterosaurs (△ is
901:, and suggested that these two may belong to the same species.
606:
in 1888, but Seeley considered it another species of the genus
4111:
593:
in 1882. Specimen NHMUK R176 had been assigned to the species
1326:, whereas Kellner found the family to group with the toothed
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
1625:
A 2023 analysis by Masanori Ozeki and colleagues also found
3199:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2192:" (which is considered a dubious species), an undetermined
3530:
Zhou, X.; Pêgas, R. V.; Leal, M. E. C.; Bonde, N. (2019).
3193:
Martill, D. M.; Frey, E.; Green, M.; Green, M. E. (1996).
3061:
Xu, Yizhi; Jiang, Shunxing; Wang, Xiaolin (26 July 2022).
27:
Genus of istiodactylid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous
3472:"The earliest pterodactyloid and the origin of the group"
3420:
Andres, B.; Myers, T. S. (2013). "Lone Star pterosaurs".
2502:
Dragons of the Air: an Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles
1805:
by the German palaeontologist Michael Fastnacht, wherein
1636:
All istiodactylid remains are known from deposits in the
2927:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[70:ansoip]2.0.co;2
2120:
teeth have been found. The Wessex Formation consists of
2359:"On a sacrum apparently indicating a new type of bird,
1666:
from Lebanon is the first istiodactyliform known from
8747:
2464:
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London
2367:
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London
2182:. Other pterosaurs from the Wessex Formation include
1924:, but pointed out the similarity to various types of
2523:
2521:
2504:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. pp. 173–175.
2077:, a neck vertebra, and a shoulder blade (right), by
1831:
Witton elaborated in 2012 and 2013 on the idea that
1215:(upper arm bone) was stout and had a sharply curved
1211:
were saddle-shaped and arranged asymmetrically. The
1207:. The facets of the sternum that contacted with the
307:
293:
267:
8794:
8618:
8568:
8500:
8491:
8463:
8428:
8384:
8349:
8339:
8235:
8164:
8149:
8118:
8073:
8038:
7993:
7959:
7913:
7886:
7859:
7803:
7759:
7701:
7663:
7631:
7572:
7563:
7533:
7453:
7333:
7291:
7232:
7192:
7154:
7083:
7059:
6998:
6949:
6898:
6852:
6796:
6724:
6700:
6672:
6663:
6572:
6538:
6527:
6464:
6429:
6366:
6351:
6324:
6255:
6230:
6165:
6141:
6092:
6064:
5960:
5916:
5884:
5832:
5817:
5784:
5736:
5706:
5627:
5545:
5491:
5441:
5417:
5406:
5372:
5310:
5286:
5255:
5210:
5175:
5077:
5027:
5017:
4969:
4919:
4910:
4844:
4796:
4785:
4754:
4739:
4711:
4648:
4618:
4590:
4550:
4525:
4483:
4474:
4431:
4388:
4347:
4320:
4290:
4241:
4214:
2820:
2818:
2816:
1021:on the specimen, revealing its anatomical details.
647:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2420:
2418:
2416:
2204:. Dinosaurs from the Wessex Formation include the
955:in its own genus. Witton pointed out that the two
534:(fused vertebrae attached to the pelvis) from the
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
1681:probably belongs to another pterosaur group, and
3959:
3957:
3955:
3379:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3323:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2135:which flowed from west to east and occupied the
4094:Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy
3583:
3581:
3461:
3459:
2988:Lü, J.; Xu, L.; Ji, Q. (2008). Hone, D. W. E.;
2053:Illustrations of wing-bones such as parts of a
1993:were used to model pterosaur wing-mechanics by
3172:. New York: Crescent Books. pp. 114–116.
1849:did not have the necessary reinforcements for
1789:In 2012, Witton pointed out that the teeth of
1726:carcass in a shallow riverbed, by Witton, 2012
1271:In 1913, Hooley found the skull and teeth of "
1061:, which were distended by a long wing-finger.
4127:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3116:
3114:
3112:
2909:Andres, B.; Ji, Q. (2006). "A new species of
2652:
2650:
2648:
969:may instead have been a species in the genus
762:Skull elements of NHMUK R3877 and R176, with
690:In 1913, the British amateur palaeontologist
140:'s 2012 reconstruction of the complete skull
136:Skull fragments of specimen NHMUK R3877, and
8:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2564:
2562:
3236:
3234:
3232:
2585:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
2154:The vegetation of the Wessex Formation was
1880:Dietary guilds of modern reptiles based on
386:. This species was moved to its own genus,
8782:
8497:
8436:
8346:
8170:
8161:
8157:
8115:
8111:
7999:
7919:
7883:
7879:
7771:
7767:
7669:
7637:
7569:
7545:
7541:
7530:
7517:
7450:
7288:
7229:
7198:
7089:
7065:
6957:
6858:
6802:
6721:
6706:
6669:
6546:
6535:
6472:
6372:
6363:
6359:
6332:
6321:
6308:
6236:
6227:
6147:
5968:
5890:
5829:
5825:
5792:
5718:
5714:
5703:
5690:
5551:
5423:
5414:
5380:
5292:
5261:
5222:
5218:
5183:
5172:
5159:
5024:
4916:
4850:
4802:
4793:
4751:
4747:
4720:
4630:
4626:
4599:
4531:
4480:
4439:
4354:
4302:
4298:
4287:
4274:
4220:
4211:
4150:
4134:
4120:
4112:
4051:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
3872:Bramwell, C. D.; Whitfield, G. R. (1974).
3170:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs
1013:and his wife the Ukrainian paleontologist
589:on the Isle of Wight, and acquired by the
127:
31:
3966:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3901:
3837:(1914). "On the flight of pterodactyls".
3806:
3796:
3623:
3613:
3561:
3551:
3495:
3342:
3092:
3082:
2850:
2755:
2699:
2689:
2495:
2493:
1835:was a scavenger. Scavenging birds have a
944:very distinct from other istiodactylids.
633:and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and wing
429:distended by a long wing-finger, but the
2825:Sweetman, S. C.; Martill, D. M. (2010).
1977:Disarticulated wrist bones, as shown by
1279:most similar to those of the pterosaurs
774:did not belong to a pterosaur, but to a
654:Seeley had examined them prior to this.
8754:
2868:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
2528:Howse, S. C. B.; Milner, A. R. (1993).
2346:
1754:compared the front ends of the jaws of
1104:was rounded, blunt, and heavily built.
766:'s 1913 long-jawed skull reconstruction
380:(Latin for "wide tooth"), in the genus
3308:
3223:
2807:
2666:(Ornithocheiroidea, Pterodactyloidea)"
2014:have been compared to those of modern
1264:(A-B) and other istiodactylids of the
1155:Apart from the skull, the skeleton of
1126:-like". The teeth had sharply pointed
8907:Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of Europe
1053:would have been covered in hair-like
935:In 2012, the British palaeontologist
7:
1722:Restoration of a group feeding on a
1144:odontoid may have been encased in a
637:. Though Seeley did not designate a
578:in London, formerly BMNH), found by
8902:Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of Asia
2959:; Ji, S.; Yuan, C.; Ji, Q. (2006).
1540:
1516:
1489:
1462:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1179:of the vertebrae had tall, sloping
782:with those of pterosaurs, and that
734:had expressed doubts as to whether
3978:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb00318.x
2915:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1782:. In 2010, Attila Ősi agreed that
1734:similar to those of birds such as
786:had in effect been treated as the
254:Howse, Milner, & Martill, 2001
25:
3997:Journal of the Geological Society
3125:(Pterosauria, Istiodactylidae)".
3042:from the original on 29 July 2024
2597:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1913.069.01-04.23
2476:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1887.043.01-04.21
2379:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1887.043.01-04.19
2363:Seeley from the Wealden of Brook"
2010:. The wings of the istiodactylid
1341:, to the exclusion of forms like
1195:fused into a plate, on which the
1167:, forelimb, and trunk bones were
999:Vernadsky State Geological Museum
818:; the name is derived from Greek
698:, collected from the sea after a
8769:
8757:
8732:
8726:
8719:
7502:
7494:
7486:
6294:
6288:
5676:
5671:
5145:
5138:
5130:
3744:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00230.x
3063:"A new istiodactylid pterosaur,
2662:"New insights into the skull of
2314:
2043:
2034:
1897:
1873:
1373:to be sister taxa, and close to
1337:, which consists of the toothed
919:
908:
726:in detail, and placed the genus
694:described two more specimens of
670:
661:
372:in 1887, and in 1901 became the
149:
4031:from the original on 2024-07-29
3753:from the original on 2020-11-10
3512:from the original on 2020-06-09
3291:from the original on 2021-03-03
2614:from the original on 2024-07-29
2548:from the original on 2024-07-29
626:, but with little explanation.
563:suggested later that year that
2852:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.9
2431:Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight
2335:Timeline of pterosaur research
1322:) to group with the toothless
1159:was similar to those of other
965:in previous studies, and that
959:species had been grouped with
873:and colleagues concluded that
754:New genus and assigned species
1:
8912:Fossil taxa described in 2001
4071:10.1016/S0016-7878(96)80001-0
3936:10.1016/S0928-8937(01)80016-3
3658:10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127
3399:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10
3353:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.11
3274:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.005
3147:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104887
2092:that represent freshwater or
3030:Witton, M. (28 March 2012).
2691:10.1371/journal.pone.0033170
1809:calculations predicted that
1072:(openings which combine the
684:of NHMUK R3877 (lower right)
3247:: Implications for feeding"
3211:10.1127/njgpm/1996/1996/672
1525:Liaoxipterus brachyognathus
1049:pterosaur. As a pterosaur,
962:Liaoxipterus brachyognathus
8933:
3798:10.1038/s41467-020-19022-2
3615:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z
2831:Journal of Iberian Geology
2728:"Reviews: the skeleton of
1148:covering so that it could
515:(NHMUK R176), as shown by
8716:
8439:
8173:
8160:
8114:
8002:
7922:
7882:
7774:
7770:
7672:
7640:
7548:
7544:
7529:
7516:
7483:
7449:
7201:
7092:
7068:
6960:
6861:
6805:
6709:
6549:
6475:
6375:
6362:
6335:
6320:
6307:
6285:
6239:
6226:
6150:
5971:
5893:
5828:
5795:
5721:
5717:
5702:
5689:
5669:
5554:
5426:
5383:
5295:
5264:
5225:
5221:
5186:
5171:
5158:
5127:
4853:
4805:
4750:
4723:
4633:
4629:
4602:
4534:
4442:
4357:
4305:
4301:
4286:
4273:
4223:
4210:
4149:
3851:10.1017/S2398187300140290
3694:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.030
3497:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030
3434:10.1017/S1755691013000303
2128:, and was deposited in a
2124:(associated with rivers)
1562:
1545:
1538:
1521:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1471:Hongshanopterus lacustris
1467:
1460:
1434:
1417:
1410:
1400:
331:
324:
290:
285:
266:
259:
146:Scientific classification
144:
135:
126:
34:
2458:Patricosaurus merocratus
2361:Ornithodesmus cluniculus
2330:List of pterosaur genera
2280:. Other animals include
1498:Nurhachius ignaciobritoi
1305:, based on computerised
884:Nurhachius ignaciobritoi
618:is Latin for "wide" and
553:Ornithodesmus cluniculus
436:Until the 21st century,
5709:Archaeopterodactyloidea
4017:10.1144/0016-764901-015
3466:Andres, B.; Clark, J.;
3241:Martill, D. M. (2014).
3065:Lingyuanopterus camposi
2888:10.1111/1755-6724.12004
2069:(left), as well as the
1888:dental microwear (d is
1840:attacks on their prey.
1687:is most likely a fish.
1438:Mimodactylus libanensis
732:Charles William Andrews
460:indicate that it was a
3903:10.1098/rstb.1974.0007
3245:Istiodactylus latidens
3123:Istiodactylus latidens
2736:The Journal of Geology
2730:Ornithodesmus latidens
2664:Istiodactylus latidens
2576:Ornithodesmus latidens
2500:Seeley, H. G. (1901).
2454:Seeley, H. G. (1887).
2304:, birds, and mammals.
2190:Ornithocheirus nobilis
2147:similar to the modern
1986:
1727:
1566:Istiodactylus sinensis
1549:Istiodactylus latidens
1268:
1253:
1115:
1114:of a flying individual
1038:
767:
738:belonged in the genus
596:Ornithocheirus nobilis
576:Natural History Museum
520:
364:that lived during the
272:Ornithodesmus latidens
18:Istiodactylus latidens
8874:Paleobiology Database
3777:Nature Communications
2965:Pterosaurs from China
1976:
1884:texture (above), and
1746:, and suggested that
1721:
1307:phylogenetic analyses
1259:
1234:
1110:
1032:
890:Longchengpterus zhaoi
881:of the istiodactylid
861:of China (from Greek
761:
523:In 1887, the British
506:
495:, and other animals.
317:Andres & Ji, 2006
5321:Archaeoistiodactylus
5231:Archaeoistiodactylus
3839:Aeronautical Journal
3680:(11): 2429–2436.e7.
2574:"On the skeleton of
2300:, lizards, turtles,
2162:-like, and included
2149:Mediterranean region
2090:sedimentary deposits
1690:Archaeoistiodactylus
1311:Alexander W. Kellner
1094:mandibular symphysis
1057:, and had extensive
1033:Approximate size of
982:and both species of
837:as the sole member.
722:). Hooley discussed
499:History of discovery
8386:Targaryendraconidae
8075:Ornithocheiriformes
7762:Ornithocheiromorpha
7061:Neopterodactyloidea
6988:Dsungaripteromorpha
4756:Campylognathoididae
4476:Eudimorphodontoidea
4063:1996PrGA..107...81M
4009:2002JGSoc.159..215R
3894:1974RSPTB.267..503B
3789:2020NatCo..11.5293B
3736:2011Letha..44..136O
3686:2021CBio...31E2429Z
3606:2019NatSR...917875K
3488:2014CBio...24.1011A
3391:2003GSLSP.217..105K
3335:2003GSLSP.217..139U
3266:2014CrRes..47...56M
3254:Cretaceous Research
3139:2021CrRes.12604887A
3127:Cretaceous Research
3084:10.7717/peerj.13819
2880:2012AcGlS..86.1340S
2843:2010JIbG...36..225S
2810:, pp. 143–151.
2748:1913JG.....21..754W
2682:2012PLoSO...733170W
2322:Paleontology portal
1638:Northern Hemisphere
1633:to be sister taxa.
1339:ornithocheiromorphs
1266:Jiufotang Formation
1139:have been found in
1074:antorbital fenestra
1037:compared to a human
859:Jiufotang Formation
744:Samuel W. Williston
720:compression fossils
530:described a fossil
448:, within the group
415:antorbital fenestra
7915:Istiodactyliformes
6389:Lonchognathosaurus
6232:Eupterodactyloidea
5375:Pterodactyliformes
5178:Pterodactylomorpha
5165:Pterodactylomorpha
5079:Pterodactylomorpha
4921:Angustinaripterini
4552:Eudimorphodontinae
4527:Eudimorphodontidae
3650:Historical Biology
3594:Scientific Reports
3553:10.7717/peerj.7688
3036:Pterosaur.net Blog
1999:David M. S. Watson
1987:
1934:cookiecutter shark
1764:fish-eating animal
1728:
1679:Morrison Formation
1640:, dating from the
1421:Haopterus gracilis
1397:Istiodactyliformes
1385:, as shown in the
1379:Istiodactyliformes
1269:
1254:
1116:
1039:
768:
692:Reginald W. Hooley
572:Dragons of the Air
521:
507:Neck vertebra and
483:is known from the
421:were fused into a
398:, was assigned to
376:of a new species,
8889:
8888:
8861:Open Tree of Life
8788:Taxon identifiers
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8341:Targaryendraconia
8335:
8334:
8145:
8144:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
7855:
7854:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7512:
7511:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7188:
7187:
7156:Chaoyangopterinae
7085:Chaoyangopteridae
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6327:Ornithocheiroidea
6314:Ornithocheiroidea
6303:
6302:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6257:Ornithocheiroidea
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6020:Gladocephaloideus
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5918:Aurorazhdarchidae
5820:Ctenochasmatoidea
5780:
5779:
5738:Germanodactylidae
5685:
5684:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5541:
5540:
5516:Dendrorhynchoides
5493:Batrachognathinae
5459:Dendrorhynchoides
5389:Changchengopterus
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5154:
5153:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4930:Angustinaripterus
4846:Rhamphorhynchinae
4798:Rhamphorhynchidae
4781:
4780:
4772:Campylognathoides
4707:
4706:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4485:Raeticodactylidae
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4390:Austriadraconidae
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4103:978-0-691-15061-1
3945:978-0-444-50241-4
3874:"Biomechanics of
3375:Kellner, A. W. A.
3311:, pp. 90–94.
3226:, pp. 51–52.
3179:978-0-517-03701-0
2440:978-0-901702-72-2
2268:Chondrosteosaurus
2202:preservation bias
2145:semi-arid climate
2104:Palaeoenvironment
1989:Wing elements of
1795:rhamphorhynchines
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1449:
1448:
1137:replacement teeth
814:to the new genus
639:holotype specimen
513:holotype specimen
450:Ornithocheiroidea
433:were very short.
374:holotype specimen
349:
348:
343:
318:
304:
255:
16:(Redirected from
8924:
8882:
8881:
8869:
8868:
8856:
8855:
8843:
8842:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8783:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8753:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8570:Coloborhynchinae
8498:
8453:Ornithocheiridae
8445:Brasileodactylus
8437:
8347:
8237:Ornithocheirinae
8171:
8166:Ornithocheiridae
8162:
8158:
8116:
8112:
8091:Brasileodactylus
8000:
7920:
7888:Lonchodraconidae
7884:
7880:
7772:
7768:
7670:
7638:
7633:Nyctosauromorpha
7570:
7546:
7542:
7536:Pteranodontoidea
7531:
7523:Pteranodontoidea
7518:
7507:
7506:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7490:
7455:Pteranodontoidea
7451:
7335:Quetzalcoatlinae
7324:Mistralazhdarcho
7289:
7230:
7199:
7090:
7066:
6958:
6859:
6803:
6722:
6707:
6670:
6574:Thalassodromidae
6547:
6536:
6473:
6431:Dsungaripterinae
6373:
6368:Dsungaripteridae
6364:
6360:
6333:
6322:
6309:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6237:
6228:
6148:
6143:Ctenochasmatinae
6125:Plataleorhynchus
5969:
5963:Ctenochasmatidae
5891:
5830:
5826:
5793:
5787:Euctenochasmatia
5719:
5715:
5704:
5691:
5680:
5675:
5603:Propterodactylus
5589:Ningchengopterus
5552:
5547:Pterodactyloidea
5424:
5415:
5381:
5293:
5262:
5223:
5219:
5184:
5173:
5160:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5134:
5053:Jianchangopterus
5039:Fenghuangopterus
5025:
4971:Rhamphorhynchini
4917:
4851:
4803:
4794:
4752:
4748:
4721:
4650:Dimorphodontidae
4631:
4627:
4600:
4532:
4481:
4440:
4355:
4303:
4299:
4288:
4275:
4221:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4200:Pterosauromorpha
4151:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4075:
4074:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3972:(1–2): 197–215.
3961:
3950:
3949:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3888:(890): 503–581.
3869:
3863:
3862:
3835:Watson, D. M. S.
3827:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3800:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3721:
3715:Ősi, A. (2011).
3712:
3706:
3705:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3499:
3482:(9): 1011–1016.
3463:
3454:
3453:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3346:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3251:
3238:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2874:(6): 1340–1355.
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2724:Wllliston, S. W.
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2654:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2591:(1–4): 372–422.
2582:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2470:(1–4): 219–220.
2451:
2445:
2444:
2422:
2391:
2390:
2373:(1–4): 206–211.
2351:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2047:
2038:
1995:Ernest H. Hankin
1932:, including the
1901:
1882:dental microwear
1877:
1758:with those of a
1752:Peter Wellnhofer
1714:Feeding and diet
1653:Early Cretaceous
1541:
1517:
1490:
1463:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1165:vertebral column
1163:pterosaurs. The
1152:with the teeth.
1015:Maria V. Pavlova
923:
912:
704:Vectis Formation
674:
665:
604:Richard Lydekker
536:Wessex Formation
511:elements of the
489:Vectis Formation
487:and the younger
485:Wessex Formation
366:Early Cretaceous
341:
316:
309:
302:
295:
269:
253:
246:
233:
220:
209:Pterodactyloidea
207:
194:
154:
153:
131:
121:
51:
42:Early Cretaceous
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
8932:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8921:
8917:Pteranodontoids
8892:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8877:
8872:
8864:
8859:
8851:
8846:
8838:
8833:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8790:
8780:
8770:
8768:
8758:
8756:
8748:
8746:
8737:
8718:
8678:
8659:Liaoningopterus
8614:
8564:
8502:Tropeognathinae
8487:
8459:
8433:
8416:
8380:
8351:Cimoliopteridae
8331:
8231:
8154:
8141:
8136:Zhenyuanopterus
8110:
8061:
8040:Istiodactylinae
8034:
8015:Longchengpterus
8008:Lingyuanopterus
7995:Istiodactylidae
7989:
7955:
7928:Hongshanopterus
7909:
7878:
7864:
7851:
7814:Hongshanopterus
7799:
7764:
7739:
7712:Barbaridactylus
7697:
7659:
7627:
7574:Pteranodontidae
7559:
7554:Santanadactylus
7538:
7525:
7508:
7501:
7493:
7485:
7469:
7413:
7408:Zhejiangopterus
7329:
7287:
7266:Palaeocursornis
7228:
7207:Montanazhdarcho
7194:Azhdarchiformes
7184:
7165:Chaoyangopterus
7150:
7079:
7055:
7041:Montanazhdarcho
6994:
6954:
6952:Azhdarchomorpha
6921:
6894:
6848:
6811:Aymberedactylus
6792:
6720:
6696:
6684:Aymberedactylus
6659:
6639:Thalassodromeus
6568:
6543:
6532:
6523:
6511:Montanazhdarcho
6469:
6452:
6440:Domeykodactylus
6425:
6419:Tendaguripterus
6356:
6347:
6329:
6316:
6299:
6287:
6271:
6251:
6245:Altmuehlopterus
6202:
6161:
6137:
6088:
6060:
5965:
5948:
5912:
5906:Gallodactylidae
5886:Aurorazhdarchia
5880:
5858:Normannognathus
5834:Gallodactylidae
5822:
5813:
5789:
5776:
5770:Tendaguripterus
5762:Normannognathus
5755:Germanodactylus
5747:Altmuehlopterus
5732:
5711:
5698:
5681:
5643:
5623:
5537:
5502:Batrachognathus
5487:
5482:Vesperopterylus
5437:
5411:
5402:
5377:
5356:
5312:Wukongopterinae
5306:
5288:Wukongopteridae
5282:
5251:
5238:Normannognathus
5215:
5206:
5180:
5167:
5150:
5137:
5129:
5093:
5073:
5046:Jianchangnathus
5029:Scaphognathidae
5019:Digibrevisauria
5001:
4996:Rhamphorhynchus
4965:
4952:Qinglongopterus
4944:Harpactognathus
4912:Rhamphorhynchae
4906:
4901:Qinglongopterus
4880:Harpactognathus
4840:
4834:Scaphognathinae
4826:Parapsicephalus
4790:
4777:
4765:Bergamodactylus
4744:
4735:
4717:
4703:
4681:Parapsicephalus
4644:
4623:
4621:Macronychoptera
4614:
4596:
4574:
4546:
4540:Arcticodactylus
4521:
4509:Raeticodactylus
4470:
4436:
4419:
4399:Arcticodactylus
4384:
4378:Raeticodactylus
4343:
4331:Austriadactylus
4316:
4295:
4282:
4257:
4237:
4231:Avemetatarsalia
4216:Avemetatarsalia
4206:
4191:Avemetatarsalia
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4110:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4032:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3963:
3962:
3953:
3946:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3845:(72): 324–335.
3829:
3828:
3824:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3674:Current Biology
3670:
3669:
3665:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3534:Nurhachius luei
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3476:Current Biology
3465:
3464:
3457:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3344:10.1.1.924.5957
3320:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3205:(11): 672–683.
3192:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2773:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2656:
2655:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2394:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2232:Calamospondylus
2194:ctenochasmatine
2106:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2039:
1971:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1799:ornithocheirids
1716:
1711:
1695:Middle Jurassic
1658:Late Cretaceous
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1511:Istiodactylinae
1484:Istiodactylidae
1450:
1324:Pteranodontidae
1293:pterodactyloids
1229:
1197:shoulder blades
1189:trunk vertebrae
1161:ornithocheiroid
1027:
933:
932:
931:
930:
926:
925:
924:
915:
914:
913:
831:Istiodactylidae
756:
712:pectoral girdle
688:
687:
686:
685:
677:
676:
675:
667:
666:
599:by the English
528:Harry G. Seeley
525:palaeontologist
501:
468:. The wings of
446:Istiodactylidae
340:
315:
301:
281:
275:
252:
244:
235:Istiodactylinae
231:
222:Istiodactylidae
218:
205:
192:
148:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8930:
8928:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8894:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8870:
8857:
8844:
8831:
8816:
8800:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8779:
8778:
8776:United Kingdom
8766:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8640:
8636:Caulkicephalus
8632:
8624:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8609:Uktenadactylus
8605:
8597:
8590:
8587:Coloborhynchus
8583:
8575:
8573:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8540:
8532:
8524:
8516:
8507:
8505:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8478:
8470:
8468:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8449:
8440:
8434:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8411:Targaryendraco
8407:
8399:
8390:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8355:
8353:
8344:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:Uktenadactylus
8321:
8313:
8310:Ornithocheirus
8306:
8298:
8290:
8282:
8274:
8266:
8262:Coloborhynchus
8258:
8250:
8241:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8221:
8213:
8205:
8201:Caulkicephalus
8197:
8189:
8186:Arthurdactylus
8182:
8174:
8168:
8155:
8152:Ornithocheirae
8150:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8132:
8124:
8122:
8109:
8108:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8059:
8052:
8044:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7980:
7977:Linlongopterus
7973:
7965:
7963:
7961:Mimodactylidae
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7949:Lonchodectidae
7945:
7938:
7935:Linlongopterus
7931:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7900:
7892:
7890:
7877:
7876:
7867:
7865:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7845:Targaryendraco
7841:
7833:
7826:
7818:
7809:
7807:
7805:Lonchodectidae
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7775:
7765:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7729:
7722:
7719:Muzquizopteryx
7715:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7673:
7667:
7665:Aponyctosauria
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7649:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7587:
7578:
7576:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7549:
7539:
7534:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7396:
7393:Thanatosdrakon
7389:
7386:Quetzalcoatlus
7382:
7379:Phosphatodraco
7375:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7351:Arambourgiania
7347:
7339:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7297:
7295:
7286:
7285:
7277:
7269:
7262:
7258:Navajodactylus
7254:
7247:
7238:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7218:
7211:
7202:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7179:Shenzhoupterus
7175:
7168:
7160:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7140:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7106:Argentinadraco
7102:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7017:Argentinadraco
7013:
7005:
7003:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6961:
6955:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6912:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6815:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6773:Nemicolopterus
6769:
6762:
6755:
6747:
6739:
6730:
6728:
6719:
6718:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6687:
6679:
6677:
6667:
6665:Tapejariformes
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6627:
6619:
6612:
6604:
6600:Argentinadraco
6596:
6588:
6579:
6577:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6544:
6541:Tapejaromorpha
6539:
6533:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6484:
6481:Argentinadraco
6476:
6470:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6447:Dsungaripterus
6443:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6357:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6336:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6240:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6171:
6169:
6167:Pterodaustrini
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6096:
6094:Gnathosaurinae
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6069:
6066:Moganopterinae
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5985:Balaenognathus
5981:
5972:
5966:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5935:Aurorazhdarcho
5931:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:Moganopterinae
5870:
5862:
5854:
5847:
5843:Aurorazhdarcho
5838:
5836:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5766:
5758:
5751:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5512:
5505:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5447:
5445:
5443:Anurognathinae
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5427:
5421:
5419:Anurognathidae
5412:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5397:Douzhanopterus
5393:
5384:
5378:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5343:Douzhanopterus
5339:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5301:Kunpengopterus
5296:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5245:Anurognathidae
5241:
5234:
5226:
5216:
5213:Monofenestrata
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5187:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4894:Orientognathus
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4815:
4811:Dolicorhamphus
4806:
4800:
4791:
4788:Breviquartossa
4786:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4758:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4670:
4667:Caelestiventus
4663:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4593:Zambellisauria
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4561:Carniadactylus
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4443:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4414:Seazzadactylus
4410:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4367:
4363:Carniadactylus
4358:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4311:Daohugoupterus
4306:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4154:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4041:
4003:(2): 215–224.
3983:
3951:
3944:
3917:
3864:
3822:
3763:
3730:(2): 136–152.
3707:
3663:
3639:
3577:
3522:
3455:
3412:
3385:(1): 105–137.
3366:
3329:(1): 139–190.
3313:
3301:
3228:
3216:
3185:
3178:
3166:Wellnhofer, P.
3152:
3108:
3053:
3022:
2980:
2973:
2948:
2901:
2858:
2837:(2): 225–242.
2812:
2771:
2757:10.1086/622124
2742:(8): 754–756.
2715:
2624:
2558:
2517:
2511:978-1440084942
2510:
2489:
2446:
2439:
2392:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2309:
2306:
2298:lissamphibians
2294:chondrichthyes
2185:Caulkicephalus
2105:
2102:
2094:brackish water
2052:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
1970:
1967:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1780:marabou storks
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1672:supercontinent
1670:(the southern
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1407:Mimodactylidae
1401:
1399:
1391:
1383:Mimodactylidae
1297:Ornithocheirus
1228:
1227:Classification
1225:
1059:wing-membranes
1047:pterodactyloid
1026:
1023:
995:Jenny A. Clack
937:Mark P. Witton
928:
927:
918:
917:
916:
907:
906:
905:
904:
903:
895:sister species
879:junior synonym
755:
752:
679:
678:
669:
668:
660:
659:
658:
657:
656:
591:British Museum
556:. The British
500:
497:
347:
346:
345:
344:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:
319:
305:
303:(Seeley, 1901)
288:
287:
283:
282:
276:
264:
263:
257:
256:
242:
238:
237:
229:
225:
224:
216:
212:
211:
203:
199:
198:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8929:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8826:Istiodactylus
8821:
8817:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8796:Istiodactylus
8793:
8789:
8784:
8777:
8767:
8765:
8755:
8751:
8735:
8731:
8729:
8722:
8675:
8674:
8673:Maaradactylus
8670:
8668:
8667:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8644:Cearadactylus
8641:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8620:Anhanguerinae
8617:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8601:Siroccopteryx
8598:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8559:Tropeognathus
8556:
8554:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8544:Siroccopteryx
8541:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8493:Anhangueridae
8490:
8484:
8483:
8482:Iberodactylus
8479:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8427:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8375:Cimoliopterus
8372:
8369:
8368:
8367:Camposipterus
8364:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8338:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:Siroccopteryx
8314:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8254:Camposipterus
8251:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8226:
8225:Tropeognathus
8222:
8219:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8209:Cimoliopterus
8206:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8193:Camposipterus
8190:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8179:Araripesaurus
8176:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8148:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8120:Boreopteridae
8117:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8098:Cearadactylus
8095:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8058:
8057:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8049:Istiodactylus
8046:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7942:Yixianopterus
7939:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7858:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7758:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7703:Nyctosauridae
7700:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7646:Alamodactylus
7643:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7565:Pteranodontia
7562:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7500:
7497:
7489:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7400:Wellnhopterus
7397:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7372:Hatzegopteryx
7369:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7344:Aralazhdarcho
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7215:Radiodactylus
7212:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:Apatorhamphus
7095:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6948:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6889:Tupandactylus
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:Caupedactylus
6816:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6691:Caupedactylus
6688:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:Caupedactylia
6671:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6530:Neoazhdarchia
6526:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6467:Azhdarchoidea
6463:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6411:Puntanipterus
6408:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6297:
6291:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6176:Beipiaopterus
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6132:Tacuadactylus
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6013:Forfexopterus
6010:
6008:
6007:
6006:Elanodactylus
6003:
6001:
6000:
5999:Cratonopterus
5996:
5994:
5993:
5992:Cathayopterus
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:Ardeadactylus
5974:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5959:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:Ardeadactylus
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5851:Cycnorhamphus
5848:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5808:Pterodactylus
5805:
5803:
5802:
5801:Diopecephalus
5798:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5727:Prejanopterus
5724:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5679:
5674:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:Herbstosaurus
5571:
5569:
5568:
5567:Eurolimnornis
5564:
5562:
5561:
5560:Dermodactylus
5557:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5409:Caelidracones
5405:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5371:
5353:
5352:
5351:Wukongopterus
5348:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:Darwinopterus
5333:
5331:
5330:
5329:Cuspicephalus
5326:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5277:Pterorhynchus
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5133:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:Scaphognathus
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5016:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4730:
4729:Eudimorphodon
4726:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:Peteinosaurus
4686:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4639:Herbstosaurus
4636:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4608:Peteinosaurus
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4571:
4570:
4569:Eudimorphodon
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4465:
4464:Preondactylia
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:Peteinosaurus
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:Eopterosauria
4430:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4338:Preondactylus
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4322:Preondactylia
4319:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:Witton, M. P.
4087:
4086:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:Hankin, E. H.
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3523:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:Buffetaut, É.
2984:
2981:
2976:
2974:7-116-05025-6
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:Istiodactylus
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:(3): e33170.
2675:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:Witton, M. P.
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:Hooley, R. W.
2565:
2563:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:Palaeontology
2535:
2533:
2532:Ornithodesmus
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:Seeley, H. G.
2350:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:Hypsilophodon
2243:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:Thecocoelurus
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:Ornithodesmus
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:Istiodactylus
2114:
2113:Wealden Group
2110:
2109:Istiodactylus
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:soaring birds
2013:
2009:
2008:wing loadings
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:Istiodactylus
1984:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:Istiodactylus
1959:
1958:Istiodactylus
1954:
1953:Istiodactylus
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:Istiodactylus
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:Istiodactylus
1918:
1917:Istiodactylus
1907:
1906:Istiodactylus
1900:
1891:
1890:Istiodactylus
1887:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1863:Istiodactylus
1860:
1859:Istiodactylus
1856:
1855:Istiodactylus
1852:
1848:
1847:Istiodactylus
1843:
1842:Istiodactylus
1838:
1834:
1833:Istiodactylus
1829:
1827:
1826:Istiodactylus
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:Istiodactylus
1808:
1807:biomechanical
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Istiodactylus
1787:
1785:
1784:Istiodactylus
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:cookie cutter
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:Istiodactylus
1753:
1749:
1748:Istiodactylus
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:Istiodactylus
1725:
1720:
1713:
1709:Palaeobiology
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:wukongopterid
1700:
1699:Istiodactylus
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:Gwawinapterus
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:Anhangueridae
1325:
1321:
1320:Istiodactylus
1316:
1315:Istiodactylus
1313:; both found
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:Scaphognathus
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:Istiodactylid
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:deltopectoral
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:neural spines
1191:, with their
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:neural arches
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Istiodactylus
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:Istiodactylus
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Istiodactylus
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Istiodactylus
1064:The skull of
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Istiodactylus
1048:
1043:
1042:Istiodactylus
1036:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Alexey Pavlov
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
984:Istiodactylus
981:
976:
975:Istiodactylus
972:
968:
964:
963:
958:
957:Istiodactylus
954:
950:
945:
943:
938:
922:
911:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:
886:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Istiodactylus
847:
843:
842:Istiodactylus
838:
836:
835:Istiodactylus
832:
829:
825:
822:, "sail" and
821:
817:
816:Istiodactylus
813:
809:
805:
804:David Martill
801:
797:
793:
792:Ornithodesmus
790:of the genus
789:
785:
781:
780:O. cluniculus
777:
773:
772:O. cluniculus
765:
760:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:Ornithodesmus
737:
733:
729:
728:Ornithodesmus
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
673:
664:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:phalanx bones
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Ornithodesmus
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
565:Ornithodesmus
562:
561:John W. Hulke
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
540:Isle of Wight
537:
533:
529:
526:
518:
514:
510:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Istiodactylus
478:
475:
471:
470:Istiodactylus
467:
466:cookie cutter
463:
459:
458:Istiodactylus
455:
454:Istiodactylus
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Istiodactylus
434:
432:
428:
427:wing-membrane
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
406:Istiodactylus
403:
401:
400:Istiodactylus
397:
393:
392:Istiodactylus
389:
388:Istiodactylus
385:
384:
383:Ornithodesmus
379:
375:
371:
370:Isle of Wight
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
353:Istiodactylus
339:
337:
336:Ornithodesmus
333:
332:
330:
327:
323:
314:
313:
306:
300:
299:
292:
291:
289:
284:
279:
274:
273:
265:
262:
258:
251:
250:
249:Istiodactylus
243:
240:
239:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:125–120
43:
37:
36:Istiodactylus
33:
30:
19:
8795:
8764:Paleontology
8725:
8671:
8666:Ludodactylus
8664:
8657:
8650:
8642:
8634:
8627:
8607:
8599:
8594:Nicorhynchus
8592:
8585:
8578:
8557:
8550:
8542:
8534:
8526:
8518:
8510:
8480:
8473:
8465:Hamipteridae
8451:
8443:
8409:
8401:
8393:
8373:
8365:
8360:Aetodactylus
8358:
8323:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8294:Ludodactylus
8292:
8284:
8276:
8268:
8260:
8252:
8246:Aetodactylus
8244:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8134:
8127:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8056:Liaoxipterus
8054:
8048:
8047:
8027:
8020:
8013:
8006:
7984:Mimodactylus
7982:
7975:
7968:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7902:
7895:
7870:
7862:Lanceodontia
7843:
7835:
7830:Lonchodectes
7828:
7820:
7812:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7651:
7644:
7619:
7611:
7604:
7598:Ornithostoma
7596:
7589:
7581:
7552:
7492:
7406:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7365:Eurazhdarcho
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7300:
7293:Azhdarchinae
7279:
7271:
7264:
7256:
7249:
7241:
7234:Azhdarchidae
7220:
7213:
7205:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7142:
7134:
7129:Meilifeilong
7127:
7120:
7112:
7104:
7096:
7072:
7047:
7039:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7008:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6914:
6907:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6766:Huaxiapterus
6764:
6757:
6751:Eopteranodon
6749:
6741:
6735:Afrotapejara
6733:
6726:Sinopterinae
6715:Afrotapejara
6713:
6689:
6682:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6629:
6621:
6614:
6606:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6560:
6555:Bennettazhia
6553:
6518:Ornithostoma
6516:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6445:
6438:
6417:
6409:
6404:Ordosipterus
6402:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6354:Tapejaroidea
6339:
6243:
6197:Pterodaustro
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6154:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6110:Huanhepterus
6108:
6103:Gnathosaurus
6101:
6083:Moganopterus
6081:
6074:
6055:Pterofiltrus
6053:
6048:Petrodactyle
6046:
6039:
6034:Liaodactylus
6032:
6027:Kepodactylus
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5942:Huanhepterus
5940:
5933:
5925:
5904:
5899:Aerodactylus
5897:
5872:
5866:Petrodactyle
5864:
5856:
5849:
5841:
5806:
5799:
5768:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5725:
5616:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5582:Kryptodrakon
5580:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5530:
5524:Jeholopterus
5522:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5480:
5473:
5467:Jeholopterus
5465:
5457:
5452:Anurognathus
5450:
5432:Mesadactylus
5430:
5395:
5387:
5349:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5299:
5275:
5268:
5257:Darwinoptera
5243:
5236:
5229:
5198:
5190:
5136:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
4994:
4988:Nesodactylus
4986:
4980:Cacibupteryx
4978:
4960:Sericipterus
4958:
4950:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4899:
4892:
4887:Nesodactylus
4885:
4878:
4871:
4866:Cacibupteryx
4864:
4859:Bellubrunnus
4857:
4832:
4824:
4817:
4809:
4770:
4763:
4727:
4714:Lonchognatha
4695:
4687:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4637:
4606:
4567:
4559:
4538:
4514:
4507:
4502:Pachagnathus
4500:
4492:
4462:
4454:
4448:Austriadraco
4446:
4412:
4407:Austriadraco
4405:
4397:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4336:
4329:
4309:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4093:
4082:Bibliography
4057:(2): 81–84.
4054:
4050:
4044:
4033:. Retrieved
4000:
3996:
3986:
3969:
3965:
3927:
3920:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3755:. Retrieved
3727:
3723:
3710:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3649:
3642:
3600:(1): 17875.
3597:
3593:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3514:. Retrieved
3479:
3475:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3257:
3253:
3244:
3219:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3169:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3035:
3025:
3008:
3004:
2996:Liaoxipterus
2995:
2994:"Restudy of
2983:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2921:(1): 70–78.
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2834:
2830:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2718:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2616:. Retrieved
2588:
2584:
2575:
2550:. Retrieved
2541:
2537:
2531:
2501:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2430:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2349:
2302:crocodilians
2275:
2266:
2262:Pelorosaurus
2260:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2220:Aristosuchus
2218:
2212:
2208:
2189:
2183:
2153:
2137:Wessex Basin
2133:river system
2130:meander-belt
2117:
2108:
2107:
2086:
2011:
2004:aspect ratio
1990:
1988:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1889:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1803:Ph.D. thesis
1790:
1788:
1783:
1755:
1747:
1731:
1729:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1663:Mimodactylus
1661:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1523:
1522:
1496:
1495:
1469:
1468:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1418:
1375:Liaoxipterus
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:Liaoxipterus
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1335:Lanceodontia
1319:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1117:
1085:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1006:
990:
988:
983:
980:Liaoxipterus
979:
974:
971:Liaoxipterus
970:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
946:
941:
934:
898:
888:
882:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
841:
839:
834:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
795:
791:
788:type species
783:
779:
776:maniraptoran
771:
769:
739:
735:
727:
723:
695:
689:
650:
642:
628:
619:
615:
611:
607:
594:
580:the Reverend
571:
570:In his 1901
569:
564:
551:
522:
480:
469:
457:
453:
437:
435:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
377:
352:
351:
350:
342:Seeley, 1901
334:
311:
310:
297:
296:
271:
270:
261:Type species
248:
247:
35:
29:
8820:Wikispecies
8552:Thapunngaka
8512:Amblydectes
8431:Anhangueria
8395:Aussiedraco
8129:Boreopterus
7904:Lonchodraco
7837:Lonchodraco
7780:Aussiedraco
7726:Nyctosaurus
7583:Bogolubovia
7251:Bogolubovia
7122:Lacusovagus
7114:Eoazhdarcho
7074:Eoazhdarcho
7033:Leptostomia
7025:Keresdrakon
6900:Caiuajarina
6867:Bakonydraco
6835:Lacusovagus
6827:Keresdrakon
6798:Tapejarinae
6759:Huaxiadraco
6743:Bakonydraco
6702:Tapejaridae
6631:Leptostomia
6623:Lacusovagus
6616:Kariridraco
6562:Keresdrakon
6503:Leptostomia
6495:Keresdrakon
6156:Ctenochasma
6118:Lusognathus
6041:Otogopterus
5696:Lophocratia
5629:Lophocratia
5596:Pangupterus
5532:Sinomacrops
4873:Dorygnathus
4742:Novialoidea
4697:Rhamphinion
4674:Dimorphodon
4349:Caviramidae
4293:Pterosauria
4280:Pterosauria
4243:Pterosauria
4182:Archosauria
4143:Pterosauria
3783:(1): 5293.
3309:Witton 2013
3224:Witton 2013
3011:: 229–241.
2808:Witton 2013
2544:: 425–437.
2290:bony fishes
2277:Polacanthus
2253:Valdosaurus
2237:ornithopods
2198:azhdarchoid
2180:angiosperms
2164:Caytoniales
2024:terrestrial
1774:similar to
1631:I. sinensis
1627:I. latidens
1371:I. sinensis
1367:I. latidens
1355:I. sinensis
1351:I. latidens
1288:Dimorphodon
1262:I. sinensis
1244:I. sinensis
1240:I. latidens
1169:pneumatised
1122:-like" or "
1112:Restoration
1055:pycnofibres
1035:I. latidens
1025:Description
1007:I. latidens
991:I. latidens
967:I. sinensis
953:I. sinensis
949:I. sinensis
942:I. latidens
899:I. sinensis
875:I. sinensis
871:Lü Junchang
867:I. latidens
857:, from the
855:I. sinensis
840:Additional
784:O. latidens
736:O. latidens
724:O. latidens
696:O. latidens
651:O. latidens
643:O. latidens
612:O. latidens
583:William Fox
474:terrestrial
396:I. sinensis
378:O. latidens
312:I. sinensis
298:I. latidens
228:Subfamily:
196:Pterosauria
8896:Categories
8629:Anhanguera
8520:Ferrodraco
8475:Hamipterus
8403:Barbosania
8278:Ferrodraco
8270:Draigwenia
8105:Hamipterus
8084:Barbosania
8029:Nurhachius
7897:Ikrandraco
7872:Draigwenia
7822:Ikrandraco
7787:Serradraco
7733:Volgadraco
7621:Volgadraco
7613:Tethydraco
7606:Pteranodon
7464:see below↓
7358:Cryodrakon
7281:Volgadraco
7273:Tethydraco
7172:Jidapterus
7136:Microtuban
6974:Microtuban
6875:Europejara
6854:Tapejarini
6843:Vectidraco
6780:Sinopterus
6397:Noripterus
6266:see below↓
6190:Gegepterus
6183:Eosipterus
5638:see below↓
5618:Wenupteryx
5509:Cascocauda
5088:see below↓
4516:Yelaphomte
4252:see below↓
4173:Sauropsida
4035:2020-08-29
3876:Pteranodon
3757:2018-08-06
3516:2020-08-22
3428:(3–4): 1.
3295:2021-06-25
3133:: 104887.
3077:: e13819.
3005:Zitteliana
2618:2023-05-06
2552:2019-07-11
2341:References
2282:gastropods
2273:ankylosaur
2271:; and the
2214:Neovenator
2098:appendages
2012:Nurhachius
1969:Locomotion
1946:crocodiles
1814:filter-fed
1343:Pteranodon
1302:Pteranodon
1249:Nurhachius
1146:keratinous
1082:tuberosity
893:to be the
716:Cretaceous
601:naturalist
587:Atherfield
548:pterosaurs
477:carnivores
202:Suborder:
8580:Aerodraco
8022:Luchibang
7970:Haopterus
7692:Simurghia
7685:Epapatelo
7653:Cretornis
7591:Dawndraco
7317:Azhdarcho
7310:Albadraco
7302:Aerotitan
7222:Alanqidae
7000:Alanqidae
6966:Cretornis
6916:Torukjara
6909:Caiuajara
6646:Tupuxuara
6584:Aerotitan
6488:Inabtanin
6076:Feilongus
5475:Luopterus
5192:Allkaruen
4819:Klobiodon
4659:Allkaruen
4494:Caviramus
4371:Caviramus
4159:Kingdom:
3859:114098302
3546:: e7688.
3442:1755-6910
3407:128892642
3339:CiteSeerX
3282:0195-6671
3260:: 56–65.
3017:1612-4138
2605:128604856
2484:129040206
2427:Naish, D.
2387:129459937
2258:sauropods
2241:Iguanodon
2206:theropods
2160:chaparral
1886:pterosaur
1851:predation
1822:spatulate
1772:scavenger
1724:stegosaur
1693:from the
1642:Barremian
1387:cladogram
1363:subfamily
1361:in a new
1260:Teeth of
1221:hindlimbs
1209:coracoids
1070:fenestrae
748:monograph
558:geologist
544:dinosaurs
532:synsacrum
493:dinosaurs
462:scavenger
431:hindlimbs
419:vertebrae
362:pterosaur
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
8811:Q1098279
8805:Wikidata
8652:Guidraco
8536:Mythunga
8528:Haliskia
8302:Mythunga
8286:Guidraco
8217:Haliskia
7794:Unwindia
7144:Xericeps
7049:Xericeps
6981:Xericeps
6882:Tapejara
6653:Xericeps
6608:Banguela
6381:Banguela
5610:Samrukia
5270:Ceoptera
4167:Chordata
4165:Phylum:
4161:Animalia
4092:(2013).
4029:Archived
4025:55188160
3817:33116130
3748:Archived
3702:33848460
3652:: 1–14.
3634:31784545
3572:31579592
3510:Archived
3506:24768054
3470:(2014).
3450:84617119
3361:86710955
3286:Archived
3168:(1991).
3103:35910775
3040:Archived
2992:(eds.).
2961:中国的翼龙类化石
2943:58932267
2896:86007397
2766:30058408
2726:(1913).
2710:22470442
2670:PLOS ONE
2660:(2012).
2609:Archived
2572:(1913).
2546:Archived
2429:(eds.).
2357:(1887).
2308:See also
2286:bivalves
2176:conifers
2156:savannah
2079:Woodward
2075:notarium
2006:and low
1930:reptiles
1776:vultures
1744:skimmers
1668:Gondwana
1656:UK. The
1277:latidens
1246:(B) and
1238:skulls:
1185:notarium
1173:air sacs
1019:CT scans
824:daktylos
812:latidens
800:latidens
700:rockfall
423:notarium
411:occluded
338:latidens
326:Synonyms
286:Species
215:Family:
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
8866:4128458
8853:1415426
8840:4818481
8750:Portals
7678:Alcione
6787:Wightia
4171:Class:
4059:Bibcode
4005:Bibcode
3912:2417241
3890:Bibcode
3808:7595196
3785:Bibcode
3732:Bibcode
3724:Lethaia
3682:Bibcode
3625:6884559
3602:Bibcode
3563:6754973
3484:Bibcode
3387:Bibcode
3331:Bibcode
3262:Bibcode
3135:Bibcode
3094:9336611
3046:18 June
2935:4524537
2876:Bibcode
2839:Bibcode
2744:Bibcode
2701:3310040
2678:Bibcode
2172:ginkgos
2122:fluvial
2071:occiput
2067:carpals
2055:humerus
2020:carrion
1818:rostrum
1651:of the
1389:below.
1213:humerus
1201:sternum
1181:laminae
1150:occlude
1133:zig-zag
1098:maxilla
1090:palatal
846:dentary
833:, with
806:moved "
708:ischium
682:ischium
538:of the
519:in 1901
509:sternal
241:Genus:
189:Order:
116:↓
8879:135362
7243:Alanqa
7010:Alanqa
6592:Alanqa
5200:Sordes
5067:Sordes
4100:
4023:
3942:
3910:
3857:
3815:
3805:
3700:
3632:
3622:
3570:
3560:
3504:
3468:Xu, X.
3448:
3440:
3405:
3359:
3341:
3280:
3176:
3101:
3091:
3015:
2971:
2957:Lü, J.
2941:
2933:
2894:
2764:
2708:
2698:
2603:
2508:
2482:
2437:
2385:
2256:; the
2250:, and
2235:; the
2229:, and
2178:, and
2168:cycads
2141:pyrite
2126:strata
2081:, 1913
2065:, and
2063:radius
1985:, 1914
1983:Watson
1979:Hankin
1938:whales
1926:sharks
1837:mosaic
1742:, and
1740:storks
1736:herons
1660:genus
1646:Aptian
1357:, and
1183:. The
1175:. The
1128:crowns
1124:lancet
1088:had a
1003:pollen
877:was a
828:family
820:istion
764:Hooley
631:radius
517:Seeley
442:family
280:, 1901
278:Seeley
138:Witton
8848:IRMNG
6341:Piksi
4937:Dearc
4196:Clade
4187:Clade
4178:Clade
4021:S2CID
3908:JSTOR
3855:S2CID
3751:(PDF)
3720:(PDF)
3540:PeerJ
3446:S2CID
3403:S2CID
3357:S2CID
3289:(PDF)
3250:(PDF)
3071:PeerJ
3001:(PDF)
2963:[
2939:S2CID
2931:JSTOR
2892:S2CID
2762:JSTOR
2612:(PDF)
2601:S2CID
2581:(PDF)
2480:S2CID
2383:S2CID
2196:, an
2158:- or
1332:clade
1242:(A),
1120:petal
1078:orbit
624:sacra
616:latus
358:genus
356:is a
8835:GBIF
4229:see
4098:ISBN
3940:ISBN
3813:PMID
3698:PMID
3630:PMID
3568:PMID
3502:PMID
3438:ISSN
3278:ISSN
3203:1996
3174:ISBN
3099:PMID
3048:2019
3013:ISSN
2969:ISBN
2706:PMID
2506:ISBN
2456:"On
2435:ISBN
2265:and
2059:ulna
1997:and
1981:and
1928:and
1797:and
1760:duck
1649:ages
1629:and
1369:and
1299:and
1285:and
1205:keel
1102:beak
863:sino
641:for
620:dens
546:and
55:PreꞒ
4067:doi
4055:107
4013:doi
4001:159
3974:doi
3970:112
3932:doi
3898:doi
3886:267
3847:doi
3803:PMC
3793:doi
3740:doi
3690:doi
3654:doi
3620:PMC
3610:doi
3558:PMC
3548:doi
3492:doi
3430:doi
3426:103
3395:doi
3383:217
3349:doi
3327:217
3270:doi
3207:doi
3143:doi
3131:126
3089:PMC
3079:doi
3009:B28
2923:doi
2884:doi
2847:doi
2752:doi
2696:PMC
2686:doi
2593:doi
2472:doi
2375:doi
2188:, "
1940:).
1778:or
1252:(C)
1171:by
897:of
585:in
360:of
8898::
8876::
8863::
8850::
8837::
8822::
8807::
4198::
4189::
4180::
4065:.
4053:.
4027:.
4019:.
4011:.
3999:.
3995:.
3968:.
3954:^
3938:.
3906:.
3896:.
3884:.
3880:.
3853:.
3843:18
3841:.
3833:;
3811:.
3801:.
3791:.
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3779:.
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3728:44
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3688:.
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3097:.
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2365:.
2296:,
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2166:,
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2073:,
2061:,
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206:†
193:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
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