405:, and some rulers appointed Western traders and missionaries as advisors. Large numbers of Isubu grew wealthy, leading to rising class tensions. Competition escalated between coastal groups and even between related settlements. Between 1855 and 1879, the Isubu alone engaged in at least four conflicts, both internal and with rival ethnic groups. Traders exploited this atmosphere, and beginning in 1860, German, French, and Spanish merchants had established contacts and weakened the British monopoly. The Duala had gained a virtual hegemony over trade through the Wouri estuary, and the Isubu had little power left.
41:
473:
70:
583:, a traditional festival of the Duala, although today all of Cameroon's coastal peoples are invited. The main focus is on communicating with the ancestors and asking them for guidance and protection for the future. The festivities also include armed combat,
362:. In 1844 and 1848, King William signed anti-slavery treaties. In exchange, the traders provided him with annual gifts of alcohol, guns, textiles, and other goods. William was also asked to forbid practices the British viewed as barbaric, such as
448:. The British became the new colonial rulers of Isubu lands. Great Britain integrated its portion of Cameroon with the neighbouring colony of Nigeria, setting the new province's capital at Buea. The British practiced a policy of
508:
The Isubu today are divided into the urban and rural. Those who live in the cities earn a living at a number of skilled and unskilled professions. The rural Isubu work as fishermen and farmers, mostly at the subsistence level.
390:). By 1875, numerous missions and schools sprung up in Victoria and other settlements. Victoria came to be a mixture of freed slaves, working Cameroonians, and Christianised Cameroonians from the various coastal groups.
432:, farmers, and traders to emerge in Victoria and Buea. This class were familiar with European law and conventions, which allowed them to pressure the German colonial government with petitions, legal proceedings, and
381:
convinced
William to let him open a church and school in Bimbia. In 1858, the Spanish ousted Protestant missionaries from their base at Fernando Po. King William sold a portion of his domains to the missionary
428:
German arrival on the mainland meant that the coastal peoples' monopoly on trade had ended. Years of contact with
Westerners and a high level of literacy had allowed a literate upper class of Isubu
195:
ethnic groups. They were one of the earliest
Cameroonian peoples to make contact with Europeans, and over two centuries, they became influential traders and middlemen. Under the kings
366:
a chief's wife upon his death. With
William's blessing, Bimbia became a haven for repatriated slaves and escapees from the illicit trade, which continued for many more years.
861:
265:
traders reached the Wouri estuary in 1472. Over the next few decades, more
Europeans came to explore the estuary and the rivers that feed it, and to establish
854:
539:
In addition, individuals who have attended school or lived in an urban centre usually speak a
European language. For some Isubu, this is
847:
351:
906:
785:
Elango, Lovett Z. (1990). "Trade and diplomacy on the
Cameroon coast in the nineteenth century, 1833–1879: the case of Bimbia."
533:
485:
350:
traders became the dominant
European presence in the region by the mid-19th century, and the Crown used them to enforce
120:
425:. Coastal territory became the heart of the new colony, but Bimbia and the Isubu lands had already passed their prime.
378:
44:
320:
European traders did their best to support friendly chiefs against their rivals, adulating them with titles such as
544:
391:
870:
457:
794:
Cameroon
History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.
1092:
941:
148:
891:
548:
500:, with their main settlement at Bimbia. The town of Limbe is a mixture of Isubu and other ethnic groups.
461:
369:
The
British also endeavored to educate and Christianise the Bimbians. King William rebuffed the earliest
192:
1117:
1062:
233:
517:
225:
607:
in language and origin. More narrowly, they fall into the Sawa, or the coastal peoples of Cameroon.
453:
1013:
946:
481:
337:
333:
196:
406:
355:
200:
778:
Derrick, Jonathan (1990). "Colonial Ă©litism in Cameroon: the case of the Duala in the 1930s".
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181:
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452:, entrusting greater powers to Bakweri and Isubu chiefs in Buea and Victoria. Chief
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Introduction to the History of Cameroon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.
780:
Introduction to the History of Cameroon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.
766:
Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c.1960
1152:
1137:
1057:
1040:
1035:
1025:
993:
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963:
956:
951:
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622:
This is the number of Isu speakers as reported in Ethnologue. Most Isubu speak
1172:
1142:
1082:
896:
886:
370:
290:
286:
881:
839:
444:
In 1918, Germany lost World War I, and her colonies became mandates of the
373:
because he did not agree with their insistence on prayer and opposition to
528:, the languages of the Duala and Bakweri respectively. Isu is part of the
921:
833:
374:
278:
274:
262:
188:
75:
488:. Their settlements lie largely along the coast or just inland, east of
1187:
588:
564:
476:
Map showing the location of the various Duala ethnic groups of Cameroon
282:
140:
136:
103:
1112:
623:
580:
525:
493:
257:
245:
204:
99:
17:
269:. The Isubu carved out a role for themselves as middlemen, trading
1020:
497:
398:
294:
270:
156:
1127:
843:
244:
became king, the people began to refer to their territories as
456:
of Victoria became one of two representatives to the Nigerian
409:
was virtually powerless when he succeeded his father in 1878.
191:. Along with other coastal peoples, they belong to Cameroon's
818:, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 6 June 2006.
807:, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 6 June 2006.
344:
village and other chiefs eventually opposed his dominance.
828:
559:
The Isubu have been mostly Christianized since the 1930s.
305:. By the 16th century, the Isubu were second only to the
397:
Isubu society was changed fundamentally by the European
317:. Bimbia, the primary Isubu settlement, grew quickly.
520:
is the Isubu language. In addition, many Isubu speak
417:
In July 1884, the Isubu found themselves part of the
336:
became leader of the Isubu as King William, although
309:in trade. The earliest Isubu merchants were likely
126:
109:
81:
61:
51:
567:church. Nevertheless, remnants of a pre-Christian
281:from the interior. However, a major commodity was
236:, who led their migration to the west bank of the
551:today grow up with Pidgin as their first tongue.
764:Austen, Ralph A., and Derrick, Jonathan (1999):
855:
547:or standard English. A growing number of the
496:. They occupy the coast directly east of the
8:
480:The Isubu are primarily concentrated in the
386:, who then founded Victoria (today known as
33:
862:
848:
840:
665:
663:
232:. Tradition makes them the descendants of
32:
563:denominations dominate, particularly the
471:
436:to oppose unpopular or unfair policies.
810:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "
799:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "
615:
224:holds that the ethnic group hails from
47:at an Isubu funeral in Cameroon, 1845.
460:. He was succeeded by another Isubu,
7:
579:The Isubu participate in the annual
62:Regions with significant populations
796:Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd.
240:. When a descendant of Isuwu named
816:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
805:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
771:Chrispin, Dr. Pettang, directeur.
203:, the Isubu formed a state called
25:
187:who inhabit part of the coast of
68:
39:
630:, so this number is misleading.
394:began to develop at this time.
1:
768:. Cambridge University Press.
773:Cameroun: Guide touristique.
121:African Traditional Religion
534:Niger–Congo language family
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545:Cameroonian Pidgin English
392:Cameroonian Pidgin English
289:on nearby islands such as
255:
216:Early population movements
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871:Ethnic groups in Cameroon
775:Paris: Les Éditions Wala.
458:Eastern House of Assembly
131:
114:
86:
66:
56:
38:
401:. European goods became
228:, the area southwest of
27:Cameroonian ethnic group
591:races, and traditional
434:special interest groups
332:. An Isubu chief named
687:Austen and Derrick 67.
678:Austen and Derrick 66.
477:
440:British administration
220:The predominant Isubu
792:Fanso, V. G. (1989).
475:
413:German administration
127:Related ethnic groups
736:"Pidgin, Cameroon",
543:; for others, it is
421:after annexation by
377:. In 1844, however,
789:Palgrave MacMillan.
782:Palgrave MacMillan.
462:John Manga Williams
197:William I of Bimbia
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486:Southwest Province
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407:Young King William
201:Young King William
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1200:
892:Anglo-Cameroonian
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492:and west of
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384:Alfred Saker
371:missionaries
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222:oral history
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185:ethnic group
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117:Christianity
34:Suwu (Isubu)
30:Ethnic group
947:Beti-Pahuin
836:(in French)
834:Peuple Sawa
829:Bakwerirama
639:Fanso 50-1.
561:Evangelical
549:Anglophones
364:sacrificing
356:slave trade
295:Fernando Po
287:plantations
759:References
738:Ethnologue
725:Ethnologue
705:Elango 55.
696:Fanso 102.
263:Portuguese
57:800 (1982)
882:Akunakuna
669:Fanso 73.
657:Fanso 68.
648:Fanso 51.
593:wrestling
571:persist.
468:Geography
352:abolition
275:kola nuts
82:Languages
1208:Category
927:Bamileke
922:Baligham
555:Religion
513:Language
375:polygamy
303:São Tomé
299:PrĂncipe
189:Cameroon
180:) are a
178:Bimbians
110:Religion
76:Cameroon
1188:Wodaabe
1183:Widikum
1108:Mandara
1103:Mambila
1031:Kapsiki
917:Bakossi
723:"Isu",
589:pirogue
565:Baptist
504:Culture
358:in the
354:of the
348:British
315:headmen
291:AnnobĂłn
279:peppers
211:History
141:Bamboko
137:Bakweri
104:Wumboko
96:Malimba
1113:Mankon
1073:Kotoko
1051:Tupuri
1046:Musgum
1009:Kanuri
974:Chamba
969:Buduma
912:Bakoko
624:Mokpwe
581:Ngondo
541:French
526:Mokpwe
494:Douala
430:clerks
342:Dikolo
326:Prince
311:chiefs
301:, and
283:slaves
277:, and
258:Bimbia
246:Bimbia
242:Mbimbi
205:Bimbia
133:Bakole
100:Mokpwe
73:
1193:Wovea
1178:Vengo
1168:Tikar
1158:Shuwa
1148:Nzime
1133:Mungo
1123:Mboko
1098:Makaa
1093:Limba
1088:Kwele
1078:Kuteb
1068:Kombe
1021:Kirdi
1004:Hausa
999:Gbaya
984:Dwe'e
979:Duala
942:Bassa
937:Banda
932:Bamum
902:Bafia
628:Duala
611:Notes
605:Bantu
530:Bantu
522:Duala
498:Wovea
490:Limbe
399:trade
388:Limbe
330:Chief
328:, or
307:Duala
271:ivory
226:Mboko
182:Bantu
174:Isuwu
170:Isubu
157:Wovea
153:Mungo
149:Limba
145:Duala
92:Duala
18:Isubu
1214:Suwu
1163:Subu
1153:Pori
1138:Njem
1128:Mofu
1058:Kole
1041:Masa
1036:Mafa
1026:Fali
994:Fula
989:Ekoi
964:Bubi
957:Fang
952:Beti
907:Baka
752:126.
575:Arts
334:Bile
322:King
199:and
193:Sawa
166:Subu
164:The
88:Suwu
1173:Tiv
1143:Nso
1118:Mbo
1083:Kwe
1063:Kom
897:Aro
887:Ana
814:".
803:".
801:Isu
626:or
524:or
518:Isu
340:of
313:or
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