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celebrating a reinterpretation of
Canboulay beginning at 6:00 A.M. on Carnival Monday. Some historians claim that revelers took advantage of the pre-dawn darkness and began festivities before 6:00 A.M.—and that this secret and rebellious celebration is the origin of J'ouvert. Today, J'ouvert in the Caribbean typically begins before dawn.
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popular while commercially publicized. J'ouvert uses the rebellious nature of powder, mud and oil, while Pretty Mas celebrates the abstract allure of glitter, colour and light. J'ouvert is often contrasted with Pretty Mas, in that J'ouvert is said to be for "the people" while Pretty Mas is intended for the establishment.
341:
The Peace
Preservation Act also established the official start of Carnival as 6:00 A.M. This likely explains the early-morning start time of J'ouvert. Canboulay had traditionally been a nighttime celebration, but after the Peace Preservation Act effectively banned Canboulay, Afro-Trinidadians began
425:
In many West Indian countries, J'ouvert is observed before the daytime
Carnival Mas or "Pretty Mas". Pretty Mas is the Carnival parade featuring colorful costumes which are often made of feathers, beads, gem stones, brightly coloured fabrics, glitter and other elaborate body adornments and is more
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and imitating or mocking their masters' masquerade balls. These immitation carnivals and mocking of the ruling class likely gave rise to J'ouvert traditions, as parodying of the upper class is an important aspect of J'ouvert tradition. Alternatively, J'ouvert masquerading traditions may come from
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of
Carnival. Additional instruments were developed to replace the banned drums, and percussion was achieve through use of metal and other items as well. The history of J'ouvert's improvised instruments is celebrated today with the use of whistles, cowbells, bottles, and home-made instruments.
213:
The origins of J'ouvert can be traced back to
Trinidad. French traditions from the island's original Carnival, African and Afro-Trinidadian traditions from Canboulay, and various social and political influences maybe have all played a role in shaping J'ouvert.
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which prohibited public carrying of torches, drumming, blowing horns, and stick-fighting (or the assembly of ten or more people with sticks). Many J'ouvert traditions may come from reactions to the prohibitions of the Peace
Preservation Act. For instance,
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in
Trinidad and other British territories in 1833, with Emancipation taking effect 1 August 1834. After Emancipation, Canboulay developed into a festival for freed slaves and former indentured laborers to celebrate freedom. It was celebrated annually on
450:
player Earl King and community organizer Yvette Rennie formed J'ouvert City
International. Featuring traditional steelbands (DJs and sound systems prohibited) and ole mas costumes, the Brooklyn J'ouvert attracts tens of thousands Carnival enthusiasts.
402:, a part of the tradition involves covering the body in oil, mud, or chocolate. On other island, colored paints and power are more popular for covering the clothes or body. Throughout the Caribbean, many J'ouvert revelers wear traditional,
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354:, who sheds her skin at night and consumes the blood of her victims. She must reenter her skin before dawn, but is unable to do so if someone sprinkles salt on her skin. According to legend, she will cry out "
1453:"Submits Ordinance No. 1 of 1884: Peace Preservation. To empower the Governor to prohibit the public carrying of lighted torches at the Carnival, and for the preservation of the peace. Proclamation approved"
437:
is home to the largest West Indian population outside the
Caribbean, and began its own Carnival celebration in the late 1960s. Organized by the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA), the
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from burning cane. Today, covering bodies in oil, paint, or other substances is a distinctive tradition of J'ouvert. This tradition was likely carried forward in remembrance of the
Canboulay Riots.
1042:""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly"
247:
directly a French Carnival tradition that took the form of "after-dinner raids on private homes". Friendly raiders would disguise themselves in humorous costumes that were often topical,
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political or social events, and would remain disguised until their identities were guessed correctly. Costumes with political and social commentary are still seen in J'ouvert today.
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475:. Revelers cover themselves in colored powder, oil, or paint, and others dress in elaborate costumes. The celebration involves multiple hours of music and dancing.
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169:. Today J'ouvert is also a part of Carnival celebrations outside of the Caribbean, with the biggest celebrations happening in cities with large Caribbean
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meaning "devil") dress as devils of different colors, and "Jab Molassi" (molasses devil) cover their bodies in oil from head to toe. By contrast, in
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375:, however, J'ouvert Bahamas begins at night and goes until the early hours of the morning. In some West Indian countries, J'ouvert is celebrated on
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J'ouvert is referred to as the "pajama party parade," as people can join wearing comfortable, regular clothes rather than dressing up in costume.
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Before Emancipation, enslaved Africans in Trinidad had celebrated Canboulay, a night-time harvest festival characterized by drums, singing,
238:. Enslaved Africans, who were banned from participating in Carnival, are said to have staged their own mini-carnivals, but using their own
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in standard French), the French Creole term meaning "dawn" or "daybreak", as this is the time at which the celebration is typically held.
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501:, and features a pre-dawn J'ouvert celebration. Unlike J'ouvert of the Caribbean, Toronto's J'ouvert often takes place at an outdoor
275:". It may refer to the putting out of cane fires, the pre-harvest cane burning for pest control, or the burning of cane as an act of
3027:
2027:
1986:
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Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Property Protection: Cultural Signifiers in the Caribbean and the Americas
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The pre-dawn tradition of J'ouvert may have roots in Caribbean folklore. For instance, there is a local Trinidadian legend about a
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379:(the first day of August). In Trinidad, J'ouvert takes place on Carnival Monday, which in Trinidad is the Monday morning before
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was introduced in the late 1880s as substitute for the drums and sticks. Tamboo bamboo bands developed and became the primary
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J'ouvert's is rooted in the history of Carnival in Trinidad. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad in the 1780s, a time of
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In 1881, the British colonial government on Trinidad attempted to ban Canboulay. This resulted in disturbances known as the
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517:, or paint. Some participants dress to resemble evil spirits, such as devils of different colors, including the "Jab Jab".
309:. It is said that people smeared themselves with oil or paint to avoid being recognized, or may have been covered in black
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is held annually on Labor Day Monday. The event attracts millions of participants who parade down central
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in the world. The J'ouvert event typically starts at 6:00 a.m. and takes place in the streets of
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Simonpillai, Radheyan; Ristic, Katarina; Ristic, Radheyan Simonpillai and Katarina (2022-07-13).
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1161:"Canboulay's freedom cry rings out on 50th Black Power anniversary | Loop Trinidad & Tobago"
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J'ouvert traditionally begins between 2:00 and 4:00 a.m. and continues until mid-morning. In
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383:. Other islands celebrate J'ouvert on Carnival Monday as well, the date of which depends on
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20:
2241:"Notting Hill Carnival 2023: Lineup, Times, Schedule, Dates & Ticket Info For Festival"
513:, and other music makers. Participants will occasionally cover themselves with mud, flour,
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2267:"When Notting Hill Carnival parade starts, route map in full and road closures explained"
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bands, other live music, DJs, as well as revelers using improvised musical instruments,
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883:. National Library and Information System Authority. 15 December 2014. Archived from
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446:. An early morning J'ouvert component was added to the celebration in the 1990s when
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154:
2319:"Tell Dem We Reach! A First-Timer's Guide to Caribana, Toronto's Caribbean Carnival"
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Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles
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1057:
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2045:""J'ouvert in Brooklyn Carnival: Revitalizing Steel Pan and Ole Mas Traditions""
1532:
Political Messaging in Music and Entertainment Spaces across the Globe. Volume 1
1213:"Black Femme Rising: Cosplay and Playing Mas as New Narratives of Transgression"
514:
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162:
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1812:"Trinidad and Tobago Carnival: A vibrant celebration of culture and tradition"
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1998:
1228:
961:
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2159:"The history of Notting Hill Carnival and carnival culture- Reader's Digest"
1559:
The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago
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146:
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rather than in the streets as a parade. The celebration usually features
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717:"Jump up for J'Ouvert! Night parade of mud, paint and merriment returns"
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1262:"Trinidad and Tobago to celebrate African Emancipation Day on August 1"
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Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival
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Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival
2214:"Notting Hill Carnival 2023: The line-up and what you need to know"
1987:"Brooklyn Waves Goodbye to Summer in a Whirl of Feathers and Flags"
2835:
419:
2348:"Toronto Carnival Guide 2022: Fetes, shows, pop-ups and a parade"
1427:"A Carnival Theme Rooted in our Traditions by Dr. Nicole Phillip"
946:"Political Dramas in the Jour Ouvert Parade in Trinidad Carnaval"
394:, which play music from speakers or have live music. In Trinida,
2134:"Notting Hill Carnival: What is it and when does it take place?"
310:
150:
2388:
1636:"Ready For The Road! A First Timer's Guide To Bahamas Carnival"
589:. Vol. 1. Kingston: Oxford University Press. p. 776.
19:
This article is about the Caribbean festivity. For the EP, see
2218:
2102:"J'Ouvert celebrations at Notting Hill carnival – in pictures"
1961:
145:, with roots steeped in French Afro-Creole traditions such as
1938:"The West Indian Day Parade Celebrates Culture and Community"
1863:"A quick history of the Jouvert Morning Parade – Aruba Today"
1313:"Jouvert: Carnival high times, from Trinidad to the diaspora"
984:"Jouvert: Carnival high times, from Trinidad to the diaspora"
96:
915:
Carnival Is Woman: Feminism and Performance in Caribbean Mas
847:
Carnival Is Woman: Feminism and Performance in Caribbean Mas
137:
celebration in many countries throughout the Caribbean. The
1837:"Sugar Mas 42 J'ouvert Attracts Thousands By by LK Hewlett"
105:
93:
1077:
Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making
665:
Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making
149:. J'ouvert typically begins in the early morning, before
2294:"Why you should be excited about Notting Hill Carnival"
820:"In pictures: Fifty years of the Notting Hill Carnival"
2022:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 84–111.
1737:"Photo: Celebrating the start of Carnival in Trinidad"
1608:
The Trinidad Carnival: Mandate for a National Theatre
1368:. National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
1136:
Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience
613:
Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience
153:, and peaks by mid-morning. The celebration involves
114:
358:?" ("Daybreak, are you coming?) as dawn approaches.
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2423:
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Different Drummers: Rhythm and Race in the Americas
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66:
56:
48:
43:
2087:Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City
2020:Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City
1913:"For a taste of the Caribbean just go to Brooklyn"
1102:"J'ouvert: Genesis Immersive Experience (booklet)"
1985:Nierenberg, Amelia; Schweber, Nate (2023-09-04).
1586:Golden Heritage: The Dance in Trinidad and Tobago
1184:Turner, Victor Witter; Bruner, Edward M. (1986).
1396:Green, Garth L.; Scher, Philip W. (2007-03-28).
740:Green, Garth L.; Scher, Philip W. (2007-03-28).
30:"Juvee" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1962:"West Indian American Day Carnival Association"
1787:"J'ouvert Revelers Throng Through Frederiksted"
1503:"Immigration and the Political Economy of Home"
390:Participants follow and dance behind trucks or
2374:"Trinidad Carniva – The Greatest Show on Earth
2400:
2187:"J'ouvert – The Secret Carnival at Day Break"
267:. The term "Canboulay" comes from the French
8:
770:Bacchanal!: The Carnival Culture of Trinidad
532:List of Caribbean Carnivals around the world
321:In 1884, the colonial government passed the
230:Carnival included hunting parties, dinners,
1366:"Traditional Mas Characters - Jab Molassie"
1338:"Trinidad Carnival — come turn yourself on"
1243:"The West Indian colonies and emancipation"
2407:
2393:
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944:Alleyne-Dettmers, Patricia Tamara (1995).
40:
1660:Ehrenreich, Barbara (1 February 2009).
1421:
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406:, or popular costumes. In Trinidad and
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141:is believed to have its foundation in
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2265:Mulligan, Euan O'Byrne (2023-08-28).
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1891:Journal of Emerging Dance Scholarship
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587:Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage
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7:
1562:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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1942:New York City Tourism + Conventions
1687:"8 of the best Caribbean carnivals"
1260:Hamilton-Davis, Ryan (2024-04-19).
1133:Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004-10-14).
610:Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004-10-14).
537:Lists of festivals in North America
1291:. University of California Press.
14:
2043:Allen, Ray (Summer–Autumn 1999).
1713:"Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival"
1662:"Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival"
2994:
2980:
2469:
1884:"J'ouvert Speaks to the Present"
1190:. University of Illinois Press.
429:
89:
1861:Pinto, Juan Luis (2024-05-23).
1762:"Basseterre painted by Jouvert"
561:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
478:
3023:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago
1475:Gall, Sharon Le (2014-01-10).
1187:The Anthropology of Experience
1080:. Cambridge University Press.
1008:Kerrigan, Dylan (2005-01-01).
918:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
912:; Plaza, Dwaine (2019-12-30).
850:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
844:; Plaza, Dwaine (2019-12-30).
668:. Cambridge University Press.
454:
70:Varies among Caribbean islands
1:
2185:Spark, Stephen (2017-08-26).
1611:. University of Texas Press.
1529:Onyebadi, Uche (2022-09-06).
1058:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348
715:Wheaton, Vicki (2019-04-25).
689:McTighe, Elena (2011-11-01).
385:their island's Carnival dates
2100:Levene, David (2023-08-27).
1882:Sheriff, Nai-Whedai (2014).
1589:. Heritage Cultures Limited.
1402:. Indiana University Press.
1285:Munro, Martin (2010-07-16).
746:. Indiana University Press.
459:J'ouvert marks the start of
279:during the time of slavery.
1841:The St Kitts Nevis Observer
1766:The St Kitts Nevis Observer
1556:Stuempfle, Stephen (1995).
1266:Trinidad and Tobago Newsday
773:. Temple University Press.
642:Trinidad and Tobago Newsday
3049:
822:. BBC News. 28 August 2016
691:"Carnival Caribbean style"
555:Winer, Lise (2009-01-16).
491:Toronto Caribbean Carnival
482:
444:Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway
361:
29:
18:
2974:
2467:
1040:La Rose, Michael (2019).
367:J'ouvert in the Caribbean
3028:Culture of the Caribbean
2620:Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
1217:American Journal of Play
485:Caribana § J'ouvert
217:
16:Pre-Carnival festivities
2163:www.readersdigest.co.uk
1711:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1342:Caribbean Beat Magazine
1317:PAM - Pan African Music
1014:Caribbean Beat Magazine
988:PAM - Pan African Music
493:is held each summer in
263:dancing, chanting, and
2987:Catholicism portal
1893:. World Dance Alliance
1431:GroundationGrenada.com
1211:Thomas, Cathy (2021).
1010:"Creatures of the mas"
638:"A J'Ouvert bacchanal"
440:West Indian Day Parade
356:Jouvay, jou paka ouvay
323:Peace Preservation Act
317:Peace Preservation Act
297:, which took place in
1074:Cowley, John (1998).
767:Mason, Peter (1998).
662:Cowley, John (1998).
467:, one of the biggest
465:Notting Hill Carnival
335:percussion instrument
281:Slavery was abolished
143:Trinidad & Tobago
1717:Smithsonian Magazine
1605:Hill, Errol (1972).
1583:Ahye, Molly (1978).
1507:publishing.cdlib.org
1457:UK National Archives
585:Allsopp, R. (1996).
430:J'ouvert in Brooklyn
23:. For the song, see
2807:Trinidad and Tobago
2459:Ati-Atihan festival
2089:. pp. 207–234.
2085:Allen, Ray (2019).
2018:Allen, Ray (2019).
1046:Caribbean Quarterly
887:on 11 February 2017
881:""Mama Dis is Mas""
479:J'ouvert in Toronto
414:" (from the French
218:Trinidad's Carnival
133:) is a traditional
2785:Dominican Republic
2074:– via JSTOR.
1991:The New York Times
1966:wiadcacarnival.org
455:J'ouvert in London
3010:
3009:
1791:St. Thomas Source
1618:978-0-292-78000-2
1569:978-0-8122-3329-2
1542:978-1-64889-471-8
1488:978-1-136-02664-5
1409:978-0-253-11672-7
1298:978-0-520-26283-6
1197:978-0-252-01249-5
1146:978-1-134-48780-6
1087:978-0-521-65389-3
950:Caribbean Studies
925:978-1-4968-2548-3
857:978-1-4968-2546-9
795:"J'Ouvert Parade"
780:978-1-56639-663-9
753:978-0-253-11672-7
675:978-0-521-65389-3
623:978-1-134-48780-6
568:978-0-7735-7607-0
527:Trinidad Carnival
271:, meaning "burnt
82:
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3001:World portal
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2890:Negros y Blancos
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377:Emancipation Day
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1459:. Jan 30, 1884.
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1111:. October 2022.
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294:Camboulay Riots
269:cannes broullee
257:
220:
211:
198:[ʒuuvɛ]
193:
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116:
92:
88:
39:
28:
25:J'ouvert (song)
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2368:External links
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1052:(4): 491–512.
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910:Henry, Frances
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842:Henry, Frances
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721:Cayman Compass
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644:. 22 June 2021
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2138:BBC Newsround
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2029:9780190656850
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2021:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
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1963:
1957:
1954:
1943:
1939:
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1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:. Routledge.
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1247:UK Parliament
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1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:. Routledge.
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1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1103:
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1094:
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989:
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868:
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853:
849:
848:
843:
837:
834:
821:
815:
812:
800:
796:
790:
787:
782:
776:
772:
771:
763:
760:
755:
749:
745:
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711:
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692:
685:
682:
677:
671:
667:
666:
658:
655:
643:
639:
633:
630:
625:
619:
616:. Routledge.
615:
614:
606:
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598:
596:0-198-66152-5
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401:
397:
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388:
386:
382:
381:Ash Wednesday
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346:Other origins
345:
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332:
331:tamboo bamboo
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299:Port of Spain
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186:gallicization
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173:communities.
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77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
26:
22:
21:J'ouvert (EP)
2992:
2978:
2885:Barranquilla
2831:Gualeguaychú
2826:Buenos Aires
2450:Philippines
2355:. Retrieved
2351:
2327:. Retrieved
2325:. 2020-12-06
2322:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2300:. 2023-08-26
2297:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2247:. 2023-08-24
2244:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2222:. 2023-08-24
2217:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2140:. 2019-08-22
2137:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2106:the Guardian
2105:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2019:
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1919:. 2024-05-16
1916:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1843:. 2013-12-27
1840:
1831:
1820:. Retrieved
1818:. 2023-01-20
1815:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1793:. 2018-01-05
1790:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1768:. 2017-01-01
1765:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1743:. 2017-02-28
1741:PBS NewsHour
1740:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1693:. 2023-07-14
1690:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1642:. 2020-11-04
1639:
1607:
1585:
1578:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1477:
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1430:
1398:
1370:. Retrieved
1346:. Retrieved
1344:. 2001-01-01
1341:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1319:. 2021-02-15
1316:
1307:
1287:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:
1155:
1135:
1108:
1096:
1076:
1049:
1045:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
990:. 2021-02-15
987:
978:
953:
949:
914:
889:. Retrieved
885:the original
846:
836:
824:. Retrieved
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