238:, which had been shut down right after the Pogrom, with its former editor, Erich Liepmann, being the manager of the publishing department. The Kulturbund managed to save a great deal of the book stocks of the to-be-ceased publishing houses from being pulped. Levie reached the concession, that Jewish publishers obliged to liquidate their companies, might export their book stocks on their own until April 1939 if the respective purchasers would pay in foreign exchange to the
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150:, the newly appointed State Commissioner in the Prussian Ministry of Culture at the time, initially rejected the idea for the organization. Singer engaged in persistent negotiations with Hinkel, culminating in a face-to-face meeting in which Hinkel agreed to approve the organization under the conditions that the
229:, declared in front of Dr. Werner Levie (1903–1945), a Dutchman and therefore one of the few available members – not in hiding or arrested – of Kulturbund's executive board, that until the end of December all the still existing 76 Jewish German publishing companies were to be shut down or sold to so-called
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Only few publishers succeeded to export their books, because the foreign market for German books was narrow. Impoverished German emigrants couldn't buy but eventually flooded the western markets by even selling their last belongings. Erich
Liepmann, the executive manager of the publishing department
261:
The
Kulturbund's executive secretary Levie remigrated to the Netherlands at the end of August 1939. He was first succeeded by Johanna Marcus, who soon also emigrated and then by Willy Pless. The Kulturbund's performing activities nonetheless were embraced by the Jewish population who previously were
257:
The
Propaganda Ministry only allowed the Kulturbund to continue to exist, if it would change its statutes to the effect that the minister (Goebbels) may – at any time – interfere in affairs of the executive board, even dissolve the Kulturbund and dispose of its assets. The changed statutes came into
145:
to police and various high-ranking officials within the
Ministry of Propaganda. The original proposal stated that the organization would employ only Jewish artists and staff, consist of one theatre troupe and one opera ensemble of approximately 15 members each, a choir of 12 singers, and a chamber
249:
The
Kulturbund's publishing department bought the remaining book stocks from their old proprietors at a discount of 80% to 95% of the original price and would only pay, once proceeds from sales abroad or to German or Austrian Jews and gentiles of Jewish descent would materialise. Also Austria,
233:
owners. The few publications, which would still be permitted to appear, were to be directed by a publishing department to be formed within
Kulturbund. In January 1939 the Kulturbund's publishing department opened in the offices formerly used by the Zionist
213:
pogroms on
November 9/10, 1938, the Kulturbund was allowed to continue its activities; however, the discrimination and persecution of Jews had driven many into impoverishment. The number of venues and of ensemble members was reduced.
286:
The
Kulturbund's publishing department sold books from its stock to Jewish Germans and Austrians and thus created a surplus, which partly covered losses in the performing department. A considerable sum was transferred to the
165:
journalists wrote about the importance of the theatre to include Jewish nationalist themes in its repertoire and serve as a political outlet for the Jewish population. However, Singer strongly believed that the
327:
on 1 October 1933 at the
Berliner Theater on Charlottenstraße. Director Karl Loewenberg ends the play differently than Lessing's explicit stage directions, which direct the Jewish Nathan (played by actor
185:
put on theatrical performances, concerts, exhibitions, operas and lectures all over
Germany, performed by Jewish entertainers, artists, writers, and scientists who were no longer permitted by the
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was one of the most famous examples of Jewish creativity in response to cultural exclusion. It provided a semblance of leisure for its 70,000 members in forty-nine different locals.
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in summer 1939. There Liepmann became Kulturbund's sales agent for books. The Palestinian Schocken publishing house could buy 90% of the book stock, which earlier its Berlin branch
472:
Werner Levie, "Arbeitsbericht des Jüdischen Kulturbundes in Deutschland e.V. vom 1.10.1938 – 30.6.1939", activity report rendered on 12 July 1939, Berlin, published in:
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grew up as Germans and viewed the organization as a place of work and economic advantage rather than a place to further their Jewishness. In its early development, the
146:
orchestra of 25 musicians. The proposal also detailed Singer's repertoire plan, costs, organizational structure, advertising plan, and technical and personnel issues.
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regime to appear before non-Jewish audiences. Thus, Jewish performers could again earn their livelihood, however scarce. The performances took place at authorized
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had to sell to the Kulturbund. Few other publishers, like Joseph Schlesinger from Vienna, did the same by their foreign subsidiaries in Budapest and Amsterdam.
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battled with choosing repertoire, facing censorship from the Nazi government as well as differing ideological opinions within the local Jewish community.
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336:) to embrace and exit festively together. Instead, Loewenberg leaves Nathan alone and isolated on the stage, with a pulpit and menorah visible.
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established in 1933. It hired over 1,300 men and 700 women artists, musicians, and actors fired from German institutions. According to
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97:(Cultural Federation of German Jews) in 1933, but in April 1935 the Nazi authorities – forcing the organization to delete the term
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became the center of a debate within Berlin's Jewish community when Singer began to advertise the organization to the public.
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ordered the closure of the Kulturbund, but excepted its publishing department, which was to be taken over by the
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74:
351:
39:
667:
653:
639:
476:, Akademie der Künste (ed.), Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1992, pp. 321–340, here pp. 323seq.
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venues with "Jewish only" attendance, meaning Jewish Germans and gentile Germans of Jewish descent.
367:
333:
43:
590:
Zortman, Bruce H. (May 1972). "Theatre in Isolation: The "Jüdischer Kulturbund" of Nazi Germany".
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190:
527:, Akademie der Künste (ed.), Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1992, pp. 155–168, here p. 166.
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Germans of Jewish descent from participating in almost all organizations and public events, the
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Bernd Braun, "Bücher im Schlussverkauf: Die Verlagsabteilung des Jüdischen Kulturbunds", In:
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Shylock in Germany: Antisemitism and the German Theatre from The Enlightenment to the Nazis
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should remain above politics and focus on art creation and performance. The artists of the
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A Jewish Orchestra in Nazi Germany – Musical Politics and the Berlin Jewish Culture League
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was an institution created by unemployed Jewish performers with the consent of the
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221:, State commissioner for Prussian theatre affairs including the Kulturbund, in
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Kulturbund Deutscher Juden – Jüdischer Kulturbund Berlin: Ein Namensstreit?
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Geschlossene Vorstellung: Der Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland 1933–1941
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Geschlossene Vorstellung: Der Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland 1933–1941
412:(ed.), Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1992, pp. 223–230, here p. 229.
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Geschlossene Vorstellung: Der Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland 1933–1941
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332:), the Muslim Sultan Saladin, and the Christian Templar (played by
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Jüdischer Kulturbund - Ilse Liebenthal's member ID card (1938-9)
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programming engaged only Jews and occurred in closed quarters.
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In June 1933, Kurt Singer sent a detailed proposal for the
242:. However, the publishers would be paid in inconvertible
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Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany
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Premiere und Pogrom: der Jüdische Kulturbund 1933–1941
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Jüdischer Kulturbund Leipzig: Monatsblätter, MF B1088
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annexed by Germany in March 1938, was covered by the
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The Jewish Kulturbund Theatre Company in Nazi Berlin
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The Jewish Kulturbund Theater Company in Nazi Berlin
262:barred from all cultural and entertainment events.
598:(2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 159–168.
101:from the name – imposed a change of the name into
42:, it grew to approximately 70,000 members, while
105:(Jewish Cultural Federation). Also known as the
669:Kulturbundbühne des Kulturbunds deutscher Juden
303:led the opera department. The first opera was
132:tried to provide some compensation, as tried
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374:. Vol. 1. HarperCollins. p. 28.
271:Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland
124:After the exclusion of Jewish Germans and
655:Almanach des Kulturbunds deutscher Juden
641:Programm des Kulturbunds deutscher Juden
91:, the organization was originally named
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46:tallies its roster as high as 180,000.
514:Berlin: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag 1992
355:The Routledge History of the Holocaust
736:Jewish organisations based in Germany
425:, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.46
7:
731:Organizations disestablished in 1941
684:Digitized Library Periodical at the
673:Digitized Library Periodical at the
659:Digitized Library Periodical at the
645:Digitized Library Periodical at the
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289:Central Office for Jewish Emigration
575:Bonnell, Andrew G. Bonnell (2008).
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726:1941 disestablishments in Germany
721:Organizations established in 1933
317:The inaugural performance was of
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73:rehearsing for a performance of
117:for the Jewish population. The
34:, was a cultural federation of
711:1933 establishments in Germany
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686:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
675:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
661:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
647:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
701:Defunct Jewish organizations
554:. University of Iowa Press.
444:. University of Iowa Press.
135:Israelitisches Familienblatt
592:Educational Theatre Journal
265:On September 11, 1941, the
227:Reich's Propaganda Ministry
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706:Jewish Nazi German history
633:Kulturbund Deutscher Juden
579:. Tauris Academic Studies.
130:Kulturbund Deutscher Juden
94:Kulturbund Deutscher Juden
66:Kulturbund Deutscher Juden
372:Nazi Germany and The Jews
69:orchestra with conductor
716:German words and phrases
319:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
258:effect on 4 March 1939.
550:Rovit, Rebecca (2012).
438:Rovit, Rebecca (2012).
254:publishing department.
181:From 1933 to 1937, the
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306:The Marriage of Figaro
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635:at Wikimedia Commons
394:Cf. Ingrid Schmidt, "
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16:Voluntary association
352:Jonathan C. Friedman
309:, 14 November 1933.
103:Jüdischer Kulturbund
40:Jonathan C. Friedman
22:Jüdischer Kulturbund
410:Akademie der Künste
540:(2010) pp. 42, 164
421:Marion A. Kaplan,
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87:Founded by
83:in May 1934
71:Kurt Singer
36:German Jews
695:Categories
282:Publishing
240:Reichsbank
191:segregated
187:Nazi Party
183:Kulturbund
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172:Kulturbund
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657:, MF 1537
643:, MF 1349
488:Palestine
460:812831607
197:1938–1941
55:1933–1937
370:(2009).
223:Goebbels
671:, B1080
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400:", In:
313:Theater
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163:Zionist
126:gentile
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246:only.
109:, the
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608:JSTOR
340:Notes
295:Music
231:Aryan
115:Nazis
556:ISBN
506:and
456:OCLC
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157:The
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