3311:
3036:
3287:
2691:
3251:
31:
1601:
3099:
1756:
3154:
3200:
3227:
3263:
3126:
3188:
3111:
198:
3299:
3239:
3173:
3138:
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3012:
3051:
2988:
1783:
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3000:
578:
480:
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1767:
3075:
2777:. Later traditions expanded this to include other places throughout the Buddhist world. According to Naomi Appleton, the fact that Jātaka tales lack specific references to specific places allowed them to be easily transported and re-localized. This flexibility contributed to the lasting popularity of the Jātakas. This tradition of associating Jātaka tales with regions outside of India played an important part in the promotion and legitimisation of Buddhism in these regions.
3212:
2763:
3024:
3286:
697:
1478:, notes that both sets of stories "assume a monastic audience." Likewise, Kate Crosby writes that "the format of the Jātaka in fact suggests that their original inclusion in the canonical collection was primarily for the benefit of monks." Crosby notes that many of these stories are connected with monastic behavior and decorum, some of them are also meant to illustrate specific rules in the
2717:
1278:
5167:
3532:) which predict Mahavira's future enlightenment. However, a major difference here is that, while Mahavira gets a prediction of future enlightenment, he does not make a vow to become a jina in the future, unlike the bodhisattva Gautama. There is also no equivalent idea of a bodhisattva path in Jainism, in-spite of the existence of some narratives about Mahavira's past lives.
3310:
2690:
2232:
3098:
1472:
evidence for this. Instead, the opposite might be true, since "the prose portions of the Pali jātakas not infrequently have as their audience monks and nuns, who sometimes reach high levels of spiritual realization after listening to a jātaka story." Naomi
Appleton, in her analysis of the second and fourth decade of the
1755:
2708:
Jātakas have been important as a way to spread
Buddhist teachings and they were widely used as part of sermons, rituals, festivals, and various forms of art. Kate Crosby writes that they have been depicted in such varied forms as "apocryphal literature, vernacular retellings, performance, temple art,
1471:
Regarding the intended audience of these texts, Martin
Straube notes that even though there is a widespread view that jātakas arose due to monks "catering to the needs and tastes of the illiterate lay practitioners of Buddhism as propagandistic means of preaching or converting" there is no historical
2305:
Gautama and are said to have been the completion of the 10 paramis or perfections. Of these, the
Vessantara is the most popular. According to Peter Skilling, part of the reason for its popularity "was the pervasive belief, spread through the Māleyya-sutta and related literature, that by listening to
2162:
Within the Pali tradition, there are also many non-canonical Jātakas of later composition (some dated even to the 19th century) but these are treated as a separate category of literature from the "official" Jātaka stories that have been more or less formally canonized from at least the 5th century —
1424:
style animal tales to longer more complex dramas which resemble epics or novels with intricate dialogue, characters and poetry. Despite the diversity of the plots and characters, they are all unified by the character of the heroic bodhisattva
Gautama (whose identity is generally only revealed at the
2249:
The Theravāda Jātakas comprise 547 poems, arranged roughly by an increasing number of verses. According to
Professor von Hinüber, only the last 50 were intended to be intelligible by themselves, without commentary. The commentary gives stories in prose that it claims provide the context for the
30:
494:, an animal—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates. Often, Jātaka tales include an extensive cast of characters who interact and get into various kinds of trouble – whereupon the Buddha character intervenes to resolve all the problems and bring about a
1415:
contain elements of both verse and prose. According to Martin
Straube "the division into canonical verses and postcanonical prose points to the old Indian narrative form of ākhyāna, which has a fixed wording of the stanzas only, whereas the actual story is to be shaped anew during each oral
3035:
475:
in both human and animal form. Jataka stories were depicted on the railings and torans of the stupas. According to Peter
Skilling, this genre is "one of the oldest classes of Buddhist literature." Some of these texts are also considered great works of literature in their own right.
3250:
1452:
Another important element of the stories are the various
Buddhist virtues, called perfections, that were cultivated by the bodhisattva Gautama throughout his previous lives, and which serve as the lessons taught by the jātakas. Other jātakas, such as those found in the
1657:
mainly
Haribhaṭṭa and Gopadatta. These works are all written in a classical Sanskrit genre known as campū, which is a blend of prose and verse in various meters. The jātakamālās all also use the six perfections (pāramitā) as their main framework. The influence of the
3153:
5170:
1467:
which many positive outcomes in the future. A smaller number of jātakas illustrate various mistakes or bad actions that the bodhisattva committed in a past life (and the subsequent karmic retribution) and thus demonstrate the bodhisattva's past imperfections.
2709:
temporary street and festival art, films, comics, and cartoons." The sponsorship of Jātaka recitations, copyings and art eventually grew to be seen as an act which generated merit for lay Buddhists. These acts are more common around important festivals like
3226:
2815:) were where he gave away his head to a man and his whole body to a starving tigress who was about to eat her own cubs, and where 'kings, ministers, and peoples of all the kingdoms around vie with one another in making offerings'. A century later,
4432:, Introduction, page lviii "What, the reader will exclaim, "the first literary link between India and England, between Buddhism and Christendom, written in racy Elizabethan with vivacious dialogue, and something distinctly resembling a plot. . ."
4345:
5801:
1400:, which are almost always in prose, the Buddha is almost always depicted as a person of high rank in a past life (and not an animal). Some of these also include past lives of some of the Buddha's disciples. One famous example is the Pali
1463:), focus on Gautama's meeting, serving and venerating past Buddhas and serve to place his bodhisattva path in a chronology of past Buddhas. These stories generally focus on acts of devotion to past Buddhas and how this generates much
628:
Furthermore, while these texts cannot be dated in a precise manner, "the fact that many narratives are passed on in almost identical form within the canons of the different schools shows that they date back to the time before the
3199:
641:, the verse portions, are "considered amongst the very earliest part of the Pali tradition and date from the fifth century BCE" while "the later parts were incorporated during the period up to the third century CE."
3125:
3262:
3298:
2275:
that ubiquitously influenced world literature. Many of the stories and motifs are translations from the Pali but others are instead derived from vernacular oral traditions prior to the Pali compositions. At the
563:, which is a story of any karmically significant deed (whether by a bodhisattva or otherwise) and its result. According to Naomi Appleton, some tales (such as those found in the second and fourth decade of the
3187:
1482:. In spite of this main intended audience, their simple format also made them easily adaptable for other uses. Thus, they were repackaged as artistic entertainment and teaching devices for laypersons, as
4352:
2181:
countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals. According to Kate Crosby, "there is also a collection of Jātaka of ten future Buddhas, beginning with
3238:
3137:
1497:
and Bagh were inhabited by monks and it was them who ordered and directed the jātaka murals found there. There is also evidence from inscriptions on old stūpas at various Indian sites (such as
3274:
4148:
Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism: From Winternitz, Sylvain Levi, Huber, By Gushtaspshah K. Nariman, Moriz Winternitz, Sylvain Lévi, Edouard Huber, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1972 p. 44
1647:) of Āryaśūra which includes 34 Jātaka stories. This work differs from earlier sources in that it is a highly sophisticated poem which makes use of various Sanskrit literary devices. The
1600:
3844:
3110:
4702:
4720:
498:. The Jātaka genre is based on the idea that the Buddha was able to recollect all his past lives and thus could use these memories to tell a story and illustrate his teachings.
5815:
4285:創価大学国際仏教学高等研究所年報 Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University (ソウカ ダイガク コクサイ ブッキョウガク コウトウ ケンキュウジョ ネンポウ). 2019, pp. 125–169
3172:
3658:
2924:, who visited India in the 7th century, jātaka plays were performed 'throughout the five countries of India'. This culture of performance spread to other regions as well.
76:
3528:
path to enlightenment in previous lives. The Jain stories include Mahavira's numerous forms of rebirth, such as animals as well as encounters with past liberated beings (
2832:
Numerous Indian Buddhist archeological sites contain illustrations of Jātakas, and thus they are important artistic sources for Jātakas. Some of the main sites include:
1429:. In spite of this, Gautama is not always the central character of all these stories and sometimes only plays a minor role. Other recurring characters include important
4966:
sKyes pa rabs kyi gleṅ gźi (Jātakanidāna): Prologue to the Birth Stories: an English translation of a critical edition based on six editions of the Tibetan bKa' 'gyur
4511:
2267:
For example, The Monkey and the Crocodile, The Turtle Who Couldn't Stop Talking and The Crab and the Crane that are listed below also famously featured in the Hindu
2908:. Jataka illustrations (especially of the last 10 stories of the canonical Pali collection) are widespread in the Theravada Buddhist world, adorning many temples,
5018:
759:
4540:
2792:
reported several of these and discussed the stories connected with them. Sites discussed by these figures include the "four great stupas" as well as stupas in
656:
were written from an early period, which describe previous lives of the Buddha, very little biographical material about Gautama's own life has been recorded.
3292:
The Story of King Mandhatar; The Story of King Candraprabha; The Tale of the Island of Vadaradvipa, Tibetan Painting from an Avadana Kalpalata Jataka Series
2260:, and a number of individual stories can be found scattered around other books of the Canon. Many of the stories and motifs found in the Jātaka such as the
197:
5808:
4128:
164:
4257:
A Few Good Women: A Study of the Liu Du Ji Jing (a Scripture on the Collection of the Six Perfections) from Literary, Artistic, and Gender Perspectives,
3050:
2952:
are still performed in dance, theatre, puppetry, and formal (quasi-ritual) recitation. Such celebrations are associated with particular holidays on the
601:
tales may be quite ancient. The term appears as part of a schema of Buddhist literary forms called the nine component genres of the Buddha's teaching (
5787:
5054:. The commentarial introd. entitled "Nidanakatha; the story of the lineage". Translated from V. Fausböll's ed. of the Pali text, London: G. Routledge
3011:
4638:
1622:
region also had Jātakas as part of their canon and they are known to have rejected some of the Theravāda Jātakas which dated past the time of King
2544:, a very influential Sanskrit work that was depicted throughout the Buddhist world, contains the following Jātakas (which teach various virtues):
1630:
5974:
4973:
4958:
4863:
4505:
3838:
2498:
1626:. The Caitikas claimed that their own Jātakas represented the original collection before the Buddhist tradition split into various lineages.
4706:
4296:
Marvelous Stories from The Perfection of Wisdom: 130 Didactic Stories from Ārya Nāgārjuna's Exegesis on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra
3351:
Marvelous Stories from The Perfection of Wisdom: 130 Didactic Stories from Ārya Nāgārjuna's Exegesis on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra
2098:
contains numerous Jātakas which are used to illustrate the various bodhisattva qualities. Likewise, Jātakas are an important element in the
5523:
4745:
4724:
3818:
3074:
540:
According to Naomi Appleton, Jātaka collections also may have played "an important role in the formation and communication of ideas about
5760:
5711:
5413:
5253:
3621:
2987:
2478:
501:
For the Buddhist traditions, the jātakas illustrate the many lives, acts and spiritual practices which are required on the long path to
444:
3062:
5650:
5268:
1308:
754:
711:
3765:
3086:
6454:
5625:
5528:
5348:
4995:
4907:
4632:
4318:
4076:
1361:, which states: "the supreme ones , who are skilled in jātakas and other doctrines, teach the course of practice of a bodhisattva."
3548:
Some Buddhist jātakas were also adopted and retold by Islamic (and later Christian) authors, such as the 10th century Shia scholar
1505:) with jātaka motifs which indicate that they were built due to the patronage of monks and nuns, some of them of high rank such as
3650:
2999:
2123:
has a long section on the six perfections which includes around one hundred past life stories, including jātakas, pūrvayogas, and
5065:
2773:
Jātaka tales are often associated with specific locations. Originally, this applied to specific places in India, which served as
1737:
1709:). Both works exist only in Chinese translation (but there are Sanskrit fragments). These texts are a kind of predecessor to the
6353:
5753:
5428:
5201:
4965:
3719:
in Silk, Jonathan A. (Editor-in-chief) "Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism". Vol. I: Literature and Language. Leiden, Boston 2015
2200:
1666:
complex, where illustrations of Jātakas are inscribed with quotes from Āryaśūra, with script datable to the sixth century. The
1343:? That which relates the austere practices and bodhisattva practices of the Blessed One in various past births: this is called
4924:
Cowell, E. B.; ed. (1895). "The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, Vol. 1–6, Cambridge at the University Press.
5438:
5045:
2735:(c. late 2nd – 1st century BCE), which also include inscriptions. After this, Jātakas appear at many Buddhist sites, like at
2398:
4324:
3211:
3407:
The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon: Part III: Chronicle of Buddhas (Buddhavaṁsa) and Basket of Conduct (Cariyāpiṭaka),
6073:
5573:
5293:
5273:
5248:
4532:
2528:
2333:
2318:
1237:
932:
4212:
652:
are the precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha, which were composed at later dates. Although many
6449:
6429:
6078:
6063:
6035:
5645:
5568:
5488:
5403:
5358:
2388:
1182:
957:
917:
6262:
2518:
2383:
6398:
6153:
6083:
5701:
5640:
5635:
5548:
5513:
5498:
5443:
5228:
4413:
3023:
2468:
6176:
5726:
1812:
613:. According to Straube, "the presumably oldest specimens of fully elaborated narratives are dispersed throughout the
4950:
4159:
4034:
1840:, which is a biography of the Buddha which relates the stories to his life. It is the largest collection of Jātakas.
556:. He then spent many lifetimes on the path to Buddhahood, and the stories from these lives are recorded as Jātakas.
6434:
6048:
5967:
5605:
5473:
5313:
5258:
3342:(Bristol). There are also numerous English translations of selections and individual stories from various sources.
3335:
2503:
2408:
3611:
2433:
2284:
all 550 Jataka tales were represented inside of the reliquary chamber. Reliquaries often depict the Jataka tales.
2173:
1782:
867:
6444:
6308:
6217:
6088:
6053:
5732:
5721:
5665:
5594:
5533:
5518:
5493:
5378:
5263:
5243:
2774:
1426:
1057:
385:
2453:
2448:
1012:
347:
6439:
6182:
6068:
5936:
5610:
5553:
5468:
5423:
5353:
5338:
5333:
5308:
5298:
4120:
2473:
2213:
which was composed at the court of King Paramatrailokanātha (c. 1482). The art of putting classic Jātakas into
1730:
1526:
1509:(reciter). Some scholars have also concluded that Jātaka reciters were part of their own division of reciters.
1062:
4943:
2807:
the first (in 'So-ho-to') was where the Buddha ransomed the life of a dove with his own flesh; the second (in
1563:
The various Indian Buddhist schools had different collections of jātakas. The largest known collection is the
1355:
are taught in order to illustrate the bodhisattva path is an ancient one and is contained in sources like the
577:
5132:
4951:
sKyes pa rabs kyi gleṅ gźi (Jātakanidāna): a critical edition based on six editions of the Tibetan bKa' 'gyur
2755:
has an extensive tradition of Jātaka illustration, one of the best examples being the illustrations found at
2348:
2008:
1557:
c. 247) was one of the first Chinese translators of Jātakas. Perhaps his most influential translation is the
1529:). They were then translated into central Asian languages (such as Khotanese, Tocharian, Uighur, and Sogdian)
262:
6424:
6116:
5824:
5660:
5615:
5458:
5393:
5343:
5233:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4775:
Recital of the Tham Vessantara Jātaka: a social-cultural phenomenon in Kengtung, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar
4624:
Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment
2373:
2343:
1766:
1430:
1222:
1002:
837:
668:
that are not specifically Buddhist. As the genre spread outside of India, it also drew on local folk tales.
437:
5114:
1918:
1612:
257:
6121:
6058:
5871:
5655:
5589:
5558:
5508:
5463:
5453:
5433:
5388:
5363:
5303:
5288:
5278:
5051:
2428:
2413:
2115:
1977:
1815:
contain many Jātaka narratives, though here they are more commonly termed pūrvayogas ("former connection")
1806:
1546:
1301:
1037:
1022:
927:
922:
744:
622:
4282:
2423:
2171:
from ancient temple walls. Apocryphal Jātakas of the Pali Buddhist canon, such as those belonging to the
1718:
Later Sanskrit authors continued to write in the genre. One such late text is Kṣemendra's (c. 1036–1065)
377:
6419:
5960:
5841:
5794:
5716:
5620:
5563:
5483:
5418:
5408:
5383:
5328:
4937:
1937:
school (which only survives in complete form in Tibetan translation), contains many jātakas and avadānas
1242:
1232:
1187:
522:
479:
116:
3552:, who adapted a jātaka into a story titled Balawhar wa-Būdāsf, which became the Christian narrative of
2935:. Other popular jataka plays include Nor bzaṅ or Sudhana and the story of Prince Maṇicūḍa (Lokānanda).
552:, a prologue to the stories, Gautama made a vow to become a Buddha in the future, in front past Buddha
400:
4808:
4622:
1722:
a unique jātaka text written completely in verse. This work was influential on the Tibetan tradition.
277:
6358:
6343:
5891:
5630:
5478:
5373:
5368:
5323:
5318:
5283:
3924:
Canonical Jātaka Tales in Comparative Perspective– The Evolution of Tales of the Buddha's Past Lives.
3553:
2328:
2147:, contains numerous Jātakas which are used to illustrate the six perfections as well as other topics.
1331:
1252:
1212:
1207:
1172:
1017:
897:
805:
790:
734:
706:
415:
178:
2784:
in Nepal and northern India are said to mark locations from the Jātaka tales. Chinese pilgrims like
1845:
332:
6232:
5921:
5896:
5846:
5448:
5398:
5238:
5194:
5115:"The Illustrated Jataka & Other Stories of the Buddha" by Dr C. B. Varma – Illustrated, English
3626:
3331:
2752:
2727:
The earliest archeological findings which depict Jātakas are the illustrations found in the on the
2438:
2378:
1262:
1217:
1155:
1095:
1032:
977:
972:
727:
716:
468:
4107:
2254:. Alternative versions of some of the stories can be found in another book of the Pali Canon, the
317:
6333:
5861:
4983:, Oxford : Pali Text Society. (Tabulates correspondences between various jataka collections)
2943:
2732:
2513:
2205:
2190:
2109:
1955:
1929:
1247:
1227:
1167:
1162:
1050:
952:
945:
872:
862:
769:
559:
Jātakas are closely related to (and often overlap with) another genre of Buddhist narrative, the
518:
430:
6252:
6139:
5886:
4753:
3931:
2762:
2042:
1828:
1798:
1711:
1682:
1668:
1649:
1639:
625:. These texts are transmitted in various Indian dialects and stem from a prior oral tradition."
614:
352:
270:
252:
247:
215:
207:
1720:
Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā (Wish-Fulfilling Creeper Consisting in Avadānas of the Bodhisattva),
1404:, which includes the story of Mahāsudarśana. Unlike Sutra collections, Vinaya sources like the
6313:
6303:
6104:
5218:
5041:
5012:
4991:
4969:
4954:
4903:
4859:
4628:
4501:
4495:
4314:
4072:
3927:
3834:
3596:
3566:
3424:
3339:
2948:
2595:
2523:
2493:
2293:
2237:
2152:
Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā (Wish-Fulfilling Creeper Consisting in Avadānas of the Bodhisattva)
1787:
1538:
1294:
1192:
1177:
982:
857:
800:
764:
749:
680:
514:
3891:'The "Jatakvadanas" of the Avadanasataka: An exploration of Indian Buddhist narrative genres'
3830:
3400:
Poetical Vision of the Buddha's Former Lives: Seventeen Legends from Haribhaṭṭa's Jātakamālā,
1802:
1395:
618:
357:
239:
120:
6338:
6146:
5931:
5906:
5866:
5119:
4849:
3826:
3591:
2196:
1934:
1921:
1775:
1771:
1726:
1534:
1464:
1257:
1202:
1132:
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987:
130:
90:
3761:
3316:
Round Bowl Depicting the Vessantara Jataka - Silver Alloy - 18th-19th Century CE - Myanmar.
2264:
of the Śaśajātaka (Jataka Tales: no.316), are found in numerous other languages and media.
2144:
2034:
2012:
1899:
1690:
1455:
847:
395:
327:
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5876:
5599:
5543:
5136:
4417:
4270:
The Bodhisattvapiṭaka: Its Doctrines, Practices and Their Position in Mahāyāna Literature,
2976:
remains an important ceremony remains an important ceremony in Theravada countries today.
2841:
2581:
2353:
2226:
2178:
2091:
1577:
1408:
contain more varied jātakas, including ones in which the Buddha is depicted as an animal.
1282:
1197:
997:
907:
852:
491:
467:
for "Birth-Related" or "Birth Stories") are a voluminous body of literature native to the
5706:
5002:
1442:
609:(as early as the second century BCE). They are also widely represented in ancient Indian
302:
3414:
The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon: Part IV: Vimānavatthu: Stories of the Mansions,
2185:, which though less well-known today clearly circulated widely in the Theravada world."
1506:
6298:
6293:
6257:
6159:
6110:
5187:
2953:
2869:
2864:
2816:
2702:
2698:
2288:
2137:
2103:
1851:
1653:
was quite influential and was imitated by later authors who wrote their own jātakamālās
1619:
1386:) in which there is an "identification of the past protagonists with the present ones."
1142:
1072:
1027:
967:
885:
506:
472:
405:
104:
2588:
902:
525:
throughout the Buddhist world and they continue to be an important element in popular
6413:
6328:
6242:
6211:
5503:
5145:
4469:
The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Buddha: The Mahanipata of the Jatakatthavanonoana;
4064:
3926:
Fuyan Buddhist Studies, No. 7, pp. 75–100 (2012), Hsinchu: Fuyan Buddhist Institute,
3576:
3481:
The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Buddha: The Mahanipata of the Jatakatthavanonoana;
3358:
Buddhist Legends: Translated from the Original Pali Text of the Dhammapada Commentary
3256:
King Bhuridatta although caught by Alambayana maintains his Virtue, Bhuridatta Jataka
3232:
Modern era rendition of the Jataka tales by a Myanmar-based Vipassana center in India
3042:
2921:
2905:
2859:
2756:
2748:
2463:
1942:
1833:
1572:
1474:
1107:
962:
912:
565:
362:
152:
39:
5040:
Martin, Rafe (1998) "The Hungry Tigress: Buddhist Myths, Legends and Jataka Tales".
390:
6267:
5984:
5881:
5691:
5538:
4208:'Jātakas in and beyond Pali Literature', Transnational Network of Theravada Studies
3606:
3549:
3540:
2897:
2836:
2793:
2736:
2268:
2256:
2131:
1974:
by Prajñāvarman (8th century), which survives in Tibetan, contains numerous Jātakas
1663:
1583:
1550:
1494:
1007:
892:
810:
696:
645:
526:
495:
297:
3893:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 38, pp. 9–31.
3601:
2811:) was where he gave away his eyes to a blind beggar; and the third and fourth (in
2671:
1909:
1357:
5023:
4897:
4853:
4308:
2819:
writes of the same four sites and also mentions a whole area associated with the
6393:
6388:
6368:
6277:
6127:
5941:
5926:
5696:
4990:, London; Boston: Pali Text Society, distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3586:
3529:
3144:
3117:
2893:
2889:
2880:
Other ancient sites outside of India which contain Jataka illustrations include
2694:
2488:
2363:
2261:
2251:
2214:
2066:
1963:
1077:
545:
544:, karma and merit, and the place of the Buddha in relation to other buddhas and
225:
5802:
The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith
5104:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
4410:
3395:(translated from the German by W.R.S. Ralston) (repr. Delhi: Sri Satguru, 1988)
3393:
Tibetan Tales Derived from Indian Sources, translated from the Tibetan Kah Gyur
6247:
6227:
5149:
5141:
4206:
3581:
2846:
2716:
2302:
2168:
1971:
1891:
1887:
1759:
1593:
1082:
842:
739:
606:
541:
502:
322:
312:
307:
292:
282:
189:
35:
4777:, Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies, (University of Kelaniya), Sri Lanka
1890:) on the Vinayapiṭaka and Suttapiṭaka contain Jātakas, the commentary on the
1793:
There are numerous sources for classic or canonical Jātaka tales, including:
1487:
5670:
5153:
3327:
3179:
2965:
2939:
2881:
2740:
2281:
2277:
2164:
1823:
1673:
1568:
1434:
1127:
1102:
610:
553:
220:
2637:
1446:
4609:
A place for the Bodhisatta: the local and the universal in jātaka stories.
2313:
The following list includes some important jātakas of the Pali tradition:
1997:, Taisho 152), translated by Kang Senghui (?–280) in the third century CE.
1729:. They were one of the main sources of teaching and study for the popular
1364:
Many jātakas are told with a common threefold plot schema which contains:
1277:
80:
5174:
4163:
4042:
3525:
2957:
2885:
2808:
2785:
2307:
2182:
2140:
2048:
1637:. Perhaps the most influential and important Sanskrit Jātaka text is the
1634:
1522:
1137:
1117:
1112:
992:
688:
665:
513:) and teach Buddhist moral lessons, particularly within the framework of
490:
In these stories, the future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcaste, a
464:
287:
64:
5124:
4968:. Indica et Buddhica Jātakanidāna, vol. II. Oxford: Indica et Buddhica.
2291:, the most important and widely known stories are the 10 stories of the
6222:
5856:
5851:
4953:. Indica et Buddhica Jātakanidāna, vol. I. Oxford: Indica et Buddhica.
3616:
3571:
3521:
3467:
Many Buddhas, One Buddha: A Study and Translation of Avadānaśataka 1–40
3345:
Some of the main translations of jātakas available in English include:
3159:
2961:
2851:
2766:
2728:
2550:
2188:
There are also late compositions based on classic Jātakas, such as the
2124:
1734:
1733:
school and later Tibetan authors produced abridged collections such as
1615:
1605:
1554:
1542:
1518:
1502:
1483:
1438:
817:
582:
560:
534:
510:
342:
5162:, a database of Jataka tales maintained by the University of Edinburgh
5159:
17:
6272:
5780:
2874:
2812:
2800:
2789:
2721:
2630:
1879:
An untitled collection of Sanskrit avadānas and jātakas found in the
1623:
1498:
1479:
1322:
832:
827:
822:
785:
630:
530:
484:
410:
3432:
The Story of Gotama Buddha: The Nidāna-kathā of the Jātakaṭṭhakathā,
2747:. They are also found in early Southeast Asian sites, especially at
2231:
2011:
154), a Chinese collection of 55 Jātakas translated into Chinese by
1836:) and prose and was collected around 500 CE. It is preceded by the
1549:. They were some of the first texts to be translated into Chinese.
5210:
5129:
3536:
3217:
3163:
2901:
2781:
2761:
2744:
2715:
2710:
2689:
2605:
2230:
1781:
1765:
1754:
1608:
of the Jātakas, 18t–19th century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan
1599:
1533:
Various jātaka stories and source texts were also translated into
1421:
1067:
661:
576:
478:
168:
29:
4497:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE
3509:
The Heavenly Exploits: Buddhist Biographies from the Divyāvadāna,
3495:
Divine Stories: Divyāvadāna: Part 1: Classics of Indian Buddhism,
2143:
treatise and commentary which survives in Chinese translation by
633:
between the schools took place." Sarah Shaw, writing on the Pali
4837:
The Multi-life Stories of Gautama Buddha and Vardhamāna Mahāvīra
2969:
2799:
According to Naomi Appleton, the "four great stupas" visited by
2235:
Sama cares for his blind parents, an illustration of one of the
1880:
1689:
Two other Sanskrit authors associated with the jātaka genre are
1677:
5956:
5952:
5183:
4283:
Jātakas in the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra: A provisional inventory(1).
3162:
of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales in the background,
1597:) on this book. The tales are dated between 300 BCE and 400 CE.
2909:
2301:. These tales are considered to be the ten final lives of the
2177:
collection, have been adapted to fit local culture in certain
5109:
4310:
The Tale of Prince Samuttakote: A Buddhist Epic from Thailand
4237:
Journal of the International Association for Buddhist Studies
3280:"The snow-covered mountain child", by Soga Shōhaku circa 1764
2306:
this jātaka one could be assured of meeting the next Buddha,
2167:
and archaeological evidence, such as extant illustrations in
3379:
The Perfect Generosity of Prince Vessantara: A Buddhist Epic
2743:
sites of the pre-Tang period (ca. 421–640 C.E.), such as at
1863:
Collection of Examples, Adorned with an Artistic Arrangement
1699:
Collection of Examples, Adorned with an Artistic Arrangement
4800:
4367:
4365:
3520:
Stories which are similar to the jātakas are also found in
4313:. Ohio University Center for International Studies. 1993.
529:. Some of the earliest such illustrations can be found at
4069:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
5179:
4562:
Theravada Buddhism_ Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
3372:
The Divyâvadâna: A Collection of Early Buddhist Legends,
2661:
The Story of the Inhabitant of the Brahmaloka (Anukampā)
2250:
verses, and it is these stories that are of interest to
1986:), a biography of the Buddha containing various Jātakas.
1950:
c. 2nd–6th century CE) contains various "Jātakāvadānas".
4880:
Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
4575:
Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
4373:
Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
4235:: An Exploration of Indian Buddhist Narrative Genres',
4006:
Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
3977:
Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
2549:
The Story of the Tigress (focuses on the perfection of
1904:
a hagiographical text of the Sinhalese Theravada school
548:." According to the traditional view found in the Pali
38:, the Buddha removes a bone from the throat of a lion,
1633:, Jātakas eventually came to be composed in classical
27:
Traditional narratives of the previous lives of Buddha
2655:
The Story of the Great Monkey (Anuvartinā, obedience)
2620:
The Story of the Childless One (Praviveka, seclusion)
2094:
contain Jātakas embedded into them. For example, the
2051:
poems by Āryaśūra (4th century), contains 34 Jātakas.
1425:
end of the story) and his struggles on the quest for
569:) can be classified as both a jātaka and an avadāna.
142:
5816:
The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous
5004:
The earliest English version of the Fables of Bidpai
4788:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
4674:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
4482:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
4386:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
4190:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
4022:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
3961:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
3904:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
3733:
Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,
3460:
Once the Buddha Was a Monkey: Ārya Śūra's Jātakamālā
3446:
The Mahāvastu: Translated from the Buddhist Sanskrit
3365:
The Jātaka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births,
6381:
6286:
6204:
6193:
6168:
6097:
6034:
5834:
5770:
5743:
5679:
5582:
5217:
4721:"Dance Troupe Prepares for Smithsonian Performance"
3942:
3940:
3338:(1895–1907) and reprinted in three volumes, by the
3334:and others, originally published in six volumes by
1559:
Scripture of the Collection of the Six Perfections.
151:
129:
103:
89:
63:
55:
48:
4986:Horner, Isaline Blew; Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1985).
4839:, Buddhist Studies Review ISSN (online) 1747-9681.
4533:"Jatakamala or Garland of Birth Stories Home Page"
3743:
3741:
3488:The Life of the Buddha according to the Pali Canon
3448:, 3 vols., SBB 16, 18 & 19, London, 1949–1956.
3131:Tumshuq, Toqquz-sarai monastery, Visvamtara-jataka
2601:The Story of Unmādayantī (Dhairya, "self-control")
1995:Scripture of the Collection of the Six Perfections
2646:The Story of the Great Ape (Anukampā, compassion)
2565:The Story of Aviṣahya, the Head of a Guild (Dāna)
1680:, contains depictions of all 34 Jatakas from the
1441:) and members of Gautama's family, like his wife
4157:Jataka/Avadana Stories — Table of Contents
3205:Borobudur Jataka, Level 1 Balustrade, South Wall
3193:Borobudur Jataka, Level 1 Balustrade, South Wall
2942:countries, several of the longer tales such as "
2931:was transformed into a popular play called the
2796:, Mangalura, Hadda Mountain, and Sarvadattaan.
521:. Jātaka stories have also been illustrated in
5068:, Journal of the Pali Text Society 28, 113–174
4858:. Oxford University Press. pp. xii–xiii.
4611:Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 8.1 (2007): 109–122.
4160:"The Sigala Jataka and the Mati-Posaka Jakata"
3388:, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 2006.
3326:The standard Pali collection of jātakas, with
2739:. Similar Jātaka tales are found in murals of
2559:The Story of the Small Portion of Gruel (Dāna)
1591:may also refer to a traditional commentaries (
1521:languages and various forms of Sanskrit (from
660:tales also assimilate many traditional Indian
505:. They also illustrate the great qualities or
69:
5968:
5195:
4684:
4682:
3474:The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta
3304:Tibetan Buddha Shakyamuni with "Jataka" Tales
3104:Maha-Ummagga Jataka, Gandhara, 2nd century CE
2614:The Story of the Quail's Young (Sacca, truth)
1302:
438:
135:
95:
8:
5066:Jataka and Pannasa-jataka in South-East Asia
5059:The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta
4855:Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom
1672:was also translated into Chinese in 434 CE.
1571:, the Jātakas are a textual division of the
471:which mainly concern the previous births of
5809:The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe
4660:
4455:
2652:The Story of the Ruru-Deer (Dayā, kindness)
2460:, previous life of the Buddha as a pigeon).
2195:a poem based on the Kusa Jātaka in archaic
1770:Pali manuscript of the Suvannasama Jataka,
109:
6201:
5975:
5961:
5953:
5202:
5188:
5180:
5017:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3545:, which has been dated to around 200 BCE.
2667:The Story of Sutasoma (Satsaṁga, goodness)
1924:school, contains many jātakas and avadānas
1493:Straube also notes that the rock caves of
1309:
1295:
675:
605:), and depictions of them appear in early
445:
431:
185:
157:
5788:The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian
4988:Apocryphal Birth-stories (Paññāsa-Jātaka)
4272:pp. 76–85. Institute of Buddhist Studies.
3453:The Jātaka-Mālā or Bodhisattvāvadāna-Mālā
3412:Horner, I.B., & H.S. Gehman, trans.,
3360:, 3 vols., HOS 28–30, Cambridge MA, 1921.
2623:The Story of the Lotus-Stalks (Praviveka)
2556:The Story of the King of the Śibis (Dāna)
1676:, a massive 9th century Buddhist site in
1379:), a story from a past life of the Buddha
4690:The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta
3990:The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta
3869:The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta
3823:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
3749:The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta
3472:Naomi Appleton and Sarah Shaw (trans.),
3143:Nine-colored deer jataka. Northern Wei.
2217:remains a living tradition to this day.
5105:Jataka Tales – by Ellen C. Babbitt 1912
3638:
3244:Thai Vessantara Jataka Narrative Scroll
2983:
2617:The Story of the Jar (Vāra, excellence)
2562:The Story of the Head of A Guild (Dāna)
2069:school text in 376 kāvya style stanzas.
1832:) contains 547 Jātakas in mixed verse (
1715:and are less poetically sophisticated.
1517:Jātakas were originally transmitted in
687:
637:, states that the earliest part of the
275:
188:
5010:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4429:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4000:
3998:
3971:
3969:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3831:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.182
3535:A similar collection of Indian animal
3330:text embedded, has been translated by
45:
4981:Concordance of Buddhist Birth Stories
4585:
4583:
4420:(accessed: Saturday January 23, 2010)
4294:Bhikshu Dharmamitra (trans.) (2008).
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4205:Appleton, Naomi (18 September 2020),
4200:
4198:
4102:
4100:
4016:
4014:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3863:
3861:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3370:Cowell, E.B., & R.A. Neil, eds.,
2499:The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal
2073:The Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish
1372:), with the Buddha and other figures,
7:
5052:Buddhist birth-stories: Jataka tales
4445:, Grant L. Voth, Chantilly, VA, 2007
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3727:
3725:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3644:
3642:
3363:Cowell, E.B., & R.A. Neil, eds.,
2680:The Story of the Woodpecker (Khanti)
2611:The Story of the Fish (Sacca, truth)
2580:The Story of the Sacrifice (teaches
2529:Why the Owl Is Not King of the Birds
2504:The Turtle Who Couldn't Stop Talking
621:of the canonical collections of the
5712:Out of the frying pan into the fire
5602:(also known as The Mice in Council)
5414:The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs
5254:The Astrologer who Fell into a Well
5142:Learning From Borobudur documentary
4591:Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1,
3796:Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1,
3622:Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers
3476:(Chiang Mai: Silkworm Press, 2015).
2649:The Story of the Śarabha (Anukampā)
2022:(賢愚經, Taisho 202), with 69 stories.
1894:is a popular and well known source.
1874:Sūtra of the Bodhisattva's Avadānas
1707:Sūtra of the Bodhisattva's Avadānas
5651:The miller, his son and the donkey
5269:The Bird-catcher and the Blackbird
3455:by Ārya-Çūra, HOS 1, Boston, 1891.
2828:Artistic depictions at major sites
2664:The Story of the Elephant (Karuṇā)
1744:and Padma Chopel's summary of the
1701:) and Saṅghasena's (date unknown)
760:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
755:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
5626:The drowned woman and her husband
5529:The Travellers and the Plane Tree
5349:The Fisherman and the Little Fish
4400:, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1996
3386:Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish
3367:6 vols., Cambridge UK, 1895–1907.
2920:According to the Chinese pilgrim
2677:The Story of the Buffalo (Khanti)
2658:The Story of Kṣāntivādin (Khanti)
2519:The Wise and the Foolish Merchant
2384:How the Turtle Saved His Own Life
1325:provides a working definition of
5165:
5110:Jataka Tales – English Animation
4494:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
3507:Tatelman, J., ed. & trans.,
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3171:
3152:
3136:
3124:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3056:Ajanta Cave 1, Mahajanaka Jataka
3049:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2626:The Story of the Treasurer (Hrī)
2469:The Princes and the Water-Sprite
1693:(2nd century CE), author of the
1276:
695:
196:
6177:The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma
5429:The Horse that Lost its Liberty
4811:from the original on 2015-09-21
4641:from the original on 4 May 2021
4543:from the original on 2024-08-07
4514:from the original on 2024-08-07
4443:The History of World Literature
4327:from the original on 2024-08-07
4215:from the original on 2024-08-07
4131:from the original on 2021-05-07
3847:from the original on 2024-08-07
3768:from the original on 2011-11-30
3661:from the original on 2022-05-08
3524:, which has stories focused on
3268:Thai Vessantara Jataka painting
3080:Ajanta cave 1, Chanpeyya Jataka
2643:The Story of Mahābodhi (Khanti)
2047:a series of classical Sanskrit
1859:Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā Dṛṣṭāntapaṅkti
1826:Jātaka collection (part of the
1805:of the different canons of the
1695:Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā Dṛṣṭāntapaṅkti
1416:performance." The plots of the
5439:The Lion, the Bear and the Fox
5144:about the stories of Jatakas,
5120:Jataka: from Pali Proper Names
5028:The Morall Philosophie of Doni
4942:Francis, Henry Thomas (1916).
4902:. Princeton University Press.
4537:www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net
4467:Appleton, Naomi; Shaw, Sarah.
3817:Appleton, Naomi (2016-08-31).
3479:Appleton, Naomi; Shaw, Sarah.
2577:The Story of Viśvantara (Dāna)
2574:The Story of Maitrībala (Dāna)
2033:, Taisho 201), translation by
1857:Kumāralāta's (2nd century CE)
1850:a treatise on the bodhisattva
1368:a "narrative in the present" (
1:
5574:The Young Man and the Swallow
5294:The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
5274:The Bird in Borrowed Feathers
4946:, Cambridge: University Press
4801:"Pali Text Society Home Page"
4008:pp. 103–105. Wiley-Blackwell.
2636:The Story of the Holy Swans (
2479:The Swan with Golden Feathers
2209:, the 'royal version' of the
1725:Jātaka are also important in
6079:The Brahmin and the Mongoose
6064:The Mouse Turned into a Maid
6020:The Moral Philosophy of Doni
5761:The Grasshopper and the Ants
5646:The Hawk and the Nightingale
5569:The Woodcutter and the Trees
5524:Town Mouse and Country Mouse
5489:The Old Woman and the Doctor
5404:The Frogs Who Desired a King
4703:"Nang Sip Song Prarath Meri"
4346:"The Tham Vessantara-jAtaka"
4259:pp. 5–6. Cornell University.
4231:'The "Jātakāvadānas" of the
3504:, Wisdom Publications, 2017.
3439:Buddhavaṃsa and Cariyāpiṭaka
3430:Jayawickrama, N.A., trans.,
3349:Bhikshu Dharmamitra, trans.
3041:Vessantara Jataka, Bharhut,
2731:stupa railing as well as at
2568:The Story of the Hare (Dāna)
2434:The Monkey and the Crocodile
1868:Saṅghasena's (date unknown)
1854:, which includes 35 Jātakas.
1567:of the Theravada school. In
1488:chronicle (vamsa) literature
958:Buddhist Paths to liberation
672:Literary features and themes
585:Stupa contain roundels with
6154:One Thousand and One Nights
6016:The Fables of Bidpai/Pilpay
5702:The labyrinth of Versailles
5641:The Gourd and the Palm-tree
5549:Washing the Ethiopian White
5514:The Snake in the Thorn Bush
5499:The Satyr and the Traveller
5444:The Man with Two Mistresses
5229:The Ant and the Grasshopper
5173:public domain audiobook at
4621:Bernstein, Richard (2001).
4398:Handbook of Pali Literature
3764:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
2759:(which depicts 554 tales).
2571:The Story of Agastya (Dāna)
2414:The Lion and the Woodpecker
2150:Kṣemendra's (c. 1036–1065)
1886:All the Pali commentaries (
1883:dated to the 5th century CE
1631:Northern Buddhist tradition
1486:(protective chants) and as
1375:a "narrative in the past" (
169:
143:
121:
81:
6471:
6074:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
6049:The Tortoise and the Birds
5606:The Blind Man and the Lame
5474:The North Wind and the Sun
5314:The Dog and Its Reflection
5259:The Bear and the Travelers
5249:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
5061:, New Delhi: Penguin Books
5050:Rhys Davids, T.W. (1878).
5033:Khan, Noor Inayat (1985).
5030:by Sir Thomas North, 1570)
4773:Rev. Sengpan Pannyawamsa,
4589:Robert E. Buswell (2004).
4125:jatakastories.div.ed.ac.uk
4110:. Harvard University Press
3794:Robert E. Buswell (2004).
3469:(Sheffield: Equinox, 2020)
3441:, PTSTS 166, London, 1974.
3356:Burlingame, E.W., trans.,
3336:Cambridge University Press
3068:Hamsa jataka, Ajanta Caves
3029:Muga Pakha Jataka, Bharhut
2686:Jātakas in art and culture
2594:The Story of the Brāhman (
2535:
2454:The story of Romaka pigeon
2449:The Ox Who Won the Forfeit
2319:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
2224:
1902:(Chronicle of the Buddhas)
1762:manuscript 8th–9th century
623:different Buddhist schools
6309:Edward Backhouse Eastwick
6089:The milkmaid and her pail
6054:The Bear and the Gardener
5992:
5722:The milkmaid and her pail
5671:The Shepherd and the Lion
5666:The Scorpion and the Frog
5595:The Bear and the Gardener
5534:The Trees and the Bramble
5519:The Tortoise and the Hare
5494:The Rose and the Amaranth
5379:The Fox and the Sick Lion
5264:The Belly and the Members
5244:The Ass Carrying an Image
5026:(edited and induced from
4334:– via Google Books.
4281:Skilling, Peter; Saerji.
4071:, Santipada, p. 51,
3437:Jayawickrama, N.A., ed.,
3391:Schiefner, F. Anton von.
3017:Syama Jataka Sanchi Stupa
2775:Buddhist pilgrimage sites
2701:(c. 3rd–4th Century CE),
2629:The Story of Cuḍḍabodhi (
2474:The Quarrel of the Quails
2439:The Ox Who Envied the Pig
2409:The King's White Elephant
2399:The Jackal and the Otters
2364:The Foolish, Timid Rabbit
177:
158:
136:
110:
96:
70:
34:In a previous life, as a
6455:Theravada Buddhist texts
6069:The Deer without a Heart
5727:Wolf in sheep's clothing
5611:The Boy and the Filberts
5554:The Weasel and Aphrodite
5469:The Mouse and the Oyster
5424:The Horse and the Donkey
5354:The Fowler and the Snake
5339:The Farmer and the Viper
5334:The Farmer and the Stork
5309:The Deer without a Heart
5299:The Crow and the Pitcher
5064:Skilling, Peter (2006).
4882:p. 101. Wiley-Blackwell.
4786:Skilling, Peter (2010).
4672:Skilling, Peter (2010).
4577:p. 105. Wiley-Blackwell.
4480:Skilling, Peter (2010).
4384:Skilling, Peter (2010).
4375:p. 102. Wiley-Blackwell.
4188:Skilling, Peter (2010).
4020:Skilling, Peter (2010).
3979:p. 100. Wiley-Blackwell.
3959:Skilling, Peter (2010).
3902:Skilling, Peter (2010).
3731:Skilling, Peter (2010).
3423:III, 2nd edition, 1975,
3381:, Clarendon Press (1977)
3353:. Kalavinka Press, 2008.
2993:Chaddanta Jataka, Sanchi
2972:. The recitation of the
2299:Ten Great Birth Stories)
2163:as attested to in ample
1813:Gandharan Buddhist texts
1527:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
5661:The Priest and the Wolf
5616:Chanticleer and the Fox
5459:The Moon and her Mother
5394:The Fox and the Woodman
5344:The Fir and the Bramble
5234:The Ass and his Masters
5001:Jacobs, Joseph (1888),
4564:p. 99. Wiley-Blackwell.
4255:Ching-mei Shyu (2008).
3511:vol. I, New York, 2005.
2769:, Bull and Tiger Jataka
2604:The Story of Supāraga (
2389:The Jackal and the Crow
2374:Four Harmonious Animals
2349:The Elephant Girly-Face
2203:(13th century) and the
2096:Bodhisattvapiṭaka-sutra
1547:Chinese Buddhist canons
1431:disciples of the Buddha
978:Philosophical reasoning
509:of the Buddha (such as
6263:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
6218:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
6122:Hikayat Panca Tanderan
6059:The Lion and the Mouse
5656:The Monkey and the Cat
5590:An ass eating thistles
5559:The Wolf and the Crane
5509:The Snake and the Crab
5464:The Mountain in Labour
5454:The Miser and his Gold
5434:The Lion and the Mouse
5389:The Fox and the Weasel
5364:The Fox and the Grapes
5304:The Crow and the Snake
5289:The Cock and the Jewel
5279:The Boy Who Cried Wolf
4500:. Brill. p. 226.
4471:Silkworm Books, (2016)
4268:Pagel, Ulrich (1992).
3992:, p. xxix. Penguin UK.
3751:, p. xxii. Penguin UK.
3717:Narratives: South Asia
3502:Divine Stories, Part 2
3483:Silkworm Books, (2016)
3458:Khoroche, P., trans.,
3405:Horner, I.B., trans.,
2825:
2770:
2724:
2705:
2670:The Story of Ayogṛha (
2344:The Crab and the Crane
2241:
2027:Da zhuang yan lun jing
1970:The commentary on the
1807:early Buddhist schools
1790:
1779:
1763:
1751:Classic Jātaka sources
1609:
1349:
745:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
590:
487:
43:
6012:The Lights of Canopus
5842:Demetrius of Phalerum
5795:The Cock and the Jasp
5717:Still waters run deep
5621:The Dog in the Manger
5564:The Wolf and the Lamb
5484:The Old Man and Death
5419:The Honest Woodcutter
5409:The Goat and the Vine
5384:The Fox and the Stork
5329:The Eagle and the Fox
4979:Grey, Leslie (1990).
4964:Gaffney, Sean (2019)
4949:Gaffney, Sean (2018)
4878:Crosby, Kate (2013).
4692:, p. xxi. Penguin UK.
4573:Crosby, Kate (2013).
4560:Crosby, Kate (2013).
4371:Crosby, Kate (2013).
4106:Kern, Hendrik (1943)
4004:Crosby, Kate (2013).
3975:Crosby, Kate (2013).
3871:, p. xix. Penguin UK.
3655:Oxford Bibliographies
3444:Jones, J.J., trans.,
3419:I. B. Horner, trans,
3409:SBB 31, London, 1975.
3178:Khudda-bodhi-Jataka,
3092:Sibi Jataka, Gandhara
2805:
2765:
2719:
2693:
2633:, patient acceptance)
2536:Āryaśūra's Jātakamālā
2234:
2110:Suvarṇaprabhāsa sūtra
2077:Damamūka-nidāna-sūtra
2045:(Garland of Jātakas),
1948:The Hundred Avadānas,
1786:Thai painting of the
1785:
1769:
1758:
1603:
1337:
1013:Aids to Enlightenment
838:Dependent Origination
580:
523:Buddhist architecture
482:
33:
6117:La Fontaine's Fables
5892:Laurentius Abstemius
5825:La Fontaine's Fables
5631:The Elm and the Vine
5479:The Oak and the Reed
5374:The Fox and the Mask
5369:The Fox and the Lion
5359:The Fox and the Crow
5324:The Dove and the Ant
5319:The Dog and the Wolf
5284:The Cat and the Mice
5152:from bas-reliefs of
5101:of E. B. Cowell 1895
5057:Shaw, Sarah (2006).
4899:Relics of the Buddha
4896:John Strong (2004).
4688:Shaw, Sarah (2006).
3988:Shaw, Sarah (2006).
3867:Shaw, Sarah (2006).
3747:Shaw, Sarah (2006).
3493:Rotman, A., trans.,
3416:SBB 30, London 1974.
3322:English Translations
3220:, Turtle King Jataka
3166:, 13th-14th century.
2674:, spiritual urgency)
2587:The Story of Sakra (
2429:The Merchant of Seri
2393:Jambu-Khādaka Jātaka
2334:The Cock and the Cat
2104:Prajñāpāramitā sutra
1774:(Khmer Mul script),
1461:Chronicle of Buddhas
1402:Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra
1321:The Mahayana author
983:Devotional practices
806:Noble Eightfold Path
603:navaṅga-buddhasāsana
581:The railings of the
378:3. Abhidhamma Piṭaka
179:Glossary of Buddhism
6450:Pali Buddhist texts
6430:Buddhist literature
6233:Jean de La Fontaine
6084:The Fox and the Cat
5922:Jean de La Fontaine
5872:Adémar de Chabannes
5754:Aesop's Film Fables
5636:The Fox and the Cat
5449:The Mischievous Dog
5399:The Frog and the Ox
5239:The Ass and the Pig
5035:Twenty Jataka Tales
4750:www.petchprauma.com
4746:"Account Suspended"
4709:on October 5, 2013.
4358:on October 4, 2018.
4094:. 2000. pp. 286–287
3950:. 2000. pp. 332–333
3627:Edward Byles Cowell
3554:Barlaam and Joasaph
3500:Rotman, A., trans.
3374:Cambridge UK, 1886.
3005:Sama Jataka, Sanchi
2483:Suvaṇṇahaṃsa Jātaka
2424:The Measure of Rice
2403:Dabbhapuppha Jātaka
2206:Mahachat kham luang
1966:(Heavenly Avadānas)
1662:can be seen in the
1420:range from simpler
1283:Buddhism portal
1156:Buddhism by country
918:Sanskrit literature
483:Vessantara Jataka,
469:Indian subcontinent
263:4. Aṅguttara Nikāya
6334:Ion Keith-Falconer
5862:Dositheus Magister
5135:2019-03-16 at the
5037:, Inner Traditions
4976:(Open Access PDF).
4961:(Open Access PDF).
4416:2010-01-31 at the
4298:. Kalavinka Press.
3889:Appleton, N 2015,
3516:In other religions
3116:Dipankara Jataka,
2944:The Twelve Sisters
2803:(337–422 CE) are:
2771:
2725:
2706:
2640:, loving-kindness)
2514:The Twelve Sisters
2262:Rabbit in the Moon
2242:
2238:Mahānipāta jātakas
2211:Vessantara jātaka,
2121:Bhadrakalpikasūtra
2116:Bhadrakalpikasūtra
2065:(12th-century), a
2037:, with 90 stories.
1820:Jātakatthavaṇṇanā,
1791:
1780:
1764:
1645:Garland of Jātakas
1610:
1604:Bhutanese painted
1575:, included in the
1569:Theravada Buddhism
770:Buddhist modernism
591:
488:
401:4. Puggalapaññatti
271:5. Khuddaka Nikāya
258:3. Saṃyutta Nikāya
253:2. Majjhima Nikāya
44:
6435:Indian literature
6407:
6406:
6377:
6376:
6354:Silvestre de Sacy
6314:Franklin Edgerton
6304:Hermann Brockhaus
6214:(putative author)
6028:Nandaka-prakarana
5950:
5949:
5079:Jataka – volume I
4974:978-0-473-50261-4
4959:978-0-473-44462-4
4865:978-0-19-283988-6
4835:Appleton, Naomi.
4663:, pp. 52–53)
4607:Appleton, Naomi.
4507:978-90-474-1930-3
4441:"Indian Stories",
4045:on 5 October 2019
3922:Bhikkhu Anālayo.
3840:978-0-19-934037-8
3715:Straube, Martin.
3649:Appleton, Naomi.
3597:Mahanipata Jataka
3425:Pali Text Society
3421:Minor Anthologies
3340:Pali Text Society
2974:Vessantara Jataka
2949:Vessantara Jataka
2929:Viśvāntara-jātaka
2821:Vessantara-jātaka
2720:Mahakapi Jataka,
2524:Vessantara Jataka
2418:Javasakuṇa Jātaka
2294:Mahānipāta jātaka
2221:Important Jātakas
2136:(大智度論) a massive
2031:*Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā
1917:), a text of the
1870:Pusa benyuan jing
1788:Mahajanaka Jataka
1746:Avadānakalpalatā.
1703:Pusa benyuan jing
1565:Jātakatthavaṇṇanā
1319:
1318:
801:Four Noble Truths
455:
454:
348:Paṭisambhidāmagga
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
6462:
6445:Lists of stories
6339:Patrick Olivelle
6202:
6147:Kathasaritsagara
6024:Tantri Kamandaka
5977:
5970:
5963:
5954:
5932:Nicolas Trigault
5907:Hieronymus Osius
5897:Roger L'Estrange
5867:Alexander Neckam
5204:
5197:
5190:
5181:
5169:
5168:
5022:
5016:
5008:
4913:
4883:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4850:Patrick Olivelle
4846:
4840:
4833:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4805:www.palitext.com
4797:
4791:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4752:. Archived from
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4723:. Archived from
4717:
4711:
4710:
4705:. Archived from
4699:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4661:John Strong 2004
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4594:
4587:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4456:John Strong 2004
4452:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4411:sacred-texts.com
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4351:. Archived from
4350:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4305:
4299:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4240:
4239:38 (2015): 9–31.
4229:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4202:
4193:
4186:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4162:. Archived from
4155:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4121:"Jataka Stories"
4117:
4111:
4104:
4095:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4041:. Archived from
4031:
4025:
4018:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3957:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3920:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3814:
3799:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3713:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3646:
3592:Kalila and Demna
3465:Naomi Appleton,
3402:New Delhi, 2011.
3377:Cone, Margaret.
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3175:
3156:
3140:
3128:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2933:Dri med kun ldan
2753:Burmese Buddhism
2697:in limestone at
2323:Sīhacamma Jātaka
2201:Parākkamabāhu II
2179:South East Asian
2081:mdo mdzangs blun
2009:Taisho Tripitaka
1984:The Play in Full
1935:Mūlasarvāstivāda
1776:Central Thailand
1772:Khom Thai script
1727:Tibetan Buddhism
1613:The Mahāsāṃghika
1437:(generally as a
1370:paccupannavatthu
1311:
1304:
1297:
1281:
1280:
1008:Sublime abidings
699:
676:
447:
440:
433:
386:1. Dhammasaṅgaṇī
216:1. Suttavibhaṅga
208:1. Vinaya Piṭaka
200:
186:
172:
161:
160:
146:
139:
138:
124:
113:
112:
99:
98:
84:
73:
72:
46:
21:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6440:Indian folklore
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6373:
6364:Charles Wilkins
6349:Arthur W. Ryder
6324:Johannes Hertel
6319:A. N. D. Haksar
6282:
6253:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
6238:Antoine Galland
6197:
6195:
6189:
6164:
6140:Kalīla wa-Dimna
6093:
6044:The Blue Jackal
6030:
6004:Kalila wa Dimna
5988:
5981:
5951:
5946:
5917:Robert Henryson
5912:Marie de France
5902:Gabriele Faerno
5887:Kawanabe Kyōsai
5877:Odo of Cheriton
5830:
5772:
5766:
5745:
5739:
5675:
5600:Belling the Cat
5578:
5544:The Walnut Tree
5220:
5213:
5208:
5166:
5137:Wayback Machine
5130:jathakakatha.lk
5075:
5009:
5000:
4921:
4919:Further reading
4916:
4910:
4895:
4891:
4889:General sources
4886:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4799:
4798:
4794:
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4772:
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4508:
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4488:
4479:
4475:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4418:Wayback Machine
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4383:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4330:
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4169:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4108:THE JATAKA–MALA
4105:
4098:
4092:Indian Buddhism
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4003:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3967:
3958:
3954:
3948:Indian Buddhism
3945:
3938:
3921:
3910:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3875:
3866:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3816:
3815:
3802:
3793:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3723:
3714:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3562:
3518:
3462:, London, 1989.
3451:Kern, H., ed.,
3398:Hahn, M., ed.,
3384:Frye, Stanley.
3324:
3317:
3314:
3305:
3302:
3293:
3290:
3281:
3278:
3269:
3266:
3257:
3254:
3245:
3242:
3233:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3203:
3194:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3167:
3157:
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3132:
3129:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3102:
3093:
3090:
3081:
3078:
3069:
3066:
3057:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3006:
3003:
2994:
2991:
2982:
2918:
2912:and key sites.
2830:
2688:
2683:
2598:, self-respect)
2538:
2533:
2508:Kacchapa Jātaka
2494:King Dasharatha
2368:Daddabha Jātaka
2358:Mahakapi Jataka
2354:The Monkey King
2329:The Banyan Deer
2271:, the Sanskrit
2247:
2229:
2227:List of Jatakas
2223:
2160:
2092:Mahayana sutras
2061:Sarvarakṣita's
1829:Khuddaka Nikāya
1753:
1618:sects from the
1578:Khuddaka Nikaya
1553:(who worked in
1515:
1315:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1053:
1043:
1042:
948:
938:
937:
908:Mahayana Sutras
888:
878:
877:
818:Five Aggregates
796:
795:
775:
774:
765:Later Buddhists
730:
674:
596:
575:
451:
422:
421:
420:
380:
370:
369:
368:
367:
274:
273:
248:1. Dīgha Nikāya
242:
240:2. Sutta Piṭaka
232:
231:
230:
210:
162:
140:
114:
74:
50:
49:Translations of
42:, c. 175–225 CE
40:Amaravati style
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6468:
6466:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6425:Early Buddhism
6422:
6412:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6299:Gustav Bickell
6296:
6294:Theodor Benfey
6290:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6208:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6111:Calila e Dimna
6107:
6105:Aesop's Fables
6101:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6008:Calila e Dimna
5996:Tantrakhyayika
5993:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5784:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:Aesop's Fables
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
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5608:
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5597:
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5584:
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5579:
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5576:
5571:
5566:
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5511:
5506:
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5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
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5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5163:
5160:Jātaka Stories
5157:
5139:
5127:
5125:Buddhist tales
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5074:
5073:External links
5071:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5038:
5031:
4998:
4984:
4977:
4962:
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4908:
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4821:
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4779:
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4712:
4694:
4678:
4665:
4652:
4633:
4627:. A.A. Knopf.
4613:
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4274:
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4241:
4224:
4194:
4176:
4150:
4141:
4112:
4096:
4083:
4077:
4065:Sujato, Bhante
4056:
4035:"Jataka Tales"
4026:
4010:
3994:
3981:
3965:
3952:
3936:
3908:
3895:
3873:
3857:
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3800:
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3721:
3671:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Paññāsa Jātaka
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Aesop's Fables
3563:
3561:
3558:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3490:, Kandy, 1992.
3484:
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3403:
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3123:
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3021:
3019:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2954:lunar calendar
2927:In Tibet, the
2917:
2914:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2870:Nagarjunakonda
2867:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2703:Andhra Pradesh
2699:Nagarjunakonda
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
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2557:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2471:
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2461:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:Kukkuṭa Jātaka
2331:
2326:
2315:
2289:Southeast Asia
2246:
2243:
2225:Main article:
2222:
2219:
2174:Paññāsa Jātaka
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2128:
2088:
2085:hsien-yü ching
2070:
2063:Maṇicūḍajātaka
2059:
2052:
2038:
2023:
2016:
2015:(3rd century).
1998:
1991:Liu du ji jing
1987:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1905:
1895:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1855:
1841:
1816:
1809:
1778:, 18th century
1752:
1749:
1742:Hundred Births
1738:Rangjung Dorje
1514:
1511:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1351:The idea that
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1269:
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1215:
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1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Pratyekabuddha
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Buddhist chant
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
886:Buddhist texts
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
803:
797:
794:
793:
788:
782:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
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731:
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725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
701:
700:
692:
691:
685:
684:
673:
670:
595:
592:
574:
571:
473:Gautama Buddha
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
413:
408:
406:5. Kathāvatthu
403:
398:
393:
388:
382:
381:
376:
375:
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371:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
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335:
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320:
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305:
300:
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285:
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269:
268:
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266:
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260:
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244:
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238:
237:
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229:
228:
223:
218:
212:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
193:
192:
182:
181:
175:
174:
155:
149:
148:
133:
127:
126:
107:
101:
100:
93:
87:
86:
67:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6467:
6456:
6453:
6451:
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6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6329:Joseph Jacobs
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:John of Capua
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6212:Vishnu Sharma
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
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6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:Related works
6096:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
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6052:
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6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:The Sick Kite
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:Lalitavistara
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4996:9780860132332
4993:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4909:0-691-11764-0
4905:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4756:on 2020-07-22
4755:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4727:on 2011-01-26
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4634:9780375400094
4630:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4458:, p. 51)
4457:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4326:
4322:
4320:9780896801745
4316:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:Avadānaśataka
4228:
4225:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4166:on 2005-12-22
4165:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4090:Warder, A.K.
4087:
4084:
4080:
4078:9781921842085
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:Warder, A.K.
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Avadanasataka
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:is the Hindu
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3497:Boston, 2008.
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3434:Oxford, 1990.
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:Shunga period
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:Nakhon Pathom
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Kanaganahalli
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:Ananda Temple
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2591:, compassion)
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Prince Sattva
2462:
2459:
2458:Romaka Jātaka
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:Muṇika-Jātaka
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:The Great Ape
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2199:written King
2198:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:Haribhaṭṭa's
2053:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:Lalitavistara
1976:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:Avadānaśataka
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1922:Lokottaravāda
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Vinayapiṭakas
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:Avadānaśataka
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:found in the
1393:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:Vegetarianism
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Recollections
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:Five precepts
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
942:
941:
934:
931:
929:
928:Chinese canon
926:
924:
923:Tibetan canon
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
724:
723:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
702:
698:
694:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:According to
642:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
615:Vinayapiṭakas
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
589:illustrations
588:
584:
579:
572:
570:
568:
567:
566:Avadānaśataka
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
486:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
426:
425:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:3. Dhātukathā
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
374:
373:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Nettipakaraṇa
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:Khuddakapāṭha
276:
272:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
236:
235:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
209:
204:
203:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
180:
176:
171:
166:
156:
154:
150:
145:
134:
132:
128:
123:
118:
108:
106:
102:
94:
92:
88:
83:
78:
68:
66:
62:
59:Birth history
58:
54:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
6420:Jataka tales
6359:C. H. Tawney
6344:N. M. Penzer
6268:Thomas North
6196:translators,
6184:Jungle Tales
6183:
6175:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6134:Jataka tales
6133:
6126:
6109:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:Panchakhyana
5999:
5995:
5985:Panchatantra
5983:
5882:John Lydgate
5823:
5786:
5779:
5759:
5752:
5731:
5707:Lion's share
5692:Panchatantra
5687:Jataka tales
5686:
5539:The Two Pots
5171:Jataka tales
5058:
5034:
5027:
5024:Google Books
5003:
4987:
4980:
4944:Jātaka tales
4898:
4879:
4874:
4854:
4844:
4836:
4813:. Retrieved
4804:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4758:. Retrieved
4754:the original
4749:
4740:
4729:. Retrieved
4725:the original
4715:
4707:the original
4697:
4689:
4676:pp. 161–169.
4673:
4668:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4623:
4616:
4608:
4593:pp. 401–402.
4590:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4545:. Retrieved
4536:
4527:
4516:. Retrieved
4496:
4489:
4481:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4450:
4442:
4437:
4425:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4388:pp. 174–176.
4385:
4380:
4372:
4353:the original
4340:
4329:. Retrieved
4309:
4303:
4295:
4290:
4277:
4269:
4264:
4256:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4217:, retrieved
4207:
4189:
4168:. Retrieved
4164:the original
4153:
4144:
4133:. Retrieved
4124:
4115:
4091:
4086:
4068:
4059:
4047:. Retrieved
4043:the original
4039:www.pitt.edu
4038:
4029:
4021:
4005:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3960:
3955:
3947:
3923:
3903:
3898:
3890:
3868:
3849:. Retrieved
3822:
3798:pp. 400–401.
3795:
3770:. Retrieved
3756:
3748:
3735:pp. 161–162.
3732:
3716:
3663:. Retrieved
3654:
3607:Panchatantra
3547:
3541:
3534:
3519:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3332:E. B. Cowell
3325:
2973:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2898:Anuradhapura
2879:
2837:Ajanta Caves
2831:
2820:
2806:
2798:
2794:Pushkalavati
2779:
2772:
2726:
2707:
2541:
2539:
2507:
2482:
2457:
2442:
2417:
2402:
2392:
2367:
2357:
2337:
2322:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2273:niti-shastra
2272:
2269:Panchatantra
2266:
2257:Cariyapitaka
2255:
2248:
2245:In Theravada
2236:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2161:
2158:Late Jātakas
2151:
2133:Dà zhìdù lùn
2132:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2055:
2041:
2030:
2026:
2020:Xian yu jing
2019:
2004:
2001:Jātaka Sūtra
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1919:Mahāsāṅghika
1914:
1908:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1846:Cariyāpiṭaka
1844:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1803:Sūtrapiṭakas
1797:The various
1792:
1745:
1741:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1611:
1592:
1588:
1584:Sutta Pitaka
1582:
1576:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1551:Kāng Sēnghuì
1530:
1516:
1492:
1473:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1332:Śrāvakabhūmi
1330:
1326:
1320:
988:Merit making
953:Three Jewels
893:Buddhavacana
823:Impermanence
811:Dharma wheel
657:
653:
649:
646:A. K. Warder
643:
638:
634:
627:
619:Sūtrapiṭakas
611:inscriptions
602:
598:
597:
586:
564:
558:
550:Jātakanidana
549:
546:bodhisattvas
539:
527:Buddhist art
500:
496:happy ending
489:
459:
458:
456:
363:Milindapañha
358:Peṭakopadesa
337:
333:Cariyāpiṭaka
303:Vimānavatthu
221:2. Khandhaka
144:Jātaka Kathā
51:Jātaka tales
6394:Frame story
6389:Beast fable
6369:Ramsay Wood
6278:Simeon Seth
6169:Other media
6160:Śukasaptati
6128:Hitopadesha
5942:Zhou Zuoren
5937:Robert Thom
5927:Ivan Krylov
5835:Translators
5773:adaptations
5746:adaptations
5697:Perry Index
4430:Jacobs 1888
3587:Divyavadana
3542:Pañcatantra
2916:Performance
2894:Polonnoruwa
2890:Mogao caves
2780:Thus, many
2695:Sibi Jataka
2584:, morality)
2540:Āryaśūra's
2252:folklorists
2191:Kavsiḷumiṇa
2083:; Chinese:
2079:; Tibetan:
2013:Dharmaraksa
1964:Divyāvadāna
1956:Karmaśataka
1930:Vinayavastu
1915:Great Event
1900:Buddhavaṃsa
1838:Nidānakathā
1664:Ajanta Cave
1660:jātakamālās
1587:. The term
1456:Buddhavaṃsa
1406:Vinayavastu
1397:Suttapitaka
1377:atītavatthu
1223:New Zealand
1078:Bodhisattva
1063:Four Stages
1018:Monasticism
998:Mindfulness
968:Perfections
898:Early Texts
507:perfections
416:7. Paṭṭhāna
391:2. Vibhaṅga
328:Buddhavaṃsa
298:Suttanipāta
226:3. Parivāra
6414:Categories
6248:Kshemendra
6228:Durgasimha
5583:Apocryphal
5150:Gandavyuha
5046:0938756524
4815:2015-04-09
4760:2012-09-16
4731:2011-09-17
4547:2022-05-10
4518:2019-12-28
4331:2020-11-28
4219:2022-05-09
4170:2005-12-22
4135:2022-05-09
4049:11 January
3851:2022-05-08
3772:2011-12-04
3665:2022-05-08
3634:References
3550:Ibn Bābūya
3526:Mahavira's
3486:Ñāṇamoli,
3427:, Bristol.
3145:Mogao cave
3118:Jamalgarhi
2946:" and the
2902:Bagan city
2847:Bagh Caves
2813:Takshaśilā
2542:Jātakamālā
2303:bodisattva
2215:Thai verse
2169:bas relief
2165:epigraphic
2145:Kumarajiva
2058:(Sanskrit)
2056:Jātakamālā
2043:Jātakamālā
2035:Kumārajīva
2005:Sheng jing
1972:Udānavarga
1892:Dhammapada
1888:Aṭṭhakathā
1881:Merv oasis
1760:Jatakamala
1712:Jātakamālā
1691:Kumāralāta
1683:Jātakamālā
1669:Jātakamālā
1650:Jātakamālā
1640:Jātakamālā
1594:Atthakatha
1573:Pāli Canon
1382:a "link" (
1096:Traditions
1033:Pilgrimage
973:Meditation
933:Post-canon
913:Pāli Canon
843:Middle Way
740:The Buddha
607:Indian art
542:buddhahood
511:generosity
503:Buddhahood
318:Therīgāthā
313:Theragāthā
308:Petavatthu
293:Itivuttaka
283:Dhammapada
190:Pāli Canon
36:woodpecker
5156:, YouTube
5154:Borobudur
3932:2070-0512
3602:Mahāvastu
3328:canonical
3180:Borobudur
2966:Sri Lanka
2940:Theravada
2882:Borobudor
2842:Amaravati
2741:Silk Road
2553:, giving)
2489:King Sibi
2282:Sri Lanka
2278:Mahathupa
2067:Sāṃmitīya
1910:Mahāvastu
1824:Theravada
1674:Borobudur
1523:classical
1443:Yasodharā
1435:Devadatta
1427:awakening
1384:samodhāna
1358:Mahavastu
1243:Sri Lanka
1233:Singapore
1188:Indonesia
1128:Vajrayāna
1103:Theravāda
1058:Awakening
946:Practices
903:Tripiṭaka
873:Cosmology
848:Emptiness
828:Suffering
554:Dipankara
411:6. Yamaka
6258:Narayana
6198:adapters
6194:Editors,
5847:Phaedrus
5175:LibriVox
5133:Archived
5087:vol. III
5013:citation
5007:, London
4852:(1999).
4809:Archived
4639:Archived
4541:Archived
4512:Archived
4414:Archived
4409:Source:
4325:Archived
4213:archived
4129:Archived
4067:(2012),
3845:Archived
3819:"Jātaka"
3766:Archived
3762:"Jataka"
3659:Archived
3651:"Jātaka"
3560:See also
2958:Thailand
2956:used by
2886:Dunhuang
2809:Gandhāra
2786:Xuanzang
2608:, truth)
2183:Metteyya
2141:Buddhist
2138:Mahāyāna
2125:avadānas
2113:and the
2029:(大莊嚴論經,
1872:(菩薩本縁經;
1705:(菩薩本縁經;
1635:Sanskrit
1541:for the
1484:parittas
1445:and son
1339:What is
1253:Thailand
1213:Mongolia
1208:Malaysia
1173:Cambodia
1138:Navayana
1118:Hinayana
1113:Mahāyāna
1023:Lay life
853:Morality
833:Not-self
791:Concepts
750:Councils
735:Timeline
707:Glossary
689:Buddhism
681:a series
679:Part of
666:folklore
573:Overview
465:Sanskrit
137:ජාතක කථා
65:Sanskrit
6223:Borzuya
6036:Stories
5857:Avianus
5852:Babrius
5736:(album)
5680:Related
5219:Aesop's
5099:vol. VI
5091:vol. IV
5083:vol. II
4790:p. 173.
4645:16 June
4484:p. 175.
4192:p. 167.
4024:p. 165.
3906:p. 171.
3617:Puranas
3582:Apadāna
3572:Avadana
3522:Jainism
3160:Thangka
2980:Gallery
2962:Myanmar
2865:Mathura
2852:Bharhut
2817:Songyun
2767:Bharhut
2751:sites.
2729:Bharhut
2672:Saṃvega
2308:Metteya
2197:Sinhala
1993:(六度集經,
1933:of the
1852:paramis
1735:Karmapa
1629:In the
1616:Caitika
1606:thangka
1581:of the
1555:Nanking
1543:Tibetan
1539:Tibetan
1535:Chinese
1519:prakrit
1513:History
1507:bhāṇaka
1503:Bharhut
1439:villain
1422:Aesopic
1390:In the
1329:in his
1263:Vietnam
1218:Myanmar
1133:Tibetan
1123:Chinese
1051:Nirvāṇa
868:Saṃsāra
863:Rebirth
728:History
717:Outline
631:schisms
583:Bharhut
561:avadāna
535:Bharhut
519:rebirth
343:Niddesa
323:Apadāna
131:Sinhala
122:Chéadâk
91:Burmese
56:English
6382:Topics
6287:Modern
6273:Rudaki
5781:Ysopet
5744:Screen
5221:Fables
5095:vol. V
5044:
4994:
4972:
4957:
4938:vol. 6
4934:vol. 3
4930:vol. 2
4926:Vol. 1
4906:
4862:
4631:
4504:
4317:
4075:
3963:p. 172
3930:
3837:
3537:fables
2922:Yijing
2904:, and
2875:Sanchi
2801:Faxian
2790:Faxian
2782:stupas
2737:Ajanta
2733:Sanchi
2722:Sanchi
2638:Maitrī
2631:Khanti
2589:Karuṇā
2119:. The
2107:, the
2075:(Skt.
2007:, 生經,
1834:gāthās
1624:Ashoka
1620:Āndhra
1589:Jātaka
1499:Sanchi
1495:Ajanta
1480:Vinaya
1447:Rāhula
1418:jātaka
1413:jātaka
1392:jātaka
1353:jātaka
1345:jātaka
1341:jātaka
1327:jātaka
1323:Asaṅga
1248:Taiwan
1228:Russia
1168:Brazil
1163:Bhutan
1083:Buddha
1003:Wisdom
786:Dharma
662:fables
658:Jātaka
654:jātaka
650:jātaka
639:Jātaka
635:Jātaka
599:Jātaka
594:Dating
587:jātaka
531:Sanchi
485:Sanchi
460:Jātaka
338:Jātaka
170:Chadok
117:UNGEGN
82:Jātaka
18:Jātaka
6399:Katha
6205:Early
5994:aka:
5771:Print
5211:Aesop
4356:(PDF)
4349:(PDF)
3530:jinas
3218:Kucha
3164:Tibet
2888:(the
2749:Bagan
2745:Kucha
2711:Vesak
2606:Sacca
2100:Large
2090:Many
2049:kāvya
1731:Kadam
1465:merit
1411:Many
1258:Tibet
1198:Korea
1193:Japan
1183:India
1178:China
1143:Newar
1068:Arhat
858:Karma
712:Index
515:karma
288:Udāna
105:Khmer
5148:and
5042:ISBN
5019:link
4992:ISBN
4970:ISBN
4955:ISBN
4904:ISBN
4860:ISBN
4647:2017
4629:ISBN
4502:ISBN
4315:ISBN
4073:ISBN
4051:2022
3928:ISSN
3835:ISBN
2970:Laos
2968:and
2910:wats
2856:Goli
2788:and
2582:Śīla
2551:Dāna
2130:The
2040:The
2025:The
2018:The
1989:The
1961:The
1953:The
1940:The
1927:The
1907:The
1897:The
1843:The
1822:the
1818:The
1811:The
1801:and
1678:Java
1545:and
1537:and
1501:and
1203:Laos
1108:Pāli
664:and
617:and
533:and
517:and
492:deva
457:The
165:RTGS
159:ชาดก
153:Thai
111:ជាតក
97:ဇာတက
77:IAST
71:जातक
3827:doi
3147:257
2938:In
2892:),
2596:Hrī
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2287:In
2280:in
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