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171:. This march was to bring awareness and recognition to the discrimination, segregation and neglection of African American and other minority citizen, exercising their right to vote and be heard. Alabama state troopers attacked these civil-rights protesters, physically beating them, and using tear gas. This day is known as
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Chestnut was the first
African American lawyer in Selma, Alabama. He was well known for being an attorney for Martin Luther King Jr. and other respected civil rights leaders in the 1960s among civil rights protest, speeches, and marches. He was a major contributor that helped lead change for African
135:
When he was young, he had a mentor named John F. Sheilds, who was an elementary school teacher. Shields advised him to "go get a law degree and fight the system." He said this because
Chestnut Jr. expressed frustration with outdated textbooks and the differences in different institutions due to
175:
and is a major landmark for the civil rights movement. The event was nationally televised and spread awareness around the United States, igniting change. The widespread support from the nation provoked congress to act, and a few months later in August, the
131:
J. L. Chestnut Jr., born in Selma, Alabama, was the son of J. L. Chestnut Sr., who owned a grocery store. His mother was an elementary school teacher. His father was forced to shut down his grocery store due to an accumulation of unpaid taxes.
227:. He died as the result of an infection that subsequently developed after a surgery he had, causing his kidneys to fail. He died at the age of 77. His illness lasted several months in a hospital in Alabama.
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He was married to Vivian
Chestnut of Selma. They were married for 56 years and had six children before Chestnut Jr. died.
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in New
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Americans. He made advancements for
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saying that when he met LaRouche, "I told him that he might as well be black and in
Alabama."
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108:, which chronicles the history of the Selma Voting Rights Movement, including the 1965
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94:(December 16, 1930 – September 30, 2008) was an author, attorney, and a figure in the
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246:"J.L. Chestnut Jr., 77; Selma Lawyer and Early Leader in Civil Rights Movement"
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In 1994, Chestnut was active in protesting the jailing of political activist
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358:"J.L. Chestnut Jr., Early Leader in Civil Rights Movement, Is Dead at 77"
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On March 7, 1965, nonviolent activists gathered protesters at
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2338:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
191:, when the Alabama Democratic Party refused to endorse
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In 1953, Chestnut obtained his undergraduate degree at
105:
Black in Selma: The
Uncommon Life of J.L. Chestnut, Jr.
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African
American founding fathers of the United States
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Chicago
Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
802:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
298:
Black in Selma: The Uncommon Life of J.L. Chestnut, Jr
272:
Black in Selma: The Uncommon Life of J.L. Chestnut, Jr
102:, and the author of the 1991 autobiographical book,
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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
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296:Chestnut, J. L. Jr.; Cass, Julia (March 4, 1992).
183:In 1986, Chestnut was one of the founders of the
1168:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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98:. He was the first African-American attorney in
3313:Deaths from kidney failure in the United States
1158:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1091:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
982:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2637:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
2831:
2545:List of lynching victims in the United States
883:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
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151:and other accomplished civil rights leaders.
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195:for the Democratic presidential nomination.
2871:Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns
1012:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
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1061:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
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2617:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
119:Chestnut was born in Selma, and attended
2652:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
692:University of Georgia desegregation riot
219:Chestnut died on September 30, 2008, at
2566:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2303:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2298:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
236:
187:, along with Birmingham, Alabama Mayor
3298:Howard University School of Law alumni
2480:African-American women in the movement
932:White House Conference on Civil Rights
763:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
921:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
315:LaRouche Contact Shocks Judge England
269:Chestnut, J. L.; Cass, Julia (1991).
7:
3323:21st-century African-American people
2974:Party for the Commonwealth of Canada
2689:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1153:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1101:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1047:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
524:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
449:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2933:National Caucus of Labor Committees
1096:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1032:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
702:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2540:African-American churches attacked
1106:Montgomery Improvement Association
1081:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1066:Council of Federated Organizations
1037:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
795:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
753:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
559:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
463:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
25:
2943:Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement
2612:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2485:Jews in the civil rights movement
2911:Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität
2889:
2876:California Proposition 64 (1986)
2806:Civil rights movement portal
2799:
2647:Freedom Riders National Monument
2389:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
901:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
860:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
747:Second Emancipation Proclamation
136:segregation and discrimination.
2674:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2662:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1138:National Council of Negro Women
1076:Deacons for Defense and Justice
554:Mansfield school desegregation
1:
3308:Activists from Selma, Alabama
3293:American civil rights lawyers
2922:Executive Intelligence Review
2684:National Voting Rights Museum
2627:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2426:Lynching in the United States
2313:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
768:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
741:University of Chicago sit-ins
508:Davis v. Prince Edward County
165:Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma
2679:National Civil Rights Museum
2535:March on Washington Movement
2520:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
989:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
202:. He was interviewed in the
121:Howard University Law School
3318:Selma to Montgomery marches
2969:North American Labour Party
2323:"This Little Light of Mine"
1071:Dallas County Voters League
1017:Atlanta Negro Voters League
780:Letter from Birmingham Jail
487:Brown v. Board of Education
244:Weber, Bruce (2008-09-30).
110:Selma to Montgomery marches
3339:
3303:African-American activists
2657:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2525:Holt Street Baptist Church
2495:16th Street Baptist Church
1479:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1123:Nashville Student Movement
1053:An Appeal for Human Rights
300:. Oxford University Press.
3248:
2906:Australian Citizens Party
2887:
2795:
2154:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2124:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1188:Women's Political Council
1183:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1178:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1163:Southern Regional Council
1133:Northern Student Movement
1042:Committee for Freedom Now
949:Memphis sanitation strike
915:Voting Rights Act of 1965
658:Savannah Protest Movement
439:Journey of Reconciliation
2964:Fusion Energy Foundation
2881:LaRouche criminal trials
2866:Views of Lyndon LaRouche
1022:Atlanta Student Movement
971:Civil Rights Act of 1968
896:1964–1965 Scripto strike
877:Civil Rights Act of 1964
775:1963 Birmingham campaign
668:Civil Rights Act of 1960
592:Civil Rights Act of 1957
364:. Gale A Cengage Company
127:Early life and education
3164:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
3015:Amelia Boynton Robinson
2574:Voter Education Project
2328:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
1989:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1424:Josephine Dobbs Clement
850:Chester school protests
845:Twenty-fourth Amendment
807:Detroit Walk to Freedom
549:Tallahassee bus boycott
470:Baton Rouge bus boycott
338:. Gale Cengage Learning
212:Personal life and death
2916:European Workers Party
2787:Movement photographers
2029:Bernice Johnson Reagon
1749:Martin Luther King Sr.
1744:Martin Luther King Jr.
1314:William Holmes Borders
1086:Highlander Folk School
976:Poor People's Campaign
829:St. Augustine movement
679:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
602:Katz Drug Store sit-in
573:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
535:Montgomery bus boycott
221:St. Vincent's Hospital
178:1965 Voting Rights Act
3235:Friedwardt Winterberg
3109:Members who separated
2959:Curtin Labor Alliance
2952:Defunct organizations
2622:Civil Rights Memorial
2510:Bethel Baptist Church
2159:Charles Kenzie Steele
1604:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1509:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1489:Patricia Stephens Due
1459:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1394:Colia Lafayette Clark
1148:Operation Breadbasket
1143:National Urban League
890:Katzenbach v. McClung
758:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
411:Civil rights movement
362:Gale Academic OneFile
167:to march together to
96:Civil Rights Movement
84:civil rights activist
2899:Active organizations
2667:other King memorials
2642:Freedom Rides Museum
2579:1960s counterculture
2530:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2209:Walter Francis White
2114:Alexander D. Shimkin
628:New Year's Day March
597:Ministers' Manifesto
444:Executive Order 9981
321:, September 30, 1994
3210:Zbigniew Jaworowski
3100:Helga Zepp-LaRouche
3065:Stanislav Menshikov
2405:Mary McLeod Bethune
2366:Sermon on the Mount
2333:"We Shall Overcome"
1914:William Lewis Moore
1694:Frank Minis Johnson
1669:Richie Jean Jackson
1624:Donald L. Hollowell
1429:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1234:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1229:William G. Anderson
1209:Victoria Gray Adams
1173:The Freedom Singers
1027:Black Panther Party
812:March on Washington
725:Garner v. Louisiana
686:Boynton v. Virginia
332:"J. L. Chestnut Jr"
319:The Tuscaloosa News
225:Birmingham, Alabama
185:New South Coalition
65:Birmingham, Alabama
3128:F. William Engdahl
3118:Nicholas F. Benton
3010:Michael Billington
2938:Schiller Institute
2722:Michael Eric Dyson
2607:In popular culture
2490:Fifth Circuit Four
2474:Loving v. Virginia
2467:Hernandez v. Texas
2446:Buchanan v. Warley
2438:Separate but equal
2432:Plessy v. Ferguson
2395:Frederick Douglass
2229:Robert F. Williams
2139:Kelly Miller Smith
2119:Fred Shuttlesworth
2044:Frederick D. Reese
2024:George Raymond Jr.
2014:A. Philip Randolph
1994:Fay Bellamy Powell
1909:Queen Mother Moore
1794:Z. Alexander Looby
1739:Coretta Scott King
1684:Barbara Rose Johns
1664:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1589:William E. Harbour
1369:Stokely Carmichael
1284:Randolph Blackwell
954:King assassination
943:Loving v. Virginia
927:March Against Fear
907:How Long, Not Long
785:Children's Crusade
736:Cambridge movement
673:Ax Handle Saturday
638:Greensboro sit-ins
565:Give Us the Ballot
141:Dillard University
92:J. L. Chestnut Jr.
57:September 30, 2008
34:J. L. Chestnut Jr.
3270:
3269:
3261:Wikimedia Commons
3220:Karen Kwiatkowski
3215:Gordon M. Johnson
3205:Victor Gunnarsson
3111:from the movement
3085:Nataliya Vitrenko
3075:Robert James Moon
3030:Jacques Cheminade
2928:LaRouche movement
2847:LaRouche movement
2813:
2812:
2590:Eyes on the Prize
2505:A.G. Gaston Motel
2500:Kelly Ingram Park
2460:Sweatt v. Painter
2144:Mary Louise Smith
2104:Cleveland Sellers
2089:Michael Schwerner
2054:Gloria Richardson
1834:Thurgood Marshall
1754:Bernard Lafayette
1484:John Wesley Dobbs
998:
997:
717:Birmingham attack
697:Rock Hill sit-ins
648:Sibley Commission
643:Nashville sit-ins
515:Gebhart v. Belton
501:Briggs v. Elliott
494:Bolling v. Sharpe
455:Sweatt v. Painter
282:978-0-385-41938-3
189:Richard Arrington
149:Thurgood Marshall
145:Howard University
89:
88:
43:December 16, 1930
27:American activist
16:(Redirected from
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3138:Laurent Murawiec
3133:David P. Goldman
3090:William Warfield
3060:Kenneth Kronberg
2979:U.S. Labor Party
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2767:Charles M. Payne
2752:Steven F. Lawson
2742:David Halberstam
2712:Clayborne Carson
2453:Hocutt v. Wilson
2400:W. E. B. Du Bois
2249:Sammy Younge Jr.
2234:Q. V. Williamson
2199:Wyatt Tee Walker
2064:Bernice Robinson
2009:Lincoln Ragsdale
1999:Rodney N. Powell
1894:Douglas E. Moore
1769:Sanford R. Leigh
1704:J. Charles Jones
1579:Fannie Lou Hamer
1494:Joseph Ellwanger
1454:Jonathan Daniels
1444:Claudette Colvin
1434:Annie Lee Cooper
1419:Kathleen Cleaver
1414:Eldridge Cleaver
1389:Shirley Chisholm
1279:Gloria Blackwell
870:workers' murders
817:"I Have a Dream"
712:Anniston bombing
663:Greenville Eight
578:Little Rock Nine
541:Browder v. Gayle
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3185:Jeremiah Duggan
3178:Related persons
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3143:Webster Tarpley
3123:Robert Dreyfuss
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3095:Frederick Wills
3020:Norbert Brainin
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2762:Diane McWhorter
2747:Vincent Harding
2732:Adam Fairclough
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2179:Hartman Turnbow
2169:Dorothy Tillman
2129:Glenn E. Smiley
2109:Charles Sherrod
2069:Jo Ann Robinson
1944:Charles Neblett
1934:Elijah Muhammad
1899:Harriette Moore
1859:Floyd McKissick
1844:Franklin McCain
1779:Stanley Levison
1644:T. R. M. Howard
1594:Vincent Harding
1524:Walter Fauntroy
1409:Xernona Clayton
1359:John H. Calhoun
1344:Aurelia Browder
1334:Stanley Branche
1329:Raylawni Branch
1309:Joseph E. Boone
1294:Ezell Blair Jr.
1289:Unita Blackwell
1264:Harry Belafonte
1204:Ralph Abernathy
1192:
1128:Nation of Islam
1004:
994:
833:
790:Birmingham riot
731:Albany Movement
653:Atlanta sit-ins
633:Sit-in movement
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612:Biloxi wade-ins
584:Cooper v. Aaron
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3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:J. L. Chestnut
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Daniel Estulin
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Paul Goldstein
3042:
3040:Sergey Glazyev
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Anton Chaitkin
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Adrian Bennett
2997:
2995:Robert Beltran
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:Akinyele Umoja
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2371:Mahatma Gandhi
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2280:South Carolina
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Hosea Williams
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Hollis Watkins
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:A. Maceo Smith
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Bernie Sanders
2081:
2076:
2074:Angela Russell
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:David Richmond
2056:
2051:
2049:Walter Reuther
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Cordell Reagon
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:George Raymond
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Charles Person
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Huey P. Newton
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Harry T. Moore
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Cecil B. Moore
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:James Meredith
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Clarence Jones
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:Zilphia Horton
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Lola Hendricks
1606:
1601:
1599:Dorothy Height
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Lawrence Guyot
1566:
1561:
1559:Jack Greenberg
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:Andrew Goodman
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Joseph DeLaine
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Dorothy Cotton
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:J. L. Chestnut
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:Amelia Boynton
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Arnold Aronson
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
993:
992:
985:
978:
973:
968:
967:
966:
961:
951:
946:
939:
934:
929:
924:
917:
912:
911:
910:
898:
893:
886:
879:
874:
873:
872:
865:Freedom Summer
862:
857:
855:Bloody Tuesday
852:
847:
841:
839:
835:
834:
832:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
809:
804:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
772:
771:
770:
760:
755:
750:
743:
738:
733:
728:
721:
720:
719:
714:
704:
699:
694:
689:
682:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
622:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
575:
570:
569:
568:
556:
551:
546:
545:
544:
532:
527:
520:
519:
518:
511:
504:
497:
482:
480:
476:
475:
473:
472:
467:
459:
451:
446:
441:
435:
433:
426:
416:
415:
409:
407:
406:
399:
392:
384:
376:
375:
349:
336:Gale Biography
323:
303:
288:
281:
261:
250:New York Times
235:
234:
232:
229:
213:
210:
156:
153:
128:
125:
100:Selma, Alabama
87:
86:
73:
69:
68:
63:
61:(aged 77)
55:
51:
50:
47:Selma, Alabama
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
18:J. L. Chestnut
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Theo Mitchell
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Timothy Tyson
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Taylor Branch
2705:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Freedom songs
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Jim Crow laws
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:"Oh, Freedom"
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Whitney Young
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Kale Williams
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Albert Turner
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:A. P. Tureaud
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Bayard Rustin
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:William Moyer
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Joseph McNeil
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Charles McDew
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Benjamin Mays
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Vivian Malone
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Joseph Lowery
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Clyde Kennard
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Vernon Jordan
1712:
1710:
1709:Matthew Jones
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:T. J. Jemison
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Jesse Jackson
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Robert Graetz
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Golden Frinks
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Charles Evers
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Vernon Dahmer
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Septima Clark
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Bruce Boynton
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:James Baldwin
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Mathew Ahmann
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:Youth Council
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
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707:Freedom Rides
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432:Prior to 1954
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193:Jesse Jackson
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114:Bloody Sunday
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72:Occupation(s)
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19:
3080:Kesha Rogers
2920:
2797:
2737:David Garrow
2717:John Dittmer
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2515:Brown Chapel
2472:
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2458:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2387:
2239:Andrew Young
2194:A. T. Walden
2189:C. T. Vivian
2149:Maxine Smith
1984:Homer Plessy
1964:James Orange
1919:Irene Morgan
1874:William Ming
1854:Ralph McGill
1789:Viola Liuzzo
1774:Jim Letherer
1759:James Lawson
1689:Vernon Johns
1679:Esau Jenkins
1634:Myles Horton
1584:Fred Hampton
1574:Prathia Hall
1564:Dick Gregory
1534:Marie Foster
1529:James Forman
1519:James Farmer
1504:Medgar Evers
1464:Angela Davis
1399:Ramsey Clark
1379:James Chaney
1374:Johnnie Carr
1354:Ralph Bunche
1349:H. Rap Brown
1339:Ruby Bridges
1299:Joanne Bland
1274:Claude Black
1254:Marion Barry
1224:Muhammad Ali
1051:
987:
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941:
919:
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723:
684:
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607:Kissing Case
582:
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366:. Retrieved
361:
352:
340:. Retrieved
335:
326:
318:
297:
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253:. Retrieved
249:
239:
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197:
182:
180:was passed.
162:
158:
138:
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103:
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59:(2008-09-30)
3288:2008 deaths
3283:1930 births
3230:Fred Newman
3225:Eric Lerner
3159:Chip Berlet
3050:Janice Hart
3035:Billy Davis
3005:James Bevel
2757:Doug McAdam
2727:Chuck Fager
2354:Nonviolence
2259:James Zwerg
2254:Bob Zellner
2214:Roy Wilkins
2164:Hank Thomas
2099:Pete Seeger
2094:Bobby Seale
1959:Jack O'Dell
1954:Edgar Nixon
1884:Amzie Moore
1879:Jack Minnis
1819:Mae Mallory
1804:Clara Luper
1764:Bernard Lee
1654:Cecil Ivory
1649:Ruby Hurley
1619:Oliver Hill
1614:Aaron Henry
1514:Chuck Fager
1474:Dave Dennis
1364:Guy Carawan
1304:Julian Bond
1269:James Bevel
1259:Daisy Bates
530:Emmett Till
413:(1954–1968)
223:located in
3277:Categories
3055:Hulan Jack
2700:historians
2381:Satyagraha
2347:Influences
2039:James Reeb
1974:James Peck
1969:Rosa Parks
1939:Diane Nash
1809:Danny Lyon
1784:John Lewis
1729:A. D. King
1629:James Hood
1244:Ella Baker
1214:Zev Aelony
255:2010-11-30
231:References
169:Montgomery
3254:Wikiquote
3169:John Rees
2359:Padayatra
2308:"Kumbaya"
2268:By region
1924:Bob Moses
1829:Bob Mants
1814:Malcolm X
1734:C.B. King
1554:Fred Gray
1197:Activists
838:1964–1968
621:1960–1963
479:1954–1959
2289:Movement
1719:Tom Kahn
1003:Activist
423:timeline
80:attorney
3152:Critics
2988:Members
2854:History
2414:Related
2004:Al Raby
959:funeral
822:Big Six
368:9 March
342:9 March
2600:Legacy
2376:Ahimsa
1005:groups
466:(1950)
458:(1950)
419:Events
279:
155:Career
76:Author
2698:Noted
2291:songs
1111:NAACP
964:riots
370:2018
344:2018
277:ISBN
112:and
54:Died
40:Born
3279::
360:.
334:.
317:,
306:^
248:.
116:.
82:,
78:,
2839:e
2832:t
2825:v
2568:"
2564:"
909:"
905:"
749:"
745:"
567:"
563:"
425:)
421:(
403:e
396:t
389:v
372:.
346:.
285:.
258:.
20:)
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