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in 1899. He expanded his study to societal evolution in humans, coming to believe societal evolution could be attributed to altruistic motives and a spirit of cooperation between humanity. He put forth this thesis in his paper "Evolution, Racial and
Habitudinal" in 1905 and received an honorary Ph.D.
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Gulick reported collecting 44,500 Hawaiian snails in just three years. Some were of no scientific value because he did not record where they were obtained. Of many of the species he collected, no similar species remain in the wild today. Some modern observers attribute the
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for two years. While there, he corresponded with
Charles Darwin regarding his studies. He finally met Darwin and gave him a synopsis of an upcoming paper. That paper was "On Diversity of Evolution Under One Set of External Conditions", which was published in the
263:, but also continued his study of snails. On September 3, 1864, he married Emily de la Cour. In 1872, he wrote "On the Variation of Species as Related to Their Geographical Distribution, Illustrated by the Achatinellinae", which was published in the journal
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After his first wife died in 1875, he moved to Japan to continue missionary work. As in China, he studied snails while performing as a missionary. On May 31, 1880, he married
Frances Amelia Stevens (1848–1928). In 1888, he went again to
198:) since his early teens, and developed independently the concept of their evolution. He discovered many species of snails were only found in very specific areas within the islands, and there was no overlap between these areas.
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In 1872, Gulick was the first to propose the theory that the majority of evolutionary changes are the result of chance variation, which has no effect on the survival and reproductive success of a species (today called
367:") – simultaneous processes, such as the multiplication of species, manifested by different populations and incipient species. George Romanes later adopted this terminology during his evolutionary studies.
348:) which showed random variation under seemingly identical environmental conditions. Although he certainly promoted the importance of random factors in evolution, he also was a strong supporter of Darwinian
194:(1798–1883). Early in life he went to Oregon and sought gold in California. In 1851, he started to collect and study Hawaiian land snails. He had been interested in snails (a field now known as
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1344:
Darwin, Charles R.; Frederick
Burkhardt; Sydney Smith; David Kohn; Darwin Correspondence Project Staff; William Montgomery; American Council of Learned Societies (1994).
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In 1888, Gulick introduced new terms for two patterns of evolution that can be observed: the term monotypic evolution (previously called "transformation;" today "
439:
1182:
Hall, Brian K. (2006). ""Evolutionist and
Missionary," the Reverend John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923). Part I: Cumulative segregation—geographical isolation".
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Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the
Hawaiian Islands
389:...to his essays on the subject I attribute a higher value than to any other work in the field of Darwinian thought since the date of Darwin's death.
154:. He was among the first to describe the formation of species through geographic separation of breeding populations. He developed early ideas on the
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who worked with Gulick to refine evolutionary biology. In 1889, he received an honorary A.M. and Ph.D from
Adelbert College of
235:, and studied in their Lyceum of Natural History. In 1859, he was elected Lyceum President, and graduated with an A.B. degree.
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from Hawaii. He was one of the pioneers of modern evolutionary thinking based on his studies of
Hawaiian snails of the genus
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Gulick J.T. 1908. Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions. Amer. Nat. 42, 48-57.
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298:. In 1891, another paper, "Intensive Segregation, or Divergence Through Independent Transformation" was published in the
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342:"). He came to this theory while noting that there was a large diversity of local populations of Hawaiian land snails (
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He then followed the family tradition of attending theological school at
Williams College (1859) and enrolled in
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Biographical sketches of
Williams College men who have rendered special service to the cause of foreign missions
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Evolutionist and missionary. - John Thomas Gulick: Portrayed through documents and discussions
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Gulick, John T (July 1873). "On diversity of evolution under one set of external conditions".
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where his paper "Divergent Evolution Through Cumulative Segregation" was published in the
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Darwin and After Darwin: Post-Darwinian questions: Isolation and physiological selection
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Gulick, J. T.; Smith, Edgar A. (1873). "Description of new Species of Achatinellinae".
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Gulick, J. T.; Smith, Edgar A. (1873). "On the classification of the Achatinellinae".
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Gulick, Addison (1924). "John T. Gulick, a Contributor to Evolutionary Thought".
944:. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Vol. 25. Washington, DC:
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Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches
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Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
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1061:"On the Variation of Species as Related to their Geographical Distribution"
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Hawaiian snail species to him and fellow collectors such as his schoolmate
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Luther Halsey Gulick: Missionary in Hawaii, Micronesia, Japan, and China
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cemetery. They had two children, Addison and Louise (Gulick) Whitaker.
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in 1873. Gulick then returned to China, and remained there until 1875.
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Missionaries in Hawai'i: The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick, 17971883
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Later in 1905, he returned to Hawaii and sold his shell collection to
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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
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1449:"Snails on an Evolutionary Tree: Gulick, Speciation, and Isolation"
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144:(March 13, 1832 – April 14, 1923) was an American missionary and
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Beverly Peterson Stearns; Stephen C. Stearns (August 11, 2000).
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A Calendar of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 1821–1882
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On August 22, 1864, Gulick was ordained as a missionary in
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Charles H. Smith; Joshua Woleben; Carubie Rodgers (2007).
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Debating Society. In 1855, he enrolled for one year at
1681:. Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society.
1534:"Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation"
1010:"Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation"
370:Gulick later proposed general geographic models of
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1626:. The Endangered Species Handbook. Archived from
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977:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
300:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
288:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
276:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
242:from 1859 to 1861. While there, he read Darwin's
1374:George John Romanes; Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1897).
1350:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–367.
356:'s "Migration Theory" of the origin of species.
1292:"Gulick, John Thomas (United States 1832–1923)"
1144:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1117:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
16:American missionary and naturalist (1832–1923)
1602:. Yale University Press. pp. 1956–1969.
1492:Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum
1380:. The Open court publishing company. p.
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1508:"Mission Houses Cemetery, Honolulu, Hawaii"
382:was the only possible route to speciation.
240:Union Theological Seminary in New York City
1786:American expatriates in the United Kingdom
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1008:Gulick, John Thomas (September 1888).
1654:. University of Massachusetts Press.
1598:Watching, from the Edge of Extinction
1489:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (1922).
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352:, and this led to disagreement with
1693:"Sidney Gulick Densho Encyclopedia"
1506:William Disbro (November 6, 2001).
1495:. Bishop Museum Press. p. 174.
1319:John William Siddall, ed. (1921).
1268:. Pilgrim Press. pp. 415–419.
1029:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1888.tb01445.x
990:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1873.tb01670.x
946:Carnegie Institution of Washington
14:
941:Evolution: racial and habitudinal
1806:People from Kauai County, Hawaii
1801:American evolutionary biologists
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131:
1675:Jewett, Frances Gulick (1895).
1456:American Malacological Bulletin
248:. He then collected shells in
1747:Works by or about J. T. Gulick
1624:"It's Too Late: Invertebrates"
1:
1781:American expatriates in Japan
1776:American expatriates in China
217:The Footprints of the Creator
158:and what is now known as the
1447:Rundell, Rebecca J. (2011).
1260:John Haskell Hewitt (1914).
1059:Gulick, J. T. (1872-06-18).
938:Gulick, John Thomas (1905).
378:'s more extreme claims that
192:Fanny Hinckley Thomas Gulick
186:. His father was missionary
102:Evolutionary study of snails
1728:University of Chicago Press
190:(1796–1877) and mother was
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1073:(142). Illustrated by The
319:Charles Montague Cooke Jr.
296:Western Reserve University
269:. In 1872, he traveled to
1648:Putney, Clifford (2010).
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1720:Gulick, Addison (1932).
1395:Gulick, John T. (1888).
837:Sidney Lewis Gulick Jr.
584:Orramel Hinckley Gulick
574:Luther Halsey Gulick Sr.
323:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
245:On the Origin of Species
208:The Voyage of the Beagle
1811:Williams College alumni
1697:encyclopedia.densho.org
1540:. July, 1891: 269–335.
1003:(subscription required)
385:Romanes said of Gulick:
321:the new curator of the
201:In 1853, after reading
1791:American malacologists
1327:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1227:The Scientific Monthly
600:William Hooker Gulick
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162:. He coined the term "
1532:Gulick, J.T. (1893).
1397:"Divergent Evolution"
845:Frances Jewett Gulick
747:Sarah Frances Gulick
682:Thomas Lafron Gulick
641:Theodore Weld Gulick
481:Fanny Hinckley Thomas
387:
380:geographic speciation
333:Evolutionary theories
1796:American naturalists
1726:. Chicago, IL, USA:
1468:10.4003/006.029.0208
829:Luther Halsey Gulick
472:Peter Johnson Gulick
409:David Dwight Baldwin
188:Peter Johnson Gulick
117:Evolutionary Biology
1413:1888Natur..39...54G
1239:1924SciMo..18...83G
1204:10.1002/jez.b.21107
1196:2006JEZB..306..407H
225:New York University
174:Gulick was born in
164:divergent evolution
1512:US Genweb archives
592:John Thomas Gulick
448:Gulick family tree
142:John Thomas Gulick
84:Hawaiian, American
23:John Thomas Gulick
1661:978-1-55849-735-1
1609:978-0-300-08469-6
1357:978-0-521-43423-2
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350:natural selection
184:Kingdom of Hawaii
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108:Scientific career
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1751:Internet Archive
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1077:: 222–224.
848:(1891–1936)
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832:(1892–1993)
769:(1865–1918)
758:(1860–1945)
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684:(1839–1904)
643:(1837–1924)
602:(1835–1922)
595:(1832–1923)
586:(1830–1923)
577:(1828–1891)
484:(1798–1883)
475:(1796–1877)
415:Family tree
345:Achatinella
213:Hugh Miller
151:Achatinella
81:Citizenship
44:1832 -03-13
1760:Categories
1702:2020-04-06
1634:2008-10-08
1567:2013-09-21
1329:. p.
1169:References
1106:2013-04-20
1051:2013-09-21
959:2013-09-21
401:extinction
372:speciation
361:anagenesis
196:Conchology
146:naturalist
1740:811586763
1736:314471806
1558:185478663
1554:857783447
1546:0096-4093
1161:818889019
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227:and then
126:Signature
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1476:54198372
1429:43181729
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405:endemic
271:England
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284:London
266:Nature
250:Panama
176:Waimea
114:Fields
56:Hawaii
1472:S2CID
1452:(PDF)
1425:S2CID
1243:JSTOR
932:Works
261:China
254:Japan
1732:OCLC
1656:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1550:OCLC
1542:ISSN
1519:2010
1352:ISBN
1303:2010
1247:7153
1208:PMID
1188:306B
1157:OCLC
1149:ISSN
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950:OCLC
252:and
211:and
170:Life
63:Died
38:Born
1464:doi
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