391:
44:
965:"BOE-A-2004-2964 Orden CTE/351/2004, de 10 de febrero, por la que se establecen las bases y se hace pública la convocatoria de concesión de ayudas de los Programas Ramón y Cajal y Juan de la Cierva, en el marco del Programa Nacional de Potenciación de Recursos Humanos del Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica 2004-2007"
336:
the wreckage they had bought from a French aviator who had crashed the plane. The final aeroplane used wood from a
Spanish bar counter for the propeller. He eventually earned a civil engineering degree and after building and testing the first successful autogyro, moved to the United Kingdom in 1925, where, with the support of Scottish industrialist
529:. This machine allowed for change of motion in any direction – upwards, downwards or sideways – by the tilting of the horizontal rotors and also effected a minimising of some of controls used in more conventional aircraft of the period. Development of cyclic pitch variation was also influenced by the Dutch helicopter pioneer
540:
The introduction of jump take-off was another major improvement in capability. The rotor was accelerated in no-lift pitch until the rotor speed required for flight was achieved, and then declutched. The loss of torque caused the blades to swing forward on angled drag hinges with a resultant increase
335:
Juan de la Cierva was born to a wealthy, aristocratic
Spanish family, and for a time his father was the war minister. At the age of eight he was spending his pocket money with his friends on experiments with gliders in one of his father's work sheds. In their teens they constructed an aeroplane from
601:
Juan de la Cierva's work on rotor-wing dynamics made possible the modern helicopter, whose development as a practical means of flight had been prevented by a lack of understanding of these matters. The understanding that he established is applicable to all rotor-winged aircraft; though lacking true
554:
De la Cierva's motivation was to produce an aircraft that would not stall but near the end of his life he accepted the advantages offered by the helicopter and began the initial work towards that end. In 1936, the Cierva
Autogiro Company, Ltd. responded to a British Air Ministry specification for a
501:
A predominant problem with the autogyro was driving the rotor prior to takeoff. Several methods were attempted in addition to the coiled rope system, which could take the rotor speed to 50% of that required, at which point movement along the ground to reach flying speed was necessary, while tilting
605:
De la Cierva's death in an aeroplane crash in
December 1936 prevented him from fulfilling his recent decision to build a useful and reliable aircraft capable of true vertical flight for the Royal Navy, but it was his work on the autogyro that was used to achieve this goal. Technology developed for
466:
radial engine, and several C.8s were built. The C.8R incorporated drag hinges, due to blade flapping motion causing high blade root stresses in the rotor plane of rotation; this modification resulted in other problems such as ground resonance for which drag hinge dampers were fitted.
512:
As De la Cierva's autogyros achieved success and acceptance, others began to follow and with them came further innovation. Most important was the development of direct rotor control through cyclic pitch variation, achieved initially by tilting the rotor hub and subsequently by
405:, whereby at a suitable pitch setting, a rotor will continue to rotate without mechanical drive, sustained by the torque equilibrium of the lift and drag forces acting on the blades. With De la Cierva's autogyro, the rotor was drawn through the air by means of a conventional
451:, the Cierva Autogiro Company, Ltd., was formed the following year. From the outset De la Cierva concentrated upon the design and the manufacture of rotor systems, relying on other established aircraft manufacturers to produce the airframes, predominantly the
416:
between the advancing and retreating blades. This major difficulty was resolved by the introduction of the flapping hinge. In 1923, De la Cierva's first successful autogyro was flown at Getafe aerodrome in Spain by Lt. Gomez
Spencer.
593:, the airliner took off at about 10:30 am but drifted slightly off course after takeoff and exploded after flying into a house on gently rising terrain to the south of the airport, killing 15 people, among them de la Cierva.
509:, which was produced in some quantities; a direct drive from the engine to the rotor was fitted, through which the rotor could be accelerated up to speed. The system was then declutched prior to executing the take-off run.
541:
in collective pitch, causing the aircraft to leap into the air. With all the engine power now applied to the forward thrusting propeller, it was now possible to continue in forward flight with the rotor in autorotation.
1138:
322:
in the
English language. In 1923, after four years of experimentation, De la Cierva developed the articulated rotor, which resulted in the world's first successful flight of a stable rotary-wing aircraft, with his
1193:
1143:
379:
De la Cierva started building aircraft in 1912. In 1914, he designed and built a tri-motor aeroplane which was accepted by the
Spanish government. In 1919 he started to consider the use of a
412:
Before this could be satisfactorily achieved, De la Cierva experienced several failures primarily associated with the unbalanced rolling movement generated when attempting take-off, due to
447:
The
Farnborough demonstration was a great success, and resulted in an invitation to continue the work in the UK. As a direct result, and with the assistance of the Scottish industrialist
470:
The resolution of these fundamental rotor problems opened the way to progress, confidence built up rapidly, and after several cross-country flights a C.8L4 was entered for the 1928
159:
1178:
1208:
1183:
1203:
505:
Another approach was to tilt the tail stabiliser to deflect engine slipstream up through the rotor. The most acceptable solution was finally achieved with the
1040:
474:. Although forced to withdraw, the C.8L4 subsequently completed a 4,800 km (3,000 mi) tour of the British Isles. Later that year it flew from
1158:
951:
773:
746:
1198:
1153:
630:
444:
fuselage, initial rotation of the rotor was achieved by the rapid uncoiling of a rope passed around stops on the undersides of the blades.
517:
by the application of a spider mechanism that acted directly on each rotor blade. The first production direct control autogyro was the
1163:
61:
633:
for his innovation in rotor blade technology, using them to generate lift and to control the aircraft's attitude with precision. The
1008:
551:
Autogyros were built in many countries under De la Cierva licences, including France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States.
127:
108:
80:
65:
158:
622:, a concept of his former technical assistant and successor as chief technical officer of the Cierva Autogyro Company, Dr.
1025:
634:
87:
1133:
1030:
1213:
1188:
1173:
638:
530:
1168:
352:
94:
623:
54:
841:
568:
402:
227:
1148:
310:, pilot and a self-taught aeronautical engineer. His most famous accomplishment was the invention in 1920 of a
432:. This machine had a four blade rotor with flapping hinges but relied upon conventional airplane controls for
76:
463:
390:
364:
341:
279:
429:
384:
368:
1068:
286:
409:, with the result that the rotor generated sufficient lift to sustain level flight, climb and descent.
1128:
1123:
1035:
406:
413:
1060:
885:
146:
471:
168:
101:
1078:
1004:
947:
769:
742:
448:
348:
337:
420:
This pioneering work was carried out in De la Cierva's native Spain. In 1925, he brought his
1086:
907:
877:
813:
705:
607:
522:
380:
351:, De la Cierva supported the Nationalist coalition forces, helping the rebels to obtain the
302:
964:
602:
vertical flight capability, work on the autogyro forms the basis for helicopter analysis.
582:
483:
433:
360:
1020:
817:. Vol. LXXVII, no. 15, 674. Queensland, Australia. 10 February 1937. p. 11
715:
611:
437:
394:
356:
307:
250:
1117:
889:
196:
881:
866:"The Transmission of Helicopter Technology, 1920–1939: Exchanges with von Baumhauer"
514:
425:
20:
537:
principle in his designs and probably influenced Cierva in their meeting in 1928.
763:
736:
700:
695:
690:
685:
545:
518:
506:
43:
845:. Vol. LV, no. 190. Queensland, Australia. 10 August 1933. p. 7
808:
710:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
615:
534:
526:
459:
421:
324:
311:
902:
836:
586:
495:
441:
911:. Vol. 76, no. 8100. South Australia. 24 December 1936. p. 8
870:
The
International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
619:
556:
491:
319:
269:
258:
164:
610:
helicopter, which was flown in 1936 by Cierva
Autogiro Company licensee
254:
215:
24:
614:. His pioneering work also led to the development of a third type of
487:
475:
231:
401:
In order to achieve this, he used the ability of a lifting rotor to
865:
479:
389:
574:
452:
1046:, January 1930 p. 45 and see drawings by scrolling up to p. 44
590:
578:
37:
1139:
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
606:
the autogyro was used in the development of the experimental
482:
thus becoming the first rotating wing aircraft to cross the
383:
to generate lift at low airspeed, and eliminate the risk of
242:
Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos
1194:
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
738:
Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue
318:, a single-rotor type of aircraft that came to be called
944:
These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame
573:
On the morning of 9 December 1936, he boarded a Dutch
306:; 21 September 1895 – 9 December 1936), was a Spanish
1031:
Cierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight
397:
autogyro, built in the US under Cierva license, 1961.
462:
was a refinement of the C.6, with the more powerful
298:
Juan de la Cierva y Codorníu, 1st Count of la Cierva
275:
264:
246:
238:
223:
204:
176:
144:
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1144:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1936
803:
801:
799:
797:
996:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington 1988
629:In 1966, Juan de la Cierva was inducted into the
548:was the first production jump takeoff autogyro.
486:. The tour was subsequently extended to include
31: and the second or maternal family name is
1041:"It is Easy to Fly Autogiro Declares Inventor"
1036:U.S. Centennial of Flight – Juan de la Cierva
8:
765:The Book of Origins: The first of everything
363:. His brother was summarily executed by the
1049:
933:, p. 21. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
157:
141:
1179:Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:. Catrine, Ayrshire:Stenlake Publishing
1209:People educated at Instituto San Isidro
727:
1184:Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
424:to Britain and demonstrated it to the
16:Spanish engineer and count (1895–1936)
502:the rotor to establish autorotation.
303:[ˈxwandelaˈθjeɾβajkoðoɾˈni.u]
301:
7:
1204:Burials at Cementerio de la Almudena
1026:History of the autogyro and gyrodyne
631:International Aerospace Hall of Fame
66:adding citations to reliable sources
1001:Juan de la Cierva and his Autogiros
355:which flew General Franco from the
163:Juan de la Cierva, inventor of the
353:De Havilland DH-89 'Dragon Rapide'
14:
999:Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (2011)
946:. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006.
521:, produced in quantity by Avro,
42:
882:10.1179/1758120612Z.00000000022
555:Royal Navy helicopter with the
53:needs additional citations for
1159:20th-century Spanish engineers
1107:Jaime de la Cierva Gómez-Acebo
589:. After delay caused by heavy
1:
942:Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor.
635:Juan de la Cierva scholarship
624:James Allan Jamieson Bennett
182:Juan de la Cierva y Codorníu
23:, the first or paternal
1199:Accidental deaths in London
1154:People from Francoist Spain
531:Albert Gillis von Baumhauer
1230:
566:
18:
1164:Spanish aviation pioneers
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1057:
1052:
842:Townsville Daily Bulletin
735:George Galdorisi (2008).
569:1936 KLM Croydon accident
156:
931:Rotorcraft Aeromechanics
375:The gyroplane (autogyro)
864:Voogt, Alex de (2013),
440:. It was based upon an
347:At the outbreak of the
342:Cierva Autogiro Company
280:Daniel Guggenheim Medal
1099:Count of De La Cierva
430:Farnborough, Hampshire
398:
369:Paracuellos del Jarama
1069:Elliott Cresson Medal
809:"Autogiro's Inventor"
762:Trevor Homer (2007).
393:
340:, he established the
287:Elliott Cresson Medal
768:. Hachette Digital.
641:in named after him.
228:La Almudena Cemetery
147:The Most Illustrious
62:improve this article
1134:Aerospace engineers
903:"Invented Autogiro"
639:Ministry of Science
414:dissymmetry of lift
77:"Juan de la Cierva"
1214:Spanish scientists
1189:People from Murcia
1174:Aircraft designers
1061:Walther Bauersfeld
992:Brooks, Peter W.:
741:. Voyageur Press.
472:Kings Cup Air Race
399:
1169:Spanish inventors
1112:
1111:
1105:Succeeded by
1079:Stuart Ballantine
1076:Succeeded by
1067:Recipient of the
1044:Popular Mechanics
1021:Juan de la Cierva
952:978-1-57864-397-4
791:, Feb 1939, p. 27
775:978-1-405-51610-5
748:978-0-7603-2392-2
637:from the Spanish
449:James George Weir
349:Spanish Civil War
295:
294:
284:
193:21 September 1895
151:Juan de la Cierva
138:
137:
130:
112:
1221:
1087:Spanish nobility
1058:Preceded by
1050:
994:Cierva Autogiros
980:
979:
977:
975:
961:
955:
940:
934:
929:Johnson, Wayne.
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
908:The Border Watch
899:
893:
892:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
814:Queensland Times
805:
792:
786:
780:
779:
759:
753:
752:
732:
706:Cierva Air Horse
583:Croydon Airfield
523:Liore et Olivier
453:A.V. Roe Company
305:
291:
282:
268:Inventor of the
218:, United Kingdom
211:
192:
190:
183:
171:Airfield in 1930
161:
142:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
111:
70:
46:
38:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1149:Counts of Spain
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1017:
989:
987:Further reading
984:
983:
973:
971:
963:
962:
958:
941:
937:
928:
924:
914:
912:
901:
900:
896:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
835:
834:
830:
820:
818:
807:
806:
795:
787:
783:
776:
761:
760:
756:
749:
734:
733:
729:
724:
647:
599:
571:
565:
484:English Channel
458:The Avro built
377:
361:Spanish Morocco
333:
289:
285:
239:Alma mater
219:
213:
209:
208:9 December 1936
200:
194:
188:
186:
185:
184:
181:
172:
152:
149:
134:
123:
117:
114:
71:
69:
59:
47:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1015:External links
1013:
1012:
1011:
997:
988:
985:
982:
981:
956:
935:
922:
894:
856:
837:"New Autogiro"
828:
793:
781:
774:
754:
747:
726:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
716:Cierva CR Twin
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
646:
643:
612:Focke-Achgelis
598:
595:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
533:, who adopted
395:Pitcairn PCA-2
376:
373:
357:Canary Islands
332:
329:
308:civil engineer
293:
292:
277:
273:
272:
266:
265:Known for
262:
261:
251:Civil engineer
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
225:
221:
220:
214:
212:(aged 41)
206:
202:
201:
195:
180:
178:
174:
173:
162:
154:
153:
150:
145:
136:
135:
50:
48:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1226:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:9781840335590
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
990:
986:
970:
966:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
936:
932:
926:
923:
910:
909:
904:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
844:
843:
838:
832:
829:
816:
815:
810:
804:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
782:
777:
771:
767:
766:
758:
755:
750:
744:
740:
739:
731:
728:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
562:
560:
558:
552:
549:
547:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
508:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
410:
408:
404:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
338:James G. Weir
330:
328:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
299:
288:
281:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
249:
247:Occupation(s)
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
224:Resting place
222:
217:
207:
203:
198:
179:
175:
170:
166:
160:
155:
148:
143:
140:
132:
129:
121:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79: –
78:
74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1098:
1094:New creation
1093:
1066:
1043:
1000:
993:
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
943:
938:
930:
925:
913:. Retrieved
906:
897:
873:
869:
859:
847:. Retrieved
840:
831:
819:. Retrieved
812:
788:
784:
764:
757:
737:
730:
628:
604:
600:
585:, bound for
572:
553:
550:
543:
539:
515:Raoul Hafner
511:
504:
500:
469:
457:
446:
426:Air Ministry
419:
411:
400:
378:
346:
334:
315:
297:
296:
210:(1936-12-09)
139:
124:
118:January 2020
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
32:
29:De la Cierva
28:
21:Spanish name
1129:1936 deaths
1124:1895 births
915:12 November
876:: 119–140,
849:12 November
821:12 November
789:Aero Digest
701:Cierva C.24
696:Cierva C.19
691:Cierva C.17
686:Cierva C.12
436:, roll and
327:prototype.
1118:Categories
969:www.boe.es
722:References
711:Cierva W.9
681:Cierva C.9
676:Cierva C.8
671:Cierva C.6
666:Cierva C.4
661:Cierva C.3
656:Cierva C.2
651:Cierva C.1
616:rotorcraft
535:swashplate
527:Focke-Wulf
464:180hp Lynx
403:autorotate
365:Republican
331:Early life
312:rotorcraft
189:1895-09-21
88:newspapers
890:109718326
587:Amsterdam
507:C.19 Mk.4
496:Amsterdam
442:Avro 504K
407:propeller
645:See also
620:gyrodyne
557:gyrodyne
492:Brussels
367:army in
320:autogyro
316:Autogiro
270:autogyro
259:inventor
165:autogyro
33:Codorníu
19:In this
1053:Awards
974:30 June
314:called
255:aviator
234:, Spain
216:Croydon
199:, Spain
169:Lasarte
167:at the
102:scholar
25:surname
1007:
950:
888:
772:
745:
618:, the
597:Legacy
525:, and
488:Berlin
476:London
290:(1933)
283:(1932)
276:Awards
232:Madrid
197:Murcia
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
1102:1954
1073:1933
886:S2CID
608:Fw 61
563:Death
480:Paris
434:pitch
385:stall
381:rotor
109:JSTOR
95:books
1005:ISBN
976:2023
948:ISBN
917:2021
851:2021
823:2021
770:ISBN
743:ISBN
575:DC-2
546:C.40
544:The
519:C.30
494:and
205:Died
177:Born
81:news
878:doi
591:fog
581:at
579:KLM
577:of
478:to
460:C.8
438:yaw
428:at
422:C.6
359:to
325:C.4
64:by
27:is
1120::
967:.
905:.
884:,
874:83
872:,
868:,
839:.
811:.
796:^
626:.
559:.
498:.
490:,
455:.
387:.
371:.
344:.
257:,
253:,
230:,
978:.
954:.
919:.
880::
853:.
825:.
778:.
751:.
300:(
191:)
187:(
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
106:·
99:·
92:·
85:·
58:.
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
