267:. Already in 1701, Paul Lucas (cited by De Planhol 2003) wrote that Jews were more numerous in Hamadan than elsewhere in Persia. According to Encyclopedia Iranica, the Jewish community had dwindled from around 13,000 souls in 1920 to less than 1,000 by 1969. It explains that according to members of the community that Donald Stilo encountered in 2001-02, there were only eight people from the Jewish community left in Hamadan at the time. It is hard to find people who still speak the Judeo-Hamadani language since only people born before the mid-1940s were raised speaking the dialect. Given the large diaspora population, few people today speak the Judeo-Hamadani language; it is unknown whether native speakers under the age of 50 exist. The lack of preservation of Judeo-Hamadani is primarily due to cultural, political, and economic marginalization of the Jewish community. Unlike Judeo-Hamadani, Persian carried prestige as the majority language, and by adopting it, Jews were afforded greater educational and employment opportunities, as well as social status. Persian's influence was not only cultural, but linguistic.
307:
Judeo-Isfahani, including "throw", "want", "cat", and "dog". This overlap, though notable and suggests similar origins or contact, is not significant enough for these languages to be mutually intelligible. In fact, due to language contact, dialectal shift, and diaspora, none of the Judeo-Median languages are mutually intelligible. According to Habib
Borjian, "Tentative studies reveal that Tuyserkani agrees with Hamadani in all major grammatical points and lexical items (Stilo 2003), and that the dialects of Borujerd and Nehavand15 are close (Yarshater 1989)".
217:
In 1920, Hamadan had around 13,000 Jewish residents. According to members of the community that Donald Stilo encountered in 2001-02, there were only eight people from the Jewish community left in Hamadān at the time, but others can still be found in Israel, New York City, and most predominantly in
306:
If we look at the chart above, we can see how Judeo-Hamadani is compared to some of the other Judeo-Median
Languages. Judeo-Hamadani appears most similar to Kashani in terms of morphosyntax, evidenced by shared passive and imperfect markers. Judeo-Hamadani also shares many lexical items with
316:
290:(Habib Borjian, 121). This suggests that migration from central Iran led to Jewish dialects in Hamadan. And indeed, Stilo (Cited by Gholami, 2022) analyzes phonological elements of proto-Iranian or Old Iranian that are preserved in Judeo-Hamadani, strongly suggesting their relationship.
299:
228:
360:
Judeo-Hamadani contains many loanwords from Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, and
Hamadani, the non-Jewish dialect spoken in Hamadan. Loanwords provide insight into language contact and historical cultural overlap. For example, the term
321:
317:
319:
329:
The consonant inventory of Judeo-Hamadani is: /p, b, t, d, č, ǰ, ž, k, g, q~γ, f, v, s, z, š, x, h, m, n, r, l, y/. There may also be a pharyngeal /ħ/ especially in words borrowed from Hebrew and Arabic.
320:
278:
must have been spoken here before the arrival of
Persian (Habib Borjian, 121). Habib Borjian explains that these moribund dialects show closest resemblance to the dialects spoken in the areas of
458:. Clitics in Judeo-Hamadani are mobile, and there is a general tendency for movement forward, to the left. They can also appear inside the verb when it is possible. Like other contemporary
487:"I open," there is a meaning change of "ker". In general, preverbs precede any negative particle, clitics, and durative particle, and always occur in the initial position.
2361:
318:
1746:
352:. The suprasegmentals of the language, including rhythm, tone, intonation, and stress, are influenced by the current Persian (non-Judeo) Hamadani dialect.
950:
255:, forms a geographic cluster that was inhabited by a good portion of Iranian-Jewish communities until recently when those communities emigrated to
923:
1125:
377:, other loanwords were likely transferred to Judeo-Hamadani from Hamadani proper, or through direct contact with speakers of other languages.
2356:
1100:
1115:
1110:
501:
Judeo-Hamadani has eight tenses, present, imperfect, subjunctive, imperative, preterit, present perfect, past perfect, and progressive.
1656:
884:
2351:
390:
Judeo-Hamadani's morphology is similar to
Persian's. Below is a list of nominal morphological characteristics of Judeo-Hamadani:
1739:
1510:
1170:
716:
943:
879:
1695:
892:
186:
1120:
1105:
165:
1689:
1210:
1732:
1175:
1085:
712:
2182:
2019:
1794:
1079:
1074:
936:
695:
88:
1388:
1356:
373:"Venice." The Hamadani word likely originally referred to glass imported from Venice and used in windows. Like
2247:
1502:
1403:
1251:
1061:
73:
1769:
78:
2328:
1699:
1685:
1232:
1185:
1165:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1135:
967:
2110:
2165:
2105:
1899:
1646:
1597:
1429:
901:
2321:
1863:
1816:
1636:
1190:
1180:
2236:
2213:
2203:
1950:
1836:
1571:
1563:
1477:
1423:
1298:
1260:
1226:
1153:
752:
1463:
2228:
2208:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2034:
2003:
1961:
1892:
1841:
1811:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1755:
1666:
1652:
1618:
1484:
744:
736:
728:
459:
287:
252:
83:
852:
Gholami, Saloumeh (2021). "Judeo-Hamadani: The
Language of Jews in Hamadan and Its Origins".
2257:
2242:
2218:
2153:
2093:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2051:
2045:
2039:
1997:
1905:
1846:
1831:
1626:
1583:
1578:
1567:
1546:
1535:
1491:
1308:
1273:
1236:
1092:
1069:
1022:
959:
861:
830:
800:
720:
439:
2198:
2170:
2160:
2118:
2061:
2056:
1925:
1920:
1868:
1803:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1409:
1327:
1288:
1047:
1042:
1027:
1001:
996:
991:
976:
896:
821:
Borjian, Habib (2014). "What is Judeo-Median and how does it differ from Judeo-Persian?".
791:
Borjian, Habib (2014). "What is Judeo-Median and how does it differ from Judeo-Persian?".
690:
283:
275:
65:
298:
2317:
2275:
2262:
1977:
1966:
1915:
1858:
1852:
1826:
1821:
1715:
1446:
1436:
1397:
1332:
1037:
1032:
423:
271:
118:
157:
2345:
2223:
2177:
2098:
1988:
1971:
1677:
1593:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1416:
1346:
1319:
1221:
1216:
1006:
756:
708:
264:
125:
483:. Often, preverbs cause no semantic change in the verb root. However, in cases like
1470:
190:
865:
724:
227:
462:, Judeo-Hamadani only has one pronominal clitic form for all cases: the oblique.
170:
2268:
1662:
1456:
1338:
911:
889:
774:
231:
From
Journal of Jewish Languages. Picture of the map of Judeo-Median languages.
17:
1943:
1589:
906:
834:
804:
732:
2125:
1515:
1364:
1313:
1293:
704:
236:
150:
138:
748:
693:(ed.). "Judeo-Hamadani: The Language of Jews in Hamadan and Its Origins".
2078:
1369:
1206:
248:
244:
198:
645:
on the basis of the colloquial
Persian construction with the modal verb
2298:
1930:
1885:
1441:
1374:
1303:
1269:
240:
194:
2083:
1937:
1910:
279:
260:
256:
1724:
928:
333:
Its vowel inventory is /i, e, ə, a, u, ō, o, ā/. Stilo states that
1278:
740:
2252:
397:
numbers have no distinction between the direct and oblique case;
1728:
932:
438:
Personal pronouns in Judeo-Hamadani are identical to those in
302:
Language comparison taken from The
Journal of Jewish Languages
270:
As Habib
Borjian points out, Hamadan was once the capital of
414:
indefinite markers commonly occur together, and appear as
235:
In western Iran, the district of Hamadan is split between
394:
substantives have no distinction of grammatical gender;
411:
marks substantives that are both inanimate or animate;
201:
in western Iran. Hamadanis refer to their language as
213:
is used to distinguish Judeo-Hamadani from Persian.
2291:
2191:
2027:
2018:
1877:
1802:
1793:
1762:
1676:
1611:
1556:
1501:
1387:
1355:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1199:
1134:
1060:
1015:
984:
975:
966:
164:
148:
136:
131:
115:
62:
52:
44:
32:
365:"window glass" appears in Judeo-Hamadani, spelled
286:, both north of Hamadan, and further northwest in
442:save for two differences: Judeo-Hamadani has the
770:
768:
766:
493:PV-NEG=1S.OBL-DUR-take.PP "I have not bought"
215:
786:
784:
782:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
344:Judeo-Hamadani also has diphthongs, including
1740:
944:
8:
209:"old language". Though not Hebrew, the term
2024:
1799:
1747:
1733:
1725:
1265:
1256:
981:
972:
951:
937:
929:
29:
924:Ancient Judeo-Persian Language Kept Alive
885:Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran
426:also possesses this characteristic); and,
325:Oral history of Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi.
503:
314:
297:
226:
666:
27:Iranian language spoken by Iranian Jews
475:Judeo-Hamadani commonly uses preverbs
369:in Hamadani, identical to the German
7:
816:
814:
2362:Jews and Judaism in Persia and Iran
2327:Languages between parentheses are
689:Gholami, Saloumeh (January 2022).
25:
902:Iranian Jewish Chronicle Magazine
2301:(unknown further classification)
654:"I am returning from synagogue"
652:mān dār-ān bar-gard-ān az kenisā
346:āā, ao, uā, ayi, āy, ey, iye, av
793:The Journal of Jewish Languages
717:Association for Iranian Studies
454:"we" as opposed to the Persian
58:8 of Judeo-Hamadani (2001)
2331:of the language on their left.
505:Judeo-Hamadani Verb Formation
1:
1696:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
866:10.1080/00210862.2020.1848420
725:10.1080/00210862.2020.1848420
404:mark definite direct objects;
223:Judeo-Hamadani Classification
187:Northwestern Iranian language
2357:Endangered Iranian languages
823:Journal of Jewish Languages
542:by suffixed and unstressed
524:by suffixed and unstressed
247:. This district along with
189:, originally spoken by the
2378:
1086:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
713:Cambridge University Press
429:modifiers follow the noun.
274:, implying that a form of
2308:
1709:
835:10.1163/22134638-12340026
805:10.1163/22134638-12340026
337:is probably a variant of
39:
1526:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
912:Jewish Languages Project
418:"one" and an unstressed
2352:Judeo-Persian languages
1657:Portuguese-based Creole
450:"I," and uses the form
326:
303:
232:
220:
1700:village sign language
1686:Israeli Sign Language
918:Related News Articles
907:Judeo Hamadani Speech
890:Iranian American Jews
775:Encyclopaedia Iranica
324:
301:
230:
2322:historical languages
1176:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
89:Northwestern Iranian
1536:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
506:
251:, further south in
1564:Jewish Koine Greek
1424:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1171:Judaeo-Palestinian
1016:Reading traditions
895:2011-05-01 at the
504:
407:the plural suffix
327:
304:
233:
2339:
2338:
2287:
2286:
2014:
2013:
1756:Iranian languages
1722:
1721:
1716:extinct languages
1653:Judaeo-Papiamento
1607:
1606:
1485:Judaeo-Portuguese
1383:
1382:
1246:
1245:
1056:
1055:
715:on behalf of the
658:
657:
546:(durative marker)
528:(durative marker)
460:Iranian languages
322:
253:Lorestan Province
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
2369:
2183:Zoroastrian Dari
2025:
1800:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1633:Judaeo-Malayalam
1547:Judeo-Golpaygani
1492:Judaeo-Aragonese
1410:Judaeo-Livornese
1266:
1257:
982:
973:
960:Jewish languages
953:
946:
939:
930:
869:
860:(5–6): 769–805.
839:
838:
818:
809:
808:
788:
777:
772:
761:
760:
691:Siavoshi, Sussan
686:
620:"I have heard")
507:
323:
160:
141:
121:
68:
30:
21:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2304:
2283:
2187:
2010:
1873:
1789:
1758:
1753:
1723:
1718:
1705:
1672:
1643:Judaeo-Georgian
1603:
1552:
1497:
1464:Judeo-Provençal
1379:
1351:
1242:
1195:
1186:Judaeo-Tunisian
1166:Judaeo-Moroccan
1159:Judaeo-Baghdadi
1149:Judaeo-Egyptian
1144:Judaeo-Algerian
1130:
1121:Lishanid Noshan
1052:
1011:
962:
957:
920:
897:Wayback Machine
876:
854:Iranian Studies
851:
848:
846:Further reading
843:
842:
820:
819:
812:
790:
789:
780:
773:
764:
696:Iranian Studies
688:
687:
668:
663:
608:present perfect
499:
494:
491:he-ne=m-e-gefte
473:
468:
436:
400:postpositional
388:
383:
358:
315:
313:
296:
225:
183:Judeo-Borujerdi
156:
137:
122:
117:
111:
99:Judeo-Borujerdi
98:
93:Central Plateau
69:
66:Language family
64:
55:
54:Native speakers
35:Judeo-Borujerdi
34:
28:
23:
22:
18:Judeo-Borujerdi
15:
12:
11:
5:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:Middle Persian
2272:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1780:Middle Iranian
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1682:
1680:
1678:Sign languages
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:Judaeo-Marathi
1587:
1575:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:Judaeo-Iranian
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1437:Judaeo-Spanish
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1417:Judaeo-Mantuan
1413:
1404:Judaeo-Italian
1401:
1398:Judaeo-Catalan
1393:
1391:
1389:Judaeo-Romance
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:Jewish English
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1333:Judeo-Alsatian
1325:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1214:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1062:Judaeo-Aramaic
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
986:
979:
970:
964:
963:
958:
956:
955:
948:
941:
933:
927:
926:
919:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
887:
882:
875:
874:External links
872:
871:
870:
847:
844:
841:
840:
829:(2): 117–142.
810:
799:(2): 117–142.
778:
762:
665:
664:
662:
659:
656:
655:
649:
643:
639:
638:
637:"I had eaten"
632:
626:
622:
621:
615:
609:
605:
604:
598:
592:
588:
587:
581:
575:
571:
570:
569:"we would go"
564:
558:
554:
553:
552:"makes, does"
547:
540:
536:
535:
534:"makes, does"
529:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
498:
495:
489:
472:
469:
467:
464:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
424:Judeo-Esfahani
412:
405:
398:
395:
387:
384:
382:
379:
357:
354:
312:
309:
295:
292:
224:
221:
179:Judeo-Hamadani
174:
173:
171:Judeo-Hamadani
168:
162:
161:
154:
146:
145:
142:
134:
133:
132:Language codes
129:
128:
123:
119:Writing system
116:
113:
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110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
97:Judeo-Hamadani
72:
70:
63:
60:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:Judeo-Hamadani
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Caucasian Tat
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
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2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
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2194:
2190:
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2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
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2162:
2159:
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2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
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2123:
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2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Proto-Iranian
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:Judeo-Kashani
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Judeo-Shirazi
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Judeo-Persian
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:Judaeo-French
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1347:Scots-Yiddish
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:Klezmer-loshn
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Indo-European
1249:
1238:
1234:
1233:Judaeo-Berber
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1191:Judaeo-Yemeni
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Judaeo-Syrian
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1136:Judaeo-Arabic
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
983:
980:
978:
974:
971:
969:
965:
961:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
934:
931:
925:
922:
921:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
849:
845:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
776:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
667:
660:
653:
650:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
635:be=m-xorte bo
633:
631:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:be=m-e-šnofte
616:
614:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
580:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
508:
502:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
392:
391:
385:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
355:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
331:
310:
308:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
265:North America
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
222:
219:
214:
212:
208:
207:zabān-e qadim
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:constitute a
184:
180:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
140:
135:
130:
127:
126:Hebrew script
124:
120:
114:
100:
95:
94:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:Indo-European
71:
67:
61:
57:
51:
47:
43:
40:Judeo-Persian
38:
31:
19:
2313:
2274:
2267:
2235:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2066:
2044:
1996:
1987:
1976:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1851:
1711:
1663:Judaeo-Malay
1577:
1545:
1525:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1471:Judeo-Gascon
1469:
1462:
1455:
1430:Judaeo-Roman
1422:
1415:
1408:
1396:
1337:
1318:
1277:
1220:
1211:Ethiosemitic
1154:Judaeo-Iraqi
1116:Lishán Didán
1111:Lishana Deni
1091:
1084:
880:Omniglot.com
857:
853:
826:
822:
796:
792:
700:
694:
651:
646:
634:
629:
625:past perfect
617:
612:
600:
595:
583:
578:
566:
561:
549:
543:
531:
525:
500:
490:
484:
480:
476:
474:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
419:
415:
408:
401:
389:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
349:
345:
343:
338:
334:
332:
328:
305:
269:
234:
218:Los Angeles.
216:
210:
206:
205:"Hebrew" or
202:
191:Iranian Jews
182:
178:
177:
149:
96:
79:Indo-Iranian
2269:Old Persian
2106:Mazanderani
1900:Khwarezmian
1785:New Iranian
1775:Old Iranian
1690:German Sign
1457:Judeo-Latin
1339:Lachoudisch
968:Afroasiatic
719:: 769–805.
642:progressive
586:"take it!"
557:subjunctive
2346:Categories
1944:Sarghulami
1864:Yazghulami
1817:Ishkashimi
1647:Kartvelian
1598:Indo-Aryan
1590:Judeo-Urdu
741:sn85060395
661:References
574:imperative
381:Morphology
288:Azerbaijan
2329:varieties
2316:indicate
2237:Pahlavani
2229:Bakhtiari
2214:Kuhmareyi
2204:Bashkardi
2126:Old Azeri
1837:Sanglechi
1714:indicate
1637:Dravidian
1516:Judeo-Tat
1365:Yeshivish
1314:Udmurtish
1309:Ukrainish
1294:Galitzish
1023:Ashkenazi
757:234006069
733:1475-4819
705:Cambridge
603:"I told"
539:imperfect
513:Formation
485:vā-ker-ān
446:vowel in
311:Phonology
237:Tuyserkan
151:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
2258:Hazaragi
2209:Garmsiri
2149:Sangsari
2144:Lasgerdi
2133:Parthian
2111:Tabaroid
2079:Kurmanji
2035:Ashtiani
2004:Yaghnobi
1962:Ossetian
1951:Scythian
1926:Southern
1921:Northern
1893:Bactrian
1842:Sarikoli
1812:Bartangi
1619:Krymchak
1572:Hellenic
1370:Yinglish
1274:dialects
1261:Germanic
1227:Cushitic
1126:Betanure
1093:Galilean
1080:Talmudic
1070:Biblical
1048:Tiberian
1043:Yemenite
1028:Sephardi
1002:Medieval
997:Mishnaic
992:Biblical
893:Archived
709:New York
601:be=m-vād
591:preterit
516:Example
471:Preverbs
434:Pronouns
249:Borujerd
245:Nahavand
199:Borujerd
158:jude1268
2318:extinct
2314:Italics
2299:Badeshi
2243:Persian
2219:Kumzari
2161:Taleshi
2154:Sorkhei
2139:Semnani
2094:Kordali
2074:Kurdish
2068:Gorgani
2046:Daylami
2040:Balochi
2020:Western
1998:Sogdian
1957:Alanian
1931:Wanetsi
1916:Central
1906:Parachi
1886:Avestan
1847:Shughni
1832:Roshani
1795:Eastern
1763:History
1712:Italics
1667:Malayic
1579:Knaanic
1568:Yevanic
1511:Bukhori
1447:Tetuani
1442:Haketia
1375:Heblish
1328:Western
1304:Poylish
1299:Litvish
1289:Eastern
1270:Yiddish
1106:Hulaulá
1101:Barzani
1038:Italian
1033:Mizrahi
749:1753915
703:(5–6).
628:prefix
611:prefix
594:prefix
577:prefix
567:be-š-im
560:prefix
550:e-ker-u
532:e-ker-u
521:present
477:he-, vā
440:Persian
375:venedig
371:Venedig
367:venedig
363:venadig
356:Lexicon
294:Grammar
241:Malayer
195:Hamadan
84:Iranian
2292:Others
2199:Achomi
2171:Tatoid
2119:Median
2089:Xwarin
2084:Sorani
2062:Gorani
2057:Gilaki
1978:Jassic
1938:Ormuri
1911:Pashto
1878:Others
1869:Yidgha
1627:Turkic
1623:Karaim
1612:Others
1584:Slavic
1557:Others
1279:argots
1237:Berber
1200:Others
1075:Targum
1007:Modern
977:Hebrew
755:
747:
739:
731:
647:dāštan
584:be-gir
497:Tenses
348:, and
284:Zanjan
280:Qazvin
276:Median
263:, and
261:Israel
257:Tehran
243:, and
2263:Tajik
2192:South
2028:North
1967:Digor
1859:Wakhi
1853:Vanji
1827:Munji
1822:Khufi
1804:Pamir
1222:Qwara
1217:Kayla
1207:Geʽez
753:S2CID
510:Tense
466:Verbs
416:ye(y)
409:-(h)ā
402:rā/ro
386:Nouns
272:Media
2253:Dari
2224:Luri
2178:Zaza
2166:Tati
2099:Laki
2052:Fars
1989:Saka
1972:Iron
985:Eras
745:OCLC
737:LCCN
729:ISSN
707:and
481:vor-
479:and
452:hāmā
282:and
211:ebri
203:ebri
197:and
181:and
48:Iran
2320:or
862:doi
831:doi
801:doi
721:doi
630:be-
613:be-
596:be-
579:be-
562:be-
448:mān
444:-ā-
193:of
166:ELP
2348::
1592:,
1566:,
858:54
856:.
825:.
813:^
795:.
781:^
765:^
751:.
743:.
735:.
727:.
711::
701:54
699:.
669:^
544:e-
526:e-
456:mā
420:-i
350:āv
341:.
259:,
239:,
2324:.
1748:e
1741:t
1734:v
1702:)
1698:(
1692:)
1688:(
1669:)
1665:(
1659:)
1655:(
1649:)
1645:(
1639:)
1635:(
1629:)
1625:(
1621:/
1600:)
1596:(
1586:)
1582:(
1574:)
1570:(
1282:)
1276:/
1272:(
1239:)
1235:(
1229:)
1225:(
1219:/
1213:)
1209:(
952:e
945:t
938:v
868:.
864::
837:.
833::
827:2
807:.
803::
797:2
759:.
723::
422:(
339:e
335:ə
144:–
20:)
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