1883:
2259:" as the king of Assyria. While influential, Ptolemy's record is not perfect, and Ptolemy likely got Ashurbanipal confused with his brother, Šamaš-šuma-ukin, who ruled over Babylon, not Assyria. This would be a plausible explanation for the origin of the Greek name "Saosduchin". However, while Nebuchadnezzar and Ashurbanipal's campaigns show clear and direct parallels, the main incident of Judith's intervention has not been found in any record aside from this book. An additional difficulty with this theory is that the reasons for the name changes are difficult to understand, unless the text was transmitted without character names before they were by a later copyist or translator, who lived centuries later. Catholic apologist
2202:. Many of these theologians are cited and quoted by Calmet in his own commentary on Judith, the "Commentaire littéral sur tous les livres de l'ancien et du nouveau testament". Calmet listed all of "the main objections that can be made against the truth of Judith's Story" and spent the rest of his commentary on the book addressing them, stating: "But all this did not bother Catholic writers. There were a large number of them who answered it expertly, and who undertook to show that there is nothing incompatible in this history, neither with Scripture, nor even with profane (secular) history". There were other Catholic writers who held this view as well, such as
1616:
2919:
38:
1060:
1992:
either unknown to history or appear to be anachronistic, and many of the place names are also unknown. The
Catholic Church has always considered the book to be a historical document, and it is included with the other historical books in the Old Testament of Catholic Bibles. For this reason, there have been various attempts by both scholars and clergy to understand the characters and events in the Book as either an allegorical representation of actual events, or a historical document that had been altered or translated improperly. The practice of changing names has been observed in documents from the
1977:
5113:"Die Judith der Bibel kann ich nicht brauchen. Dort ist Judith eine Wittwe, die den Holofernes durch List und Schlauheit in's Netz lockt; sie freut sich, als sie seinen Kopf im Sack hat und singt und jubelt vor und mit ganz Israel drei Monde lang. Das ist gemein; eine solche Natur ist ihres Erfolgs gar nicht würdig . Meine Judith wird durch ihre That paralysirt; sie erstarrt vor der Möglichkeit, einen Sohn des Holofernes zu gebären; es wird ihr klar, daß sie über die Gränzen hinaus gegangen ist, daß sie mindestens das Rechte aus unrechten Gründen gethan hat" (Tagebücher 2:1872)
1698:
1076:
2127:
the time (which also fits with 2 Chronicles 33) and left the matters of the rest of the
Israelites to the high priest. Others, such as Houbigant and Haydock, speculate that the events of the book occurred while Manasseh was still captive in Babylon. Whatever the case, it was a typical policy of the time for the Israelites to follow the high priest if the king could not or would not lead. Manasseh is thought by most scholars to have joined a widespread rebellion against Ashurbanipal that was led by his brother,
63:
5388:
3014:
2158:, suspect that the ultimate goal of the western campaign was for the Assyrians to sack Egypt, because Holofernes appeared to be heading directly towards Egypt on his campaign through the west. If Calmet and others are correct in suspecting that Holofernes was intending to sack Egypt, this would give further evidence to the theory that the book is set during the reign of Ashurbanipal, who had previously sacked
1605:, is located. Chapters 8–16 then introduce Judith and depict her heroic actions to save her people. The first part, although at times tedious in its description of the military developments, develops important themes by alternating battles with reflections and rousing action with rest. In contrast, the second half is devoted mainly to Judith's strength of character and the beheading scene.
1914:, the king of Nineveh and Assyria. He is so proud that he wants to affirm his strength as a sort of divine power, although Holofernes, his Turtan (commanding general), goes beyond the king's orders when he calls on the western nations to "worship only Nebuchadnezzar, and ... invoke him as a god". Holofernes is ordered to take revenge on those who refused to ally themselves with Nebuchadnezzar.
4730:
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would be 653 and 652 BC, years that correspond to revolts and military campaigns across
Ashurbanipal's empire. The traditional Catholic view that the book dates to the reign of Manasseh corresponds to Ashurbanipal's reign, and Ashurbanipal's records name Manasseh as one of a number of vassals who assisted his campaign against Egypt. The profanation of the temple described in
3876:: Canonicity: "..."the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture" (Praef. in Lib.). It is true that no documents about the canon survive in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council, or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council"
1041:
2154:
Ashurbanipal's reign, it is possible that
Assyrians did not record it because they were preoccupied with Šamaš-šuma-ukin's revolt, which was not crushed for years to come. Ashurbanipal's successful crushing of Šamaš-šuma-ukin's civil war also prevented the Assyrians from retaking Egypt, which gained independence from Assyria around 655 BC. Numerous theologians, including
2303:(359–338 BC), not on the basis of the character of the two rulers, but due to the presence of a "Holofernes" and a "Bagoas" in Ochus' army. This view also gained currency with scholarship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, due to discrepancies between Artaxerxes's reign and the events in the book of Judith, this theory has largely been abandoned.
2900:, included a paragraph in which Martin expressed confidence that "the Catholic Hope would triumph, and pious Judith would slay Holofernes". This was interpreted by the English Protestant authorities at the time as incitement to slay Queen Elizabeth I. It served as the grounds for the death sentence passed on printer
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expressed a similar view regarding this. The scholars used specific examples from the text that line up with
Manasseh's reign. As argued by Vigouroux, the two battles mentioned in the Septuagint version of the Book of Judith are a reference to the clash of the two empires in 658–657 and to Phraortes'
4409:
The Holy Bible: Translated from the Latin
Vulgate ... : the Old Testament, First Published by the English College, at Douay, A.D. 1609, and the New Testament, First Published by the English College, at Rheims, A.D. 1582. With Annotations, References, Historical and Chronological Index, &c.,
1878:
or
Manasses, a wealthy farmer. She sends her maid or "waitingwoman" to Uzziah to challenge his decision to capitulate to the Assyrians if God has not rescued the people of Bethulia within five days, and she uses her charm to become an intimate friend of Holofernes, but beheads him allowing Israel to
2720:, five and-a-half miles south of Shechem and five miles west of Agrabeh. The Wady Makfuriyeh is located on the northern slopes of which Akrabeh stands. The Wadi Mochmur as the Wady Makfuriyeh. This identification is supported by the Syriac, which translated the name of the river as "Nachol de-Peor".
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Although there is no historically recorded "Bethulia", the book of Judith gives an extremely precise location for where the city is located, and there are several possible candidates of ancient towns in that area that are now ruins. It has widely been speculated that, based on location descriptions
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was in charge of the country at the time. However, it is generally assumed that the book takes place after
Manasseh's return from captivity in Assyria and his subsequent repentance. Nicolaus Serarius, Giovanni Menochio and Thomas Worthington speculated that Manasseh was busy fortifying Jerusalem at
3178:
I have no use for the biblical Judith. There, Judith is a widow who lures
Holofernes into her web with wiles, when she has his head in her bag she sings and jubilates with all of Israel for three months. That is mean, such a nature is not worthy of her success . My Judith is paralyzed by her deed,
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Owing to her unwavering religious devotion, she is able to step outside of her widow's role, and dress and act in a sexually provocative manner while clearly remaining true to her ideals in the reader's mind, and her seduction and beheading of the wicked
Holofernes while playing this role has been
2149:
also confirms that "several princes of Palestine" supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin in the revolt against Ashurbanipal, which seemingly confirms Manasseh's involvement in the revolt. This would explain the reinforcement of the cities described in this book and why the Israelites and other western kingdoms
1991:
Today, it is generally accepted that the Book of Judith is ahistorical. The fictional nature "is evident from its blending of history and fiction, beginning in the very first verse, and is too prevalent thereafter to be considered as the result of mere historical mistakes." The names of people are
1303:
battled the Seleucid monarchs. However, because the Hebrew manuscripts mention kingdoms that had not existed for hundreds of years by the time of the Seleucids, it is unlikely that these were the original names in the text. Jeremy Corley argued that Judith was originally composed in Greek that was
2335:
Like Judith, the Queen had to face the menace of a foreign king who had a tendency to destroy the temples of other religions. Both women were widows whose strategical and diplomatic skills helped in the defeat of the invader. Both stories seem to be set at a time when the temple had recently been
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Modern scholars argue in favor of a 2nd–1st century context for the Book of Judith, understanding it as a sort of roman à clef, i.e. a literary fiction whose characters stand for some real historical figure, generally contemporary to the author. In the case of the Book of Judith, Biblical scholar
2097:
657, which would be during the reign of Ashurbanipal. This would be the twelfth year of Ashurbanipal's reign, which lines up with the book of Judith beginning in the twelfth year of "Nebuchadnezzar". If the rest of the book occurs in the seventeenth and eighteenth years of Ashurbanipal, the years
2242:
specifically declare that "Nabuchodonosor" was "known as 'Saosduchin' to profane historians and succeeded 'Asarhaddan' in the kingdom of the Assyrians". This could only have been Ashurbanipal, as he was the successor of Esarhaddon, his father. It is unclear where the name "Saosduchin" came from,
1271:
translation, he asserted his belief that the book was written "in Chaldean (Aramaic) words". Jerome's Latin translation was based on an Aramaic manuscript and was shorter because he omitted passages that he could not read or understand in the Aramaic that otherwise existed in the Septuagint. The
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identified Betomesthaim as a pseudonym for the city of Samaria. Torrey went further to identify the Hebrew basis for Betomesthaim as “Bayit Mizpah”, which means “house of outlook”. This is plausible, because "Samaria" is the Greek translation of the Hebrew name "Shomron", which means "watch" or
2395:
subscribes to the theory, suggesting that it was called by a pseudonym because of the historical animosity between the Jews and Samaritans. The Jewish Encyclopedia claims that Shechem is the only location that meets all the requirements for Bethulia's location, further stating: "The identity of
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In medieval Christian art, the predominance of church patronage assured that Judith's patristic valences as "Mulier Sancta" and Virgin Mary prototype would prevail: from the 8th-century frescoes in Santa Maria Antigua in Rome through innumerable later bible miniatures. Gothic cathedrals often
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The character of Judith is larger than life, and she has won a place in Jewish and Christian lore, art, poetry and drama. Her name, which means "she will be praised" or "woman of Judea", suggests that she represents the heroic spirit of the Jewish people, and that same spirit, as well as her
2153:
It is of further interest that Šamaš-šuma-ukin's civil war broke out in 652 BC, the eighteenth year of Ashurbanipal's reign. The book of Judith states that "Nebuchadnezzar" ravaged the western part of the empire in the eighteenth year of his reign. If the events of this book did occur during
1509:
to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures". No such declaration has been found in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether Jerome was referring to the book's use during the council's discussion or spurious canons attributed to that council. Catholic
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was performed in Israel. Shamir examines the question why the story of Judith was excluded from the Jewish (Hebrew) Bible and thus banned from Jewish history. In putting her story on stage he tries to reintegrate Judith's story into Jewish history. English playwright
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1585:, with whom she slowly ingratiates herself, promising him information on the Israelites. Gaining his trust, she is allowed access to his tent one night as he lies in a drunken stupor. She decapitates him, then takes his head back to her fearful countrymen. The
1279:
Carey A. Moore argued that the Greek text of Judith was a translation from a Hebrew original, and used many examples of conjectured translation errors, Hebraic idioms, and Hebraic syntax. The extant Hebrew manuscripts are very late and only date back to the
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A similar dynamic was created in the 16th century by the confessional strife of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Both Protestants and Catholics draped themselves in the protective mantle of Judith and cast their "heretical" enemies as Holofernes.
2024:. The large size of the Assyrian army and the large size of Median walls in the book have also been criticized, but both of these have been attested to elsewhere in the Bible and in secular historical records. The Assyrian army that besieged Jerusalem in
2446:
mosaic from the 6th century AD, shows a settlement named "Betylion" (Greek ΒΥΛΙΟΝ). Many believe this to be Bethulia, but this is unlikely because it is located much farther south. This Betylion is located on the Egyptian border with Gaza, in modern-day
2727:. Calmet speculated that "Balamon" was "the same city that they have already named several times, sometimes BelmaĂŻm, and sometimes Belma, or BĂ©lem, or Baalmeon". It is possible that "Balamon" is a different location that is to be identified with
2479:
all worked to explain bizarre geographical locations in the book as copyist or translation mistakes. For instance, Movers explained χαλλαίων ("challaion") as referring to χαλδαίων, or "Chaldean". A few more of these disputed locations include:
1761:
It has also been called "an example of the ancient Jewish novel in the Greco-Roman period". Other scholars note that Judith fits within and even incorporates the genre of "salvation traditions" from the Old Testament, particularly the story of
1960:, he rules over Judith's city. When the city is besieged by the Assyrians and the water supply dries up, he agrees to the people's call to surrender if God has not rescued them within five days, a decision challenged as "rash" by Judith.
2032:
described the walls of Babylon to have been similar in size and extravagance to the walls of Ecbatana in the book of Judith. Herodotus's account was corroborated by similar accounts of the scale of the walls of Babylon by the historians
1580:
The story revolves around Judith, a daring and beautiful widow, who is upset with her Jewish countrymen for not trusting God to deliver them from their foreign conquerors. She goes with her loyal maid to the camp of the enemy general,
1373:
That midrash, whose heroine is portrayed as gorging the antagonist on cheese and wine before cutting off his head, may have formed the basis of the minor Jewish tradition to eat dairy products during Hanukkah. In that respect,
2792:). "The opening of the poem is lost (scholars estimate that 100 lines were lost) but the remainder of the poem, as can be seen, the poet reshaped the biblical source and set the poem's narrative to an Anglo–Saxon audience."
2648:(Judith 10:6). From the gates of the city, the valley below can be observed (Judith 10:10). Because of the geography described, it is theorized by many, including the Jewish Encyclopedia, to be a pseudonym for Shechem.
1730:: Judith summons a town meeting in Judith 8:10 in advance of her expedition and is acclaimed by such a meeting in Judith 13:12–13; Uzziah blesses Judith in advance in Judith 8:5 and afterwards in Judith 13:18–20.
2439:(Engannim), between the plains of Esdrelon and Dothan, where Haraiq el-Mallah, Khirbet Sheikh Shibel and el-Bârid lie close together. Such a site best fulfills all requirements for the location of Bethulia.
1899:
of the book. He is a dedicated soldier of his king, general-in-chief of his army, whom he wants to see exalted in all lands. He is given the task of destroying the rebels who did not support the king of
3264:
shall not enter the assembly of the Lord; even to the tenth generation none of his descendants shall enter the assembly of the Lord forever", but in this case "a dispensation" would have been applied.
2234:
The identification of "Nebuchadnezzar" with Ashurbanipal was so widespread that it was the only identification in English Catholic Bibles for several hundred years. The 1738 Challoner revision of the
4773:
Latin text of Theodosius at "Theodosius de situ Terrae sanctae im ächten Text und der Breviarius de Hierosolyma vervollständigt", J. Gildemeister (editor), published by Adolph Marcus, Bonn (1882), p.
2576:(as well as in 7:3), and this identification was further supported by Calmet. Some have speculated that, because the two verses spell the name differently, that it is a different location, possibly
2847:
of the courage of local people against tyrannical rule from afar was given new urgency by the Assyrian nationality of Holofernes, which made him an inevitable symbol of the threatening Turks. The
2231:, who rebelled against Ashurbanipal on many occasions, eventually being killed at the Battle of the Ulai in 653 BC, around the time Catholic theologians place "Nebuchadnezzar's" western campaign.
1968:
Chapter 9 constitutes Judith's "extended prayer", "loudly proclaimed" in advance of her actions in the following chapters. This runs to 14 verses in English versions, 19 verses in the Vulgate.
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3179:
frozen by the thought that she might give birth to Holofernes' son; she knows that she has passed her boundaries, that she has, at the very least, done the right thing for the wrong reasons.
3161:
by German composer Siegfried Matthus. The French composer Jean Guillou wrote his Judith-Symphonie for Mezzo and Orchestra in 1970, premiered in Paris in 1972 and published by Schott-Music.
6474:
5660:
5622:
3213:, a faithful reproduction in three acts; it premiered in spring 1919 at Devonshire Park Theatre, Eastbourne. In 1981, the play "Judith among the Lepers" by the Israeli (Hebrew) playwright
2810:
In the epic, she is the brave warrior, forceful and active; in the homily she is an exemplar of pious chastity for cloistered nuns. In both cases, her narrative gained relevance from the
2206:, who went even farther, identifying the battle between "Nebuchadnezzar, king of the Assyrians" and "Arphaxad, the king of the Medes" as the battle that occurred between Ashurbanipal and
1350:
After disappearing from circulation among Jews for over a millennium, however, references to the Book of Judith and the figure of Judith herself resurfaced in the religious literature of
2734:
15:4 – Along with Betomesthaim, other places presumably in the vicinity of Bethulia are mentioned: Choba and Kola. Choba could be identified with Hobah and Kola could be identified with
2210:. This battle occurred during the seventeenth year of Ashurbanipal's reign, and the book of Judith states that this battle occurred in the seventeenth year of "Nebuchadnezzar's" reign.
1942:
who had charge over Holofernes' personal affairs. His name is Persian for a eunuch. He brought in Judith to recline with Holofernes and was the first one who discovered his beheading.
2716:
identified Egrebeh with Akrabeh, a ruined site in the mountains of Central Palestine, eleven miles southeast of Shechem. Chubi has been identified with Quzah, a village located near
1358:. The renewed interest took the form of "tales of the heroine, liturgical poems, commentaries on the Talmud, and passages in Jewish legal codes." Although the text does not mention
42:
4379:
1597:
The Book of Judith can be split into two parts or "acts" of approximately equal length. Chapters 1–7 describe the rise of the threat to Israel, led by king Nebuchadnezzar and his
5615:
1552:, it has the intermediate authority of the Apocrypha of the Old Testament and is regarded as useful or edifying, but is not to be taken as a basis for establishing doctrine.
5680:
2162:
in 663 BC. The view that the book of Judith was written during the reigns of Manasseh and Ashurbanipal was held by a great number of Catholic scholars, including Calmet,
2114:) might refer to the chaos that resulted in people fleeing Jerusalem after Manasseh was taken captive by the Assyrians. The reinforcement of the cities as described in
1343:
or any early Rabbinic literature. Speculated reasons for its exclusion include the possible lateness of its composition, possible Greek origin, apparent support of the
5698:
5692:
4706:. Clanton discusses the theory that the Books of Susanna, Greek Esther, and Judith all may be linked in that they may have been "used, if not composed, to serve as
2028:
was said to have been 185,000 strong, a number several tens of thousands larger than the Assyrian army described in the book of Judith. Also, the Greek historian
2549:
4:4 – Kona. Both Calmet and the Bibles of Complute believe that it simply refers to “villages”. Mark 8:27 says that they came to “the villages (κώμας, kômas) of
1252:, a Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. However, due to the large number of Hebraisms in the text, it is generally agreed that the book was written in a
4972:
1928:
and warns the king of Assyria of the power of their God, the "God of heaven", but is mocked. He is protected by the people of Bethulia and becomes a Jew and is
2328:, conquered all of the lands identified by the Biblical author in Judith. Under this theory, the story, although fictional, would be set in the time of Queen
2267:, a historical record with different names for people and places. Ashurbanipal is never referenced by name in the Bible, except perhaps for the corrupt form "
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1882:
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The admission of Achior the Ammonite to the House of Israel, "with all the succession of his kindred until this present day", occasions some discussion by
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literature and visual arts, all of these trends were continued, often in updated forms, and developed. The already well established notion of Judith as an
2723:
8:4 – Balamon. The Septuagint states that Manasseh, Judith's husband, was buried in a field between Dothan and Balamon. This detail is not included in the
1879:
counter-attack the Assyrians. Judith's maid, not named in the story, remains with her throughout the narrative and is given her freedom as the story ends.
1375:
1313:
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3222:
examined the Judith story and its aftermath, first in the scene "The Unforeseen Consequences of a Patriotic Act", as part of his collection of vignettes,
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1446:, counted it among the apocrypha, (though he later changed his mind, quoted it as scripture, and said he merely expressed the views of the Jews), as did
4527:
2045:. The identity of the "Nebuchadnezzar" in the book has been debated for thousands of years and various rulers have been proposed by scholars, including
4351:
1544:. The canonicity of Judith is typically rejected by Protestants, who accept as the Old Testament only those books that are found in the Jewish canon.
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5340:
1067:
4407:
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2000:, which apparently contains references to an uncertain location referred to by the pseudonym of "Damascus". The writings of the Jewish historian
6958:
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4425:
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2780:(9th century). Thenceforth her presence in medieval European literature is robust: in homilies, biblical paraphrases, histories and poetry. An
1427:
2523:, called the "Choaspes" by the Greeks. Calmet claims that the copyists confused the Choaspes with the Hydaspes, and claims that the historian
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2287:), which means his name might have never been recorded by Jewish historians, which could explain the lack of his name in the book of Judith.
1589:, having lost their leader, disperse, and Israel is saved. Though she is courted by many, Judith remains unmarried for the rest of her life.
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speculates that Jerome was correct about the Council of Nicea establishing a canon and that the documents about this have been lost to time.
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1886:
Painting by Trophime Bigot (c. 1579–1650, also known as Master of the Candlelight), depicting Judith and Holofernes. The Walters Art Museum.
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1497:, considered Judith sacred scripture both before and after councils that formally declared it part of the biblical canon. In a 405 letter,
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2085:, a notoriously cruel and brutal Assyrian king whose reign was marked by various military campaigns and invasions. Ashurbanipal ruled the
1248:
It is not clear whether the Book of Judith was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek, as the oldest existing version is from the
2227:
1:6. If the twelfth year of "Nebuchadnezzar" is to be identified as the twelfth year of Ashurbanipal, this Arioch would be identified as
2081:
For hundreds of years, the most generally accepted view within the Catholic Church is that the book of Judith occurs during the reign of
1746:, generally tend to ascribe Judith to one of several contemporaneous literary genres, reading it as an extended parable in the form of a
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2110::18–19), who reigned between c. 715 and 686 BC. And in that same verse, the return from the dispersion (often assumed to refer to the
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1847:) – and she was, like the other heroic women of the Hebrew scriptural tradition, made into a typological prefiguration of the Virgin
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Study note on 2 Chronicles 33:11, in ESV Archaeology Study Bible, ed. John Currid and David Chapman (Wheaton: Crossway, 2018), 643.
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general Holofernes, and is concluded as Holofernes' worldwide campaign has converged at the mountain pass where Judith's village,
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2996:. Also, Michelangelo depicts the scene in multiple aspects in one of the Pendentives, or four spandrels on the ceiling of the
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https://biblehub.com/topical/c/chusi.htm#:~:text=ku'-si,%20(Chous):%20A%20place%20only%20named%20in%20Judith%207:18,%20as
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or modern place names, there are others which are considered fictional or whose location is not otherwise known. Theologians
2150:
rejected "Nebuchadnezzar's" order for conscription, because many of the vassal rulers of the west supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin.
2005:
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was shocking to viewers and is said to have targeted themes of female sexuality that had previously been more or less taboo.
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pattern in both "acts", in which the order of events is reversed at a central moment in the narrative (i.e., abcc'b'a').
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death in battle in 653, after which Ashurbanipal continued his military actions with a large campaign starting with the
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https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/Mochmur-the-Brook
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Kevin R. Brine, et al., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies Across the Disciplines, p. 30 (Open Book Publishers 2010).
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Time and Times and Half a Time: Historical Consciousness in the Jewish Literature of the Persian and Hellenistic Eras
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The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance For Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity
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1390:. The textual reliability of the Book of Judith was also taken for granted, to the extent that biblical commentator
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carefully modeled after Hebrew and pointed out "Septuagintalisms" in the vocabulary and phrasing of the Greek text.
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2936:. The account of Judith's beheading of Holofernes has been treated by several painters and sculptors, most notably
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1851:. Her gender made her a natural example of the biblical paradox of "strength in weakness"; she is thus paired with
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1284:. The two surviving Hebrew manuscripts of Judith are translated from the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate.
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Commentaire littéral sur tous les livres de l'ancien et du nouveau testament by Antoine Augustin Calmet, page 338
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that the Book of Judith was ever considered authoritative or a candidate for canonicity by any Jewish group. The
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identified "Judah" as one of the vassal kingdoms in Šamaš-šuma-ukin's rebel coalition against Ashurbanipal. The
1217:. The Roman Catholic Church has historically maintained that the book is an authentic history from the reign of
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5251:
5154:
3070:
2977:
2897:
4566:
4294:
4188:
3082:
2128:
1908:, until Israel also becomes a target of his military campaign. Judith's courage and charm occasion his death.
1347:(to which the early rabbinate was opposed), and perhaps the brash and seductive character of Judith herself.
7160:
7096:
7076:
6948:
6805:
6666:
6406:
5326:
5140:
4869:
4184:
4168:
3205:. A full hour in length, it was one of the earliest feature films made in the United States. English writer
3112:
2957:
2901:
2468:
2155:
2089:
from Nineveh in 668 to 627 BC. The Challoner Douay-Rheims Bible states that the events of the book begin in
1506:
1355:
1075:
1020:
31:
4579:
4567:"Discours sur l'histoire universelle: Dessein général de l'ouvrage by Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, 1627 - 1704"
4215:
4211:
3581:, Continuum International, 2010, p. 160 (Protestant Canon) and p. 209 (Judith not among Dead Sea Scrolls),
2387:
to Jerusalem, lying in the path of the enemy, at the head of an important pass and is a few hours south of
6932:
6815:
6800:
6790:
6382:
5797:
5718:
5712:
5276:
4633:
4154:
3842:"Philip Schaff: NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
3066:
2814:
invasions of the period. Within the next three centuries Judith would be treated by such major figures as
2415:); at the foot of the mountain there was an important spring, and other springs were in the neighborhood (
2317:
2058:
1870:, the heroine of the book, introduced in chapter 8. A God-fearing woman, she is the daughter of Merari, a
1848:
1292:
844:
4774:
3971:"Judith: Defender of Israel Preserver of the Temple" In A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith
3955:
1205:, which is why some Protestant scholars now consider the book non-historical. Instead, the book may be a
7195:
6881:
6820:
6810:
6718:
5952:
5221:
5178:
4745:
3870:
3188:
2973:
2923:
2885:
2867:
2676:
2524:
2400:
2199:
2123:
1782:
1455:
1423:
1181:
762:
278:
2807:. The two conceptual poles represented by these works will inform much of Judith's subsequent history.
2360:
author of Judith would desire to honor the great (Pharisee) Queen who tried to keep both Sadducees and
4231:, FS: Treatise on Law, Q: Of the Reason for the Judicial Precepts, Article 3, accessed 3 November 2022
4200:
4133:
3334:, which though committed to the historicity of the book, admits and lists "very serious difficulties."
1804:
period on, Judith was invoked in a wide variety of texts as a multi-faceted allegorical figure. As a "
1548:
viewed the book as an allegory, but listed it as the first of the eight writings in his Apocrypha. In
7081:
7001:
6713:
6626:
6536:
6302:
6189:
5947:
5907:
5235:
4983:
4337:
3932:
The Book of Judith: Greek Text with an English Translation (Volume 7 of Jewish Apocryphal Literature)
3460:
3088:
2804:
2464:
2300:
2111:
1993:
1466:
1195:
946:
743:
458:
5086:
4895:
4323:
4101:
3183:
The story of Judith has been a favourite of latter-day playwrights; it was brought alive in 1892 by
2432:
2424:
1536:(1442) and eventually dogmatically defined as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church in 1546 in the
1520:
Regardless of Judith's status at Nicaea, the book was also accepted as scripture by the councils of
7023:
6988:
6785:
6464:
6247:
6217:
6060:
5986:
5957:
5217:
4927:
3707:"The Stromata Book II, chapter 7: The Utility of Fear. Objections Answered - Clement of Alexandria"
2863:
2852:
2848:
2392:
2086:
1586:
1540:. The Eastern Orthodox Church also accepts Judith as inspired scripture; this was confirmed in the
1533:
1222:
1210:
1141:
900:
640:
591:
521:
143:
6593:
6050:
4847:
3361:
6915:
6830:
6636:
6631:
6516:
6479:
6459:
6389:
6116:
6065:
5981:
5962:
5912:
5902:
5792:
5631:
5551:
5511:
5484:
5301:
5280:
4808:
4254:
3719:
3375:
3197:
3103:
2815:
2743:
2634:
2313:
2239:
2235:
2195:
2163:
2118:
4:5 matches up with the reinforcement that happened in response to the Assyrians under Manasseh.
2054:
1747:
1609:
1494:
1490:
1470:
1451:
1296:
1273:
1214:
1133:
1013:
926:
895:
2655:. Some translations refer to "the people of Bethulia and Betomesthaim" as a unit, which "faces (
511:
5030:
4696:
The Good, the Bold, and the Beautiful: The Story of Susanna and Its Renaissance Interpretations
3392:
The Anchor Bible - Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore
7116:
6925:
6920:
6861:
6693:
6603:
6546:
6367:
6357:
6207:
6121:
6025:
5567:
5387:
5377:
5224:
5069:
5059:
5034:
5001:
4699:
4679:
4431:
4085:
4014:
3974:
3935:
3631:
3597:
3555:
3551:
3470:
3436:
3396:
3307:
3281:
refers to a character called Bagoas, who was entrusted with the task of guarding his mistress.
3184:
3148:
3122:
2945:
2751:
2550:
2476:
2203:
2183:
2171:
1997:
1829:
1743:
1474:
1431:
1344:
1218:
955:
821:
811:
581:
338:
328:
123:
47:
4733: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2008:. Elsewhere in the Bible there are also names of rulers that are unknown to history, such as
7101:
6996:
6978:
6910:
6898:
6856:
6795:
6780:
6671:
6559:
6352:
6297:
6277:
6257:
6030:
5922:
5917:
5885:
5583:
5559:
5527:
5022:
4105:
3543:
3252:
3165:
3157:
3117:
3054:
3006:
2875:
2871:
2823:
2543:
2472:
2329:
2248:
2136:
2070:
2001:
1984:
1821:
1809:
1537:
1411:
1340:
1261:
1253:
1111:
1099:
969:
806:
738:
689:
650:
606:
397:
323:
254:
51:
5153:
4786:
4393:
3841:
2191:
1370:
of Hanukkah as the story of Hanukkah takes place during the time of the Hasmonean dynasty.
6893:
6871:
6825:
6372:
6332:
6307:
6237:
6212:
6197:
5590:
5476:
5455:
4665:(Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Studies 14), Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2012.
4619:
4298:
4283:
4172:
3739:
3456:
3170:
3138:
3126:
3108:
3050:
2989:
2949:
2831:
2796:
2777:
2747:
2345:
2284:
2179:
2107:
2009:
1871:
1755:
1521:
1498:
1482:
1415:
1288:
1257:
1153:
1107:
1052:
826:
786:
748:
714:
630:
586:
571:
343:
303:
264:
209:
133:
103:
5172:
3864:
3679:"Letter to the Corinthians, chapter 55: Examples of Such Love - Pope St. Clement of Rome"
2264:
1327:
While the author was likely Jewish, there is no evidence aside from its inclusion in the
5204:
5122:
2423:, or Dothan, now Tell Dothân, to Belthem, or Belma, no doubt the same as the Belamon of
7129:
7111:
7045:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6654:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6430:
6401:
6362:
6312:
6292:
6262:
6242:
6227:
6222:
6202:
6168:
6081:
6020:
5575:
5310:
4939:
https://wiki.bibleportal.com/index.php?title=Cyamon&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
4837:
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D12
3257:
3247:
3206:
3202:
3143:
2997:
2985:
2981:
2930:
2619:
2337:
2296:
2244:
2216:
2050:
2021:
2013:
1771:
1525:
1462:
1426:, read and used the Book of Judith, some of the oldest Christian canons, including the
1351:
1332:
1221:
and that the names in the book were changed at a later date for an unknown reason. The
1087:
891:
886:
881:
866:
816:
753:
733:
655:
635:
620:
615:
576:
501:
478:
333:
244:
219:
199:
189:
113:
4911:
3459:(2010). "Holofernes's Canopy in the Septuagint". In Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti and
7154:
6876:
6685:
6554:
6420:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6317:
6287:
6185:
6091:
5446:
5289:
5023:
4734:
3544:
3219:
3134:
3077:
H.391, oratorio for soloists, chorus, 2 flutes, strings, and continuo (? mid-1670s).
3042:
3037:
2965:
2781:
2668:
2630:
2626:
2520:
2489:
2448:
2353:
2159:
2094:
1545:
1201:
The surviving manuscripts of Greek translations appear to contain several historical
1166:
1117:
964:
856:
801:
796:
791:
771:
724:
699:
545:
438:
421:
318:
313:
308:
288:
4513:
4365:
1235:. If this is the case, it would explain why other names seem anachronistic as well.
7134:
7034:
6963:
6865:
6327:
6322:
6282:
6252:
6232:
6180:
6126:
4884:
4468:, in Andrews University Seminary Studies, (Spring 1997, Vol. 35, No. 1), pp. 21–32.
3214:
3058:
3017:
3001:
2993:
2969:
2830:
featured Judith, most impressively in the series of 40 stained glass panels at the
2800:
2789:
2695:
2573:
2508:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2252:
2082:
2046:
1929:
1336:
1317:
1114:
1083:
1003:
781:
776:
694:
670:
645:
625:
468:
448:
298:
293:
70:
4171:
in the New American Bible Revised Edition and footnote b at the same verse in the
3784:
3013:
2383:. Shechem is a large city in the hill-country of Samaria, on the direct road from
17:
4228:
3919:
3904:
3757:
3727:
3582:
3517:
3430:
3390:
3195:
was first performed in New York, 1905, and was the basis for the 1914 production
2561:. This is also how Johannes Van Der Ploeg translated the passage from the Syriac
7017:
6613:
6531:
6526:
6440:
6435:
6267:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
5545:
5407:
5247:
3827:
3093:
2838:
2652:
2558:
2428:
2388:
2384:
2062:
2042:
1598:
1549:
1511:
1399:
1391:
1281:
1202:
1048:
941:
936:
876:
871:
679:
407:
4798:
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=KSpRAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA404&hl=en
2874:
composed poems on Judith's triumph over Holofernes. Croatian poet and humanist
2633:, located about three miles east of Shechem, and is located at the foot of the
7006:
5973:
5372:
4760:
4707:
3706:
3464:
3416:
2941:
2712:
7:18 – Egrebeh, which is near Chubi, beside the Wadi Mochmur. Both Calmet and
2684:
2562:
2535:
2443:
2260:
2256:
2090:
2025:
1891:
1801:
1794:
1751:
1582:
1556:
1514:
1478:
1447:
1419:
1328:
1249:
1232:
1231:
and argues that the name was changed because of the feud between the Jews and
1129:
1103:
1063:
562:
233:
178:
161:
5239:
4122:
3769:
3692:
3678:
2698:(as well as in 4:4), and this identification was further supported by Calmet.
6521:
6045:
5167:
5073:
4051:
2953:
2855:
chose Judith as one of the five subjects of her poetry on biblical figures.
2728:
2660:
2611:
2553:.” It is possible that among those villages were the Old Testament sites of
2496:
2361:
2357:
2268:
2207:
2029:
2017:
1980:
1840:
1379:
1300:
1149:
1040:
931:
3492:"Studies in the Greek Bible: Essays in Honor of Francis T. Gignac (Review)"
2004:
also frequently differ from the Biblical record regarding the names of the
4258:
3045:, is a setting of a text from the Book of Judith. The story also inspired
2332:, the only Jewish regnant queen, who reigned over Judea from 76 to 67 BC.
2219:(653 BC) in the eighteenth year of his reign. The King of the "Elymeans" (
7028:
6598:
6585:
6564:
6511:
6506:
6040:
6035:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5402:
5267:
4923:
4812:
4605:
4591:
4466:
The Role of Assyria in the Ancient Near East During the Reign of Manasseh
4271:
4150:
3666:
The Torah: With Ramban's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated
3174:
was performed in Berlin. He deliberately departs from the biblical text:
3062:
3046:
2843:
2691:
2641:
2615:
2569:
2554:
2516:
2408:
2373:
2321:
2220:
2103:
2066:
1875:
1859:– both deeds saved the Covenant People from a militarily superior enemy.
1825:
1813:
1739:
1628:
A. Campaign against disobedient nations; the people surrender (1:1–2:13)
1602:
1395:
1359:
1145:
974:
921:
916:
4580:
https://www.ekathimerini.com/opinion/237865/ashurbanipal-king-of-memory/
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
7040:
6905:
6012:
5937:
5932:
5927:
2785:
2724:
2717:
2706:
2705:
notes that "some scholars have felt that this name is a corruption for
2672:
2531:
2504:
2452:
2420:
2404:
2380:
2349:
2228:
2132:
2038:
1901:
1896:
1856:
1836:
1817:
1763:
1486:
1443:
1367:
1363:
1268:
1228:
1206:
1137:
361:
4528:"Cambridge Ancient History Vol.3 (assyrian Empire) - Internet Archive"
3916:
From Ancient Writings to Sacred Texts: The Old Testament and Apocrypha
3491:
2403:
writes: "The city was situated on a mountain overlooking the plain of
7011:
6888:
6272:
6137:
5802:
5171:
3863:
2961:
2880:
2811:
2746:
also lists a place called Bebai, however this is not included in the
2735:
2591:
2577:
2539:
2500:
2485:
2379:
in the book, that the most plausible historical site for Bethulia is
2325:
2034:
1939:
1775:
1726:
Similarly, parallels within Part II are noted in comments within the
1667:
A'. Campaign against Bethulia; the people want to surrender (7:6–32)
1636:
1439:
1435:
1383:
684:
387:
5025:
Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England
4858:
4410:
the Whole Revised and Diligently Compared with the Latin Vulgate ...
4291:
3724:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
5854:
6851:
6172:
5894:
2917:
2819:
2754:, an identification supported by the Syriac Trivandrum manuscript.
2739:
2584:
2512:
2436:
1975:
1921:
1905:
1881:
1852:
1832:
1790:
1696:
1679:
B. Judith plans to save Israel (8:9–10:8), including her extended
1614:
1442:, when he produced his Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible, the
1387:
1265:
1121:
86:
5318:
3304:
The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1
2896:, written in 1578 at Douai by the English Roman Catholic scholar
1924:
leader at Nebuchadnezzar's court; in chapter 5 he summarises the
1287:
The Hebrew versions name important figures directly, such as the
5056:
Judith : sexual warrior, women and power in Western culture
4352:"Strabo, Geography - H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., Ed"
4011:
The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version
3274:
3261:
2645:
2451:. It is more likely that the name "Betylion" refers to the Arab
1844:
1786:
1767:
1719:
B'. Judith plans the destruction of Israel's enemy (13:12–16:20)
1354:
who escaped Christian persecution after the capitulation of the
6141:
5858:
5322:
4848:
https://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/belmaim.html
3799:"The Argvment of the Booke of Ivdith - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible"
3345:"THE ARGVMENT OF THE BOOKE OF IVDITH - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible"
2348:. The territory of Judean occupation includes the territory of
2299:, but some of them attempted an improbable identification with
4071:, 3rd edition (NY: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 32 AP.
2904:
who had printed Martin's tract and who was executed in 1584.
2352:, something which was possible in Maccabean times only after
4998:
The Norton Anthology of English Literature - The Middle Ages
4394:"Book of Judith - McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia"
2667:
refers to the "Plain of Esdraelon" as the plain between the
2419:). Moreover it lay within investing lines which ran through
2131:. Contemporary sources make reference to the many allies of
5139:
Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland, eds. (1901).
1648:
E'. Achior is received in the village of Bethulia (6:14–15)
4634:"Saving Judith and Tobit by Jimmy Akin - Catholic Answers"
4556:
Les Livres Saints et La Critique Rationaliste, iv, 4th ed.
4452:"THE BOOKE OF IVDITH Chap. IIII - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible"
4104:; in most versions, her genealogy in Judith 8:1 omits her
3546:
The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies Across the Disciplines
3466:
The Sword of Judith. Judith Studies across the Disciplines
2291:
Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Artaxerxes III Ochus
1398:(Syriac version) of Judith in support of his rendering of
1194:), meaning "praised" or "Jewess", is the feminine form of
5238:; Malcom, Matthew; Talbert, Andrew; Watts, Peter (2010).
4606:"Haydock Biblical Commentary, Book of Judith - Chapter 1"
4108:
ancestry, although some manuscripts, the Vulgate and the
2629:" mentioned in Genesis 33:18. This is the modern city of
1774:
4–5), who seduced and inebriated the Canaanite commander
4787:
https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/J/judith-book-of.html
3356:
3354:
3187:, who worked in Eastern Europe. The American playwright
2888:
wrote a Latin epic on the Biblical character of Judith (
2776:
The first extant commentary on The Book of Judith is by
2625:
4:4 – The valley of Salem. It could be identified with "
2307:
Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Tigranes the Great
1855:
and her beheading of Holofernes paralleled with that of
1140:
widow, Judith, who uses her beauty and charm to kill an
4380:"Babylon - Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities"
3969:
Christiansen, Ellen Juhl (2009). Xeravits, GĂ©za (ed.).
2503:
are mentioned, as well as the Hydaspes (Jadason in the
2463:
Whilst a number of the places referred to are familiar
4678:, William Whiston trans., p. 452 (Kregel Pubs. 1999);
3901:
Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible
3813:"The Book of Saint Basil on the Spirit - Chapter VIII"
3754:
The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500
2530:
2:21 – the plain of Bectileth, three days' march from
1781:
There are also thematic connections to the revenge of
1714:
C'. Judith and her maid return to Bethulia (13.10b–11)
1619:
Judit and her maid, Artemisia Gentileschi, Italy, 1619
1608:
The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies a clear
1505:, he claims that the Book of Judith was "found by the
1272:
Aramaic manuscript used by Jerome has long since been
4366:"Babylon - McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia"
3887:"The First Ecumenical Council on the Book of Judith?"
2929:
The subject is one of the most commonly shown in the
2534:. Calmet identified this as the "Bagadania plain" in
2435:). These data point to a site on the heights west of
2279:
4:10 or the anonymous title "The King of Assyria" in
2243:
although it is possible that it was derived from the
4250:
4248:
4013:(4th ed.). Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 31–36.
3756:, Catholic University of America Press, 2012, p. 95
3435:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. 19 April 2021.
3226:. Barker later expanded the scene into a short play
2701:
7:3 – Cyalon or Cynamon, also facing Esdraelon. The
2396:
Bethulia with Shechem is thus beyond all question".
2312:
Gabriele Boccaccini, identified Nebuchadnezzar with
2263:
argues the possibility that the book of Judith is a
1188:
1173:
7069:
6987:
6941:
6839:
6684:
6647:
6612:
6583:
6545:
6490:
6397:
6381:
6179:
6074:
6010:
5971:
5892:
5811:
5785:
5762:
5602:
5538:
5503:
5468:
5439:
5432:
5416:
5395:
5365:
3628:
A Different Light: The Hanukkah Book of Celebration
3615:
Hanukkah: The Family Guide to Spiritual Celebration
520:
510:
500:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
406:
396:
386:
263:
253:
243:
218:
208:
198:
188:
142:
132:
122:
112:
102:
5000:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 109.
2890:Bartholomaei Tortoletti Iuditha uindex e uindicata
2878:also wrote an epic on Judith's story in 1501, the
2356:reconquered those territories. Thus, the presumed
2295:The identity of Nebuchadnezzar was unknown to the
2077:Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Ashurbanipal
5182:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4749:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4663:A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith
5244:Bibledex - A video about every book in the Bible
4914:, updated 24 June 2004, accessed 12 October 2022
4885:https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/shalem.html
4592:"Douay-Rheims Bible, Book of Judith - Chapter 1"
3514:The Catholic Study Bible: The New American Bible
3137:. Operatic treatments exist by Russian composer
2484:1:5 – the territory of Ragae, possible Rages or
1686:C. Judith and her maid leave Bethulia (10:9–10)
4084:, pp. 125–126 (Sheffield Academic Press 1996),
3918:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, p. 29,
2519:. However, Calmet identified this river as the
1778:before hammering a tent-peg into his forehead.
1339:does not contain it; it is not found among the
4645:
4643:
1366:variant of the Judith story to be read on the
6153:
5870:
5334:
5209:The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
2764:chastity, have endeared her to Christianity.
2411:, and commanding narrow passes to the south (
2135:(governed by Šamaš-šuma-ukin), including the
1632:B. Israel is "greatly terrified" (2:14–3:10)
1021:
30:"Judith" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
4950:ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE – CYAMON (JOKNEAM)
3773:, c. 350 AD, translated by Edward H. Gifford
3542:(2010). Kevin R. Brine; et al. (eds.).
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
1645:E. Achior is expelled by Assyrians (6:10–13)
1555:Judith is also referred to in chapter 28 of
1158:
5147:. Vol. II E to K. New York: Macmillan.
5089:. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 2015-08-06.
4873:
4218:1899 American Edition, based on the Vulgate
4151:"Judith Cutting Off the Head of Holofernes"
3857:
3855:
2768:rich fodder for artists of various genres.
2507:). Hydaspes is also the Greek name for the
1689:D. Judith beheads Holofernes (10:11–13:10a)
1501:declared it part of the canon. In Jerome's
1314:Development of the Christian biblical canon
6394:
6160:
6146:
6138:
5877:
5863:
5855:
5436:
5341:
5327:
5319:
5272:
3956:"Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I–III"
3209:in 1919 tried his hand at dramaturgy with
2459:Place names specific to the Book of Judith
1904:in his resistance against Cheleud and the
1653:D'. Achior talks with the people (6:16–21)
1642:D. Holofernes talks with Achior (5:1–6.9)
1227:identifies the real name of "Bethulia" as
1028:
1014:
850:
720:
555:
374:
174:
80:
57:
4290:, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001),
4034:Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc.
3788:, c. 385 AD, Translated by Frank Williams
3737:Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (Jerome),
3516:, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 222,
1932:on hearing what Judith has accomplished.
1663:B'. Israel is "greatly terrified" (7:4–5)
1264:, rather than Greek. When Jerome did his
1152:from total destruction. The name Judith (
5160:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture
4761:"Catholic Encyclopedia - Book of Judith"
4739:Bechtel, Florentine Stanislaus (1907). "
3828:Letter to Exsuperius, bishop of Toulouse
3740:Preface to the Books of Samuel and Kings
3668:, Vol. VII, p. 524 (Mesorah Pubs. 2008)
3626:Noam Zion & Barbara Spectre (eds.).
3596:, pp. 73–74 (T&T Clark Int'l 2003);
3573:
3571:
3012:
3004:included Judith with a place setting in
2862:In 16th-century France, writers such as
2610:, depending on the manuscript. Possibly
1680:
1074:
1058:
1039:
36:
4514:"Ashurbanipal, Encyclopedia Britannica"
3512:Senior, Donald & Collins, John J.,
3417:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Book of Judith"
3294:
3239:
2675:. As such, historian and archaeologist
1808:", she personified the Church and many
1658:C'. Holofernes prepares for war (7:1–3)
954:
908:
761:
723:
544:
491:
420:
377:
277:
232:
177:
69:
4653:, p. 81 (Univ. of Chicago Press 1909).
4324:"Judith and Esther - Catholic Answers"
4229:Summa Theologiae by St. Thomas Aquinas
3362:"Jewish Encyclopedia - Book of Judith"
2431:, "which lies over against Esdrelon" (
1952:, governor of Bethulia; together with
1723:A'. Conclusion about Judith (16.1–25)
497:
434:
383:
240:
185:
99:
5029:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p.
4058:(in Italian) – via Santi Beati.
3594:The Book of Esther in Modern Research
3577:Flint, Peter & VanderKam, James,
2714:Charles William Meredith van de Velde
2618:, both of which are mentioned in the
2336:rededicated, which is the case after
2223:), called "Arioch", is referenced in
1378:appears to have viewed Judith as the
7:
5058:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4698:, p. 41 (T&T Clark Int'l 2006),
3874:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2694:writes the name of this location as
2663:opposite the plain near Dothan. The
2572:writes the name of this location as
2102:4:3 might have been that under king
7092:Other books referenced in the Bible
7051:New Testament manuscript categories
5943:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
4815:: Judith 1, accessed 8 October 2022
4710:for the reign of Salome Alexandra."
4338:"Babylon, Ishtar Gate - Livius.org"
3260::3 prescribes that "An Ammonite or
2640:4:6 and several later references –
1754:literary work from the days of the
1362:, it became customary for a Hebrew
1159:
1157:
1144:general who has besieged her city,
1045:Judith with the Head of Holophernes
43:Judith with the Head of Holophernes
6622:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
5640:Judith with the Head of Holofernes
5610:Judith with the Head of Holofernes
4676:The New Complete Works of Josephus
4651:Artaxerxes III Ochus and His Reign
4110:New American Bible Revised Edition
2364:united against the common menace.
1728:New American Bible Revised Edition
1675:A. Introduction of Judith (8:1–8)
1565:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1438:(3rd century), do not include it.
1295:, and place the events during the
1148:. With this act, she saves nearby
27:Deuterocanonical (apocryphal) book
25:
7186:Biblical women in ancient warfare
5752:Judith and the Head of Holofernes
4859:https://bibleatlas.org/ibleam.htm
4743:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
4259:Judith 12: Notes & Commentary
3973:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 75.
3862:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3550:. Open Book Publishers. pp.
3097:, as did the Portuguese composer
3023:Judith and the Head of Holofernes
2750:. Bebai could be identified with
5386:
5258:
5176:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
5152:Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910).
5021:Robin, Larsen and Levin (2007).
4728:
4272:Judith 8: Notes & Commentary
4123:Brenton's Septuagint Translation
4050:Gianfranco Ravasi (2009-02-05).
3770:Catechetical Lectures, iv. 33–37
3085:have composed a cantate Judith.
2788:(their epics appear both in the
1386:, the heroine of the holiday of
61:
7107:Biblical and Quranic narratives
6056:Additions to the Book of Esther
5744:Judith at the Gates of Bethulia
5493:Judith: A Parting from the Body
4430:. Westminster John Knox Press.
4424:Bright, John (10 August 2017).
4009:Michael D. Coogan, ed. (2010).
1800:In the Christian West from the
1394:quoted several passages from a
4069:The New Oxford Annotated Bible
3903:, Baker Academic, 2005, p. 98
3655:Zion & Spectre, at p. 241.
3376:"Prologue to Judith by Jerome"
3079:Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre
1126:excluded from the Hebrew canon
1:
6127:Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum
5196:Full text (also available in
3934:. Brill Archive. p. 49.
3930:Enslin, Morton Scott (1972).
3743:, translated by Philip Schaff
3630:. Devora Publishing. p. 241.
3617:. Jewish Lights Publishing. .
3613:Joel Lurie Grishaver (2001).
3075:Judith sive Bethulia liberata
2922:Judith Slaying Holofernes by
2542:as being "at the foot of the
1828:(the opposite of Holofernes'
1789:on Shechem after the rape of
1706:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
5461:(Ælfric of Eynsham, c. 1000)
5054:Stocker, Margarita. (1998).
4996:Greenblatt, Stephen (2012).
4900:New Revised Standard Version
3490:Greenspoon, Leonard (2010).
3099:Francisco AntĂłnio de Almeida
3020:'s explicit 1901 version of
2892:, 1628). The Catholic tract
2795:At the same time she is the
5648:Judith Beheading Holofernes
5424:Judith beheading Holofernes
5266:public domain audiobook at
4292:The Oxford Bible Commentary
3133:, in 1925 to a libretto by
3121:(KV 118), to a libretto by
3091:wrote an oratorio in 1693,
2914:Judith beheading Holofernes
2884:. Italian poet and scholar
2587:mentioned in Genesis 14:15.
2251:, who wrote in Greek that "
2240:Haydock Biblical Commentary
1742:, such as Biblical scholar
1430:(1st/2nd century), that of
1189:
1174:
1069:Judith Beheading Holofernes
7212:
7087:English Bible translations
6475:Song of the Three Children
5675:Judith and Her Maidservant
5651:(Caravaggio, c. 1598–1599)
5452:(Old English, c. 975–1025)
4952:, accessed 13 October 2022
4910:Encyclopaedia Britannica,
4620:"Ptolemy's Canon - Livius"
4274:, accessed 16 October 2022
4261:, accessed 31 October 2022
4040:, accessed 2 November 2022
4038:Footnote a at Judith 13:12
3726:, Brill, 2012, pp. 25–26,
3693:"On Monogamy - Tertullian"
3035:The famous 40-voice motet
2911:
2782:Old English poetic version
2690:7:3 - Belbaim. The Syriac
2594:. The Septuagint calls it
2583:4:4 – Choba. Probably the
2568:4:4 – Belmain. The Syriac
2371:
2188:Charles François Houbigant
1938:, or Vagao (Vulgate), the
1702:Judith Returns to Bethulia
1639:prepares for war (4:1–15)
1542:Synod of Jerusalem in 1672
1311:
29:
7125:
5839:American Standard Version
5655:Judith Slaying Holofernes
5384:
5356:
5307:
5297:R.Catholic & Orthodox
5294:
5286:
5275:
5155:"The Heroic Judith"
5099:Eric. R. Kandel. (2012).
4813:Haydock Commentary Online
4440:– via Google Books.
3395:. Yale University Press.
2908:In painting and sculpture
2759:Later artistic renditions
2703:Encyclopedia of the Bible
2627:Shalem, a city of Shechem
2176:Giovanni Stefano Menochio
2147:Cambridge Ancient History
1874:, and widow of a certain
1469:of the Church, including
5252:University of Nottingham
5123:Arnold Bennett: "Judith"
4777:. Accessed 28 June 2019.
3469:. Open Book Publishers.
3389:Moore, Carey A. (1985).
3306:. Open Book Publishers.
3273:Haydock also notes that
3071:Marc-Antoine Charpentier
2978:Jan Sanders van Hemessen
2687:(Dothian in the Vulgate)
2665:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2527:made this exact mistake.
2316:(140–56 BC), a powerful
2217:Battle of the Ulai River
6949:Intertestamental period
5229:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4874:Cheyne & Black 1901
4492:Encyclopædia Britannica
3782:Epiphanius of Salamis,
3592:Sidnie White Crawford,
3302:Khan, Geoffrey (2020).
3147:, by Austrian composer
3107:was written in 1716 by
2958:Lucas Cranach the Elder
2784:is found together with
2469:Antoine Augustin Calmet
2417:Judith 6:11; 7:3, 7, 12
2212:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
2156:Antoine Augustin Calmet
2142:Encyclopædia Britannica
1213:, or perhaps the first
32:Judith (disambiguation)
7166:Deuterocanonical books
6933:Apocalyptic literature
6570:Paralipomena of Baruch
5798:Deuterocanonical books
5531:(Italian-French, 1959)
5213:Jewish Women's Archive
5173:"Book of Judith"
4155:The Walters Art Museum
3865:"Book of Judith"
3720:Gallagher, Edmon Louis
3326:See, for example, the
3256:, where he notes that
3181:
3129:composed an oratorio,
3067:Jacob Pavlovitch Adler
3041:, by English composer
3027:
2926:
2651:4:6 – Betomesthaim or
2538:that was described by
2059:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2006:high priests of Israel
1988:
1963:
1887:
1708:
1620:
1293:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1091:
1080:Judith and Holophernes
1072:
1056:
980:Paralipomena of Baruch
55:
7097:Additional Scriptures
7061:New Testament uncials
5953:Apocalypse of Abraham
5844:World English Version
5771:Judith and Holofernes
5736:Judith and Holofernes
5728:Judith and Holofernes
5520:Judith and Holofernes
5496:(Howard Barker, 1992)
5179:Catholic Encyclopedia
5145:Encyclopaedia Biblica
4746:Catholic Encyclopedia
4649:Noah Calvin Hirschy,
4546:. Pierre Emery. 1712.
3899:Vanhoozer, Kevin J.,
3871:Catholic Encyclopedia
3330:Catholic Encyclopedia
3189:Thomas Bailey Aldrich
3176:
3083:SĂ©bastien de Brossard
3016:
2974:Artemisia Gentileschi
2924:Artemisia Gentileschi
2921:
2894:A Treatise of Schisme
2886:Bartolomeo Tortoletti
2868:Gabrielle de Coignard
2742:. In this verse, the
2677:Charles Cutler Torrey
2525:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2413:Judith 4:6–7; 6:11–13
2401:Catholic Encyclopedia
2372:Further information:
2200:Bernard de Montfaucon
2124:High Priest of Israel
1979:
1972:Historicity of Judith
1885:
1700:
1618:
1456:Epiphanius of Salamis
1424:Clement of Alexandria
1102:book included in the
1078:
1062:
1043:
40:
7171:Ancient Hebrew texts
7082:Bible version debate
7056:New Testament papyri
7002:Samaritan Pentateuch
6627:Testament of Abraham
6565:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
5948:Testament of Abraham
5908:Life of Adam and Eve
5774:(Donatello, c. 1457)
5218:Toy, Crawford Howell
5211:31 December 1999 at
4827:: King James Version
3767:Cyril of Jerusalem,
3752:Hartmann, Wilfried,
3664:R. Nosson Scherman,
3089:Alessandro Scarlatti
3031:In music and theatre
2368:Location of Bethulia
2301:Artaxerxes III Ochus
2122:4:6 claims that the
2112:Babylonian captivity
1994:Second Temple period
1561:considered canonical
1392:Nachmanides (Ramban)
1356:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
975:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
7024:Muratorian fragment
6959:New Testament canon
6954:Old Testament canon
6847:Chapters and verses
6465:Additions to Daniel
6431:Additions to Esther
6061:Additions to Daniel
5987:Ascension of Isaiah
5958:Assumption of Moses
5433:Portrayals in media
4928:World English Bible
4719:See Clanton, p. 41.
4516:. 13 February 2024.
4427:A History of Israel
3540:Deborah Levine Gera
3118:La Betulia Liberata
2864:Guillaume Du Bartas
2853:Lucrezia Tornabuoni
2849:Italian Renaissance
2797:subject of a homily
2683:4:6 – A plain near
2393:Jewish Encyclopedia
2087:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1756:Seleucid oppression
1671:Part II (8:1–16:25)
1434:(2nd century), and
1224:Jewish Encyclopedia
901:Additions to Daniel
867:Additions to Esther
6637:Testament of Jacob
6632:Testament of Isaac
6517:Prayer of Manasseh
6480:Bel and the Dragon
6460:Letter of Jeremiah
6117:Letter of Aristeas
6066:Prayer of Manasseh
5982:Letter of Jeremiah
5963:Joseph and Aseneth
5913:Testament of Qahat
5903:Genesis Apocryphon
5834:King James Version
5824:Vulgata Clementina
5793:Biblical apocrypha
5579:(Serov, 1861–1863)
5563:(Metastasio, 1734)
5552:Juditha triumphans
5512:Judith of Bethulia
5302:Books of the Bible
5222:Torrey, Charles C.
5194:The Book of Judith
5101:The Age of Insight
4912:Plain of Esdraelon
4674:Flavius Josephus,
4297:2017-11-22 at the
4167:See footnote a at
4056:Famiglia Cristiana
4054:[Judith].
3432:Septuagint: Judith
3198:Judith of Bethulia
3193:Judith of Bethulia
3104:Juditha triumphans
3028:
2927:
2834:in Paris (1240s).
2816:Heinrich Frauenlob
2744:Codex Alexandrinus
2429:Kyamon, or Chelmon
2320:who, according to
2314:Tigranes the Great
2247:by the astronomer
2236:Douay Rheims Bible
2196:Pierre Daniel Huet
2168:Thomas Worthington
2164:George Leo Haydock
2055:Tigranes the Great
1989:
1888:
1748:historical fiction
1738:Most contemporary
1709:
1704:, 1860 woodcut by
1621:
1593:Literary structure
1503:Prologue to Judith
1495:Hilary of Poitiers
1491:Bede the Venerable
1452:Cyril of Jerusalem
1297:Hellenistic period
1239:Historical context
1092:
1073:
1057:
927:Prayer of Manasseh
896:Letter of Jeremiah
56:
18:Judith (apocrypha)
7176:Historical novels
7148:
7147:
7117:Textual criticism
6680:
6679:
6604:Psalms of Solomon
6547:Orthodox Tewahedo
6135:
6134:
6122:Sibylline Oracles
6026:Psalms of Solomon
5893:Apocrypha in the
5852:
5851:
5781:
5780:
5739:(Goya, 1819–1823)
5643:(Titian, c. 1570)
5635:(Giorgione, 1504)
5488:(Giraudoux, 1931)
5317:
5316:
5308:Succeeded by
5304:
5298:
5205:Judith: Apocrypha
5007:978-0-393-91247-0
4020:978-0-19-528961-9
3825:Pope Innocent I,
3476:978-1-906924-15-7
3461:Henrike Lähnemann
3224:The Possibilities
3185:Abraham Goldfaden
3149:Emil von Reznicek
3123:Pietro Metastasio
3115:composed in 1771
2946:Sandro Botticelli
2551:Caesarea Philippi
2495:1:6 – the rivers
2477:Franz Karl Movers
2344:and defeated the
2204:Fulcran Vigouroux
2192:Nicolaus Serarius
2184:Robert Bellarmine
2172:Richard Challoner
1998:Damascus Document
1926:history of Israel
1744:Gianfranco Ravasi
1624:Part I (1:1–7:23)
1475:Basil of Caesarea
1461:Many influential
1345:Hasmonean dynasty
1244:Original language
1211:theological novel
1185:
1170:
1038:
1037:
998:
997:
992:
991:
956:Orthodox Tewahedo
882:Wisdom of Solomon
834:
833:
540:
539:
534:
533:
530:
529:
487:
486:
416:
415:
352:
351:
273:
272:
228:
227:
152:
151:
48:Cristofano Allori
16:(Redirected from
7203:
7191:Historical books
7181:Jewish apocrypha
6997:Dead Sea Scrolls
6979:Dating the Bible
6857:Historical books
6494:Eastern Orthodox
6407:Eastern Orthodox
6395:
6388:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6139:
6031:Testament of Job
5923:Book of Jubilees
5918:Visions of Amram
5886:Jewish apocrypha
5879:
5872:
5865:
5856:
5829:Wycliffe Version
5731:(Boulogne, 1626)
5560:Betulia liberata
5528:Head of a Tyrant
5515:(American, 1914)
5437:
5390:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5320:
5300:
5296:
5287:Preceded by
5273:
5262:
5261:
5255:
5183:
5175:
5163:
5157:
5148:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5028:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4921:
4915:
4908:
4902:
4893:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4867:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4806:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4694:Dan W. Clanton,
4692:
4686:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4281:
4275:
4270:Haydock, G. L.,
4268:
4262:
4252:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4209:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4182:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4141:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4099:
4093:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4041:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
3985:
3984:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3927:
3921:
3914:Nigosian, S.A.,
3912:
3906:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3832:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3785:Panarion viii. 6
3780:
3774:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3549:
3536:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3457:Schmitz, Barbara
3453:
3447:
3446:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3299:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3253:Summa Theologica
3244:
3166:Friedrich Hebbel
3007:The Dinner Party
2872:Anne de Marquets
2824:Geoffrey Chaucer
2544:Taurus Mountains
2473:Wilhelm Gesenius
2427:, and thence to
2330:Salome Alexandra
2249:Claudius Ptolemy
2137:Kingdom of Judah
2071:Darius the Great
2002:Flavius Josephus
1985:Girolamo Mocetto
1538:Council of Trent
1432:Melito of Sardis
1412:early Christians
1341:Dead Sea Scrolls
1254:Semitic language
1215:historical novel
1192:
1180:
1177:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1136:. It tells of a
1128:and assigned by
1112:Eastern Orthodox
1100:deuterocanonical
1030:
1023:
1016:
851:
847:
845:Deuterocanonical
721:
717:
673:
609:
565:
556:
550:
498:
435:
428:
384:
375:
370:
366:
241:
186:
175:
170:
166:
100:
95:
91:
81:
75:
65:
58:
52:Royal Collection
21:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7121:
7065:
6983:
6974:Christian canon
6937:
6872:Prophetic books
6835:
6766:2 Thessalonians
6761:1 Thessalonians
6676:
6643:
6608:
6579:
6541:
6500:
6486:
6414:
6386:
6385:
6377:
6188:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6136:
6131:
6075:Other apocrypha
6070:
6006:
5967:
5888:
5883:
5853:
5848:
5807:
5777:
5758:
5747:(Ziegler, 1847)
5598:
5587:(Matthus, 1985)
5555:(Vivaldi, 1716)
5534:
5523:(Italian, 1929)
5499:
5464:
5428:
5412:
5391:
5382:
5361:
5352:
5347:
5313:
5299:
5292:
5259:
5236:O'Loughlin, Tom
5234:
5225:JUDITH, BOOK OF
5190:
5166:
5151:
5138:
5135:
5133:Further reading
5130:
5129:
5125:, Gutenberg Ed.
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5066:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4738:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4693:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4648:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4413:J. Duffy. 1865.
4406:
4405:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4299:Wayback Machine
4282:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4222:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4191:in the Vulgate)
4183:
4179:
4173:Jerusalem Bible
4166:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4140:in the Vulgate)
4132:
4128:
4121:Judith 8:10 in
4120:
4116:
4100:
4096:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4008:
4007:
3988:
3981:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3913:
3909:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3781:
3777:
3766:
3762:
3751:
3747:
3736:
3732:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3591:
3587:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3538:
3537:
3522:
3511:
3507:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3139:Alexander Serov
3127:Arthur Honegger
3109:Antonio Vivaldi
3051:Antonio Vivaldi
3033:
2990:Francesco Cairo
2950:Andrea Mantegna
2916:
2910:
2832:Sainte-Chapelle
2778:Hrabanus Maurus
2774:
2761:
2748:Codex Vaticanus
2461:
2376:
2370:
2318:King of Armenia
2309:
2293:
2180:Sixtus of Siena
2129:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
2108:2 Chronicles 33
2079:
2010:Darius the Mede
1974:
1966:
1964:Judith's prayer
1865:
1863:Main characters
1736:
1595:
1578:
1573:
1499:Pope Innocent I
1483:John Chrysostom
1416:Clement of Rome
1408:
1406:In Christianity
1382:counterpart to
1325:
1320:
1310:
1246:
1241:
1090:, Vatican City)
1053:Alte Pinakothek
1034:
994:
993:
848:
843:
836:
835:
718:
713:
706:
705:
704:
674:
669:
662:
661:
660:
610:
605:
598:
597:
596:
566:
561:
548:
536:
535:
426:
372:
368:
362:
354:
353:
348:
172:
168:
162:
154:
153:
97:
93:
87:
73:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7209:
7207:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7161:Book of Judith
7153:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7112:Synod of Hippo
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7046:Masoretic Text
7043:
7038:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6882:Minor prophets
6879:
6877:Major prophets
6869:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6690:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6655:Pseudepigrapha
6651:
6649:
6648:Classification
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6594:Psalms 152–155
6590:
6588:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6462:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6248:1–2 Chronicles
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6087:Book of Judith
6084:
6082:Book of Sirach
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6051:Psalms 152–155
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6021:Book of Wisdom
6017:
6015:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5716:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5701:, c. 1645–1650
5696:
5695:, c. 1640–1645
5690:
5689:, c. 1623–1625
5684:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5652:
5644:
5636:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:, c. 1495/1500
5619:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5480:(Hebbel, 1840)
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5378:Nebuchadnezzar
5375:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5359:Book of Judith
5357:
5354:
5353:
5350:Book of Judith
5348:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5271:
5270:
5264:Book of Judith
5256:
5232:
5215:
5201:
5189:
5188:External links
5186:
5185:
5184:
5164:
5149:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5115:
5106:
5091:
5087:Place Settings
5079:
5064:
5046:
5040:978-1851097777
5039:
5013:
5006:
4988:
4976:
4965:
4954:
4942:
4931:
4916:
4903:
4888:
4877:
4862:
4851:
4840:
4829:
4817:
4809:Haydock, G. L.
4801:
4790:
4779:
4766:
4752:
4721:
4712:
4687:
4667:
4655:
4639:
4625:
4611:
4597:
4583:
4572:
4558:
4549:
4533:
4519:
4505:
4488:"Ashurbanipal"
4479:
4470:
4457:
4443:
4436:
4416:
4399:
4385:
4371:
4357:
4343:
4329:
4315:
4303:
4276:
4263:
4255:Haydock, G. L.
4244:
4233:
4220:
4204:
4193:
4177:
4160:
4142:
4126:
4114:
4094:
4073:
4061:
4042:
4026:
4019:
3986:
3980:978-3110279948
3979:
3961:
3947:
3941:978-9004035959
3940:
3922:
3907:
3892:
3878:
3851:
3833:
3818:
3804:
3790:
3775:
3760:
3745:
3730:
3712:
3698:
3684:
3670:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3619:
3606:
3585:
3567:
3561:978-1906924157
3560:
3520:
3505:
3496:Hebrew Studies
3482:
3475:
3448:
3441:
3422:
3408:
3401:
3381:
3367:
3350:
3336:
3319:
3313:978-1783746767
3312:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3266:
3258:Deuteronomy 23
3248:Thomas Aquinas
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3207:Arnold Bennett
3203:D. W. Griffith
3032:
3029:
2998:Sistine Chapel
2986:Francisco Goya
2982:Trophime Bigot
2931:Power of Women
2912:Main article:
2909:
2906:
2902:William Carter
2898:Gregory Martin
2773:
2770:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2738:, or possibly
2732:
2721:
2710:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2649:
2638:
2623:
2620:book of Joshua
2588:
2581:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2493:
2460:
2457:
2369:
2366:
2338:Judas Maccabee
2308:
2305:
2297:Church Fathers
2292:
2289:
2245:Canon of Kings
2078:
2075:
2051:Artaxerxes III
2022:Book of Esther
2014:Book of Daniel
1996:, such as the
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1912:Nebuchadnezzar
1864:
1861:
1735:
1734:Literary genre
1732:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1594:
1591:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1507:Nicene Council
1428:Bryennios List
1407:
1404:
1376:medieval Jewry
1333:Masoretic Text
1324:
1321:
1309:
1306:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1096:Book of Judith
1088:Sistine Chapel
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
959:
958:
952:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
911:
910:
906:
905:
904:
903:
898:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
849:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
766:
765:
763:Minor prophets
759:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
728:
727:
725:Major prophets
719:
712:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
675:
668:
667:
664:
663:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:1–2 Chronicles
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
611:
604:
603:
600:
599:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
568:
567:
560:
559:
552:
551:
549:(Christianity)
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
526:Divre Hayyamim
524:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
494:
493:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
431:
430:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
380:
379:
373:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
237:
236:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
182:
181:
173:
160:
159:
156:
155:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
98:
85:
84:
77:
76:
67:
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7208:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6729:2 Corinthians
6727:
6725:
6724:1 Corinthians
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6686:New Testament
6683:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6667:New Testament
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6575:Broader canon
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6288:Song of Songs
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6186:Old Testament
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Book of Tobit
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6011:Apocrypha in
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5972:Apocrypha in
5970:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:(Klimt, 1901)
5754:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:Gentileschi,
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:Gentileschi,
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5312:
5305:
5303:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5203:Craven, Toni
5202:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5065:0-300-07365-8
5061:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4735:public domain
4725:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4704:0-567-02991-3
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4684:0-8254-2924-2
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4437:9780664220686
4433:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4311:Judith 9:1–19
4307:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:Aquinas, T.,
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4090:1-85075-566-3
4087:
4083:
4080:Ida Frolich,
4077:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:1-930143-31-1
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3502:(1): 392–394.
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3442:9781990289064
3438:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3402:9780300139952
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:Howard Barker
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:(EJG.30) and
3080:
3076:
3073:has composed
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:Thomas Tallis
3040:
3039:
3038:Spem in alium
3030:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:Horace Vernet
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:, as well as
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2876:Marko Marulić
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:In literature
2771:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:Jordan Valley
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:Karkheh River
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:Sheikh Zuweid
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:John Hyrcanus
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:Saosdouchinos
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:king of Media
1903:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:Mulier sancta
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1644:
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1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:Martin Luther
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Old Testament
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
986:
985:Broader canon
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
957:
953:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
909:Orthodox only
907:
902:
899:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
846:
840:
839:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
764:
760:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
726:
722:
716:
710:
709:
701:
700:Song of Songs
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
672:
666:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
608:
602:
601:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:Old Testament
543:
525:
523:
519:
515:
513:
512:Ezra–Nehemiah
509:
505:
503:
499:
496:
495:
490:
482:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
443:Shir Hashirim
442:
440:
439:Song of Songs
436:
433:
432:
429:
425:
419:
411:
409:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
389:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
365:
358:
357:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
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330:
327:
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320:
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312:
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280:
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268:
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223:
221:
217:
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211:
207:
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180:
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165:
158:
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147:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:(Instruction)
90:
83:
82:
79:
78:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
33:
19:
7196:Ashurbanipal
7035:Vetus Latina
7033:
7016:
6969:Jewish canon
6964:Antilegomena
6866:Poetic Books
6862:Wisdom books
6840:Subdivisions
6753:
6458: /
6425:
6383:Deuterocanon
6303:Lamentations
6283:Ecclesiastes
6190:(protocanon)
6181:Hebrew Bible
6086:
5769:
5750:
5742:
5734:
5726:
5706:
5674:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5630:
5609:
5591:
5582:
5574:
5571:(Arne, 1761)
5566:
5558:
5550:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5456:
5447:
5358:
5349:
5295:
5277:Deuterocanon
5243:
5228:
5208:
5177:
5162:. B. Herder.
5159:
5144:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5082:
5055:
5049:
5024:
5016:
4997:
4991:
4979:
4968:
4957:
4945:
4934:
4919:
4906:
4891:
4880:
4865:
4854:
4843:
4832:
4820:
4804:
4793:
4782:
4769:
4755:
4744:
4724:
4715:
4695:
4690:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4628:
4614:
4600:
4586:
4575:
4561:
4552:
4542:
4536:
4522:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4491:
4482:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4446:
4426:
4419:
4408:
4402:
4388:
4374:
4360:
4346:
4332:
4318:
4306:
4287:
4279:
4266:
4241:Judith 12:10
4236:
4223:
4216:Douay-Rheims
4207:
4201:Judith 14:10
4196:
4180:
4163:
4145:
4138:Judith 16:28
4134:Judith 16:23
4129:
4117:
4097:
4081:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4045:
4029:
4010:
3970:
3964:
3950:
3931:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3881:
3869:
3846:www.ccel.org
3845:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3807:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3715:
3701:
3687:
3673:
3665:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3545:
3513:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3465:
3451:
3431:
3425:
3411:
3391:
3384:
3370:
3339:
3329:
3322:
3303:
3297:
3278:
3269:
3251:
3242:
3227:
3223:
3215:Moshe Shamir
3210:
3201:by director
3196:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3130:
3116:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3074:
3059:Hubert Parry
3055:W. A. Mozart
3036:
3034:
3021:
3005:
3002:Judy Chicago
2994:Hermann-Paul
2970:Gustav Klimt
2933:
2928:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2861:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2809:
2794:
2790:Nowell Codex
2775:
2766:
2762:
2702:
2696:Abel-meholah
2656:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2574:Abel-meholah
2509:Jhelum River
2462:
2441:
2398:
2377:
2334:
2310:
2294:
2281:2 Chronicles
2273:2 Chronicles
2265:roman Ă clef
2255:" followed "
2233:
2224:
2152:
2140:
2119:
2115:
2099:
2083:Ashurbanipal
2080:
2047:Ashurbanipal
1990:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1889:
1867:
1866:
1805:
1799:
1780:
1760:
1737:
1725:
1722:
1701:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1607:
1596:
1579:
1576:Plot summary
1554:
1519:
1502:
1460:
1409:
1384:Queen Esther
1372:
1349:
1337:Hebrew Bible
1326:
1318:Jewish canon
1286:
1278:
1247:
1223:
1203:anachronisms
1200:
1187:
1172:
1095:
1093:
1084:Michelangelo
1079:
1068:
1044:
1004:Bible portal
894: /
861:
744:Lamentations
695:Ecclesiastes
469:Ecclesiastes
459:Lamentations
423:
363:
163:
88:
41:
7140:WikiProject
7018:Diatessaron
6989:Manuscripts
6942:Development
6744:Philippians
6614:Beta Israel
6532:4 Maccabees
6527:3 Maccabees
6441:2 Maccabees
6436:1 Maccabees
6218:Deuteronomy
6112:4 Maccabees
6107:3 Maccabees
6102:2 Maccabees
6097:1 Maccabees
5721:, 1620–1625
5715:, 1620–1622
5669:, 1620–1621
5663:, 1612–1613
5546:La Giuditta
5408:Betomasthem
5248:Brady Haran
4984:Judith 15:4
4825:Judith 2:21
4212:Judith 14:6
4112:include it.
3094:La Giuditta
2839:Renaissance
2801:Anglo-Saxon
2680:"watchman".
2653:Betomasthem
2565:manuscript.
2559:Baal-Hermon
2063:Cambyses II
2043:Cleitarchus
1930:circumcised
1599:sycophantic
1550:Anglicanism
1532:(397), and
1400:Deuteronomy
1352:crypto-Jews
1282:Middle Ages
1256:, probably
1130:Protestants
1049:Simon Vouet
942:4 Maccabees
937:3 Maccabees
877:2 Maccabees
872:1 Maccabees
592:Deuteronomy
144:Deuteronomy
7155:Categories
7077:Authorship
7007:Septuagint
6852:Pentateuch
6831:Revelation
6755:Laodiceans
6749:Colossians
6238:1–2 Samuel
5819:Septuagint
5623:Washington
5621:Mantegna,
5614:Mantegna,
5440:Literature
5373:Holofernes
5168:Pope, Hugh
4924:Judith 7:3
4896:Judith 4:6
4708:propaganda
4498:8 November
4464:Roy Gane,
4288:41. Judith
4284:Levine, A.
4189:Judith 5:9
4185:Judith 5:8
4169:Judith 3:8
4102:Judith 9:2
4052:"Giuditta"
3602:082646663X
3289:References
3153:Holofernes
3135:René Morax
2942:Caravaggio
2671:hills and
2646:gated city
2563:Trivandrum
2536:Cappadocia
2511:in modern
2444:Madaba Map
2433:Judith 7:3
2425:Judith 8:3
2261:Jimmy Akin
2257:Asaradinos
2026:2 Kings 19
1892:Holofernes
1795:Genesis 34
1752:propaganda
1583:Holofernes
1557:1 Meqabyan
1515:Jimmy Akin
1479:Tertullian
1448:Athanasius
1420:Tertullian
1414:, such as
1329:Septuagint
1323:In Judaism
1312:See also:
1308:Canonicity
1250:Septuagint
1233:Samaritans
1104:Septuagint
1064:Caravaggio
631:1–2 Samuel
607:Historical
563:Pentateuch
522:Chronicles
492:Historical
369:(Writings)
169:(Prophets)
6916:Johannine
6776:2 Timothy
6771:1 Timothy
6739:Ephesians
6734:Galatians
6522:Psalm 151
6390:apocrypha
6368:Zechariah
6358:Zephaniah
6243:1–2 Kings
6208:Leviticus
6046:Psalm 151
5763:Sculpture
5683:, c. 1615
5618:, c. 1495
5281:Apocrypha
4313:: Vulgate
3164:In 1840,
3101:in 1726;
3061:, and an
3047:oratorios
2954:Giorgione
2938:Donatello
2752:Abel-Maim
2729:Baal-meon
2661:Esdraelon
2612:Tel Hazor
2600:Arasousia
2497:Euphrates
2362:Pharisees
2346:Seleucids
2269:Asenappar
2208:Phraortes
2093:3347, or
2030:Herodotus
2020:from the
2018:Ahasuerus
2012:from the
1981:Engraving
1872:Simeonite
1841:Decadence
1822:Fortitude
1802:patristic
1683:(9:1–14)
1587:Assyrians
1559:, a book
1512:apologist
1471:Augustine
1410:Although
1380:Hasmonean
1364:midrashic
1301:Maccabees
1299:when the
1160:יְהוּדִית
1150:Jerusalem
1134:apocrypha
1115:Christian
1055:, Munich)
932:Psalm 151
822:Zechariah
812:Zephaniah
715:Prophetic
636:1–2 Kings
582:Leviticus
427:(Scrolls)
339:Zechariah
329:Zephaniah
269:Yekhezqel
259:Yirmeyahu
249:Yeshayahu
124:Leviticus
74:(Judaism)
54:, London)
7130:Category
7029:Peshitta
6926:Catholic
6921:Pastoral
6906:Epistles
6899:Synoptic
6786:Philemon
6599:2 Baruch
6586:Peshitta
6560:Jubilees
6512:2 Esdras
6507:1 Esdras
6402:Catholic
6353:Habakkuk
6298:Jeremiah
6278:Proverbs
6258:Nehemiah
6041:2 Esdras
6036:1 Esdras
6002:3 Baruch
5997:2 Baruch
5992:1 Baruch
5681:Florence
5667:Florence
5603:Painting
5594:(ballet)
5459:(homily)
5403:Bethulia
5268:LibriVox
5250:for the
5240:"Judith"
5170:(1910).
5074:37836745
4741:Bethulia
4301:, p. 638
4295:Archived
3831:, 405 AD
3277:'s poem
3168:'s play
3063:operetta
2844:exemplum
2692:Peshitta
2657:singular
2642:Bethulia
2616:En-hazor
2570:Peshitta
2555:Baal-gad
2517:Pakistan
2465:biblical
2409:Esdrelon
2374:Bethulia
2358:Sadducee
2322:Josephus
2238:and the
2221:Elamites
2104:Hezekiah
1922:Ammonite
1876:Manasseh
1826:Chastity
1814:Humility
1740:exegetes
1610:chiastic
1603:Bethulia
1571:Contents
1534:Florence
1530:Carthage
1396:Peshitta
1360:Hanukkah
1289:Seleucid
1219:Manasseh
1182:Tiberian
1146:Bethulia
1142:Assyrian
1108:Catholic
1106:and the
970:Jubilees
922:2 Esdras
917:1 Esdras
807:Habakkuk
739:Jeremiah
690:Proverbs
651:Nehemiah
506:Daniyyel
424:Megillot
398:Proverbs
392:Tehillim
324:Habakkuk
255:Jeremiah
224:Melakhim
204:Shofetim
194:Yehoshua
138:Bemidbar
108:Bereshit
50:, 1613 (
7102:Studies
7070:Related
7041:Vulgate
6911:Pauline
6889:Gospels
6806:2 Peter
6801:1 Peter
6791:Hebrews
6694:Matthew
6584:Syriac
6470:Susanna
6373:Malachi
6333:Obadiah
6308:Ezekiel
6213:Numbers
6198:Genesis
6171:of the
6013:Ketuvim
5974:Nevi'im
5938:3 Enoch
5933:2 Enoch
5928:1 Enoch
5812:Sources
5786:Related
5711:Vouet,
5687:Detroit
5469:Theatre
5141:"Esora"
4926:in the
4870:"Esora"
4737::
4569:. 1840.
4530:. 1925.
3463:(ed.).
3332:article
3262:Moabite
3250:in his
2799:by the
2786:Beowulf
2725:Vulgate
2718:Einabus
2707:Jokneam
2673:Samaria
2669:Galilee
2608:Assaron
2604:Aisoraa
2578:Belameh
2532:Nineveh
2505:Vulgate
2455:tribe.
2453:Bedouin
2421:Dothain
2405:Jezrael
2385:Jezreel
2381:Shechem
2350:Samaria
2342:Nicanor
2340:killed
2229:Teumman
2133:Chaldea
2095:Ante C.
2039:Ctesias
1902:Nineveh
1897:villain
1857:Goliath
1837:Tyranny
1818:Justice
1810:virtues
1764:Deborah
1750:, or a
1563:in the
1528:(393),
1524:(382),
1487:Ambrose
1467:doctors
1463:fathers
1444:Vulgate
1402:21:14.
1368:Shabbat
1335:of the
1269:Vulgate
1262:Aramaic
1229:Shechem
1207:parable
1190:YĹhūḏīṯ
1175:Yəhūdīt
1132:to the
1120:of the
827:Malachi
787:Obadiah
749:Ezekiel
587:Numbers
572:Genesis
473:Qohelet
402:Mishlei
364:Ketuvim
344:Malachi
304:Obadiah
265:Ezekiel
214:Shemuel
164:Nevi'im
148:Devarim
134:Numbers
128:Wayiqra
104:Genesis
7135:Portal
7012:Targum
6821:3 John
6816:2 John
6811:1 John
6719:Romans
6672:Jewish
6497:Others
6456:Baruch
6451:Sirach
6446:Wisdom
6426:Judith
6411:Others
6363:Haggai
6313:Daniel
6293:Isaiah
6273:Psalms
6263:Esther
6228:Judges
6223:Joshua
6203:Exodus
5803:Salome
5719:Munich
5713:Vienna
5707:Judith
5699:Naples
5693:Cannes
5661:Naples
5632:Judith
5616:Dublin
5592:Judith
5584:Judith
5576:Judith
5568:Judith
5485:Judith
5477:Judith
5457:Judith
5450:(poem)
5448:Judith
5417:Events
5396:Places
5366:People
5311:Esther
5231:, 1906
5198:Arabic
5072:
5062:
5037:
5004:
4986:: NRSV
4702:
4682:
4494:. 2014
4434:
4106:tribal
4088:
4017:
3977:
3938:
3634:
3600:
3558:
3473:
3439:
3399:
3310:
3279:Amores
3228:Judith
3211:Judith
3171:Judith
3158:Judith
3155:, and
3144:Judith
3131:Judith
3113:Mozart
2962:Titian
2881:Judita
2822:, and
2812:Viking
2805:Ælfric
2803:abbot
2736:Keilah
2685:Dothan
2596:Aisora
2592:Aesora
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