555:(Vol. 61, 1986) she used a game theory approach to introduce the concept of “leverage” to explain why smaller individuals are sometimes able to establish an egalitarian relationship with much larger individuals, ones that could easily dominate them physically. This paper also introduced the concept of “spheres of dominance” to explain why, in a given relationship between two individuals, the relative payoffs to survival or reproduction depends on the context of a conflict. Different contexts will provide different payoffs to each individual and consequently determine which individual of the pair will be dominant in a given context, instead of one individual being dominant over the other in all contexts.
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behavior to resolve conflicts. For example, mated gull pairs in conflict over nesting duties or access to choice food used such methods as sharing, first-come-first-served, and negotiation rather than the commonly studied dominance and subordination behavior to resolve conflicts. Female gulls of the
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Judith Leon (née Latta) Hand was born in
Cherokee, Oklahoma, the daughter of John Leon Latta & Wanda Hazel Latta (1914–1994). Her father, a successful restaurateur, died when she was nine; her mother, a registered nurse, raised Hand and her younger sister alone. Hand graduated from
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Hand has been a member of the
International Society for Human Ethology (ISHE), since its inception in 1972. ISHE is a professional organization whose members study human behavior and come from such diverse disciplines as
645:, Germany, where she assisted in brain surgeries designed to evoke vocalizations in squirrel monkeys; she published her first scientific papers on these behavioral experiments. From 1965 through 1966, at the
1210:"If women around the world in the twenty-first century would get their act together they could, partnered with men of like mind, shift the direction of world history to create a future without war." In
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and the second, a contemporary women's action adventure. More published novels soon followed; all featuring strong heroines struggling in epic conflicts in partnership with equally strong heroes.
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1203:"Because of genetic inclinations that are as deeply rooted as the bonding-for-aggression inclinations of men, most women would prefer to make or keep the peace, the sooner the better." In
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467:. The term "peace ethology" was coined by ethologist, Peter Verbeek, as a subdiscipline of human ethology, one that is concerned with issues of human conflict, conflict resolution,
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Culture which Hand portrays as woman-centered, goddess-worshipping, and without wars of aggression, a view she considers valid but which remains controversial.
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From 1980 to 1985, she was a
Research Associate and Lecturer in the UCLA biology department teaching Animal Behavior and Ornithology. In 1987, she moved from
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at UCLA, after which she briefly worked as a laboratory technician at UCLA's Brain
Research Institute. In 1963–1964, Hand was a research technician at the
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and a novelist. She writes on a variety of topics related to the science of animal and human behavior, including the biological and evolutionary roots of
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Pacific Seabird Group. During Hand's tenure, the organization gained non-profit status and established an endowment fund.
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Hand states that she was subsequently drawn back into the subject of war and women while promoting this book. The novel's background is the
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In 2004, two of her novels were published by New York publishing houses, the first, an historical epic set against the background of the
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Combined meeting of the
American Ornithologist's Union, Cooper Ornithological Society, and Wilson Ornithological Society. Missoula, MT.
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William Jordan: "Divorce, Sea-gull Style. Sometimes Two Birds Just Can’t See Eye to Eye Over Brooding Privileges."
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1966 Winter, Ploog, and Hand. "Vocal repertoire of the
Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus), its analysis and significance."
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1967 Hand, Hopf, and Ploog. "Observations on mating behavior and sexual play in the
Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)."
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1997. Pierotti, Annett, & Hand. "Male and Female
Perceptions of Pair-bond Dynamics: Monogamy in the Western Gull,
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1981. "Sociobiological implications of unusual sexual behaviors of gulls: the genotype/behavioral phenotype problem.
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1985. "Egalitarian resolution of social conflicts: a study of pair-bonded gulls in nest duty and feeding contexts."
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1985 "Egalitarian resolution of social conflicts: a study of pair-bonded gulls in nest duty and feeding contexts."
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1986. "Resolution of Social Conflicts: Dominance, Egalitarianism, Spheres of Dominance and Game Theory."
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1986 "Resolution of Social Conflicts: Dominance, Egalitarianism, Spheres of Dominance and Game Theory."
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546:(1979–1980). This research resulted in published papers on conflict resolution highlighting the use of
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1967. Hand, Hopf, and Ploog. "Observations on mating behavior and sexual play in the Squirrel Monkey (
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1999 Winner, Sooner Area Romance Authors, "Shooting Star Award," "Historical, Voice of the Goddess."
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The book draws from fields as diverse as evolutionary biology, primatology, behavior, ornithology,
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1966 Student Research Grant, Chapman Fund, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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1999 Winner, NE Indiana Romance Authors, "Opening Gambit," Historical, "Voice of the Goddess."
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in 1987, Hand turned her attention to writing fiction. In 2001, she self-published the novel
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species she studied are always smaller than their mates. In her theoretical paper in the
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2005 Winner, San Diego Book Awards, Best Historical Novel, "The Amazon and the Warrior."
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1968 Outstanding Student Paper Award, Annual Meeting, American Ornithologists Union.
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1969 Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowship, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
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1999 Winner, San Diego Book Awards, Unpublished Novelists, "Voice of the Goddess."
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Feminism and Evolutionary Biology: Boundaries, Intersections, and Frontiers
511:). Her doctoral dissertation compared vocalizations of two populations of
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1986. "Territory defense and associated vocalizations of Western Gulls."
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1966. Winter, Ploog, and Hand. "Vocal repertoire of the Squirrel Monkey (
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After completing her doctorate, she continued behavioral research as a
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is an in-depth exploration of human gender differences with regard to
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Ecology and Behavior of Gulls; Studies in Avian Biology, No. 10.
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In 2003, however, she returned to ethology and self-published
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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A Future Without War: The Strategy of a Warfare Transition.
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A Future Without War: The Strategy of a Warfare Transition
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A Future Without War: the Strategy of a Warfare Transition
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From 1967 to 1975, Hand taught high school biology at
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The Moral Molecule: the Source of Love and Prosperity
495:. While still teaching, she began a Ph.D. program at
408:, the empowerment of women, and the steps for ending
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Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research.
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Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
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Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research
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1984 Elected Member – American Ornithologists Union
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1710:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
1178:Impact of the 1982-83 El Niño on Seabird Ecology.
200:, potentially preventing the article from being
1245:Shift: The Beginning of War, The Ending of War
891:Shift: The Beginning of War, The Ending of War
439:with regard to war, and possible means to end
2161:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
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427:is an in-depth exploration of the origins of
425:Shift:The Beginning of War, The Ending of War
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2524:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
1278:. San Diego, CA : Questpath Publishing.
1247:. San Diego, CA : Questpath Publishing.
1234:. San Diego, CA : Questpath Publishing.
848:1987 Hand, Southern, & Vermeer (eds.),
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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220:reliable, independent, third-party sources
97:about living persons that is unsourced or
2534:21st-century American non-fiction writers
2114:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
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1180:AAAS Western Division, San Francisco, CA.
1117:Learn how and when to remove this message
818:2010. Hand, Judith L. "To Abolish War."
809:Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace
566:and spent several years writing fiction.
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1176:1984: Co-convener of a symposium on the
447:, a book by the same name, and a paper,
214:by replacing them with more appropriate
1300:2008 Verbeek, Peter. "Peace Ethology."
1287:2010 Hand, Judith L. "To Abolish War."
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907:. San Diego, CA: Questpath Publishing.
893:. San Diego, CA: Questpath Publishing.
863:Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace.
682:Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace,
571:Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace.
388:(born February 4, 1940) is an American
338:University of California at Los Angeles
197:too closely associated with the subject
1846:Soviet influence on the peace movement
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1205:Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace
587:Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace
417:Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace
2033:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
879:San Diego, CA: Questpath Publishing.
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2190:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
2519:American women historical novelists
2509:21st-century American women writers
1190:1994: Co-convener of a workshop on
742:), its analysis and significance."
585:. Hand has expanded concepts from
499:and in 1979 was awarded a Ph.D. in
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2415:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2312:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1600:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1369:. Cardiff, CA: Pacific Rim Press.
14:
2494:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
1907:International Day of Non-Violence
1565:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
34:This article has multiple issues.
2469:American evolutionary biologists
2317:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
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928:Cardiff, CA: Pacific Rim Press.
544:National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
362:Gender Differences in Aggression
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195:may rely excessively on sources
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1690:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
940:Die Gőttin des wűtenden Berges.
825:2013. Hand, Judith L. (Review)
807:2008. Hand, Judith L. (Review)
313:Author (fiction and nonfiction)
42:or discuss these issues on the
2504:American women science writers
1610:List of pacifist organisations
1491:Judith Hand’s Personal Website
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2489:American historical novelists
905:War and Sex and Human Destiny
2016:World Peace Bell Association
1917:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1620:New Socialist Party of Japan
1605:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1570:Coalition of Women for Peace
1496:A Future Without War website
1035:biography of a living person
589:into essays on her website,
542:Post-doctoral Fellow at the
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2474:American anti-war activists
2184:The whole world is watching
1952:Peace & Love (festival)
1902:Imagine Piano Peace Project
1388:The Amazon and the Warrior.
1341:Experimental Brain Research
1055:must be removed immediately
946:The Amazon and the Warrior.
744:Experimental Brain Research
553:Quarterly Review of Biology
102:must be removed immediately
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2307:2011 intervention in Libya
1927:List of places named Peace
1912:International Day of Peace
1630:Peace and conflict studies
1550:Anti-nuclear organizations
1185:Los Angeles Times Magazine
597:Education and work history
2484:American thriller writers
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1942:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
1937:Mother's Day Proclamation
1887:Dances of Universal Peace
1700:The Women's Peace Crusade
762:Ethology and Sociobiology
625:. In 1963, she earned an
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2479:American science writers
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2136:Non-aggression principle
2006:The Non-Violence Project
1986:Promoting Enduring Peace
1969:Promoting Enduring Peace
1625:Pacifist Socialist Party
1470:. NY: Silhouette Books.
1450:. NY: Silhouette Books.
1430:. NY: Silhouette Books.
1410:. NY: Silhouette Books.
523:as a separate species, (
489:Santa Monica High School
2297:Military action in Iran
1932:Monuments and memorials
1882:Concert Yutel for Peace
1685:React, Include, Recycle
1615:List of peace activists
1580:Conscientious objectors
1149:Selected fiction awards
831:Human Ethology Bulletin
813:Human Ethology Bulletin
792:." pp. 261–175 in
722:List of peace activists
2218:Opposition to specific
2173:Swords to ploughshares
2167:Soldiers are murderers
1560:Anti-war organizations
1049:Please help by adding
1004:NY: Silhouette Books.
990:NY: Silhouette Books.
976:NY: Silhouette Books.
962:NY: Silhouette Books.
613:, in 1961, graduating
390:evolutionary biologist
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2220:wars or their aspects
2141:Nonviolent resistance
1991:Show of Peace Concert
1756:Anti-nuclear movement
1192:Women in Ornithology.
1044:references or sources
926:Voice of the Goddess.
678:Voice of the Goddess.
619:cultural anthropology
575:cultural anthropology
2302:Sri Lankan Civil War
2196:Turn the other cheek
2011:University for Peace
1922:List of peace prizes
1367:Voice of the Goddess
1260:A Future Without War
776:J. Field Ornithology
710:Torrance, California
706:Torrance High School
635:Max Planck Institute
621:before switching to
617:, having majored in
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503:(her subfields were
445:A Future Without War
95:Contentious material
2344:Nuclear disarmament
2327:in Russian Far East
2084:Department of Peace
2069:Counter-recruitment
2064:Conflict resolution
2054:Central Park be-ins
2042:Slogans and tactics
2021:Japanese Peace Bell
1811:Non-interventionism
1806:Modern-war pacifism
1744:Christian anarchism
1304:145(11): 1497-1524.
1264:http://www.afww.org
811:by Douglas P. Fry.
651:UCLA Medical School
406:conflict resolution
352:Conflict Resolution
2238:American Civil War
2130:Make love, not war
2104:Economic sanctions
2059:Civil disobedience
1892:Festival for Peace
1865:Media and cultural
1851:Testimony of peace
1771:Christian pacifism
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668:After moving from
649:Department of the
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521:Gulf of California
517:Larus occidentalis
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402:gender differences
303:Cherokee, Oklahoma
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2209:War tax resisters
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1066:"Judith Hand"
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1062:Find sources:
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988:Captive Dove.
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117:"Judith Hand"
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2253:World War II
2109:Flower power
1961:
1801:Isolationism
1675:Peace treaty
1467:
1462:
1448:Captive Dove
1447:
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768:
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728:Publications
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690:
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680:In her book
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605:degree from
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552:
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525:Larus livens
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477:peacekeeping
461:anthropology
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431:, causes of
424:
423:. Her book,
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210:Please help
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84:verification
77:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2459:Ethologists
2449:1940 births
2400:Switzerland
2385:Netherlands
2258:Vietnam War
2248:World War I
2119:Human Be-In
1856:World peace
1821:Nonviolence
1786:Finvenkismo
1766:Appeasement
1680:Peaceworker
1356:8: 229-246.
1343:1: 359-384.
1168:Miscellanea
1107:August 2023
785:61:201-220.
757:8: 229–246.
746:1: 359–384.
670:Los Angeles
560:Los Angeles
548:egalitarian
540:Smithsonian
509:Primatology
505:Ornithology
473:peacemaking
334:Wheaton, IL
228:August 2023
158:August 2023
2443:Categories
2365:Costa Rica
2151:Peace walk
1963:Peace News
1841:Satyagraha
1826:Pacificism
1816:Nonkilling
1730:Anarchism
1719:Ideologies
1635:Peace camp
1218:References
1077:newspapers
974:Iron Dove.
843:Nonfiction
693:Trojan War
658:metabolism
647:Pediatrics
631:physiology
529:subspecies
479:behavior.
465:psychology
421:aggression
415:Her book,
394:ethologist
375:judithhand
316:Ethologist
310:Occupation
293:1940-02-04
212:improve it
202:verifiable
128:newspapers
39:improve it
2353:Countries
2334:Landmines
2322:in Russia
2280:Criticism
2089:Desertion
1575:Code Pink
1428:Iron Dove
1302:Behaviour
1038:does not
674:San Diego
655:bilirubin
564:San Diego
216:citations
80:citations
45:talk page
2428:Category
2285:Protests
2275:Iraq War
2178:Teach-in
1831:Pacifism
1532:Anti-war
1354:Primates
1130:Academia
778:57:1-15.
755:Primates
733:Articles
716:See also
501:Ethology
483:Research
435:, human
348:Ethology
320:Futurist
106:libelous
2370:Germany
2001:Symbols
1947:Museums
1091:scholar
1040:include
919:Fiction
623:zoology
583:history
471:, war,
457:biology
368:Website
344:Subject
206:neutral
142:scholar
2375:Israel
2360:Canada
2099:Die-in
2049:Bed-in
1796:Hippie
1726:Ahimsa
1474:
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1199:Quotes
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833:28(1).
815:23(2).
800:
699:Family
686:Minoan
643:Munich
581:, and
475:, and
305:, U.S.
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2395:Sudan
2390:Spain
2380:Japan
1996:Songs
1981:Plays
1897:Films
1877:Books
1836:Peace
1695:Unity
1466:2007
1446:2006
1426:2005
1406:2004
1386:2004
1365:2001
1274:2006
1243:2014
1230:2003
1098:JSTOR
1084:books
1000:2007
986:2006
972:2005
958:2004
944:2004
938:2002
924:2001
903:2018
889:2014
875:2006
861:2003
838:Books
753:)."
664:Works
513:gulls
358:Peace
149:JSTOR
135:books
73:This
1534:and
1472:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1070:news
1042:any
1006:ISBN
992:ISBN
978:ISBN
964:ISBN
950:ISBN
930:ISBN
909:ISBN
895:ISBN
881:ISBN
867:ISBN
853:ISBN
798:ISBN
637:for
627:M.A.
603:B.S.
507:and
497:UCLA
463:and
377:.net
287:Born
204:and
121:news
82:for
1872:Art
708:in
672:to
641:in
562:to
531:of
491:in
441:war
433:war
429:war
410:war
404:in
398:war
355:War
218:to
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2232:US
2230:;
2228:UK
1262:.
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577:,
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