Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

42: 730: 874: 1620: 466: 4081:, a hawker who was sentenced to death in 1978 for the double murder of two hawkers Phoon Ah Leong and his mother Hu Yuen Keng. After his appeal was dismissed, Haw was granted special leave to appeal to the Privy Council against his sentence and conviction, but his appeal was dismissed by the Privy Council, which issued a landmark ruling that decreed the prosecution shall be allowed to present its case against an accused in court, as long as there is sufficient evidence to back a charge against the accused and hence present a case for the accused to answer. After losing his final appeal, Haw was eventually hanged in 1982 for the hawker killings. 6019: 1635: 479: 4074:

strokes of the cane for a lesser charge of robbery at night). The Privy Council found that there was no evidence to show that Yasin had intended to cause death or any fatal bodily injury when he caused the fatal rib fractures on Poon while raping the struggling victim. As such, they found him guilty of committing a rash/negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide and sentenced him to two years' imprisonment. Following this appeal, Yasin was brought back to court to be charged with rape, and he was eventually jailed for another eight years for attempted rape of the victim.

2246: 1836: 180: 2421: 1605: 453: 2479: 2082: 2147: 1575: 427: 5928: 1455: 323: 2637: 2392: 2706: 3816:

authority only. Such decisions were not binding on the courts in Hong Kong under the doctrine of precedent before 1 July 1997 and are not binding today. Decisions of the House of Lords before 1 July 1997 stand in a similar position. It is of the greatest importance that the courts of Hong Kong should derive assistance from overseas jurisprudence, particularly from the final appellate courts of other common law jurisdictions. This is recognised by Article 84 of the Basic Law.

1821: 167: 1590: 1485: 440: 349: 5323: 1956: 1756: 518: 115: 1470: 336: 2719: 1866: 1560: 1545: 414: 401: 206: 1650: 557: 492: 2680: 2654: 1670: 232: 787:, before being transferred to a standing Appeals Committee of the Privy Council in 1696. The Appeals Committee of the Privy Council was one of the earliest judicial bodies which exercised the power of judicial review, in a series of cases from the American colonies which raised questions about the constitutionality of colonial statutes, measured against the royal charters which set out the powers of the colonial governments. 2451: 1530: 388: 5320: 2964: 2853: 1776: 128: 2809: 2667: 1515: 375: 2779: 1933: 1500: 505: 362: 2939: 2884: 2693: 2600: 2572: 2180: 1971: 1720: 1705: 1413: 531: 297: 284: 258: 2275: 2026: 1806: 1791: 1440: 310: 154: 141: 2914: 2537: 2363: 2333: 1901: 1851: 1690: 544: 245: 193: 2507: 2303: 2217: 2753: 1886: 1741: 271: 219: 2114: 3624:; the Committee returned to the Bahamas in December 2007 for a second sitting. On the latter occasion, Lords Hope, Rodger, Walker, and Mance, and Sir Christopher Rose, heard several cases. At the end of the sitting, Lord Hope indicated that there may be future sittings of the Committee in the Bahamas, and the Committee has indeed sat in the Bahamas again, in 2009. 3484:(Imp, 22–23 Geo 5, c.4) the impediment to abolishing appeals to the Privy Council, whether or not it had been legitimate, was comprehensively removed. Criminal appeals to the Privy Council were ended in 1933. Moves to extend the abolition to civil matters were shelved during the growing international crisis of the 1930s but re-tabled after the 835:, and New Zealand in 2003. Currently, eleven Commonwealth countries outside of the United Kingdom retain Privy Council appeals, in addition to various British and New Zealand territories. The Judicial Committee also retains jurisdiction over a small number of domestic matters in the United Kingdom, reduced by the creation of the 1378:

conflicts with that of a decision of the Judicial Committee on English law, English courts are required to follow the domestic decision over that of the Judicial Committee except when the Judicial Committee has in its decision expressly directed the domestic court to follow its new decision. However,

799:

of the entire Privy Council, of which a minimum of three were required for a quorum. Since many members of the Privy Council were not lawyers, all members of the Appeals Committee had equal votes, and there was no requirement that any of the Privy Counsellors actually hearing a particular appeal had

790:

By the early nineteenth century, the growth of the British Empire, which had greatly expanded the appellate jurisdiction of the Privy Council (despite the loss of appeals from the American colonies), had put great strains on the existing arrangements. In particular, the Appeals Committee had to hear

3501:

in that, whereas some Fathers of Confederation in negotiating the union of the British North American colonies against the backdrop of the American Civil War wished to ensure a strong central government vis-à-vis relatively weak provinces, appeals to the JCPC in constitutional matters progressively

3318:

had the power to legislate to limit them. The right of appeal from federal courts (including territory supreme courts) was abolished through the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968. Appeals from state courts, a continuation of the right to appeal decisions of colonial courts before 1901,

3277:

and their territories maintained a right of appeal to the Privy Council. Many of those Commonwealth countries that became republics, or which had indigenous monarchies, preserved the Judicial Committee's jurisdiction by agreement with the United Kingdom. However, retention of a right of appeal to a

3278:

court located overseas, made up mostly of British judges who may be out of tune with local values, has often come to be seen as incompatible with notions of an independent nation's sovereign status, and so a number of Commonwealth members have ended the right of appeal from their jurisdiction. The

4073:

for murdering and raping a 58-year-old woman named Poon Sai Imm, while his 25-year-old accomplice Harun bin Ripin went to ransack the elderly woman's house for items to rob (Harun, who also stood trial for murder together with Yasin, was instead sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and received 12

3211:

After hearing an appeal, the panel of judges which heard the case (known as "the Board") issues its decision in writing. For appeals to His Majesty in Council, the Board submits its decision to the King as advice for his consideration. By convention, the advice is always accepted by the King and

3095:

The bulk of the Committee's work is done by the Supreme Court Justices, who are paid to work full-time in both the Supreme Court and the Privy Council. Overseas judges may not sit when certain UK domestic matters are being heard, but will often sit when appeals from their own countries are being

3815:

Decisions of the Privy Council on Hong Kong appeals before 1 July 1997 remain binding on the courts of Hong Kong. This accords with the principle of continuity of the legal system enshrined in Article 8 of the Basic Law. Decisions of the Privy Council on non-Hong Kong appeals are of persuasive

800:

to be a lawyer, it became possible for certain parties to appeal to secure desired judgments by persuading nonlawyer Privy Counsellors to attend the hearings on their appeals. For these reasons, the Appeals Committee fell into disrepute among better-informed lawyers and judges in the colonies.

725:

retaining the JCPC as their final court of appeal, appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee itself. The panel of judges (typically five in number) hearing a particular case is known as "the Board". The report of the Board is, by convention, always accepted by the King-in-Council as

3986:, if it be correct, must be regarded as having general application throughout all jurisdictions based on the common law, because it does not depend on local considerations, their Lordships could not properly treat the unanimous view of the courts of New Zealand as being necessarily decisive. 3540:

in particular had come close and attempted to abolish appeals to the Judicial Committee without the support of the opposition in Parliament; however, it was ruled by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that the procedure used in Jamaica to bypass the opposition was incorrect and

3855: 3292:

From these discussions it was clear that it was no part of the policy of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain that questions affecting judicial appeals should be determined otherwise than in accordance with the wishes of the part of the Empire primarily

3973:

is properly to be regarded as a decision based on considerations peculiar to New Zealand, it is highly improbable that their Lordships would think it right to impose their own interpretation of the law, thereby contradicting the unanimous conclusions of the

3351: 3208:, while appeals from republics within the Commonwealth are directly to the Judicial Committee. Appeals are generally by leave of the local Court of Appeal, although the Judicial Committee retains discretionary power to grant leave to appeal as well. 3535:

acceded to the Appellate Jurisdiction of the CCJ on 1 June 2010. As it stands, a few other CARICOM states appear to be ready for the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the immediate future. The government of

830:

established their own courts of final appeal and as British colonies became independent, although many retained appeals to the Privy Council post-independence. Canada abolished Privy Council appeals in 1949, India and South Africa in 1950,

3925:

Jamaica's final court of appeal. The reform will be debated by the Jamaican Senate; however, the government needed the support of at least one opposition Senator for the measures to be approved by the required two-thirds majority. The

3488:, and civil appeals ended in 1949, with an amendment of the Supreme Court Act. Cases begun before 1949 were still allowed to appeal after 1949, and the final case to make it to the Council was not until 1959 with the case of 3506:

retain the right to appeal to the Privy Council because their treaties predate their relationship to Canada, the JCPC has not entertained any such appeal since 1867 and the dominant view is that no such appeal right exists.

3347: 3337:

questions. However, the only time such permission was given was in 1912 and the High Court has stated that it will not grant it again, since the jurisdiction to do so "has long since been spent", and it is obsolete.

3990:

In October 2003, with respect to all cases heard by the Court of Appeal of New Zealand, New Zealand law was changed to abolish appeals to the Privy Council, after the end of 2003. The old system was replaced by the

3820: 3809: 2051: 3226:

The Judicial Committee is not bound by its own previous decisions, but may depart from them in exceptional circumstances if following its previous decisions would be unjust or contrary to public policy.

6621: 3930:

was called before the reforms could be brought to the Senate for a final vote. The Jamaican Labour Party, which opposed the changes, won the election and has promised to hold a referendum on the issue.

6047: 3410:(1885), the Privy Council held that the ability to grant special leave to appeal to the Privy Council was unaffected, as the prerogative of the Crown cannot be taken away except by express words. 3360:

in 1875 and abolished appeals to the Privy Council in criminal cases in 1933. Despite this, some decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada went on to appeal in the JCPC, including notably the

1215:

The United Kingdom does not have a single highest national court; the Judicial Committee is the highest court of appeal in some cases, while in most others the highest court of appeal is the

5678: 819:. In addition to colonial appeals, later legislation gave the Judicial Committee appellate jurisdiction over a range of miscellaneous matters, such as patents, ecclesiastical matters, and 754:, or royal council. In theory, the King was the fount of justice, and petitions for redress of wrongs arising from his courts were addressed to him. That power was gradually taken over by 5248: 713:

and senior judges from the Commonwealth of Nations. Although it is often simply referred to as the "Privy Council", the Judicial Committee is only one constituent part of the Council. In

6267: 5975: 2986:

The following countries or territories did not retain the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee at the time of independence or of the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom:

3243:, although increase in the Judicial Committee's business in the twentieth century required it to sit simultaneously in several panels, which met elsewhere. The Chamber, designed by 4107: 6037: 5608: 4039: 5384:"Privy Council Judicial Committee on third working visit in The Bahamas | Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas | Bahamas Local News - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas" 3393:

In 1949, all appeals to the Privy Council were abolished, but prior to this, there were several factors that served to limit the effectiveness of measures to reduce appeals:

1123: 6606: 706: 3954:

to remove appeals to the Privy Council from its legal system. Proposals to abolish appeals to the Privy Council in New Zealand were first put forward in the early 1980s.

729: 1379:

given the overlap between the membership of the Judicial Committee and of the Supreme Court, the decisions of the former are extremely persuasive and usually followed.

1300:

Additionally, the government may (through the King) refer any issue to the committee for "consideration and report" under section 4 of the Judicial Committee Act 1833.

6601: 982: 41: 3523:(CCJ). Some debate between member countries and also the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council had repeatedly delayed the court's date of inauguration. As of 2005, 3656:, abolished appeals to the Privy Council under the Court of Appeal Act, 1971, which came into effect on 15 November 1971. Previously, the Privy Council had ruled in 3609:'in an ideal world' Commonwealth countries—including those in the Caribbean—would stop using the Privy Council and set up their own final courts of appeal instead". 5556: 4653: 3621: 1071: 4678: 3846:

in January 1950, the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 came into effect, ending the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

5203: 3612:

On 18 December 2006, the Judicial Committee made history when for the first time in more than 170 years it ventured outside London, holding a five-day sitting in

4731: 3819:

Pursuant to Article 158 of the Basic Law, the power of final interpretation of the Basic Law is vested not in the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong but in the

3390:" in Canadian Constitutional law, which says that a constitution is organic and must be read in a broad and liberal manner so as to adapt it to changing times. 3262:

In recent years, the Judicial Committee has occasionally sat outside of London. Between 2005 and 2010 it sat twice in Mauritius and three times in the Bahamas.

61: 6103: 900: 4442: 6626: 6260: 5968: 1640: 1202: 484: 6008: 5439: 5275: 804: 5116:

Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada, 4th ed. Toronto: Carswell, 2003, ss. 5.3(a)-(c); 2004 Student Edition Abridgment, ss. 5.3(a)-(c), pp. 117–120

3714: 6042: 3634:

On 28 February 2023, the parliament of Saint Lucia approved the Constitution of St Lucia Amendment Bill 2023, which would replace the JCPC with the CCJ.

1293: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 5383: 4002:

However, judgment on the last appeal from New Zealand to be heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was not delivered until 3 March 2015.

3544:

Caribbean governments have been coming under increased pressure from their electorates to devise ways to override previous rulings by the JCPC such as

6611: 6445: 3204:

Most appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are formally appeals to "His Majesty in Council". Appeals from Brunei are formally to the

3122: 1088: 1054: 1042: 955: 943: 3468:, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to 6378: 3890: 3762: 3751: 2039: 1943: 1371: 722: 5497: 4757: 3823:, which, unlike the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, is a political body rather than an independent and impartial tribunal of last resort. 783:

The task of hearing appeals was given to a series of short-lived committees of the Privy Council. In 1679, appellate jurisdiction was given to the

594: 6555: 6435: 6253: 5961: 5690: 4062:, or in civil cases where the parties had agreed to such a right of appeal, in 1989. The remaining rights of appeal were abolished in April 1994. 3801: 3628: 3616:. Lords Bingham, Brown, Carswell, and Scott, and Baroness Hale of Richmond, travelled to the Bahamas for the special sitting at the invitation of 2169: 1316: 1037: 5401: 6550: 5582: 3882: 3789: 1118: 5738:

Thomas Bruce Hart (Appeal No. 56 of 1984) v Joseph O'Connor Paul Michael O'Connor Frances Joseph O'Connor (New Zealand) UKPC 17 (22 May 1985)

4732:"In Saint Lucia, parliament passes constitutional amendment to replace Privy Council with Caribbean Court of Justice as final court of appeal" 3808:, the constitutional instrument of the SAR) the power of final interpretation vested not in the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong but in the 3397:

Appeals of rulings from the various provincial courts of appeal could still be made directly to the Privy Council, without first going to the

6631: 6616: 6198: 4426: 2044: 815:. The Act established the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a statutory committee of the Privy Council that would hear appeals to the 5769: 3219:

Historically, the Judicial Committee could only give a unanimous report, but since the Judicial Committee (Dissenting Opinions) Order 1966,

6450: 6312: 4069:

between 22 and 23 April 1972. In this case, Mohamed Yasin bin Hussein, who was 19 at the time of the murder, was sentenced to death by the

3861: 3074: 1375: 1286: 1059: 1032: 970: 933: 888: 4258:

Dudley Odell McGovney, "The British Origin of Judicial Review of Legislation", University of Pennsylvania Law Review vol. 93, no. 1, 1–49.

5151: 3921:

approved, with the necessary two-thirds majority, bills to end legal appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and make the

1924:(By agreement with the United Kingdom the Judicial Committee hears cases in which such an appeal has been made, and reports back to him.) 6302: 3584: 3256: 3086: 3060: 2585: 1343: 1216: 1027: 923: 836: 710: 6398: 5537: 5177: 3873: 3865: 3797: 3149: 3132: 3109: 5616: 3091:

Judges of certain superior courts in Commonwealth nations, who are appointed Privy Counsellors for the purpose of sitting in the JCPC

6503: 6455: 6229: 5721: 5135: 4219: 1076: 4533:

Pain, JH (July 1978). "The reception of English and Roman-Dutch law in Africa with reference to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland".

3747:

affirmed Grenada's right to unilaterally abolish appeals to the Privy Council. In 1991, Grenada restored the JCPC's jurisdiction.

2346: 6636: 6388: 3588: 2520: 2316: 2206: 1841: 1339: 1195: 1160: 1098: 999: 977: 960: 702: 185: 46: 4504: 3780:

passed the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Termination of Appeals) Act 1970 and the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1973.

6368: 4059: 3927: 3638: 3528: 3434: 3369: 2434: 1370:

country which still allows for appeals to the Judicial Committee. Where a binding precedent of the UK Supreme Court, or of the

1328: 1153: 6018: 4631: 6363: 6276: 5984: 4102: 3979: 3490: 1625: 1335: 1093: 992: 698: 471: 6513: 3580:(Trinidad and Tobago, 2004), all of which are Privy Council judgments concerning the death penalty in the Caribbean region. 5898: 5880: 5366: 6158: 6142: 6003: 4090: 3793: 3386:, later reinterpreted and employed by the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1980s to establish what came to be known as the " 2792: 2467: 2163: 826:

In the twentieth century, the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council shrank considerably, as British

5862: 5844: 5421: 3531:

also enacted local legislation allowing the CCJ to have jurisdiction over their sovereign final court of appeals system.

721:

as formally advised by his privy counsellors), who then refers the case to the Judicial Committee for "advice", while in

6508: 6193: 3992: 3901:

had no right to abolish appeals to the Privy Council. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council itself ruled that the

3682: 2871: 2797: 2495: 2379: 2321: 2263: 2067: 1423: 987: 965: 675: 587: 5207: 2613: 2351: 823:

suits. At its height, the Judicial Committee was said to be the court of final appeal for over a quarter of the world.

6518: 6498: 6353: 4042:, appeals continued to be accepted by the Privy Council as late as 1969 due to the fact that under international law, 3906: 3706: 3481: 3279: 3163: 3153: 3142: 3129: 2828: 1610: 1188: 857: 458: 3942:

abolished appeals to the Privy Council in criminal and constitutional matters in 1978, and in civil matters in 1984.

3235:

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is based in London. From its establishment to 2009, it mainly met in the

2842: 2251: 4954:"Imperial conference 1926: Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report, Proceedings and Memoranda, E (I.R./26) Series" 4035: 3310:

to the Privy Council, by prohibiting appeals on constitutional matters unless leave is granted by the High Court on

2000:

Judicial appeal of final resort has been assumed by other bodies in some current and former Commonwealth countries:

5339: 3922: 3755: 3702: 3520: 3064: 2901: 2838: 2823: 2561: 2525: 1148: 795:, with which its members were unfamiliar. Another serious problem was that the Appeals Committee was technically a 6477: 6224: 5351: 4813: 4552: 4023: 4015: 3975: 3663: 3324: 3303: 2620: 2202: 2196: 1128: 5948: 4876: 4372: 3527:

replaced the process of appeals to Her Majesty in Council with the CCJ, which had then come into operation. The

3323:, which was enacted by both the UK and Australian parliaments, on the request of all the state governments. The 2439: 1320: 6393: 6234: 6219: 6214: 3453: 3449: 2553: 2291: 2055: 1580: 1220: 432: 4065:

One notable case in Singapore where an appeal against the death sentence was allowed by the Privy Council was

3877:

the right of the Oireachtas to abolish appeals to the Privy Council was challenged as a violation of the 1921

1331:

all archbishops and bishops of the Church of England became eligible to be members of the Judicial Committee.

4070: 3694: 3596: 3503: 3473: 3398: 3357: 3328: 3315: 3307: 3271: 2740: 2408: 2101: 2071: 2063: 1986: 679: 5638: 5464: 5013: 4997: 3658: 3637:

An injunction against Saint Lucia's accession to the CCJ was filed on 3 March 2023 against the bill in the

2625:

The Supreme Court was called the Federal Court until the 1985 change and reverted to the old name in 1994.

2338: 6470: 6332: 4953: 4066: 3843: 3835: 3420: 3373: 2866: 2233: 2136: 2130: 1460: 1312: 1261: 1254: 1009: 796: 328: 4867:

Waters's brother, Major Philip Duncan Joseph Waters, was the commander of the firing squad that executed

3738: 3196:

was also Registrar to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in ecclesiastical and maritime causes.

1981:

Appeal is directly made to the Judicial Committee; only cases involving certain constitutional rights of

6465: 6317: 5652: 5512: 3918: 3894: 3236: 3139: 2280: 2152: 1826: 1731: 1655: 1049: 950: 755: 497: 172: 6337: 5296: 3698: 3445: 3255:

building, which had been refurbished in 2007 to provide a home for both the JCPC and the newly created

17: 4800: 4308: 3502:

shifted the balance in favour of the provinces. While a few commentators have suggested that Canadian

5755: 4821: 4784: 4011: 3730: 3592: 3430: 3387: 2185: 1876: 1660: 1363: 1355: 1246: 1235: 4981: 4577: 6440: 6322: 5679:"Constitutional change in Sarawak 1963-1988: 25 years as a state within the federation of Malaysia" 4843: 3805: 3516: 3252: 2995: 2059: 1961: 1761: 1004: 938: 734: 579: 575: 523: 120: 5155: 4969: 4385:"S.I. No. 217/1961 — Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act, 1961 (Commencement) Order, 1961" 6576: 6523: 6460: 6383: 5524: 5253: 4334: 3878: 3729:

appeals to the Privy Council were temporarily abolished from 1979 until 1991, as a result of the

3685:, even after The Gambia became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in April 1970 under Sir 3653: 3320: 3274: 3220: 2735: 2484: 1766: 1680: 1170: 832: 714: 671: 6571: 5087: 3758:. This was rejected by a 56.73% majority, which means the JCPC remains Grenada's highest court. 1230:

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has jurisdiction in the following domestic matters:

905: 4384: 4160:

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1833–1876: Its Origins, Structure, and Development

4018:

until the Privy Council (Abolition of Jurisdiction) Act, 1950 was passed. The Federal Court of

776:) retained jurisdiction to hear petitions from the King's non-English possessions, such as the 6373: 5770:"Privy Council delivers judgment in final appeal from New Zealand | Brick Court Chambers" 5717: 5131: 4471: 4422: 4215: 4138: 3886: 3839: 3667: 2724: 2222: 1304: 1239: 1224: 5073: 4211:

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: 1833-1876 Its Origins, Structure and Development

6403: 6188: 6183: 5933: 5819: 4268: 4209: 4172: 3902: 3898: 3599:

continuing to rely on the British JCPC. During an interview Lord Phillips was quoted by the

3485: 3415: 3406: 3377: 3213: 3205: 3082: 3023: 2711: 2031: 1915: 1595: 1565: 1550: 1490: 1081: 445: 419: 406: 354: 5181: 6493: 6297: 5998: 5938: 5370: 5327: 4922: 4872: 3601: 3247:, was often criticised for its interior design, and was extensively remodelled in 1845 by 3193: 3031: 2837:, which made the Supreme Court of The Gambia the highest court instead of being below the 2685: 2659: 1429: 1308: 1268: 893: 816: 808: 777: 765: 718: 687: 5737: 5104: 5060: 5044: 3856:

List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases on appeal from the Irish Free State

3776:

retained the right of appeal to the Privy Council until the government of Prime Minister

5927: 5308: 4940:"Gibson v. United States of America (The Bahamas) [2007] UKPC 52 (23 July 2007)" 4603: 6137: 4706: 3958: 3777: 3743: 3734: 3465: 3288:, severely limited the conditions under which the Judicial Committee might hear cases: 3240: 3115: 2512: 1475: 1391:

in appeals from the following 32 jurisdictions (including eleven independent nations):

1359: 1324: 784: 691: 683: 562: 341: 5953: 3681:

retained the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council under the

3352:

List of Newfoundland appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (pre-1949)

3314:

questions. Appeals on non-constitutional matters were not prohibited, but the federal

6595: 4489: 3961:

in 1985 in regard to the possible adoption of a New Zealand decision, in the case of

3248: 746:

The origins of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council can be traced back to the

667: 5481: 5342:

By Staff Writer, (BBCCaribbean.com) Tuesday, 22 September 2009 – Published 18:08 GMT

4348: 6408: 6163: 5583:"House of Representatives Votes For Jamaica To Leave The Privy Council for the CCJ" 4939: 4868: 3690: 3686: 3382: 3361: 2834: 2456: 1871: 1535: 1388: 1367: 1272: 1250: 393: 211: 5794: 4758:"Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Henry Reeve, C.B., D.C.L ..., Volume 2" 4286: 6245: 4889: 3631:

saw the proposal to replace the JCPC with the CCJ rejected by a 52.04% majority.

3519:

voted in 2001 to abolish the right of appeal to the Privy Council in favour of a

1303:

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the court of final appeal for the

1223:; the Supreme Court is the highest court in civil cases and matters arising from 791:

cases arising from a variety of different legal systems in the colonies, such as

6327: 5406: 5363: 4906: 4512:

National University Of Lesotho, Faculty Of Social Sciences, Staff Seminar Papers

4078: 4058:

Singapore abolished Privy Council appeals in all cases save those involving the

3617: 3613: 3576: 3546: 3425: 3284: 3078: 3015: 2969: 2858: 1919: 1781: 1675: 1279: 1066: 865: 820: 749: 237: 133: 3754:

to terminate appeals from Grenada to the JCPC and to replace the JCPC with the

5805: 5788: 4877:

Major P.D.J. Waters – Commander of the Firing Squad that Executed Josef Jakobs

4242: 3999:

ruled out any abolition of the Supreme Court and return to the Privy Council.

3678: 3552: 3498: 3244: 3027: 2814: 2672: 1520: 690:, the Privy Council formerly acted as the court of last resort for the entire 380: 609: 596: 76: 63: 4419:

Colonial Justice and Decolonization in the High Court of Tanzania, 1920-1971

3649: 3570: 3564: 3469: 3039: 3019: 2784: 2642: 2397: 1938: 1505: 1165: 792: 510: 367: 5088:"Glossary entry: "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" at canadiana.ca" 4923:"Records of the High Court of Admiralty and colonial Vice-Admiralty courts" 4654:"Judicial Committee of The Privy Council (Termination of Appeals) Act 1970" 3662:

that it remained the highest court of appeal in Ceylon notwithstanding the

3368:), which affirmed that women had always been "qualified persons" under the 1227:, the latter previously having been dealt with by the Judicial Committee.) 5943: 5229: 3259:. In this renovated building, Court 3 is used for Privy Council sittings. 5949:

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Canadian Constitution

5939:

National Archives, Records of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

4891:

Imperial Appeal: The Debate on the Appeal to the Privy Council, 1833–1986

4089:

South Africa abolished the right of appeal to the Privy Council from the

4047: 4043: 4019: 3996: 3951: 3939: 3524: 3457: 3333: 3011: 3003: 2944: 2889: 2698: 2605: 2577: 1976: 1725: 1710: 1418: 827: 536: 302: 289: 263: 2413:

Abolished appeals of cases originating in federal and territory courts.

6358: 5152:"Bombshell ruling – Privy Council says passage of CCJ unconstitutional" 5047:, (1880) 5 AC 409 (15 April 1880), P.C. (on appeal from Quebec) 3726: 3641:

in the High Court of Justice of Saint Lucia, and is currently pending.

3558: 3537: 3348:

List of Canadian appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

3035: 2426: 1811: 1796: 1445: 1342:

issues. On 1 October 2009 this jurisdiction was transferred to the new

315: 159: 146: 5101:

Ponoka-Calmar Oils Ltd. and another v Earl F. Wakefield Co. And others

686:. Established on 14 August 1833 to hear appeals formerly heard by the 3773: 3532: 3448:, was a major irritant for Canada and provoked the discussion at the 3007: 2999: 2991: 2919: 2542: 2368: 2087: 1982: 1906: 1856: 1695: 1315:, except on matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremony, which go to the 549: 250: 198: 5478:

West Coast Air Limited v. Gambia Civil Aviation Authority and Others

3715:

West Coast Air Limited v. Gambia Civil Aviation Authority and Others

3070:

Other Lords of Appeal (senior judges) from within the United Kingdom

5714:

Public Policy in New Zealand – Institutions, Processes and Outcomes

5639:"Holness promises: The first 100 days – News – JamaicaObserver.com" 5063:, AC 482 (25 February 1926), P.C. (on appeal from Alberta) 3765:

also rejected terminating appeals to the JCPC by a 55.2% majority.

717:, appeals are nominally made to "His Majesty in Council" (i.e. the 5373:

By Tosheena Robinson-Blair, (The Bahama Journal), 18 December 2007

3831: 3497:

The JCPC played a controversial role in the evolution of Canadian

2987: 2308: 2119: 728: 5440:"SRI LANKA REPUBLIC BILL [Lords] (Hansard, 18 July 1972)" 5354:

By Clifford Bishop, (The Bahamas Investor Magazine), 27 June 2007

3982:

on a matter of local significance. If, however, the principle of

3860:

The right of appeal to the Privy Council was provided for in the

49:

as used by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as of 2024

4535:

The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa

4093:

in 1950 under the terms of the Privy Council Appeals Act, 1950.

4077:

Another notable case heard by the Privy Council was the case of

3251:. On 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee moved to the former 2758: 2052:

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Irish Free State

1891: 1746: 276: 224: 6249: 5957: 5107:, AC 18 (7 October 1959), P.C. (on appeal from Canada) 3689:. Appeals were still taken to the JCPC from 1994 to 1998, when 1350:

Authority of Privy Council decisions in domestic British courts

5311:

By THERESE MILLS (BBC) – Wednesday, 19 January 2005, 19:15 GMT

5278:

Earl Pratt and Ivan Morgan v. The Attorney General for Jamaica

5422:"Injunction Filed In Matter Of 'St Lucia's Accession To CCJ'" 5402:"Parliament approves move to make CCJ St Lucia's final court" 3957:

The Privy Council's respect for local decisions was noted by

3821:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China

3810:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China

1877:

States in Association with a Commonwealth Realm (New Zealand)

4091:

Appellate Division of the then Supreme Court of South Africa

4046:

remained a British colony until gaining its independence as

3541:

unconstitutional. Another attempt will also be forthcoming.

3480:

With that Declaration and its statutory confirmation in the

4014:

retained the right of appeal to the Privy Council from the

5609:"Bills to replace Privy Council with CCJ tabled in Senate" 4818:

Archives Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee

3842:. Following the replacement of the Federal Court with the 3419:(1926), the Privy Council ruled that the provision of the 1219:. (In Scotland the highest court in criminal cases is the 5806:"Pora (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (New Zealand)" 5178:"Privy Council Decision should not halt Caribbean Court" 4214:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–13. 2745:

Abolished appeals of cases originating in state courts.

5921: 4999:

Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth)

4373:"Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act 1961, s.1" 4126: 3073:

Privy Counsellors who are (or have been) judges of the

6622:

Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

4774:. No. 36059. London. 7 February 1900. p. 11. 1989:

are under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee.

1922:

are under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee.

1354:

Judgments of the Judicial Committee are not generally

4679:"Judicial Committee (Abolition of Appeals) Act, 1973" 4108:

List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases

3063:(before the establishment of that court in 2009, the 3055:

The following are members of the Judicial Committee:

1338:, the Privy Council was the court of last resort for 5557:"Moore -v- Attorney General of the Irish Free State" 4983:

Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975

4970:

Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 (Cth)

4611:

International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Online

4309:"Willers v Joyce & Anor. [2016] UKSC 44" 3838:

to the Privy Council after the establishment of the

6564: 6543: 6536: 6486: 6428: 6421: 6346: 6290: 6283: 6207: 6176: 6151: 6125: 6116: 6056: 6026: 5991: 5299:

By MIKE MELIA (Associated Press) – 11 November 2008

2193:

Privy Council (Abolition of Jurisdiction) Act, 1950

1948:Appeal is directly made to the Judicial Committee. 642: 625: 586: 571: 100: 92: 34: 5791:(Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (New Zealand) 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 3472:, and freely associated as members of the British 2586:Judicial Committee (Abolition of Appeals) Act 1973 705:who are Privy Councillors; they are predominantly 647: 4902: 4900: 4658:Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana 4162:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979 3800:serving as the highest judicial authority of the 3319:continued, until they were also abolished by the 2978:Constitution of Saint Lucia (Amendment) Act, 2023 2928:Belize Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 2010 2127:Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949 1366:, but are binding on all courts within any other 737:, the normal location for Privy Council hearings. 5845:"Hawker is sentenced to death for double murder" 5551: 5549: 5547: 5538:Moore v Attorney-General of the Irish Free State 5500:Thapa Indra Bahadur v The Secretary for Security 5364:Privy Council Sitting In Bahamas For Second Time 4578:"Court of Appeal Act (No. 44 of 1971) - Sect 18" 4490:"Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968" 4022:remained the highest court until 1956, when the 3874:Moore v Attorney-General of the Irish Free State 2230:Constitution (Consequential Provisions) Act 1960 5297:Spurning Europe, Caribbean pushes death penalty 4249:, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1913), 433, at 440-446. 3967: 3788:Hong Kong's court system changed following the 3622:President of the Court of Appeal of the Bahamas 3462: 3380:. In this case, it also used a metaphor in the 3290: 1285:Appeals from the Disciplinary Committee of the 5653:"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library" 4472:"Appellate Jurisdiction (Amendment) Act, 1964" 3712:The last case from The Gambia to the JCPC was 2953:Constitution of Dominica (Amendment) Act, 2014 2405:Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 6261: 5969: 5015:Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 2) 4443:"Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act, 1965" 3965:(1980), as a precedent, where he stated that: 3864:until its abolition in 1933 by an Act of the 2564:hears appeals from Guyana's Court of Appeal. 1196: 8: 5899:"Cleaning of tables led to hawkers' murders" 5206:. Jamaica Observer Newspaper. Archived from 4844:Sir Charles Henry Lawrence Neish (1857–1934) 3456:, which declared the United Kingdom and the 2347:Constitution of Malawi (Amendment) Act, 1965 1641:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 694:, other than for the United Kingdom itself. 485:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5808:. 3 March 2015 – via www.youtube.com. 5276:"UK Government Web Archive: JCPC Judgment: 5249:"Death-Row Rule Sours Caribbean on Britain" 4243:"Colonial Appeals to the Privy Council. II" 4177:The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 3804:(SAR), and (pursuant to Article 158 of the 2521:Constitution of Malta (Amendment) Act, 1972 2317:Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act, 1965 770: 759: 747: 699:His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council 6540: 6425: 6287: 6268: 6254: 6246: 6122: 6030: 5976: 5962: 5954: 5926: 5881:"How much proof — how Privy Council ruled" 3331:to permit appeals to the Privy Council on 2833:A restructure of the Gambian judiciary by 2384:Criminal and civil appeals ended in 1964. 2002: 1393: 1294:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 1203: 1189: 901:His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service 851: 6607:1833 establishments in the United Kingdom 5944:Privy Council Office site, including JCPC 5863:"Hawker's death sentence appeal rejected" 5736:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 5525:Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act, 1933 5309:Letter: Colonial power over death penalty 4421:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 146, 161. 4289:. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 4067:a murder case that occurred in Pulau Ubin 3950:New Zealand was the last of the original 3423:barring appeals to the Privy Council was 2617:Courts of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1984 2558:Criminal and civil appeals ended in 1970. 2435:Court of Appeal and High Court Order 1970 6379:Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes 4476:1964 Statutes and Subsidiary Legislation 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 3891:Attorney-General of the Irish Free State 3763:2018 Grenadian constitutional referendum 3752:2016 Grenadian constitutional referendum 2040:Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933 780:and, later on, from England's colonies. 723:republics in the Commonwealth of Nations 682:countries and a few institutions in the 6602:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 6133:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 5230:"Jamaica's London appeal court dilemma" 4911:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 4842:Portrait by John Mansfield Crealock at 4553:"Sierra Leone - Government and society" 4417:Feingold, Ellen R. (20 February 2018). 4119: 3629:2018 Antiguan constitutional referendum 3148:Lieutenant-Colonel John Dallas Waters, 2649: 2017: 1944:Republic in the Commonwealth of Nations 1317:Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved 864: 660:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 110: 35:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 18:Judicial committee of the Privy Council 5352:Never before in the history of England 4846:. Government Art Collection. Retrieved 4040:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4038:coming into effect as a result of the 3889:) is reported to have warned the then 3883:Attorney General for England and Wales 3834:retained the right of appeal from the 3464:... autonomous Communities within the 1334:Prior to the coming into force of the 1099:Justice of the peace / lay magistrates 31: 5712:Chris Eichbaum, Richard Shaw (2005). 3750:In 2016, there was a proposal in the 3741:was enacted to this effect. In 1985, 3306:limited appeals from the new federal 2098:, S.C. 1949 (2nd sess.), c. 37, s. 3. 2096:An Act to Amend the Supreme Court Act 701:, the Judicial Committee consists of 7: 5180:. Caribbean Net News. Archived from 4632:"Constitution (Amendment) Bill 1973" 4503:Poulter, Sebastian (November 1977). 4389:electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) 4377:electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) 4281: 4279: 4277: 3905:Government had that right under the 3862:Constitution of the Irish Free State 3075:Court of Appeal of England and Wales 2793:Judicial Committee (Repeal) Act 1994 1287:Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons 855:This article is part of the series: 6627:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 5985:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 5340:Privy Council's Caribbean complaint 5130:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3585:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 3327:retains the provision allowing the 3257:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 3087:Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland 3061:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1344:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1217:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1028:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 924:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 837:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 711:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 27:Judicial body in the United Kingdom 5330:Nation Newspaper – 17 January 2008 5284:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk 4871:, the last person executed in the 4492:. Federal Register of Legislation. 3866:Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 3433:as it was contrary to s. 2 of the 3110:Denison Faber, 1st Baron Wittenham 2898:Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 2492:Court of Appeal Act No. 44 of 1971 1911:Independent Commonwealth monarchy 697:Formally a statutory committee of 25: 6504:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 6230:Privy Council of Northern Ireland 5154:. Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from 5128:Native Liberty, Crown Sovereignty 4505:"No.8: Dual Marriages in Lesotho" 4405:An Act to amend the Criminal Code 4349:"The Brunei (Appeals) Order 1989" 3128:Sir Charles Henry Lawrence Neish 2614:Constitution (Amendment) Act 1983 2550:Constitution (Amendment) Act 1973 2352:Supreme Court of Appeal of Malawi 1257:) in non-doctrinal faculty cases. 6612:Governance of the British Empire 6389:Court of Great Sessions in Wales 6017: 5750:Jane Clifton (1 November 2008). 5488: (on appeal from The Gambia) 5029:Criminal Procedure Amendment Act 4803:, London: Edward Stanford, p. 4. 4267:Privy Council Appeals Act 1832 ( 3589:Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers 3192:Until 1904 the Registrar of the 3159:Aylmer J. N. Paterson, 1954–1963 2962: 2937: 2912: 2882: 2851: 2807: 2777: 2751: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2678: 2665: 2652: 2635: 2598: 2570: 2535: 2505: 2477: 2449: 2419: 2390: 2361: 2331: 2301: 2273: 2260:Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1962 2244: 2215: 2178: 2164:Supreme Court Appellate Division 2145: 2112: 2106:Criminal appeals ended in 1933. 2080: 2066:. Left the Commonwealth via the 2024: 1969: 1954: 1931: 1899: 1884: 1864: 1849: 1834: 1819: 1804: 1789: 1774: 1754: 1739: 1718: 1703: 1688: 1668: 1648: 1633: 1618: 1603: 1588: 1573: 1558: 1543: 1528: 1513: 1498: 1483: 1468: 1453: 1438: 1411: 1161:Law Society of England and Wales 961:President of the Family Division 872: 555: 542: 529: 516: 503: 490: 477: 464: 451: 438: 425: 412: 399: 386: 373: 360: 347: 334: 321: 308: 295: 282: 269: 256: 243: 230: 217: 204: 191: 178: 165: 152: 139: 126: 113: 40: 5321:T & T pushing death penalty 3733:, which brought Prime Minister 3639:Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court 3562:(Saint Kitts and Nevis, 2002), 3529:Co-operative Republic of Guyana 3435:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 3370:British North America Act, 1867 3266:Decline in Commonwealth appeals 2843:1970 Constitution of the Gambia 2160:Privy Council Appeals Act, 1950 1329:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 1238:(who control the estate of the 1234:Appeals against schemes of the 1124:Director of Public Prosecutions 803:In 1833, at the instigation of 768:(which also evolved out of the 6364:Court for Crown Cases Reserved 6277:Judiciary of England and Wales 4103:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 4036:Rhodesian Constitution of 1965 3980:Court of Appeal of New Zealand 3868:, amending said constitution. 3591:, has voiced displeasure with 3491:Ponoka-Calmar Oils v Wakefield 1842:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1626:British Indian Ocean Territory 1336:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 472:British Indian Ocean Territory 186:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1: 6143:Cabinet of the United Kingdom 6004:Lord President of the Council 5615:. 22 May 2015. Archived from 5515:(30 October 2009) at para 79. 5247:Rohter, Larry (7 July 1997). 5074:"Statute of Westminster 1931" 5041:Charles Cushing v Louis Dupuy 4801:"The British Empire yearbook" 4707:"Fiji Judicature Decree 1987" 4407:, S.C. 1932–33, c. 53, s. 17. 4139:"Judicial Committee Act 1833" 3802:Special Administrative Region 3718:UKPC 39 (15 September 1998). 3705:to replace the JCPC with the 3282:, while not considered to be 2839:Court of Appeal of the Gambia 2526:Constitutional Court of Malta 1387:The Judicial Committee holds 1055:President of the King's Bench 956:President of the King's Bench 6632:Courts of the United Kingdom 6617:International supreme courts 6509:Chief Baron of the Exchequer 6194:List of Privy Council orders 4913:. Retrieved 14 October 2023. 3993:Supreme Court of New Zealand 3683:Gambia Independence Act 1964 2380:East African Court of Appeal 2322:East African Court of Appeal 2264:East African Court of Appeal 1307:. It hears appeals from the 988:County Court Business Centre 966:Chancellor of the High Court 676:British Overseas Territories 6519:Justice of the Common Pleas 6514:Justice of the King's Bench 6499:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 6354:Court of Appeal in Chancery 5934:Judicial Committee Act 1833 5740:, accessed 27 November 2023 5503:(18 April 2000) at para 14. 4858:, 1 November 1940, p. 6348a 4247:Political Science Quarterly 3907:Statute of Westminster 1931 3792:from the United Kingdom to 3707:Supreme Court of the Gambia 3697:decided to restructure the 3482:Statute of Westminster 1931 3280:Balfour Declaration of 1926 3181:Louise di Mambro, 2011–2022 3065:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 2766:Fiji Judicature Decree 1987 2072:Supreme Court reconstituted 1611:British Antarctic Territory 983:List of County Court venues 858:Courts of England and Wales 813:Judicial Committee Act 1833 635:Judicial Committee Act 1844 632:Judicial Committee Act 1833 459:British Antarctic Territory 6653: 6159:Lord President's Committee 6009:Clerk of the Privy Council 5677:Porritt, Vernon L (2007). 5484: (15 September 1998), 4241:Arthur Meier Schlesinger, 3995:. In 2008, Prime Minister 3923:Caribbean Court of Justice 3917:In May 2015, the Jamaican 3853: 3756:Caribbean Court of Justice 3703:Constitution of the Gambia 3583:The then President of the 3521:Caribbean Court of Justice 3345: 3206:Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan 3175:John Watherston, 1998–2005 2902:Caribbean Court of Justice 2841:as was the case under the 2824:Constitution of the Gambia 2562:Caribbean Court of Justice 2440:Court of Appeal of Lesotho 2049: 1427: 1424:British Overseas Territory 1422: 1321:Church Discipline Act 1840 1072:List of Crown Court venues 764:) within England, but the 758:(which evolved out of the 6478:Common Serjeant of London 6225:Privy Council of Scotland 6215:Protector's Privy Council 6033: 6015: 5689:: 159–171. Archived from 4770:"Election intelligence". 4024:Supreme Court of Pakistan 4016:Federal Court of Pakistan 3796:on 1 July 1997, with the 3376:) eligible to sit in the 3304:Constitution of Australia 3178:Mary Macdonald, 2005–2010 2900: 2554:Court of Appeal of Guyana 2015:New court of final appeal 1947: 1942: 1875: 1765: 1729: 1679: 1129:Crown Prosecution Service 58: 54: 39: 6394:Court of High Commission 6235:Privy Council of Ireland 6220:Privy Council of England 5683:Borneo Research Bulletin 5563:. Dublin: Courts Service 5280:, Appeal No. 10 of 1993" 5031:, S.C. 1888, c. 43, s. 1 3919:House of Representatives 3761:Another referendum, the 3693:, the then dictator and 3450:1926 Imperial Conference 3184:Laura Angus 2022–Present 3172:D. H. O. Owen, 1983–1998 1221:High Court of Justiciary 866:Law of England and Wales 811:, Parliament passed the 6637:Commonwealth of Nations 5326:13 October 2016 at the 4929:. Retrieved 6 May 2017. 4879:. Retrieved 6 May 2017. 3790:transfer of sovereignty 3695:President of the Gambia 3474:Commonwealth of Nations 3399:Supreme Court of Canada 3356:Canada created its own 3329:High Court of Australia 3325:Australian Constitution 3316:Parliament of Australia 3308:High Court of Australia 3187:Celia Cave 2023–Present 3085:in Scotland, or of the 2170:Supreme Court of Appeal 2068:Republic of Ireland Act 1918:as head of state; only 918:Civil and family courts 668:highest court of appeal 6471:Recorder of Manchester 6333:High Court of Chivalry 6057:By year of appointment 5786:Privy Council Appeal, 5482:[1998] UKPC 39 5105:[1959] UKPC 20 5061:[1926] UKPC 13 5057:Frank Nadan v The King 5045:[1880] UKPC 22 4799:Wall, Edgar G. (1903) 4634:. Parliament of Guyana 4173:"Practice direction 1" 3988: 3844:Supreme Court of India 3836:Federal Court of India 3812:, a legislative body. 3664:country's independence 3597:Commonwealth countries 3574:(Barbados, 2004), and 3478: 3295: 3106:Henry Reeve, 1853–1887 2867:Supreme Court Act 2003 1461:British Virgin Islands 1430:His Majesty in Council 1313:Chancery Court of York 1311:of Canterbury and the 1262:High Court of Chivalry 1255:Chancery Court of York 1253:of Canterbury and the 797:committee of the whole 771: 760: 748: 738: 610:51.500361°N 0.128139°W 329:British Virgin Islands 77:51.500361°N 0.128139°W 6466:Recorder of Liverpool 6446:Court of Appeal judge 6399:Court of King's Bench 6369:Court of Common Pleas 6164:Court of Star Chamber 5465:Ibralebbe v The Queen 4208:Howell, P.A. (2009). 3928:2016 general election 3798:Court of Final Appeal 3659:Ibralebbe v The Queen 3556:(Saint Lucia, 2002), 3366:Edwards v Canada (AG) 3237:Privy Council Chamber 3169:Eric Mills, 1966–1983 3121:Edward Stanley Hope, 1732:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1656:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1402:Type of jurisdiction 1383:Overseas jurisdiction 1358:on courts within the 1247:ecclesiastical courts 1050:High Court of Justice 1043:Court of Appeal judge 951:High Court of Justice 944:Court of Appeal judge 848:Domestic jurisdiction 732: 498:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 6199:Privy Council Office 5774:www.brickcourt.co.uk 5388:www.bahamaslocal.com 5369:18 July 2011 at the 5158:on 13 September 2012 5126:Bruce Clark (1990). 4822:University of Dundee 4756:Laughton, John Knox 4391:. 29 September 1961. 4127:https://www.jcpc.uk/ 4012:Dominion of Pakistan 3731:Grenadian Revolution 3444:, together with the 3431:Parliament of Canada 3388:living tree doctrine 3212:given effect via an 2139:on 28 January 1950. 1996:Jurisdiction removed 1661:Sovereign Base Areas 1364:persuasive authority 1236:Church Commissioners 1113:Criminal prosecution 615:51.500361; -0.128139 82:51.500361; -0.128139 6441:Master of the Rolls 6323:Court of Protection 5869:. 10 September 197. 5793:, judgment UKPC 9. 5561:Important Judgments 5184:on 25 February 2006 4314:. The Supreme Court 3517:Caribbean Community 3515:The nations of the 3511:Caribbean Community 3454:Balfour Declaration 3253:Middlesex Guildhall 3223:have been allowed. 3221:dissenting opinions 1962:Trinidad and Tobago 1827:St. Kitts and Nevis 1762:Antigua and Barbuda 1395: 1292:Disputes under the 1225:Scottish devolution 1089:Magistrates' courts 1005:Court of Protection 939:Master of the Rolls 889:Ministry of Justice 735:Middlesex Guildhall 715:Commonwealth realms 606: / 580:City of Westminster 576:Middlesex Guildhall 524:Trinidad and Tobago 173:St. Kitts and Nevis 121:Antigua and Barbuda 73: / 6577:Admiralty Advocate 6524:Justice of Chester 6461:Recorder of London 6436:Lord Chief Justice 6384:Court of Exchequer 6338:Magistrates' Court 5527:Irish Statute Book 5254:The New York Times 4888:Swinfen, David B. 4856:The London Gazette 4788:, 25 February 1896 4786:The London Gazette 4335:Bisset v Wilkinson 4287:"Role of the JCPC" 3879:Anglo-Irish Treaty 3645:Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 3321:Australia Act 1986 3116:Sir Thomas Raleigh 2736:Australia Act 1986 2012:Abolishing statute 1767:Commonwealth Realm 1394: 1269:Court of Admiralty 1171:Solicitor advocate 1038:Lord Chief Justice 739: 672:Crown Dependencies 6589: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6556:Solicitor General 6532: 6531: 6417: 6416: 6374:Court of Chancery 6243: 6242: 6172: 6171: 6119:the Privy Council 6112: 6111: 5903:The Straits Times 5885:The Straits Times 5867:The Straits Times 5849:The Straits Times 5752:Leaders Loosen Up 5657:hrlibrary.umn.edu 5002:, 22 October 1912 4927:National Archives 4602:Busuttil, Edwin. 4428:978-3-319-69690-4 4379:. 16 August 1961. 4269:2 & 3 Will. 4 4026:was established. 3887:Sir Thomas Inskip 3840:Dominion of India 3699:Gambian judiciary 3550:(Jamaica, 1993), 3452:which led to the 3249:Sir Charles Barry 2984: 2983: 2725:Western Australia 2464:1971 Constitution 2376:1966 Constitution 2288:1963 Constitution 2207:1956 Constitution 2064:1937 Constitution 1993: 1992: 1925: 1914:Appeal is to the 1907:Brunei Darussalam 1305:Church of England 1267:Appeals from the 1260:Appeals from the 1245:Appeals from the 1240:Church of England 1213: 1212: 1010:Court of Chivalry 833:Australia in 1986 656: 655: 582:, London, England 550:Brunei Darussalam 107:List of countries 16:(Redirected from 6644: 6551:Attorney General 6541: 6451:High Court judge 6426: 6404:Court of Probate 6288: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6247: 6189:Order of Council 6184:Order in Council 6123: 6031: 6021: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5922:Official website 5907: 5906: 5905:. 3 August 1996. 5895: 5889: 5888: 5887:. 21 March 1995. 5877: 5871: 5870: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5851:. 18 March 1978. 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5796: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5613:Jamaica Observer 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5495: 5489: 5475: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5380: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5054: 5048: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4920: 4914: 4907:"Executive Team" 4904: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4686:botswanalaws.com 4683: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4380: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4339: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4283: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4205: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4124: 3984:Archer v. Cutler 3971:Archer v. Cutler 3963:Archer v. Cutler 3903:Irish Free State 3899:Irish Free State 3850:Irish Free State 3618:Dame Joan Sawyer 3608: 3568:(2002, Belize), 3486:Second World War 3446:King–Byng Affair 3416:Nadan v The King 3407:Cushing v. Dupuy 3378:Senate of Canada 3214:Order in Council 3083:Court of Session 3059:Justices of the 3024:Papua New Guinea 2972: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2201:Replaced by the 2184: 2182: 2181: 2168:Replaced by the 2151: 2149: 2148: 2135:Replaced by the 2118: 2116: 2115: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2032:Irish Free State 2030: 2028: 2027: 2003: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1923: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1681:Crown Dependency 1674: 1672: 1671: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1596:Pitcairn Islands 1594: 1592: 1591: 1581:Turks and Caicos 1579: 1577: 1576: 1566:Tristan da Cunha 1564: 1562: 1561: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1491:Falkland Islands 1489: 1487: 1486: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1396: 1205: 1198: 1191: 1143:Legal profession 1119:Attorney General 1060:High Court judge 971:High Court judge 876: 875: 852: 774: 763: 753: 652: 649: 621: 620: 618: 617: 616: 611: 607: 604: 603: 602: 599: 560: 559: 558: 547: 546: 545: 534: 533: 532: 521: 520: 519: 508: 507: 506: 495: 494: 493: 482: 481: 480: 469: 468: 467: 456: 455: 454: 446:Pitcairn Islands 443: 442: 441: 433:Turks and Caicos 430: 429: 428: 420:Tristan da Cunha 417: 416: 415: 404: 403: 402: 391: 390: 389: 378: 377: 376: 365: 364: 363: 355:Falkland Islands 352: 351: 350: 339: 338: 337: 326: 325: 324: 313: 312: 311: 300: 299: 298: 287: 286: 285: 274: 273: 272: 261: 260: 259: 248: 247: 246: 235: 234: 233: 222: 221: 220: 209: 208: 207: 196: 195: 194: 183: 182: 181: 170: 169: 168: 157: 156: 155: 144: 143: 142: 131: 130: 129: 118: 117: 116: 88: 87: 85: 84: 83: 78: 74: 71: 70: 69: 66: 44: 32: 21: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6581: 6572:King's Advocate 6560: 6528: 6494:Lord Chancellor 6482: 6413: 6342: 6313:Court of Appeal 6298:Court of equity 6279: 6274: 6244: 6239: 6203: 6168: 6147: 6118: 6108: 6052: 6022: 6013: 5999:King-in-Council 5987: 5982: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5820:"True Files S3" 5818: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5785: 5781: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5693:on 6 April 2023 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5545: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5496: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5410:. 1 March 2023. 5400: 5399: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5371:Wayback Machine 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5328:Wayback Machine 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5055: 5051: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5018:, 17 April 1985 5012: 5011: 5007: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4921: 4917: 4905: 4898: 4887: 4883: 4873:Tower of London 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4824:. 23 March 2012 4814:"Dundee at War" 4812: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4736:ConstitutionNet 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4470:Uganda (1964). 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4206: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4099: 4087: 4056: 4050:in April 1980. 4032: 4008: 3948: 3937: 3915: 3858: 3852: 3829: 3786: 3771: 3739:People's Law 84 3724: 3701:under the 1997 3676: 3647: 3606: 3605:as saying that 3602:Financial Times 3513: 3354: 3344: 3300: 3270:Initially, all 3268: 3233: 3202: 3194:Admiralty court 3190: 3102: 3053: 3048: 3032:Solomon Islands 2963: 2961: 2960: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2852: 2850: 2808: 2806: 2798:Court of Appeal 2778: 2776: 2769:Court of Appeal 2752: 2750: 2729: 2718: 2716: 2705: 2703: 2692: 2690: 2686:South Australia 2679: 2677: 2666: 2664: 2660:New South Wales 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2616: 2599: 2597: 2590:Court of Appeal 2571: 2569: 2560:Since 2005 the 2559: 2536: 2534: 2506: 2504: 2496:Court of Appeal 2478: 2476: 2450: 2448: 2420: 2418: 2391: 2389: 2362: 2360: 2332: 2330: 2302: 2300: 2274: 2272: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2216: 2214: 2179: 2177: 2146: 2144: 2113: 2111: 2081: 2079: 2054: 2025: 2023: 1998: 1970: 1968: 1955: 1953: 1932: 1930: 1900: 1898: 1885: 1883: 1865: 1863: 1850: 1848: 1835: 1833: 1820: 1818: 1805: 1803: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1773: 1755: 1753: 1740: 1738: 1719: 1717: 1704: 1702: 1689: 1687: 1669: 1667: 1649: 1647: 1634: 1632: 1619: 1617: 1604: 1602: 1589: 1587: 1574: 1572: 1559: 1557: 1544: 1542: 1529: 1527: 1514: 1512: 1499: 1497: 1484: 1482: 1469: 1467: 1454: 1452: 1439: 1437: 1412: 1410: 1405:Type of appeal 1385: 1376:Court of Appeal 1352: 1327:c. 86) and the 1325:3 & 4 Vict. 1209: 1180: 1179: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1033:Court of Appeal 1023: 1022:Criminal courts 1015: 1014: 934:Court of Appeal 919: 911: 910: 906:Judges' Council 894:Lord Chancellor 884: 873: 850: 845: 817:King-in-Council 809:Lord Chancellor 778:Channel Islands 766:King-in-Council 744: 719:British monarch 688:King-in-Council 646: 638: 614: 612: 608: 605: 600: 597: 595: 593: 592: 567: 556: 554: 543: 541: 530: 528: 517: 515: 504: 502: 491: 489: 478: 476: 465: 463: 452: 450: 439: 437: 426: 424: 413: 411: 400: 398: 387: 385: 374: 372: 361: 359: 348: 346: 335: 333: 322: 320: 309: 307: 296: 294: 283: 281: 270: 268: 257: 255: 244: 242: 231: 229: 218: 216: 205: 203: 192: 190: 179: 177: 166: 164: 153: 151: 140: 138: 127: 125: 114: 112: 109: 108: 81: 79: 75: 72: 67: 64: 62: 60: 59: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6138:Board of Trade 6135: 6129: 6127: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5915: 5914:External links 5912: 5909: 5908: 5890: 5872: 5854: 5836: 5811: 5797: 5779: 5761: 5742: 5729: 5722: 5704: 5669: 5644: 5630: 5619:on 23 May 2015 5600: 5574: 5543: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5490: 5470: 5456: 5431: 5413: 5393: 5375: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5267: 5239: 5236:. 1 July 2012. 5221: 5210:on 7 June 2007 5195: 5169: 5143: 5136: 5118: 5109: 5093: 5079: 5065: 5049: 5033: 5021: 5005: 4989: 4974: 4962: 4945: 4931: 4915: 4896: 4881: 4860: 4848: 4835: 4805: 4792: 4777: 4762: 4749: 4738:. 2 March 2023 4723: 4698: 4670: 4645: 4623: 4594: 4569: 4544: 4525: 4495: 4481: 4462: 4434: 4427: 4409: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4381: 4368: 4361: 4340: 4325: 4300: 4273: 4260: 4251: 4234: 4220: 4189: 4164: 4158:P. A. Howell, 4144: 4130: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4086: 4083: 4055: 4052: 4031: 4028: 4007: 4004: 3959:Lord Brightman 3947: 3944: 3936: 3933: 3914: 3911: 3851: 3848: 3828: 3825: 3785: 3782: 3778:Forbes Burnham 3770: 3767: 3744:Mitchell v DPP 3735:Maurice Bishop 3723: 3720: 3675: 3672: 3646: 3643: 3512: 3509: 3466:British Empire 3439: 3438: 3411: 3402: 3343: 3340: 3299: 3296: 3267: 3264: 3241:Downing Street 3232: 3229: 3201: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3146: 3136: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3071: 3068: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2847: 2846: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2714: 2701: 2688: 2675: 2662: 2645:– state courts 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2076: 2075: 2050:Main article: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1979: 1965: 1964: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1927: 1926: 1912: 1909: 1895: 1894: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1860: 1859: 1845: 1844: 1830: 1829: 1815: 1814: 1800: 1799: 1785: 1784: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1750: 1749: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1714: 1713: 1699: 1698: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1644: 1643: 1629: 1628: 1614: 1613: 1599: 1598: 1584: 1583: 1569: 1568: 1554: 1553: 1539: 1538: 1524: 1523: 1509: 1508: 1494: 1493: 1479: 1478: 1476:Cayman Islands 1464: 1463: 1449: 1448: 1434: 1433: 1428:Appeal is to " 1426: 1421: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1384: 1381: 1372:House of Lords 1362:, having only 1360:United Kingdom 1351: 1348: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1265: 1258: 1243: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1094:District judge 1086: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 995: 993:District judge 990: 985: 975: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 948: 947: 946: 941: 931: 926: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 903: 898: 897: 896: 885: 883:Administration 882: 881: 878: 877: 869: 868: 862: 861: 849: 846: 844: 841: 785:Board of Trade 743: 740: 692:British Empire 684:United Kingdom 654: 653: 644: 640: 639: 637: 636: 633: 629: 627: 623: 622: 590: 584: 583: 573: 569: 568: 566: 565: 563:United Kingdom 552: 539: 526: 513: 500: 487: 474: 461: 448: 435: 422: 409: 396: 383: 370: 357: 344: 342:Cayman Islands 331: 318: 305: 292: 279: 266: 253: 240: 227: 214: 201: 188: 175: 162: 149: 136: 123: 106: 105: 104: 102: 98: 97: 96:14 August 1833 94: 90: 89: 56: 55: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6649: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:Circuit judge 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Privy Council 6306: 6304: 6303:Supreme Court 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117:Committees of 6115: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5725: 5723:1-877258-93-8 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5589:. 12 May 2015 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5498:CACV375/1999 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486:Privy Council 5483: 5479: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5445: 5444:parliament.uk 5441: 5435: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5268: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5137:9780773507678 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5009: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4451: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4223: 4221:9780521085595 4217: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4060:death penalty 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895:Conor Maguire 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504:First Nations 3500: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3421:Criminal Code 3418: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:Supreme Court 3353: 3349: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302:In 1901, the 3297: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162:Leslie Upton 3161: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Supreme Court 2870: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2829:Supreme Court 2827: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2715: 2713: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2687: 2676: 2674: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2621:Supreme Court 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2468:Supreme Court 2466: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2292:Supreme Court 2290: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234:Supreme Court 2232: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:Supreme Court 2200: 2198: 2197:Federal Court 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2137:Supreme Court 2134: 2132: 2131:Federal Court 2129: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2102:Supreme Court 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2045:Supreme Court 2043: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730:Parts of the 1727: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399:Jurisdiction 1398: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278:Appeals from 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077:Circuit judge 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 932: 930: 929:Privy Council 927: 925: 922: 921: 915: 914: 907: 904: 902: 899: 895: 892: 891: 890: 887: 886: 880: 879: 871: 870: 867: 863: 860: 859: 854: 853: 847: 842: 840: 838: 834: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Lord Brougham 801: 798: 794: 788: 786: 781: 779: 775: 773: 767: 762: 757: 752: 751: 741: 736: 731: 727: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:senior judges 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 651: 645: 641: 634: 631: 630: 628: 626:Authorized by 624: 619: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 570: 564: 553: 551: 540: 538: 527: 525: 514: 512: 501: 499: 488: 486: 475: 473: 462: 460: 449: 447: 436: 434: 423: 421: 410: 408: 397: 395: 384: 382: 371: 369: 358: 356: 345: 343: 332: 330: 319: 317: 306: 304: 293: 291: 280: 278: 267: 265: 254: 252: 241: 239: 228: 226: 215: 213: 202: 200: 189: 187: 176: 174: 163: 161: 150: 148: 137: 135: 124: 122: 111: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 57: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6537:Law Officers 6409:Star Chamber 6359:Assize Court 6307: 6132: 6104:2022–present 5902: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5823: 5814: 5800: 5787: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5756:The Listener 5751: 5745: 5732: 5713: 5707: 5695:. Retrieved 5691:the original 5686: 5682: 5672: 5660:. Retrieved 5656: 5647: 5633: 5621:. Retrieved 5617:the original 5612: 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5586: 5577: 5565:. Retrieved 5560: 5536: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5405: 5396: 5387: 5378: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5258:. Retrieved 5252: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5212:. Retrieved 5208:the original 5198: 5186:. Retrieved 5182:the original 5172: 5160:. Retrieved 5156:the original 5146: 5127: 5121: 5112: 5100: 5096: 5082: 5068: 5056: 5052: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4982: 4977: 4965: 4948: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4890: 4884: 4869:Josef Jakobs 4863: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4826:. Retrieved 4817: 4808: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4771: 4765: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4735: 4726: 4714:. Retrieved 4710: 4701: 4689:. Retrieved 4685: 4673: 4661:. Retrieved 4657: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4626: 4614:. Retrieved 4610: 4597: 4585:. Retrieved 4581: 4572: 4560:. Retrieved 4556: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4511: 4498: 4484: 4475: 4465: 4455:30 September 4453:. Retrieved 4450:kenyalaw.org 4449: 4437: 4418: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4343: 4333: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4263: 4254: 4246: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4210: 4180:. Retrieved 4176: 4167: 4159: 4133: 4122: 4088: 4085:South Africa 4076: 4064: 4057: 4034:Despite the 4033: 4009: 4001: 3989: 3983: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3938: 3916: 3872: 3870: 3859: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3787: 3772: 3760: 3749: 3742: 3725: 3713: 3711: 3691:Yahya Jammeh 3687:Dawda Jawara 3677: 3657: 3648: 3636: 3633: 3626: 3611: 3600: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3514: 3496: 3489: 3479: 3463: 3441: 3440: 3424: 3414: 3405: 3392: 3383:obiter dicta 3381: 3374:Constitution 3365: 3362:Persons Case 3355: 3332: 3311: 3301: 3291: 3283: 3272:Commonwealth 3269: 3261: 3234: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3191: 3138:Colin Smith 3094: 3054: 2985: 2835:Yahya Jammeh 2457:Sierra Leone 2153:South Africa 2095: 2056:Name changed 1999: 1987:Rabi Council 1872:Cook Islands 1536:Saint Helena 1389:jurisdiction 1386: 1374:, or of the 1368:Commonwealth 1353: 1333: 1309:Arches Court 1302: 1299: 1280:prize courts 1273:Cinque Ports 1251:Arches Court 1229: 1214: 1000:Family Court 978:County Court 928: 856: 843:Jurisdiction 825: 812: 802: 789: 782: 769: 745: 696: 680:Commonwealth 663: 659: 657: 598:51°30′01.3″N 394:Saint Helena 212:Cook Islands 101:Jurisdiction 65:51°30′01.3″N 29: 6328:Crown Court 5716:. Pearson. 5662:20 November 5587:The Gleaner 5541:AC 484 (PC) 5407:The Gleaner 4828:22 December 4716:14 December 4663:14 December 4616:22 February 4562:22 February 4514:. p. 3 4079:Haw Tua Tau 3946:New Zealand 3897:) that the 3881:. The then 3652:, formerly 3620:, then the 3614:the Bahamas 3577:Matthew v S 3547:Pratt v A-G 3426:ultra vires 3285:lex scripta 3166:, 1963–1966 3156:, 1940–1954 3145:, 1934–1940 3135:, 1909–1934 3125:, 1899–1909 3118:, 1896–1899 3112:, 1887–1896 3079:Inner House 3046:Composition 3016:South Yemen 2970:Saint Lucia 2859:New Zealand 1985:and/or the 1920:civil cases 1782:The Bahamas 1676:Isle of Man 1149:Bar Council 1067:Crown Court 772:curia regis 761:curia regis 750:curia regis 733:Court 3 in 613: / 601:0°07′41.3″W 588:Coordinates 238:Isle of Man 134:The Bahamas 93:Established 80: / 68:0°07′41.3″W 6596:Categories 6318:High Court 6152:Historical 6027:Membership 5567:2 November 5513:FACV2/2009 5449:26 October 5426:menafn.com 5204:"CCJ blow" 4790:, p. 1123a 4691:26 October 4587:26 October 4557:Britannica 4071:High Court 3976:High Court 3854:See also: 3737:to power. 3679:The Gambia 3674:The Gambia 3595:and other 3553:R v Hughes 3499:federalism 3372:(Canada's 3346:See also: 3245:John Soane 3100:Registrars 3028:Seychelles 2996:Somaliland 2815:The Gambia 2741:High Court 2673:Queensland 2409:High Court 2252:Tanganyika 2205:under the 1521:Montserrat 1340:devolution 756:Parliament 726:judgment. 381:Montserrat 6099:1952–2022 6094:1936–1952 6089:1910–1936 6084:1901–1910 6079:1837–1901 6074:1820–1837 6069:1714–1820 6064:1679–1714 5992:Positions 4894:, p. vii. 4772:The Times 4760:, p. 564. 4582:CommonLII 4182:8 January 4054:Singapore 3952:dominions 3806:Basic Law 3784:Hong Kong 3727:Grenadian 3670:in 1948. 3650:Sri Lanka 3593:Caribbean 3571:Boyce v R 3565:Reyes v R 3470:the Crown 3458:dominions 3298:Australia 3200:Procedure 3040:Hong Kong 3020:Swaziland 2785:Singapore 2643:Australia 2398:Australia 2172:in 1997. 2074:in 1961. 2070:in 1949. 1939:Mauritius 1551:Ascension 1506:Gibraltar 1319:. By the 1166:Solicitor 1154:Barrister 839:in 2009. 828:dominions 793:Hindu law 666:) is the 511:Mauritius 407:Ascension 368:Gibraltar 6422:Justices 6208:See also 5697:19 April 5367:Archived 5324:Archived 5234:BBC News 4638:30 April 4518:17 April 4293:16 April 4271:. c. 92) 4097:See also 4048:Zimbabwe 4044:Rhodesia 4030:Rhodesia 4020:Pakistan 4006:Pakistan 3997:John Key 3978:and the 3940:Malaysia 3935:Malaysia 3909:(Imp.). 3668:dominion 3525:Barbados 3334:inter se 3312:inter se 3293:affected 3231:Location 3042:(1997). 3038:(1980), 3034:(1978), 3030:(1976), 3026:(1975), 3022:(1968), 3018:(1967), 3014:(1965), 3012:Rhodesia 3010:(1964), 3006:(1963), 3004:Zanzibar 3002:(1960), 2998:(1960), 2994:(1948), 2990:(1948), 2945:Dominica 2890:Barbados 2712:Victoria 2699:Tasmania 2606:Malaysia 2578:Botswana 2186:Pakistan 1983:Banabans 1977:Kiribati 1726:Alderney 1711:Guernsey 1419:Anguilla 1082:Recorder 707:justices 670:for the 572:Location 537:Kiribati 303:Anguilla 290:Guernsey 264:Alderney 6544:Current 6429:Current 6291:Current 6126:Current 6038:Current 5824:meWATCH 5260:24 June 5214:16 June 5188:16 June 5162:16 June 4742:20 June 4604:"Malta" 4354:16 June 4318:23 July 4227:13 July 3913:Jamaica 3722:Grenada 3559:Fox v R 3538:Jamaica 3429:of the 3096:heard. 3081:of the 3051:Members 3036:Vanuatu 2427:Lesotho 2281:Nigeria 2060:Ireland 2006:Country 1812:Jamaica 1797:Grenada 1446:Bermuda 1356:binding 1271:of the 742:History 709:of the 678:, some 643:Website 316:Bermuda 160:Jamaica 147:Grenada 6565:Former 6487:Former 6347:Former 6284:Courts 6048:Senior 5829:20 May 5720: 5623:2 June 5593:2 June 5468:AC 900 5134: 4711:Paclii 4541:: 166. 4425: 4332:As in 4218: 3774:Guyana 3769:Guyana 3654:Ceylon 3533:Belize 3460:to be 3342:Canada 3275:realms 3077:, the 3008:Zambia 3000:Cyprus 2992:Israel 2967: 2942: 2920:Belize 2917: 2887: 2856: 2812: 2782: 2756: 2722: 2709: 2696: 2683: 2670: 2657: 2640: 2603: 2575: 2543:Guyana 2540: 2510: 2485:Ceylon 2482: 2454: 2424: 2395: 2369:Uganda 2366: 2339:Malawi 2336: 2306: 2278: 2249: 2220: 2183: 2150: 2117: 2088:Canada 2085: 2029: 2018:Notes 1974: 1959: 1936: 1916:Sultan 1904: 1889: 1869: 1857:Tuvalu 1854: 1839: 1824: 1809: 1794: 1779: 1759: 1744: 1723: 1708: 1696:Jersey 1693: 1673: 1653: 1638: 1623: 1608: 1593: 1578: 1563: 1548: 1533: 1518: 1503: 1488: 1473: 1458: 1443: 1416: 807:, the 674:, the 561: 548: 535: 522: 509: 496: 483: 470: 457: 444: 431: 418: 405: 392: 379: 366: 353: 340: 327: 314: 301: 288: 275: 262: 251:Jersey 249: 236: 223: 210: 199:Tuvalu 197: 184: 171: 158: 145: 132: 119: 6177:Other 6043:Royal 5480: 5103: 5059: 5043: 4985:(Cth) 4957:(PDF) 4682:(PDF) 4607:(PDF) 4508:(PDF) 4446:(PDF) 4312:(PDF) 4114:Notes 3832:India 3827:India 3794:China 3666:as a 3442:Nadan 2988:Burma 2822:1997 2513:Malta 2309:Kenya 2223:Ghana 2120:India 2036:1933 1249:(the 821:prize 5831:2020 5789:Pora 5718:ISBN 5699:2023 5664:2023 5625:2015 5595:2015 5569:2010 5451:2020 5262:2009 5216:2007 5190:2007 5164:2007 5132:ISBN 4830:2015 4744:2023 4718:2021 4693:2020 4665:2021 4640:2021 4618:2021 4589:2020 4564:2021 4520:2018 4457:2020 4423:ISBN 4356:2011 4338:1927 4320:2016 4295:2024 4229:2020 4216:ISBN 4184:2024 4010:The 3627:The 3350:and 2975:2023 2950:2015 2925:2010 2895:2005 2863:2004 2819:1998 2789:1994 2763:1987 2759:Fiji 2732:1986 2610:1985 2582:1973 2547:1973 2517:1972 2489:1971 2461:1971 2431:1970 2402:1968 2373:1966 2343:1965 2313:1964 2285:1963 2257:1962 2227:1960 2190:1950 2157:1950 2124:1949 2092:1949 2009:Date 1892:Niue 1747:Sark 664:JCPC 658:The 648:jcpc 277:Sark 225:Niue 47:Arms 3969:If 3871:In 3413:In 3404:In 3239:in 3164:CBE 3154:DSO 3143:OBE 3140:MVO 3130:KBE 3123:KCB 2062:by 2058:to 650:.uk 6598:: 5901:. 5883:. 5865:. 5847:. 5822:. 5772:. 5754:. 5687:38 5685:. 5681:. 5655:. 5611:. 5585:. 5559:. 5546:^ 5442:. 5424:. 5404:. 5386:. 5282:. 5251:. 5232:. 4925:. 4909:. 4899:^ 4875:. 4820:. 4816:. 4734:. 4709:. 4684:. 4656:. 4609:. 4580:. 4555:. 4539:11 4537:. 4510:. 4474:. 4448:. 4387:. 4375:. 4276:^ 4245:, 4192:^ 4175:. 4147:^ 3709:. 3587:, 3494:. 3216:. 3152:, 3150:CB 3133:CB 2845:. 2209:. 1432:" 1346:. 1242:). 578:, 6269:e 6262:t 6255:v 5977:e 5970:t 5963:v 5833:. 5776:. 5758:. 5726:. 5701:. 5666:. 5641:. 5627:. 5597:. 5571:. 5453:. 5428:. 5390:. 5286:. 5264:. 5218:. 5192:. 5166:. 5140:. 5090:. 5076:. 4987:. 4972:. 4959:. 4942:. 4832:. 4746:. 4720:. 4695:. 4667:. 4642:. 4620:. 4591:. 4566:. 4522:. 4478:. 4459:. 4431:. 4358:. 4322:. 4297:. 4231:. 4186:. 4141:. 3893:( 3885:( 3607:" 3476:. 3437:. 3401:. 3364:( 3067:) 1323:( 1296:. 1289:. 1282:. 1275:. 1264:. 1204:e 1197:t 1190:v 662:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Index