631:), which had 214 seats. Members were elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms. At least 25% of the seats in the House of Deputies were reserved for the opposition. More than 27% of the members of the Chamber of Deputies were women. The lower house played a growing role as an arena for debate on national policy, especially as it hosted representatives from six opposition parties. Opposition members often voted against bills or abstained. However, because the governing party enjoyed a comfortable majority, bills usually passed with only minor changes.
708:
citizens and 90% of citizens living abroad. In the presidential vote, Ben Ali soundly defeated his challengers, Mohamed
Bouchiha (PUP), Ahmed Inoubli (UDU) and Ahmed Ibrahim (Ettajdid Movement) for a fifth term in office. His 89% of the vote was slightly lower than in the 2004 election. In the parliamentary elections, the RCD received 84% of the vote for 161 constituency seats. The MDS won 16 seats under the proportional representation system, followed by the PUP with 12 seats. Fifty-nine women were elected to legislative seats.
386:
669:. It consists of 12 members, each of whom must have 20 years' experience in order to serve for a single term of nine years. Two thirds are specialized in law. The president of the republic, the president of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and the Supreme Judicial Council each propose four candidates; the Assembly of the Representatives of the People approves nominations with a three-fifths majority. The Constitutional Court appoints its own president and vice president, both specialized in law.
448:
59:
72:
689:
revolution of 2011 there were eight recognized national parties, six of which held national legislative seats. President Ben Ali's party, known as the
Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), commanded majorities in local, regional, and national elections. Although the party was renamed (in President Bourguiba's days it was the Socialist Destourian Party), its policies were still considered to be largely secular and conservative. However, the
43:
715:, was seized by authorities for violating campaign communications laws. Meanwhile, a delegation from the African Union Commission praised the election for taking place with "calm and serenity". Prior to the 2009 election, Tunisia amended its constitution to allow more candidates to run for president, allowing the top official from each political party to compete for the presidency regardless of whether they held seats in parliament.
397:
634:
The upper house was the
Chamber of Advisors, which had 112 members, including representatives of governorates (provinces), professional organizations and national figures. Of these, 41 were appointed by the head of state while 71 were elected by their peers. About 15% of the members of the Chamber of
599:
In
Tunisia, the president was directly elected for a five-year term. The president nominates the candidate of the party that gained the most votes in legislative elections to form a government within a month. The nominee must submit his program to the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and
584:
with an executive president, a legislature and judiciary, starting with elections in 2014 until the president suspended parliament and began ruling by decree on 25 July 2021. Since then, all the trappings of an authoritarian state have returned. The military is neutral and does not play any role in
707:
The
Tunisian national elections of 2009, overseen by the Interior Ministry and held on October 25, 2009, elected candidates for president and legislative offices. During the campaign, speeches by candidates were aired on Tunisian radio and television stations. Participation was 89% of resident
688:
Since 1987 Tunisia has reformed its political system several times, abolishing life-term presidencies and opening up the parliament to opposition parties. The number of new political parties and associations has increased since the beginning of Ben Ali's presidency in 1987. Shortly before the
729:
Following the 2010–2011 protests and the vacation of the presidency by
President Ben Ali, elections for a Constituent Assembly were held on 23 October 2011. Results were announced on 25 October 2011 with the center-right and moderately Islamist
2347:
959:
Under the Ben Ali regime, freedom of the press was officially guaranteed, but the press was highly restricted, as was a substantial amount of web content. Journalists were often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. Prior to the
517:
led to the ousting of Ben Ali and the dismantling of the RCD, paving the way for a multi-party democracy. October 2014 saw the first democratic parliamentary elections since the 2011 revolution, resulting in a win by the secularist
600:
get the trust of the majority of its members before being appointed prime minister. Regional governors and local administrators are appointed by the central government. Mayors and municipal councils are directly elected.
980:
in 2005, which endorsed the freedom of the internet as a platform for political participation and human rights protection. By 2010, Tunisia had more than 3.5 million regular internet users and 1.6 million
545:
in 1995. Tunisia's favorable relations with the United States and the
European Union were earned following years of successful economic cooperation in the private sector and infrastructure modernization.
882:
ranked
Tunisia 141 out of 167 countries studied and 143 out of 173 regarding freedom of the press. Later in his rule repression became more brutal, corruption more visible and the economy more stagnant.
2223:
572:
in
October 2019. He had a reputation of not being corruptible. However, on 25 July 2021 he suspended Parliament, fired the prime minister and consolidated power in what opponents called a "coup."
1993:
204:
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1870:
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1512:
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The election was criticized by opposition parties and some international observers for limitations placed on non-incumbents. In one instance, the
Ettajdid party's weekly publication,
609:
2355:
2320:
1841:
1340:
1476:
1471:
187:
912:, ending 23 years in power, following the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades. Street protests and civil disobedience against high
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434:
199:
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2227:
1905:
277:
724:
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1985:
192:
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1345:
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1420:
1936:
1878:
1390:
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1466:
1405:
783:
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534:
300:
258:
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1838:
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1335:
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835:. More than one-fifth of the seats in both chambers of parliament were held by women, an exceptionally high level in the Arab world.
2152:
1542:
1395:
1380:
1325:
871:
and various other organizations. which documented restrictions of basic human rights and obstruction of human rights organizations.
843:
427:
651:
in joint session. The judiciary is independent, although the Supreme Judicial Council is chaired by the president of the republic.
2413:
1527:
2539:
1807:
2554:
1460:
948:
502:
2977:
2073:
702:
624:
1595:
748:
Parliamentary elections were held in Tunisia on 26 October 2014. Results were announced on 27 October 2014 with secularist
2741:
1320:
951:
was elected on 23 October 2011, and a new constitution was adopted on 26 January 2014. It was passed on 10 February 2014.
137:
111:
106:
96:
804:
The reform gave more powers to Tunisia's president, meaning the role of President Kais Saied strengthened significantly.
3055:
3024:
3020:
1962:
1710:
1350:
839:
612:, with 217 seats. The first elections for the Assembly of the Representative of the People occurred on 26 October 2014.
420:
407:
330:
226:
2250:
972:
included Tunisia in the country list of “Enemies of the Internet". Despite this, Tunisia hosted the second half of the
2083:
1662:
1400:
550:
1654:
666:
3033:
2636:
1547:
1522:
317:
2781:
2011:
1913:
1857:
1532:
969:
813:
655:
481:
150:
3016:
2891:
2881:
2686:
2378:
1570:
1552:
1370:
1289:
581:
466:
463:
1765:
2896:
2786:
2716:
1794:
1565:
1410:
1197:
1017:
905:
864:
510:
307:
86:
2291:
3007:
2956:
2876:
2841:
2826:
2811:
2766:
2701:
2224:"Tunisia's Protest Wave: Where It Comes From and What It Means for Ben Ali | The Middle East Channel"
1517:
372:
312:
2440:
2831:
2629:
2590:
2111:
1748:
1435:
1227:
1107:
1047:
868:
542:
180:
126:
786:, independent candidate Kais Saied got a landslide victory with 72.5% of the vote in the second round.
2931:
2906:
2756:
2751:
2731:
2696:
2681:
2586:
1819:
1450:
1257:
1167:
1157:
1097:
1087:
1067:
682:
488:, a unicameral legislature and a court system influenced by French civil law. Between 1956 and 2011,
473:
239:
219:
133:
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2985:
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2671:
2652:
2278:
1715:
1304:
1299:
1237:
1217:
1177:
1137:
1117:
1027:
662:. All Tunisian lawyers are members of the Order, which does not have any political affiliations.
594:
485:
2981:
2901:
2851:
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2791:
2771:
2761:
2736:
2676:
2295:
2148:
1720:
1247:
1077:
933:
929:
925:
561:
362:
2911:
2821:
2711:
2201:
2108:
1728:
1575:
1187:
941:
779:
731:
644:
2123:
1605:. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
1440:
867:
was criticized for the low levels of democracy and freedom of expression in the country by
2602:
2558:
2503:
1845:
1826:
1752:
1602:
1127:
937:
879:
659:
554:
506:
498:
401:
165:
1848:
Republic of Tunisia: National Observatory of Presidential and Legislative Elections, 2009
897:
The Tunisian Revolution overthrew President Ben Ali in 2011—marking the beginning of the
2612:
42:
1482:
973:
832:
396:
3049:
2597:
2127:
1309:
873:
828:
648:
530:
477:
460:
390:
160:
63:
58:
2551:
1871:"AU observers mission: " October 25 elections in Tunisia held in calm and serenity""
17:
2574:
2399:
2176:
1614:
1201:
913:
909:
749:
620:
519:
1051:
1691:
1626:
823:
The now-defunct Chamber of Deputies had 23% women members in 2009, outpacing the
2007:
1891:
1330:
1171:
1141:
1101:
1001:
989:
898:
526:
76:
71:
2480:
2348:"Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots"
1111:
993:
921:
565:
143:
1724:
2060:
2038:
2033:
1732:
1005:
917:
2515:
2251:"Tunisian president vows to punish rioters after worst unrest in a decade"
1986:"Tunisia's referendum: Victory for 'yes' vote, but failure for revolution"
1711:"Tunisian President Appoints Prime Minister Amid Protests Over Power Grab"
1211:
1091:
997:
982:
964:, Tunisia practiced internet censorship against popular websites such as
494:
469:
2465:« Tunisie : la nouvelle Constitution entre en vigueur »,
2527:
1769:
1274:
Tunisia is a participant in the following international organizations:
1261:
1231:
1191:
1161:
1151:
1061:
1031:
965:
775:
489:
2621:
2616:
1492:
1241:
1221:
1131:
1121:
1081:
647:
system. Some judicial review of legislative acts takes place in the
2276:
Tunisian parliamentary speaker becomes acting president: officials
2078:
1445:
1279:
1251:
1181:
1071:
1041:
446:
2625:
2144:
The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa
681:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
1629:, Ministry of Development and International Cooperation, 2009.
1415:
2008:"Tunisia: Majlis Al-Nuwab (Chamber of Deputies)-October 2009"
1745:
988:
Five private radio stations have been established, including
568:
became Tunisia's president after a landslide victory in the
2226:. Mideast.foreignpolicy.com. 3 January 2011. Archived from
2124:"The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2008"
1860:, Sarah Leah Whitson, Human Rights Watch, October 23, 2009.
985:
users and hundreds of internet cafes, known as 'publinet.'
2202:"Uprising in Tunisia: People Power topples Ben Ali regime"
665:
The Constitution of 2014 provides for a newly constituted
541:, France and the European Union, with which it entered an
800:
In July 2022, Tunisians approved a new constitution in a
2177:"Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out"
2583:
from U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
1615:"Secularist Nidaa Tounes party wins Tunisia election"
782:
became the second with 38 seats. In the presidential
838:
Tunisia is the only country in the Arab world where
2965:
2940:
2659:
2074:"World Media Comment on President Ben Ali's Speech"
1858:"Tunisia: Elections in an Atmosphere of Repression"
1596:"Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt"
1839:"Final Results for the 2009 Legislative Elections"
1692:"Tunisia election: Kais Saied to become president"
778:became the biggest party with 52 seats, while the
560:Tunisia's first democratically elected president,
2414:"Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia"
2323:. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from
2400:Tunisia suicide protester Mohammed Bouazizi dies
522:party with 85 seats in the 217-member assembly.
1937:"Secular party takes lead in Tunisia elections"
1906:"Final Results of Tunisian Elections Announced"
842:. This is part of a provision in the country's
2042:. Association Reset-Dialogues on Civilizations
2637:
756:2019 parliamentary and presidential elections
610:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
608:Tunisia's legislative branch consists of the
428:
200:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
8:
2441:"How a Single Match Can Ignite a Revolution"
2063:, Valentina M. Donini, Friday, 17 April 2009
1963:"An analysis of Tunisia's electoral results"
725:2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election
2644:
2630:
2622:
1644:Defense Technical Information Center, 2004
1637:
1635:
752:winning a plurality with 38% of the vote.
734:winning a plurality with 37% of the vote.
435:
421:
28:
2528:Facebook bigger than newspapers? So what?
2497:"RWB Issues Enemies of the Internet List"
2109:"Tunisia: Open Letter, Strong Concern..."
1022:Tunisia is divided into 24 governorates:
501:, with politics dominated by the secular
188:National Council of Regions and Districts
2606:) is being considered for deletion. See
1894:, BBC News, Rana Jawad, 23 October 2009.
1594:Choudhry, Sujit; Stacey, Richard (2014)
1270:International organization participation
1000:and private television stations such as
2032:Donini, Valentina M. (April 17, 2009).
1587:
978:World Summit on the Information Society
796:2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum
53:
31:
1808:Tunisian candidates kick off campaigns
643:The Tunisian legal system is based on
459:takes place within the framework of a
2321:"A Snapshot of Corruption in Tunisia"
1935:El Amraoui, Ahmed (27 October 2014).
1892:"Tunisia's image belies poll control"
1829:, TunisiaOnline.com, 25 October 2004.
1655:Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict
908:officially resigned after fleeing to
7:
2581:2008 Human Rights Practices: Tunisia
2516:"Second Phase of WSIS: Tunisia 2005"
2439:Worth, Robert F. (21 January 2011).
2346:Spencer, Richard (13 January 2011).
1627:European Union Association Agreement
762:2019 Tunisian parliamentary election
744:2014 Tunisian parliamentary election
693:in 2011 saw its removal from power.
679:List of political parties in Tunisia
570:2019 Tunisian presidential elections
2249:Borger, Julian (29 December 2010).
1961:Rahman, Hafijur (19 October 2019).
766:2019 Tunisian presidential election
535:Organization of Islamic Cooperation
2292:"Tunisia swears in interim leader"
2086:. October 16, 2009. Archived from
1877:. October 28, 2009. Archived from
1642:"Tunisian Partnership with Europe"
719:2011 Constituent Assembly election
25:
2610:to help reach a consensus. ›
2412:Fahim, Kareem (21 January 2011).
2175:Davies, Wyre (15 December 2010).
1996:from the original on Apr 7, 2024.
1973:from the original on Dec 1, 2023.
1904:Gamha, Eymen (14 November 2011).
1820:Results of presidential elections
677:For other political parties, see
64:Member State of the African Union
2952:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2722:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2540:"Shems FM hits Tunisia airwaves"
1709:Vivian Yee (21 September 2021).
564:, died in July 2019. After him,
539:relations with the United States
395:
384:
70:
57:
41:
2542:Houda Trabelsi, October 5, 2010
2302:from the original on 2011-01-18
1992:. Video by Pellegrin, Charles.
1984:Aubin, Sophian (27 July 2022).
1673:from the original on 2024-06-09
673:Political parties and elections
503:Constitutional Democratic Rally
77:Member State of the Arab League
904:On 14 January 2011, president
790:2022 constitutional referendum
703:2009 Tunisian general election
625:Chamber of Deputies of Tunisia
505:(RCD) under former presidents
1:
840:polygamy is forbidden by law
831:, which stood at 17% in the
738:2014 parliamentary elections
451:Tunisian Chamber of Deputies
2481:"Profile on Tunisian Media"
2379:"Tunisia's bitter cyberwar"
2084:Agence Tunis Afrique Presse
1663:Economist Intelligence Unit
827:serving at the time in the
551:Economist Intelligence Unit
525:Tunisia is a member of the
338:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3072:
2552:"Television TV in Tunisia"
2530:, Spot On, May 25th, 2010.
2204:. Indybay. 16 January 2011
2141:Gasiorowski, Mark (2017).
1015:
890:
811:
793:
759:
741:
722:
700:
676:
623:. The lower house was the
592:
2061:"Polygamy and Family Law"
2034:"Polygamy and Family Law"
2012:Inter-Parliamentary Union
970:Reporters Without Borders
814:History of modern Tunisia
656:Tunisian Order of Lawyers
467:representative democratic
2707:Central African Republic
2608:templates for discussion
2354:. London. Archived from
1791:"Article 118, Section 5"
1571:Tunisia Monitoring Group
1012:Administrative divisions
846:which was introduced by
818:
582:representative democracy
301:Administrative divisions
1810:, Magharebia.com, 2009.
1795:Constitution of Tunisia
1746:The Council of Deputies
1566:Human rights in Tunisia
1198:Sidi Bouzid Governorate
1018:Governorates of Tunisia
906:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
865:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
844:Code of Personal Status
697:2009 national elections
511:Zine el Abidine Ben Ali
2402:, BBC, 5 January 2011.
1755:, Republic of Tunisia.
936:, were sparked by the
452:
351:Diplomatic missions of
2867:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2727:Republic of the Congo
2591:Amnesty International
2575:Government of Tunisia
2112:Amnesty International
1766:"Chamber of Advisers"
1228:Tataouine Governorate
1108:Kasserine Governorate
1048:Ben Arous Governorate
944:on 17 December 2010.
869:Amnesty International
770:In the parliamentary
635:Advisors were women.
543:Association Agreement
537:. It maintains close
513:. However, in 2011 a
450:
342:Minister: Nabil Ammar
93:Current constitution
2587:Tunisia Human Rights
1258:Zaghouan Governorate
1168:Monastir Governorate
1158:Medenine Governorate
1098:Kairouan Governorate
1088:Jendouba Governorate
949:Constituent Assembly
887:2010–2011 revolution
808:Politics and society
683:Elections in Tunisia
667:Constitutional Court
112:Constitution of 2014
107:Constitution of 1959
97:Constitution of 2022
18:Judiciary of Tunisia
3056:Politics of Tunisia
2942:States with limited
2653:Politics of Africa
2485:Open Net Initiative
2352:The Daily Telegraph
2230:on 15 November 2013
2090:on October 17, 2012
1875:Tunisia Online News
1208:Siliana Governorate
1148:Manouba Governorate
1058:Bizerte Governorate
893:Tunisian Revolution
848:President Bourguiba
825:percentage of women
691:Tunisian Revolution
619:the parliament was
585:national politics.
457:politics of Tunisia
402:Politics portal
34:Politics of Tunisia
2613:Tunisia Government
2557:2012-10-30 at the
2502:2012-11-13 at the
2469:, February 10 2014
2445:The New York Times
2418:The New York Times
2358:on 10 October 2017
2147:. Westview Press.
1844:2012-03-13 at the
1825:2010-11-27 at the
1751:2010-07-09 at the
1716:The New York Times
1698:. 14 October 2019.
1601:2016-02-02 at the
1238:Tozeur Governorate
1218:Sousse Governorate
1178:Nabeul Governorate
1138:Mahdia Governorate
1118:Kebili Governorate
1028:Ariana Governorate
962:Jasmine Revolution
926:political freedoms
604:Legislative branch
595:Cabinet of Tunisia
486:head of government
453:
227:Court of Cassation
103:Past constitution
3043:
3042:
2969:other territories
2742:Equatorial Guinea
2467:La Libre Belgique
1248:Tunis Governorate
1078:Gafsa Governorate
1068:Gabès Governorate
934:living conditions
930:freedom of speech
562:Beji Caid Essebsi
553:rated Tunisia a "
515:national uprising
464:semi-presidential
445:
444:
391:Africa portal
368:Visa requirements
331:Foreign relations
318:Regional Councils
288:Political parties
246:Recent elections
16:(Redirected from
3063:
3030:
3029:(United Kingdom)
3025:Tristan da Cunha
3021:Ascension Island
3013:
3000:
2991:
2967:Dependencies and
2660:Sovereign states
2646:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2562:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2494:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2327:on 7 August 2016
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1916:on 10 March 2012
1912:. Archived from
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1768:. Archived from
1762:
1756:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1666:(Report). 2024.
1659:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1592:
1576:Sihem Bensedrine
1188:Sfax Governorate
1038:BĂ©ja Governorate
942:Mohamed Bouazizi
819:Women's equality
780:Heart of Tunisia
713:Ettarik al-Jadid
658:is a non-profit
645:French civil law
629:Majlis al-Nuwaab
589:Executive branch
437:
430:
423:
400:
399:
389:
388:
387:
79:
75:
74:
66:
62:
61:
45:
29:
21:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3011:
2998:
2989:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2655:
2650:
2611:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2559:Wayback Machine
2550:
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2534:
2526:
2522:
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2504:Wayback Machine
2495:
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2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2377:Ryan, Yasmine.
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1846:Wayback Machine
1837:
1833:
1827:Wayback Machine
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1753:Wayback Machine
1744:
1740:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1603:Wayback Machine
1593:
1589:
1584:
1562:
1557:
1272:
1267:
1128:Kef Governorate
1020:
1014:
957:
938:self-immolation
895:
889:
880:Democracy Index
861:
856:
821:
816:
810:
798:
792:
768:
760:Main articles:
758:
746:
740:
727:
721:
705:
699:
686:
675:
660:bar association
641:
639:Judicial branch
617:2011 revolution
606:
597:
591:
578:
507:Habib Bourguiba
499:one-party state
441:
412:
408:Other countries
394:
393:
385:
383:
378:
377:
359:
347:
333:
323:
322:
303:
293:
292:
282:
271:Parliamentary:
265:
242:
232:
231:
222:
212:
211:
183:
173:
172:
129:
119:
118:
89:
69:
68:
56:
55:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:Western Sahara
3031:
3014:
3001:
2992:
2978:Canary Islands
2974:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2569:External links
2567:
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2563:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
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2298:. 2011-01-15.
2283:
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974:United Nations
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891:Main article:
888:
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859:Ben Ali regime
857:
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833:111th Congress
820:
817:
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794:Main article:
791:
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492:operated as a
482:prime minister
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151:Prime Minister
148:
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3:
2:
3068:
3057:
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3009:
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2808:
2805:
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2800:
2798:
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2793:
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2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Guinea-Bissau
2780:
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2775:
2773:
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2768:
2765:
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2168:
2156:
2154:9780813350363
2150:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:The Economist
2125:
2120:
2117:
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2110:
2105:
2102:
2089:
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2080:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
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1835:
1832:
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1796:
1792:
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1772:on 2021-05-03
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874:The Economist
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829:U.S. Congress
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709:
704:
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672:
670:
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652:
650:
649:Supreme Court
646:
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622:
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613:
611:
603:
601:
596:
588:
586:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:hybrid regime
552:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:African Union
528:
523:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:head of state
475:
471:
468:
465:
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458:
449:
438:
433:
431:
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419:
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161:Kamel Madouri
159:
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40:
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27:
19:
3017:Saint Helena
2988:
2916:
2892:South Africa
2882:Sierra Leone
2687:Burkina Faso
2601:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2492:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2417:
2407:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2381:. Al Jazeera
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2351:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2286:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:The Guardian
2254:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:the original
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2143:
2136:
2126:
2119:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2077:
2068:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2002:
1989:
1979:
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1910:Tunisia Live
1909:
1899:
1887:
1879:the original
1874:
1865:
1853:
1834:
1815:
1803:
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1760:
1741:
1714:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:
1622:
1610:
1590:
1273:
1202:Sidi Bu Zayd
1021:
987:
958:
946:
924:, a lack of
914:unemployment
910:Saudi Arabia
903:
896:
872:
862:
837:
822:
799:
769:
750:Nidaa Tounes
747:
728:
712:
710:
706:
687:
664:
653:
642:
633:
628:
614:
607:
598:
579:
559:
548:
524:
520:Nidaa Tounes
493:
456:
454:
308:Governorates
259:
87:Constitution
54:
33:
26:
2944:recognition
2897:South Sudan
2787:Ivory Coast
2596:‹ The
2420:. p. 2
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2261:29 December
1967:Daily Sabah
1920:25 February
1172:Al Munastir
1142:Al Mahdiyah
1102:Al Qayrawan
1002:Hannibal TV
990:Mosaique FM
976:-sponsored
899:Arab Spring
802:referendum.
615:Before the
557:" in 2022.
527:Arab League
476:serving as
373:Visa policy
313:Delegations
181:Legislature
2999:(Portugal)
2957:Somaliland
2877:Seychelles
2842:Mozambique
2827:Mauritania
2812:Madagascar
2767:The Gambia
2702:Cape Verde
2518:WSIS, 2005
2450:26 January
2424:23 January
2385:14 January
2362:14 January
2331:7 February
2306:2011-01-15
2296:al Jazeera
2281:2011-01-15
2234:14 January
2208:26 January
2186:14 January
2160:20 October
2094:August 14,
2046:August 14,
2017:August 14,
1946:27 October
1941:Al Jazeera
1776:2010-11-24
1733:Q108837495
1677:2024-07-22
1582:References
1463:(observer)
1317:(observer)
1112:Al Qasrayn
994:Express FM
968:. In 2010
922:corruption
863:President
854:Revolution
812:See also:
593:See also:
576:Government
566:Kais Saied
355:in Tunisia
144:Kais Saied
2832:Mauritius
2577:(English)
2506:PBS, 2010
2039:Reset Doc
1990:France 24
1725:0362-4331
1617:BBC, 2014
1479:(partner)
1052:Bin 'Arus
1006:Nessma TV
932:and poor
918:inflation
850:in 1956.
621:bicameral
509:and then
474:president
472:, with a
240:Elections
220:Judiciary
134:President
127:Executive
3050:Category
3023: /
3019: /
3012:(France)
3006: /
2984: /
2980: /
2932:Zimbabwe
2907:Tanzania
2757:Ethiopia
2752:Eswatini
2732:Djibouti
2697:Cameroon
2682:Botswana
2598:template
2561:TunisPro
2555:Archived
2500:Archived
2300:Archived
2181:BBC News
1994:Archived
1971:Archived
1842:Archived
1823:Archived
1749:Archived
1729:Wikidata
1696:BBC News
1668:Archived
1599:Archived
1560:See also
1411:Interpol
1212:Silyanah
1092:Jundubah
998:Shems FM
983:Facebook
784:election
772:election
533:and the
495:de facto
470:republic
363:Passport
3008:RĂ©union
3004:Mayotte
2995:Madeira
2990:(Spain)
2986:Melilla
2917:Tunisia
2887:Somalia
2872:Senegal
2857:Nigeria
2847:Namibia
2837:Morocco
2802:Liberia
2797:Lesotho
2747:Eritrea
2717:Comoros
2692:Burundi
2667:Algeria
2600:below (
1797:. 2014.
1262:Zaghwan
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966:YouTube
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193:Speaker
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2862:Rwanda
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2777:Guinea
2672:Angola
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2603:Curlie
2487:, 2009
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2131:, 2008
2114:, 2010
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1132:Al Kaf
1122:Qibili
1082:Qafsah
774:, the
529:, the
2982:Ceuta
2902:Sudan
2852:Niger
2807:Libya
2792:Kenya
2772:Ghana
2762:Gabon
2737:Egypt
2677:Benin
2589:from
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1671:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1513:UNMIK
1508:UNMEE
1503:UNIDO
1498:UNHCR
1456:OAPEC
1446:MONUC
1441:MICAH
1386:IFRCS
1356:ICFTU
1295:AFESD
1280:ABEDA
1252:Tunis
1182:Nabul
1072:Qabis
1042:Bajah
955:Media
928:like
2912:Togo
2822:Mali
2712:Chad
2452:2011
2426:2011
2387:2011
2364:2011
2333:2014
2263:2010
2257:. UK
2236:2011
2210:2011
2188:2011
2162:2016
2149:ISBN
2096:2015
2048:2015
2019:2015
1948:2014
1922:2012
1721:ISSN
1548:WToO
1538:WIPO
1528:WFTU
1477:OSCE
1472:OPCW
1376:IFAD
1361:ICRM
1346:ICAO
1341:IBRD
1336:IAEA
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1431:ITU
1426:ISO
1421:IOM
1416:IOC
1406:IMO
1401:IMF
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