291:
One could posit that voiced oral stops become nasal before nasal vowels, sometimes at the expense of having more nasal than oral vowels, which is typologically odd, or that nasal stops denasalise before oral vowels, which is typologically odd as well.
508:
306:
Historically, however, the consonants nasalized: *mb became **mm before nasal vowels and then reduced to *m, leaving the current asymmetric distribution.
501:
284:
Wapan and other
Jukunoid languages are interesting in the development of asymmetrical patterns of nasal and oral consonants in
31:
1609:
104:
214:
1604:
814:
494:
517:
109:
98:
1350:
1143:
1051:
1138:
1530:
1173:
1071:
1061:
992:
982:
670:
593:
1322:
746:
1002:
967:
881:
1153:
842:
827:
568:
1512:
1252:
896:
741:
533:
1130:
921:
832:
525:
243:
124:
119:
114:
1262:
1479:
1434:
1121:
822:
781:
766:
751:
655:
632:
613:
548:
1555:
1545:
1454:
1444:
1374:
1292:
1244:
1206:
1163:
1028:
799:
733:
718:
623:
543:
538:
270:
258:
Blench (2019) lists the following varieties as part of the
Kororofa (Jukun Wapan) cluster:
1525:
1502:
1464:
1429:
1330:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1191:
1046:
987:
977:
941:
926:
794:
789:
756:
645:
588:
90:
1302:
1579:
1563:
1535:
1487:
1469:
1449:
1419:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1364:
1340:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1214:
1186:
1158:
1093:
1077:
972:
962:
916:
911:
906:
871:
804:
771:
703:
680:
665:
650:
603:
598:
578:
262:
163:
71:
206:
1598:
1540:
1520:
1497:
1492:
1459:
1439:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1379:
1369:
1358:
1335:
1277:
1219:
1196:
1103:
1066:
1056:
1041:
1036:
1018:
1013:
1007:
997:
957:
936:
931:
901:
864:
858:
837:
761:
660:
640:
573:
563:
558:
553:
67:
17:
1424:
1414:
1312:
1181:
1098:
713:
583:
170:
63:
219:
1257:
1148:
698:
285:
708:
693:
688:
442:
437:
723:
199:
183:
190:
247:
53:
239:
486:
466:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
490:
478:
Nasalfest: Papers from a
Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization,
27:
Jukunoid language of
Nigeria, also called Wukari or Kororofa
476:
Larry Hyman, 1975. "Nasal states and nasal processes." In
1572:
1554:
1511:
1478:
1349:
1321:
1243:
1205:
1172:
1129:
1120:
1086:
1027:
950:
889:
880:
851:
813:
780:
732:
679:
631:
622:
524:
213:
197:
181:
176:
160:
148:
87:
77:
59:
49:
39:
295:Oral vowels are allowed only in syllables like
457:
455:
502:
8:
1126:
886:
628:
509:
495:
487:
36:
308:
430:
275:Dampar (spoken at Dampar, Wukari LGA)
147:
7:
313:allophonic Ṽ next to N
25:
464:An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
1:
1626:
29:
44:
238:after the local town of
105:Atlantic–Congo languages
30:Not to be confused with
448:(subscription required)
462:Blench, Roger (2019).
1610:Languages of Nigeria
83:(100,000 cited 1994)
18:Jukun Wapan language
1605:Jukunoid languages
299:, nasal vowels in
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
518:Platoid languages
446:(18th ed., 2015)
422:
421:
244:Jukunoid language
230:(Jukun Wapan) or
225:
224:
16:(Redirected from
1617:
1127:
887:
629:
511:
504:
497:
488:
481:
474:
468:
467:
459:
450:
449:
435:
309:
234:, also known as
209:
193:
186:
166:
93:
37:
21:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1568:
1550:
1507:
1474:
1345:
1317:
1239:
1201:
1168:
1108:
1082:
1023:
946:
876:
847:
809:
776:
728:
675:
618:
520:
515:
485:
484:
475:
471:
461:
460:
453:
447:
436:
432:
427:
397:loss of final C
282:
256:
205:
189:
182:
167:
162:
144:
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
891:
884:
878:
877:
875:
874:
868:
862:
855:
853:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
784:
778:
777:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
736:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:Basa-Kontagora
701:
696:
691:
685:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
635:
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Shoo-Minda-Nye
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
528:
522:
521:
516:
514:
513:
506:
499:
491:
483:
482:
469:
451:
429:
428:
426:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
408:
405:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
386:
380:
377:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
358:
352:
349:
346:
343:
337:
336:
333:
330:
324:
321:
318:
315:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
268:
265:
255:
252:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
203:
195:
194:
187:
179:
178:
177:Language codes
174:
173:
168:
164:Writing system
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
72:Nasarawa State
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
42:
41:
32:Jukun language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
892:
888:
885:
883:
879:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
854:
850:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
783:
779:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Eastern Acipa
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
682:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
634:
630:
627:
625:
621:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
492:
489:
479:
473:
470:
465:
458:
456:
452:
445:
444:
439:
434:
431:
424:
417:
414:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
381:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
359:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
302:
298:
293:
289:
287:
279:
274:
272:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
253:
251:
249:
245:
242:, is a major
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
185:
180:
175:
172:
169:
165:
159:
153:
152:
151:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
73:
69:
68:Plateau State
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1003:Shuwa-Zamani
968:Gbiri-Niragu
714:Basa-Makurdi
608:
599:Tigon Mbembe
477:
472:
463:
441:
433:
410:
396:
383:
368:
355:
341:*mb → *mm/_Ṽ
340:
327:
312:
305:
300:
296:
294:
290:
283:
267:Wapan proper
257:
235:
231:
227:
226:
198:
129:
64:Taraba State
1154:Shall-Zwall
828:Gwamhi-Wuri
699:Basa-Gurara
480:pp. 249–264
286:West Africa
110:Benue–Congo
99:Niger–Congo
1599:Categories
1253:Bu-Ninkada
1139:Kusur–Myet
897:Gamo-Ningi
742:Cinda-Regi
709:Basa-Kwali
694:Basa-Gumna
689:Basa-Benue
534:Como Karim
443:Ethnologue
425:References
1513:Yukubenic
922:Kudu-Camo
833:Hun-Saare
815:Northwest
724:Bassa Nge
280:Phonology
254:Varieties
200:Glottolog
184:ISO 639-3
1435:Kamanton
1131:Tarokoid
1010:(Surubu)
890:Northern
867:(Rerang)
843:ut-Ma'in
823:Damakawa
767:Rubaruba
752:Hungworo
656:Shingini
549:Jan Awei
526:Jukunoid
369:*mm → *m
232:Kororofa
207:wapa1235
149:Dialects
125:Kororofa
115:Jukunoid
1546:Yukuben
1480:Beromic
1455:Shamang
1445:Kuturmi
1375:Dangana
1351:Central
1293:Ninkyop
1164:Yangkam
1122:Plateau
800:Gurmana
782:Shiroro
719:Koromba
633:Kambari
539:Etkywan
297:ba, mba
248:Nigeria
120:Central
54:Nigeria
1573:others
1556:Ndunic
1526:Beezen
1503:Nincut
1465:Yeskwa
1430:Kadara
1361:(Koro)
1331:Barkul
1283:Ningye
1273:Kanufi
1268:Gwantu
1263:Gbətsu
1245:Ninzic
1207:Alumic
1192:Jijili
1047:Panawa
1029:Shammo
988:Kurama
978:Kinuku
942:Ziriya
927:Lemoro
861:(Shen)
795:Fungwa
790:Baushi
757:Kagare
734:Kamuku
646:Baangi
624:Kainji
589:Nyifon
301:bĂŁ, mĂŁ
263:Abinsi
240:Wukari
236:Wukari
60:Region
1580:Eloyi
1564:Ahwai
1536:Kapya
1488:Berom
1470:Zhire
1450:Rigwe
1420:Izere
1395:Gyong
1390:Gwara
1385:Fərà n
1365:Ajuwa
1341:Horom
1308:Nungu
1298:Ninzo
1288:Ninka
1235:Nigbo
1230:Hasha
1225:Sambe
1215:Alumu
1187:Eggon
1174:South
1159:Tarok
1144:Kwang
1094:Atsam
1087:Other
1078:Tunzu
1052:Sanga
973:Kaivi
963:Dungu
951:Kauru
917:Janji
912:Izora
907:Iguta
872:Reshe
852:Lakes
805:Pongu
772:Shama
666:Wenci
651:Kimba
614:WĂŁpha
609:Wapan
604:Wannu
579:Kuteb
569:Jukun
438:Wapan
391:*bĂŁm
363:*bĂŁm
335:*bĂŁm
228:Wapan
220:Wapan
171:Latin
154:Wukan
130:Wapan
45:Jukun
40:Wapan
1541:Lufu
1531:Bete
1521:Akum
1498:Iten
1493:Cara
1460:Tyap
1440:Kulu
1410:Idun
1405:Idon
1400:Hyam
1380:Doka
1370:Cori
1359:Ashe
1336:Fyam
1323:East
1278:Mada
1220:Toro
1197:Jili
1104:Piti
1072:Bunu
1067:Loro
1062:Moro
1057:Gusu
1042:Boze
1037:Zele
1019:Vono
1014:Tumi
1008:Vori
998:Ruma
993:Mala
983:Kono
958:Bina
937:Shau
932:Lere
902:Gyem
882:East
865:Lopa
859:Laru
838:Lela
762:Rogo
681:Basa
671:Yumu
661:Vadi
641:Cipu
574:Kpan
564:Jiru
559:Jibu
554:Jiba
544:Hõne
379:*mba
376:*mĂŁm
356:mmĂŁm
351:*mba
348:*mĂŁm
328:mbĂŁm
323:*mba
320:*mĂŁm
271:Hõne
1425:Jju
1415:Iku
1313:Ayu
1303:NkÉ”
1182:Ake
1099:Map
584:Lau
440:at
418:bĂŁ
407:mba
388:*ba
384:mĂŁm
373:*mĂŁ
360:*ba
345:*mĂŁ
332:*ba
317:*mĂŁ
246:of
215:ELP
191:juk
1601::
1258:Ce
1149:Pe
1076:?
870:?
454:^
415:ba
411:mĂŁ
404:mĂŁ
401:mĂŁ
303:.
288:.
250:.
101:?
70:,
66:,
510:e
503:t
496:v
382:*
354:*
326:*
34:.
20:)
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