312:
the department council in equal numbers, at most, to one third of the members of this council. In Paris and Lyon, there is a school board for each municipal district. It is chaired, in Paris, by the mayor, in Lyon, by assistants; it is composed of one delegate appointed by the cantonal inspector of schools, with members appointed by the council, numbering three to seven by each district. The term of office of members of the school board, appointed by the council under the second paragraph, lasts until the election of a new municipal council. Their terms will always renewable. The primary inspector is ex officio member of all school boards established within his jurisdiction.
20:
174:. Likewise, Napoleon's Imperial University remained connected to the Church and paid little heed to primary education that would ensure basic literacy needs among the larger population. In Ferry's view, schools would educate on political doctrine and the virtues of nationalism, emphasizing independent thought.
339:
The father, guardian, person having custody of the child, the boss with whom the child is placed, shall, at least fifteen days before the time classes begin, advise the mayor of the town if the child is to be given education in the family or in a public or private school; in the latter two cases, he
325:
There shall be established a certificate of primary studies; it is awarded after a public examination which may be presented to children beginning from the age of eleven. Those who, from that age, have obtained the certificate of primary studies, will be exempt from remaining compulsory school time.
306:
This article explains the formation of school boards, national representation in Paris and Lyon, and the terms of office of the members. A stratification of responsibility begins to take shape: first, parents were to have the primary responsibility over the education of their children. Mayors, then,
94:
schools with certified instructors, which were also added to areas that previously had none. However, funds for these schools were to be provided by local residents, and it proved very difficult for these schools to afford to remain in practice. Overall, between 1837 (44 years before the Jules Ferry
311:
A municipal school board is established in each commune to monitor and encourage school attendance. It consists of the mayor, president; a cantonal delegate and, in common with several townships, as many delegates as there are townships, designated by the school inspector; with members appointed by
185:
On 16 June 1881 the first set of Jules Ferry Laws were passed, making primary education free for both boys and girls. To finance of the project, the communes and departments had the responsibility to subsidize it. Additionally, the laws protected the wages of teachers by mandating that "salaries...
518:
Children who receive instruction in the family, must, each year, by the end of the second year of compulsory education, take an examination which will focus on matters of education for their age in public schools according to the following forms and programs that will be determined by ministerial
455:
In cases of recurrence within twelve months after the first offense, the municipal school board shall order the posting for fifteen days or a month, at the door of city hall, the surnames, first names, and qualifications of the person responsible, stating the offense made out against the person.
407:
The reasons for absence will be submitted to the school board. The only known legitimate reasons are: child's illness, death of a family member, incapacity resulting from accidental difficulty of communications. The exceptional circumstances invoked will be taken into consideration by the school
438:
When a child is absent from school four times a month for at least half a day without justification accepted by the school board, the father, guardian or responsible person will be invited at least three days in advance to appear in the municipal hall, before the
National Commission, which will
138:
of 15 March 1850 abolished teacher training programs for men which had been put in place by the Guizot Law. These laws created a mixed system in which some primary education establishments were public and controlled by the state and others were under the supervision of
Catholic congregations.
504:
The school board may also, with the approval of the department council, exempt children employed in industry, once arrived at the age of apprenticeship, of one of the two classes of the day; the same opportunity will be given to all children employed, outside their families, in agriculture.
403:
The directors and directresses must keep a register of attendance that notes, for each class, the absences of the students. At the end of each month, they will address to the mayor and the primary inspector a copy of the register, indicating the number of absences and reasons.
343:
The families living near to two or more public schools have the option to enroll their children in either of these schools, whether within or outside the territory of their commune, unless they already have the maximum number of students permitted by the regulations.
570:
Ministerial orders, made at the request of the school inspectors and department councils, will determine each year the commune where, as a result of inadequate school facilities, the requirements of
Articles 4 and following the obligation could not be enforced.
293:
Primary education is compulsory for children of both sexes between the ages of six to thirteen years and may be given either in institutions of primary or secondary schools, in public or free schools, or in the home, by the father himself or anyone he chooses.
307:
as presidents of the local school boards, were to oversee that parents followed through with this responsibility. To oversee the school board, therefore, was the central government (see
Article 7 below). This now removes church officials from these positions.
529:
If examination of the child is considered inadequate and no excuse is accepted by the jury, parents are required to send their child to a public or private school within a week of notification or to inform the mayor what school they have chosen.
360:
Each year the mayor shall prepare, in consultation with the municipal school board, the list of all children aged between six and thirteen years and is to notify those persons who are responsible for these children at the time classes begin.
522:
The
Examination Board shall consist of: the primary inspector or his delegate, president; a cantonal delegate; a person holding a university degree or a certificate of competency; the judges will be selected by the school inspector.
275:
The measures of sections 18 and 44 of the Act of 15 March 1850 are repealed, in that they gave ministers of religion a right of inspection, supervision and management in public and private elementary schools and in the kindergartens
50:). The dual system of state and church schools that were largely staffed by religious officials was replaced by state schools and lay school teachers. The educational reforms enacted by Jules Ferry are often attributed to a broader
257:
The public primary schools will hold one day free, apart from Sunday, allowing parents to give, if they wish, their children a religious education outside from school buildings. Religious education is optional in private schools.
89:
party is often credited for inventing the concept of free primary school, it was, in fact, a series of progressive improvements since mid-century. For example, in 1698, it was decreed that children ages 7–14 were to attend local
364:
Failure to register, fifteen days before the beginning of school, on the part of parents and other responsible persons, allows him to automatically register the child in a public school and notify the person responsible.
811:
553:
In communes where the subsidy does not exceed 30 francs, the fund will be entitled, on the appropriation for this purpose at the
Ministry of Education, a grant at least equal to the amount of municipal subsidies.
491:
The school board may grant to children living with their parents or guardians, when they make a reasoned request, exemptions from school attendance that may not exceed three months per year except holidays.
798:
424:
The county council may impose the following penalties: 1) warning; 2) censorship; 3) suspension for not more than one month and in case of recurrence in the school year, for not more than three months.
421:
Any private school director who will have not complied with the requirements of the preceding article shall, on the report of the school board and primary inspector, remand to the county council.
289:
This article makes compulsory primary education and lays down the requirements of age and manner of instruction (whether they will be schooled in the home or at a public or private institution).
163:
and its new practices of employment and work days, the radicals also "hoped that schooling would make workers as reasonable and self-satisfied as it was credited with making the bourgeoisie."
722:
Donald N. Baker and
Patrick J. Harrigan, The Making of Frenchmen: Current Directions in the History of Education in France, 1679–1979 (Ontario: Historical Reflections Press, 1980), 143–205.
637:
Donald N. Baker and
Patrick J. Harrigan, The Making of Frenchmen: Current Directions in the History of Education in France, 1679–1979 (Ontario: Historical Reflections Press, 1980), 143–205
356:
This article discusses further requirements of the parents or guardians in maintaining their child’s attendance, regulated by the student records kept by the municipal school boards.
229:
The elements of the natural sciences and mathematics, and their applications to agriculture, hygiene, industrial arts, handicrafts and use the tools of the principal occupations;
139:
Although the concept of universal public schooling was important to these revolutionaries, it became clear that financial issues and political debate thwarted the implementation.
384:
When a child leaves school, parents or persons responsible must immediately give notice to the mayor and indicate how the child will receive instruction in the future.
186:
may never under any circumstances become inferior to the salaries they have enjoyed during the three years preceding the application of the present law..." (Art. 6).
695:
Auspitz, Katherine. The
Radical Bourgeoisie: The Ligue de l’enseignement and the Origins of the Third Republic 1866–1885 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
200:
This article outlines what is to be included in a free, mandatory, and laic education system. The Act of 15 March 1850 referred to at the end of the article, is the
770:
475:
The offense will be considered as a contravention resulting in penalties by the police in accordance with
Articles 479, 480 and the following of the Penal Code.
98:
The idea of national government support for popular education and teacher training first became apparent as an important social and political issue during the
321:
This article discusses the graduation of students after they have completed the appropriate amount of primary education, determined by a public examination.
566:
This article addresses the results of the failure of a school or schools within a commune to comply with Article 4; mandating compulsory primary education.
95:
Laws were passed) and 1906, the number of schools had increased by more than 100%. In some areas, like Bretagne Ouest, it reached nearly 200% (197.2%).
280:), as well as paragraph 2 of Article 31 of the Act, which gives consistories the right to present teacher candidates belonging to non-Catholic faiths.
957:
400:
When a child misses school temporarily, parents or persons responsible should inform the director or the directress the reasons for this absence.
335:
This article discusses the compulsory requirements of the parents or guardians of each child in procuring an education, whether private or public.
387:
The school inspector invites those responsible for the child to comply with the law and makes them aware of the provisions of Article 12 below.
368:
Eight days before classes begin, he gives to the directors of public and private schools the list of children who will attend their schools.
574:
An annual report, sent to the Congress by the Minister of Education, will give the list of communes to which this section has been applied.
46:, a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school (
498:
These provisions do not apply to children who accompany their parents or guardians when they absent themselves temporarily from the town.
487:
This article discusses the procedures for excusing a child’s absence, including the case of a child’s industrial or agricultural labor.
472:
In case of further offense, the school board, or, in its stead, the inspector, should address a complaint to the justice of the peace.
442:
In case of failure to appear without accepted justification, the school board will apply the penalty set out in the following article.
763:
912:
170:
radicals of Ferry's generation, who would have seen it as Catholic propaganda and as a defense against the growing popularity of
646:
Quartararo, A. (1995). Women Teachers and Popular Education in Nineteenth-Century France. Newark: University of Delaware Press
917:
605:
922:
756:
907:
347:
In case of dispute, and by request of either the mayor or the parents, the department council rules as the last resort.
816:
952:
947:
253:
This article regulates the option of a religious education, which differs between public and private institutions.
881:
99:
841:
743:
66:
French education during the 19th century was marked by two distinct and segregated systems, the first being a
177:
Members of Catholic orders were not allowed to teach in public schools after a five-year transitional period.
550:
The school fund, established by Article 15 of the Act of 10 April 1867, will be established in all communes.
942:
937:
417:
This article discusses penalties against a school director in the failure to abide by the preceding article.
380:
This article discusses the procedures for changing schools and/or the manner in which education is received.
514:
This article discusses the assessment of students instructed by their families through public examinations.
495:
These exemptions should, if they exceed fifteen days, be subject to the approval of the primary inspector.
434:
This article discusses the parent or guardian’s duty in the situation of excessive absences of their child.
886:
876:
86:
151:
identified, they were united by the desire to obtain a secular republic due to the growing popularity of
683:
160:
156:
588:
130:
in 1804-8. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church still remained highly involved within primary education. The
468:
This article discusses, in further offense of excessive absence, legal proceedings to be administered.
147:
Despite the differences on economic, social, and other issues among the Republican radicals with whom
932:
927:
779:
127:
836:
600:
82:
schooling that was often the only option for families in economically depressed regions of France.
673:
Gemie, S. (1995). Women and Schooling in France, 1815–1914. Staffordshire: Keele University Press
664:
Gemie, S. (1995). Women and Schooling in France, 1815–1914. Staffordshire: Keele University Press
704:
Barnard, H.C.. Education and the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
655:
Barnard, H.C.. Education and the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969)
594:
583:
115:
682:
Auspitz, Katherine. The Radical Bourgeoisie: The Ligue de l’enseignement and the Origins of the
131:
628:
Barnard, H.C.. Education and the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1969)
297:
A regulation will determine the means of ensuring primary education for deaf, mute, and blind.
501:
In this case, a notice given verbally or in writing to the mayor or the teacher will suffice.
111:
533:
In failure of reporting, registration will take place automatically, as stated in Article 8.
806:
152:
119:
67:
110:, each proposed a national system of education that would provide every citizen with basic
866:
459:
The same shall apply to persons who have not complied with the requirements of Article 9.
75:
861:
871:
71:
542:
This article addresses school funding provided by the laws passed on 10 April 1867 by
36:
are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and
901:
171:
167:
51:
37:
543:
557:
The distribution of relief will be under the responsibility of the school board.
610:
268:
201:
148:
135:
43:
24:
19:
123:
103:
79:
107:
91:
748:
451:
This article discusses repeated occurrences of the preceding offenses.
713:
Wright, Gordon. France in Modern Times. New York: Norton, 1987 p. 246
55:
371:
A duplicate of these lists is sent by him to the primary inspector.
526:
In examining the girls, the certificated person shall be a woman.
18:
591:, an attempt to introduce secularist education in Belgium in 1879
597:, an attempt to introduce secularist education in France in 1882
752:
134:
passed in 1833 obliged all communes to open boys’ schools. The
731:
Translation: Circé Saint Louis, University of Minnesota, 2010.
267:
This article discusses further annulment of portions of the
812:
Secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
686:
1866–1885 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
396:
This article outlines policy regarding school absences.
439:
remind him the text of the law and explain his duty.
223:
History, particularly that of France to the present;
244:
Article 23 of the Act of 15 March 1850 is repealed.
850:
825:
786:
166:The 1698 attempt would not have held sway with the
122:was later seen after the Revolution, notably from
217:The language and elements of French literature;
74:system. However, in each of these systems, the
764:
232:The elements of drawing, modeling and music;
118:and armed forces, a growing concentration on
8:
478:Section 463 of the same code is applicable.
226:Basic lessons on law and political economy;
155:since the Revolution and notably during the
771:
757:
749:
799:Separation of the Churches and the State
220:Geography, particularly that of France;
621:
114:. With the intention of strengthening
7:
14:
519:orders made in the High Council.
340:will indicate the chosen school.
102:. Prominent politicians, such as
211:The moral and civic education;
958:History of education in France
606:History of education in France
271:regarding religious authority.
238:For boys, military exercises;
1:
42:(secular) education in 1882.
208:Primary education includes:
126:in his establishment of the
78:provided an alternative to
974:
16:Set of French laws in 1881
882:Radical Party of the Left
100:French Revolution of 1789
842:Briand-Ceretti Agreement
744:Normal schools in France
70:system and the second a
913:Education law in France
241:For girls, needlework.
887:Grand Orient de France
29:
918:French Third Republic
214:Reading and writing;
161:Industrial Revolution
159:. In the wake of the
22:
923:Secularism in France
780:Secularism in France
48:l'école républicaine
908:Education in France
837:Affair of the Cards
601:Education in France
128:Imperial University
595:First Textbook War
589:First Schools' War
584:French School Wars
30:
953:1882 in education
948:1881 in education
895:
894:
116:France's politics
112:primary education
965:
807:About-Picard law
802:
794:Jules Ferry laws
773:
766:
759:
750:
738:Related articles
732:
729:
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
680:
674:
671:
665:
662:
656:
653:
647:
644:
638:
635:
629:
626:
153:anti-clericalism
120:higher education
68:secondary school
34:Jules Ferry Laws
973:
972:
968:
967:
966:
964:
963:
962:
898:
897:
896:
891:
867:Aristide Briand
855:
853:
846:
830:
828:
821:
800:
782:
777:
740:
735:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
708:
703:
699:
694:
690:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
659:
654:
650:
645:
641:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
580:
563:
539:
511:
484:
465:
448:
431:
414:
393:
377:
353:
332:
318:
303:
286:
264:
250:
197:
192:
183:
145:
76:Catholic Church
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
971:
969:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
943:1882 in France
940:
938:1881 in France
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
900:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
851:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
833:
831:
826:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
796:
790:
788:
784:
783:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
747:
746:
739:
736:
734:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
684:Third Republic
675:
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
586:
579:
576:
562:
559:
538:
535:
510:
507:
483:
480:
464:
461:
447:
444:
430:
427:
413:
410:
392:
389:
376:
373:
352:
349:
331:
328:
317:
314:
302:
299:
285:
282:
263:
260:
249:
246:
196:
193:
191:
188:
182:
179:
157:Third Republic
144:
141:
72:primary school
63:
60:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
970:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Radical Party
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
854:organisations
849:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
824:
818:
817:Face covering
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
781:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
751:
745:
742:
741:
737:
728:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
685:
679:
676:
670:
667:
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
625:
622:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
568:
567:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
545:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
515:
508:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
481:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
462:
460:
457:
453:
452:
445:
443:
440:
436:
435:
428:
426:
422:
419:
418:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
390:
388:
385:
382:
381:
374:
372:
369:
366:
362:
358:
357:
350:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:
329:
327:
323:
322:
315:
313:
309:
308:
300:
298:
295:
291:
290:
283:
281:
279:
278:salle d’asile
273:
272:
270:
261:
259:
255:
254:
247:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
203:
194:
189:
187:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Protestantism
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
93:
88:
85:Although the
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
59:
57:
53:
52:anti-clerical
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
27:
26:
21:
862:Émile Combes
827:Concepts and
793:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
633:
624:
573:
569:
565:
564:
556:
552:
549:
544:Victor Duruy
541:
540:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
503:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
485:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
458:
454:
450:
449:
441:
437:
433:
432:
423:
420:
416:
415:
406:
402:
399:
395:
394:
386:
383:
379:
378:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
324:
320:
319:
310:
305:
304:
296:
292:
288:
287:
277:
274:
266:
265:
256:
252:
251:
243:
240:
237:
235:Gymnastics;
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
199:
198:
190:Laws of 1882
184:
181:Laws of 1881
176:
165:
146:
97:
84:
65:
54:campaign in
47:
38:
33:
31:
23:
933:1882 in law
928:1881 in law
872:Jean Jaurès
611:Kulturkampf
269:Falloux Act
202:Falloux Act
149:Jules Ferry
136:Falloux Act
44:Jules Ferry
25:Jules Ferry
902:Categories
852:People and
561:Article 18
537:Article 17
509:Article 16
482:Article 15
463:Article 14
446:Article 13
429:Article 12
412:Article 11
391:Article 10
168:Republican
143:Philosophy
132:Guizot Act
124:Napoleon I
104:Talleyrand
87:Republican
375:Article 9
351:Article 8
330:Article 7
316:Article 6
301:Article 5
284:Article 4
262:Article 3
248:Article 2
195:Article 1
108:Condorcet
578:See also
92:Catholic
829:history
408:board.
80:secular
62:History
801:(1905)
56:France
617:Notes
787:Laws
106:and
39:laic
32:The
904::
58:.
772:e
765:t
758:v
546:.
276:(
204:.
28:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
