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2725:, noted the distinction between the models found in France and in mid-20th century United States. He considered the US model of that time to be more amicable because it had both "sharp distinction and actual cooperation" between church and state (what he called "a historical treasure") and admonished the United States, "Please to God that you keep it carefully and do not let your concept of separation veer round to the European one."
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2431:, the "Charter affirming the values of State secularism and religious neutrality and of equality between women and men, and providing a framework for accommodation requests." The bill would alter the provincial human rights law to prohibit public employees from wearing objects that overtly indicate a religious preference. The people who would be most impacted by such a law would be Muslim women wearing a
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2466:, a secularism law banning public officials in positions of coercive power from wearing or displaying any religious symbols. However, the display of religious symbols affixed in public institutions like hospitals will be left for each administration thereof to decide. To counter charges of hypocrisy, the crucifix in the Quebec National Assembly was also removed.
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2506:. Critics of the amendment reject the idea that "Utilitarians, Nihilists, Capitalists, and Socialists can all bring their philosophy to bear on public life, but Catholics (or religious minorities) must check their religion at the door" in a sort of "second-class citizenship" which they consider nothing more than religious discrimination.
2154:, though not by any means prohibited from making religious remarks, mostly refrain from it. Religious considerations are generally considered incompatible with reasoned political debate. Political leaders are not allowed to practice any religion and are expected to differentiate whatever religious beliefs from their political arguments.
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French people with redefining the political and social foundations: the executive, legislative and judicial powers; the organization of the state, its components, its representations; the education system, the rites of civil life, and the development of law and morality; regardless of religious beliefs. The
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is commonly interpreted as the separation of civil society and religious society. It discourages religious involvement in government affairs, especially in the determination of state policies as well as the recognition of a state religion. It also forbids government involvement in religious affairs,
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managed to pass the security doors of a post office in their full veils, after which the two removed their head coverings, pulled out a gun, and held up the post office. Following March 2011, local elections strong disagreement appeared within the governing UMP over the appropriateness of holding a
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In the 19th century, secularization laws gradually separated the state from historical ties with the
Catholic Church and created new sociopolitical values constructed on the principles of republican universalism. This process, which took place in a larger movement linked to modernity, entrusted the
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It is best described as a belief that government and political issues should be kept separate from religious organizations and religious issues (as long as the latter do not have notable social consequences). This is meant to both protect the government from any possible interference from religious
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has criticized the characterization of France's political structure as truly secular, remarking: "I have never understand how a country that called herself secular could call some of her citizens 'French
Muslims', and deprive them of some of their rights merely because they belonged to a religion
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that the word appeared explicitly as a constitutional principle entailing legal effect, but without being further specified. If built before 1905 religious buildings in France (mostly
Catholic churches, Protestant chapels, and Jewish synagogues) became the property of the city councils. Those now
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regardless of their personal religious convictions. In contrast to France, the wearing of religious insignia in public schools is largely noncontroversial as a matter of law and culture in the US; the main cases where there have been controversies are when the practice in question is potentially
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knife in public places) and even then the issue is usually settled in favor of allowing the practice. In addition, the US government regards religious institutions as tax-exempt non-profit organizations, subject to limitations on their political involvement. In contrast to Europe, however, the
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Coming on the heels of the Church's vocal objection to legalization of abortion as well as same-sex unions and adoptions in Mexico City, "together with some statements of its supporters, suggests that it might be an attempt to suppress the
Catholic Church's ability to engage in public policy
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had retained its influence—to mean the freedom of public institutions (especially primary schools) from the influence of the Church. Today, the concept covers other religious movements as well. Secularism took form for the first time during the French
Revolution: the abolition of the
1974:(established in 1886) on the organization of primary education, article 17 of which provides that education in public schools is exclusively entrusted to secular staff. This process culminated in 1905 with the Law of Separation of Churches and State, which solidified secularization.
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were incorporated into the preamble to the
Constitution of October 4, 1958. Among them is article 10 of the declaration "No one should be worried about his opinions, even religious, provided that their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law."
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is not used either in the
Constitution or elsewhere and is sometimes used as a term to contrast European secularism with American secularism. That amendment includes clauses prohibiting both congressional governmental interference with the
2412:, the only predominantly French-speaking province in Canada, has been greatly influenced by the secularism of France since the 1960s. Prior to this time, Quebec was seen as a very observant Catholic society, where Catholicism was a
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Public education has been secular since the laws of March 28, 1882, and
October 30, 1886, which established "moral and civic instruction" in place of teaching religious morals and secularism of personnel and programs, respectively.
82:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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In fact, it is fundamental, on the one hand, to insist upon the distinction between the political realm and that of religion in order to preserve both the religious freedom of citizens and the responsibility of the state toward
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On the other hand, to become more aware of the irreplaceable role of religion for the formation of consciences and the contribution which it can bring to – among other things – the creation of a basic ethical consensus within
2420:. Quebec politicians have tended to adopt a more French-style understanding of secularism rather than the rest of Canada which is similar to the United States. This came to the fore during the debate on what constitutes the "
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permeates both the government and the religious sphere. The content of the weekly sermons in all state-funded mosques has to be approved by the state. Independent Sunni communities are also illegal. Minority religions, like
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government cannot display religious symbols (such as the cross) in public schools, courts, and other government offices, although some exceptions are made (e.g. recognition of a cultural group's religious holiday). The
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A law was passed on 2011 April 11 with strong support from political parties, as well as from
Sarkozy, which made it illegal to hide the face in public spaces, affecting a few thousand women in France wearing the
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2498:—meaning 'lay' or 'secular'. Critics of the move say the "context surrounding the amendment suggests that it might be a step backward for religious liberty and true separation of church and state".
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Many find that being discreet with one's religion is a necessary part of being French, which has led to frequent divisions with some non-Christian immigrants, especially with part of France's large
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of religion and congressional laws regarding the establishment of religion. Originally this prevented the federal government from interfering with state-established religions. However, after the
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to all other citizens, not putting the emphasis on any ethnic, religious, or other particularities. According to this concept, the government must refrain from taking positions on
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itself does not necessarily imply any hostility of the government with respect to any religion, asserting that French state secularism is actually based upon respect for
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whether the sole purpose of the organization is to organize religious activities (so that, for instance, the pretense of being a religious organization is not used for
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While the term was first used with this meaning in 1871 in the dispute over the removal of religious teachers and instruction from elementary schools, the word
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and most state legislatures typically open with a prayer by a minister of some faith or other, and many if not most politicians and senior public servants in
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became a political issue in regard to Turkey's accession to EU membership. The EU considers such prohibition to amount to suppression of religious freedom.
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but not, for example, to Syrian-Orthodox or Roman
Catholics, because the latter ones did not play any political roles during the treaty. However, the
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at that time, and which did not return to France until 1918, some arrangements for the cooperation of church and state are still in effect today (see
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have the duty to maintain the (often historical) buildings but cannot subsidize the religious organizations using them. In areas that were part of
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French secularism has a long history: Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason and self direction. Revolutionaries in 1789 violently overthrew the
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Nonetheless, separation is not extended to bar religious conduct in public places or by public servants. Public servants, up to and including the
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notably recreated the organization of the school system, by establishing public, secular, and compulsory education (Jules Ferry laws). The
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in August 1789 was accompanied by the end of religious privileges and the affirmation of universal principles, including the
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Other countries have followed in the French model, having forms of secularism—examples include Albania, Mexico, and Turkey.
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said that it was time to revisit the debate over the relationship between church and state, advocating a "healthy" form of
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as a legal principle is open to question, as it was never defined as such by the text of a law. It was not until the
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and especially prohibits government influence in the determination of religion, such that it includes a right to the
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responded that Britain, which has no such policies, still suffered a greater number of attacks in 2017 than France.
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In 2009, Sarkozy changed footing on the place of religion in French society, as he publicly declared the
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One of the architects of the law against religious symbols in schools defends the liberalism of laicite
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3501:"Les minorités non musulmanes en Turquie: "certains rapports d'ONG parlent d'une logique d'attrition""
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has also banned any activity in public schools and other government-run areas that can be viewed as a
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available regardless of the sex of the partners, quickly became the butt of late-night comedy jokes.
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as "not welcome" in France, and favoring legislation to outlaw it. In February 2010, two people in
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organizations and to protect the religious organization from political quarrels and controversies.
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3249:"London Gave Shelter to Radical Islam and Now It's Paying the Price, French Terrorism Expert Says"
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and equal rights expressed by the 1789 Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. The texts of the
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signed by representatives of 6 religious bodies opposing the appropriateness of such a debate.
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The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889: The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic
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and consider religious subjects only for their practical consequences on inhabitants' lives.
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does not specify any nationality or ethnicity and simply identifies non-Muslims in general.
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introduced legislation to amend the Constitution to make the Mexican government formally
3162:"Sarkozy breaks French taboo on church and politics - Christian News on Christian Today"
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3379:"Legault says Bill 21 is moderate approach to an old problem | Montreal Gazette"
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and on the government endorsing any religious position, be it a religion or atheism.
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faiths and are mostly tolerated, but this guarantee does not give any rights to any
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which included the Catholic Church. Secularism was an important ideology during the
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state religion. Quebec then underwent a period of rapid secularization called the
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that made bringing religion into public affairs a major taboo." Former President
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Turkey. Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics and Society
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in France is implemented through a number of policies, primarily based on the
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3503:(in French). Observatoire de la Vie Politique Turque(Ovipot.hypotheses.org).
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as desired by the French President. On 30 March 2011, a letter appeared in
2033:"La France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale"
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to the Constitution contains a similar federal concept, although the term
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system and gradually after that, all religious influence from the state.
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3113:. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. pp.
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OffNews March 18, 2010, originally published in the Wall Street Journal
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See drop-down essay on "The Third Republic and the 1905 Law of Laïcité"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes
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in the early 20th century. On March 3, 1924, Turkey removed the
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branches of government. This includes prohibitions on having a
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1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
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International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
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3018:. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from Dictionary.com website:
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Clinton criticizes Turkey for shrinking Christian population
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Taming the gods: religion and democracy on three continents
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Nouveau dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire
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in hospitals—as advocated by the Minister of the Interior,
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to this template: there are already 1,436 articles in the
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Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
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1905 law on the separation of the Churches and the State
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Secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
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Greek Orthodox seminary on Heybeli Island near Istanbul
1801:
701:
Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe
3136:
3134:
2991:"Jeunes Laïques - la Laïcité selon Ferdinand Buisson"
2954:
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
2427:
In September 2013, the government of Quebec proposed
1736:, in which each individual should appear as a simple
3067:
Divided houses: religion and gender in modern France
2781:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2234:
in December 2007 and publicly acknowledged France's
1732:, where adherents believe religion belongs, and the
75:
5110:
5011:
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4641:
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4367:
4334:
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4257:
4248:
4157:
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3861:
3778:
3753:
3714:
3353:"Secularism and its discontents – The McGill Daily"
2719:, a devout Catholic convert and a critic of French
2626:
Separation of church and state in the United States
2120:(except for legacy statutes like those of military
71:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
3192:"Pope in France: The case for 'healthy secularism"
2214:initially criticized this approach as a "negative
3535:Xinhuanet.com from Chinaview.cn, 3 November 2009.
3142:French President's religious mixing riles critics
2828: – State or country without a state religion
2589:including Muslim ones. Turkey's view is that the
2516:Separation of church and state § Switzerland
2488:maintaining strong influence. In March 2010, the
2651:, these clauses have been held by the courts to
2504:history of religious suppression and persecution
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
2653:apply to both the federal and state governments
2260:
2147:whether the organization disrupts public order.
3185:
3183:
1251:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance
870:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party
812:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party
117:accompanying your translation by providing an
62:Click for important translation instructions.
49:expand this article with text translated from
4223:
3841:
3692:
2493:
1626:
8:
4599:
4578:
4438:
2857:
2720:
2690:dangerous (for instance, the wearing of the
2655:. Together, the "free exercise clause" and "
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1996:
1990:
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1706:
1645:
3614:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 189,
2939:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1941
2912:Collins Robert French Dictionary Unabridged
2447:, was defeated in the 2014 election by the
2116:is legally prohibited from recognizing any
1989:However, the 1905 law did not use the word
1926:From the end of the 19th century, the word
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1978:1905 law and the Constitution of 1946–1958
1633:
1619:
172:
3727:Separation of the Churches and the State
3668:(PRIF), Germany, PRIF-Report No. 78/2007.
3494:
3492:
2773: – Opposition to religious authority
2380:Learn how and when to remove this message
2090:Learn how and when to remove this message
1119:Progressive Democratic Party of the North
775:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party
3440:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
3412:Mexico's Separation of Church and State
3218:"Burqa-clad robbers hold up post office"
2581:, are guaranteed by the constitution as
1951:Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
1057:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente
27:Separation of church and state in France
3070:, Cornell University Press, p. 6,
3016:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
2874:
2849:
2612:In 2009, the desire to reestablish the
2238:, while highlighting the importance of
184:
3319:, Princeton Univ. Press, p. 111,
1662:') is the constitutional principle of
1444:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club
96:
3587:from the original on 6 September 2018
3507:from the original on 28 November 2017
3431:Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (1 October 2016).
3228:from the original on 17 November 2010
3100:
3098:
2924:Religion and Society in Modern Europe
2713:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1697:, which is however not applicable in
1653:
7:
3672:Conference on Laicite and secularism
3333:from the original on 18 January 2023
3190:Allen, John L. (12 September 2008),
3168:from the original on 7 February 2012
3084:from the original on 18 January 2023
2980:
2978:
2976:
2885:Dictionnaire GLOBAL Français-Anglais
2767: – French law against sacrilege
2687:Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle
2439:, and Sikh men (or women) wearing a
2362:adding citations to reliable sources
2220:" and wanted to develop a "positive
2072:adding citations to reliable sources
2026:Secularism is a core concept in the
1970:(1881–1882) are supplemented by the
1012:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms
795:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
157:Motto of the French Republic on the
3655:The deep roots of French secularism
3554:from the original on 15 August 2018
3045:from the original on 7 January 2020
2258:. Meeting with Sarkozy, he stated:
1379:Republican Democratic Concentration
865:Federal Democratic Republican Party
3666:Peace Research Institute Frankfurt
3580:, Internal Revenue Service, 2007,
3550:, Internal Revenue Service, 2018,
3151:Christianity Today, Jan. 23, 2008,
2706:government endorsement of religion
2659:" are considered to accomplish a "
2593:gives certain religious rights to
2203:—and in public service generally.
1936:process—among countries where the
1932:has been used in the context of a
1775:separation of the state and church
1351:Radical Socialist Republican Party
25:
3385:from the original on 5 April 2019
3359:from the original on 4 March 2016
2535:, a strong stance of secularism (
1886:, beginning to develop since the
1027:National Progressive Center Union
5277:History of Catholicism in France
2749:
2735:
2338:
2048:
1854:, 'of the people'), itself from
1788:
1600:
1588:
977:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals
925:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
824:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
36:
3477:from the original on 6 May 2020
3259:from the original on 4 May 2022
3247:Lerner, Davide (14 June 2017).
2893:from the original on 4 May 2022
2620:Contrast with the United States
2561:Department of Religious Affairs
2349:needs additional citations for
2059:needs additional citations for
1866:, 'people'). The French suffix
1728:relies on the division between
885:Free-thinking Democratic League
706:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
4569:Government of National Defense
2668:President of the United States
2661:separation of church and state
1769:. Therefore, the absence of a
1017:National and Social Liberation
726:Union of the Democratic Centre
127:You may also add the template
1:
4478:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
4473:War of the Spanish Succession
3452:10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663
1995:itself, and so the notion of
1894:gained control of the state.
1872:is equivalent to the English
1459:Union, Progress and Democracy
1067:Party of Independence and '48
1062:Party of Democratic Socialism
834:European Republicans Movement
3611:Christ And Culture Revisited
2330:Influence on other countries
2321:Lebanese-born French author
2022:Constitution of 1958–present
1856:
1844:
785:Democratic Left of Catalonia
334:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
2914:, Harper Collins publishers
2798:Freemasonry and Catholicism
2711:The French philosopher and
2702:United States Supreme Court
2502:debates." Mexico has had a
2424:" of religious minorities.
1903:(i.e., everyone who is not
1882:is a concept rooted in the
1449:Transnational Radical Party
1211:Radical Federative Movement
1107:Portuguese Republican Party
1097:Political Party of Radicals
790:Democratic-Republican Party
765:Czech National Social Party
140:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
99:will aid in categorization.
5303:
4959:French subdivisions by GDP
4706:2022 presidential election
4691:2017 presidential election
3197:National Catholic Reporter
3109:Secularism Confronts Islam
3064:Ford, Caroline C. (2005),
2623:
2524:
2513:
2401:
2132:). Instead, it recognizes
1862:
1850:
1144:Progressive People's Party
875:Free-minded People's Party
74:Machine translation, like
5220:
5020:
4907:
4800:
4729:
4463:Second Hundred Years' War
4305:Liberalism and radicalism
3810:Radical Party of the Left
2040:Current status and debate
1673:free exercise of religion
1301:Radical Party of the Left
1180:Radical Democratic Party
829:European Radical Alliance
800:Georgios Papandreou Party
721:Centre Union – New Forces
129:{{Translated|fr|Laïcité}}
51:the corresponding article
4734:Administrative divisions
3770:Briand-Ceretti Agreement
2422:reasonable accommodation
2152:French political leaders
1335:Radical Socialist Party
1326:Radical Republican Party
940:Italian Republican Party
845:German Free-minded Party
4954:Franc (former currency)
4559:Coup of 2 December 1851
4532:Long nineteenth century
3660:Karakas, Cemal (2007):
2765:1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act
2566:This system of Turkish
2435:, Jewish men wearing a
2134:religious organizations
1560:Conservative liberalism
1439:Socialist Radical Party
1434:Social Democratic Party
1305:Radical People's Party
1285:Radical Party of Chile
1176:Radical Democracy Party
1076:People's Radical Party
1047:Opportunist Republicans
997:Manhood Suffrage League
962:Labour Democratic Party
738:Colombian Liberal Party
696:Alsatian Progress Party
691:Alfarista Radical Front
138:For more guidance, see
4974:Science and technology
4631:Provisional Government
4600:
4579:
4439:
3904:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3815:Grand Orient de France
3608:Carson, D. A. (2008),
3574:Revenue Ruling 2007-41
3278:Maalouf, Amin (2000).
2858:
2777:Centre d'action laïque
2721:
2672:United States Congress
2568:
2543:) has held sway since
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2482:Constitution of Mexico
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2195:
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2007:French Fourth Republic
1997:
1991:
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1757:
1755:Proponents argue that
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1707:
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1220:Radical Liberal Party
1022:National Radical Party
170:
5287:Secularism by country
3147:20 April 2016 at the
3105:Roy, Olivier (2007).
2587:religious communities
2545:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2326:other than her own."
2208:political correctness
1888:French Third Republic
1607:Liberalism portal
1032:National Reform Union
1002:Mexican Liberal Party
992:Liberal Swedish Party
930:Italian Radical Party
850:German People's Party
232:History of liberalism
156:
111:copyright attribution
5267:Secularism in France
4779:World Heritage Sites
4696:Coronavirus pandemic
3856:Secularism in Europe
3708:Secularism in France
3417:18 July 2011 at the
3025:3 March 2016 at the
2808:Secularism in Turkey
2678:, attend the annual
2657:establishment clause
2527:Secularism in Turkey
2449:Quebec Liberal Party
2408:Public discourse in
2358:improve this article
2310:has argued that the
2160:domestic partnership
2068:improve this article
2003:Constitution of 1946
1773:—and the subsequent
1664:secularism in France
1655:[la.i.si.te]
1575:Liberalism in Europe
1565:History of socialism
1360:Radicals of the Left
945:Jacksonian Democrats
915:Independent Radicals
733:Civic Workers' Party
280:Classical radicalism
270:Classical liberalism
205:Atlantic Revolutions
200:Age of Enlightenment
4917:Automotive industry
4701:2021 labor protests
4458:Peace of Westphalia
4326:History of Normandy
4321:History of Brittany
4120:States with limited
3765:Affair of the Cards
3313:Burma, Ian (2010),
3284:. London: Harvill.
3224:. 6 February 2010.
2997:on 7 September 2012
2191:into effect in 2004
2028:French Constitution
1767:freedom of religion
1668:French Constitution
1666:. Article 1 of the
1570:Irish republicanism
1331:Radical Republicans
1159:Radical Civic Union
905:Historical Far Left
895:Giustizia e Libertà
770:Czech Realist Party
327:Left-libertarianism
295:Freedom of movement
275:Cultural radicalism
210:American Revolution
4984:Telecommunications
4686:2015 Paris attacks
4549:Revolution of 1848
4377:Visigothic Kingdom
3649:Harvard Law Record
3531:1 May 2010 at the
2838:Self-determination
2803:Politics of Turkey
2607:Treaty of Lausanne
2591:Treaty of Lausanne
2549:Turkish revolution
2462:government passed
2240:freedom of thought
1947:freedom of opinion
1800:. You can help by
1763:freedom of thought
1746:religious doctrine
1595:History portal
1236:Radical Left Party
1123:Progressive Party
568:Mill (John Stuart)
349:Left-wing populism
222:Belgian Revolution
171:
119:interlanguage link
5254:
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4886:Political parties
4822:Foreign relations
4787:
4786:
4716:
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4499:French Revolution
4453:Thirty Years' War
4434:Absolute monarchy
4399:Kingdom of France
4295:Foreign relations
4275:Political history
4205:
4204:
3823:
3822:
3499:Jean-Paul Burdy.
3124:978-0-231-14102-4
3039:"TLFi dictionary"
2935:Evelyn M. Acomb,
2814:Secular education
2454:In 2019, Premier
2390:
2389:
2382:
2250:Pope Benedict XVI
2179:Christian crosses
2167:Muslim population
2114:French government
2102:The principle of
2100:
2099:
2092:
1884:French Revolution
1818:
1817:
1705:. While the term
1643:
1642:
1374:Republican Action
1171:Radical Democracy
987:Liberal Reformers
910:Independence Club
880:Free-minded Union
425:Utopian socialism
403:Social liberalism
310:Liberal socialism
260:Civic nationalism
215:French Revolution
167:French Revolution
151:
150:
63:
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16:(Redirected from
5294:
5282:Religious policy
5018:
4934:Economic history
4905:
4798:
4727:
4605:
4584:
4483:Seven Years' War
4448:Wars of Religion
4444:
4429:House of Bourbon
4424:Early modern era
4404:Fundamental laws
4280:Military history
4255:
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4158:Dependencies and
3862:Sovereign states
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3735:About-Picard law
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2820:Secular humanism
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2771:Anti-clericalism
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2717:Jacques Maritain
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2490:Chamber Deputies
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2456:François Legault
2418:Quiet Revolution
2404:Quiet Revolution
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1968:Jules Ferry laws
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1419:Rose Street Club
1414:Rose in the Fist
1409:Resolution Party
1404:Republican Union
1383:Republican Left
1246:Radical Movement
1112:Democratic Party
1102:Popular Councils
935:Italian Radicals
855:FDP.The Liberals
807:Democratic Union
413:Women's suffrage
315:Social democracy
285:Direct democracy
255:Anti-clericalism
173:
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80:Google Translate
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3533:Wayback Machine
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2743:Religion portal
2741:
2734:
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2645:"free exercise"
2636:First Amendment
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2622:
2579:Greek Orthodoxy
2529:
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2512:
2486:Catholic Church
2480:influenced the
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2445:Parti Québécois
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2396:Quebec (Canada)
2386:
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2303:and the burqa.
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2236:Christian roots
2212:Nicolas Sarkozy
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1938:Catholic Church
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47:You can help
43:
34:
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30:
19:
5135:Coat of arms
5125:Architecture
5097:Social class
5084:
5055:Homelessness
5040:Demographics
4994:Trade unions
4927:Central bank
4869:criminal law
4832:Human rights
4815:presidential
4659:Algerian War
4642:Contemporary
4616:Vichy France
4611:World War II
4581:Belle Époque
4514:First Empire
4416:Early Modern
4387:West Francia
4149:Transnistria
3943:
3790:Émile Combes
3755:Concepts and
3707:
3647:
3625:, retrieved
3610:
3589:, retrieved
3573:
3567:
3556:, retrieved
3546:
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3521:
3511:28 September
3509:. Retrieved
3479:. Retrieved
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3066:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3033:
3015:
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2995:the original
2985:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:the original
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2895:. Retrieved
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2484:despite the
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2407:
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2391:
2376:
2367:
2356:Please help
2351:verification
2348:
2323:Amin Maalouf
2320:
2316:Gilles Kepel
2312:burkini bans
2305:
2297:
2271:
2261:
2205:
2164:
2150:
2133:
2117:
2101:
2086:
2080:October 2014
2077:
2066:Please help
2061:verification
2058:
2025:
1988:
1981:
1960:
1956:
1925:
1898:
1896:
1819:
1809:January 2017
1806:
1802:adding to it
1797:
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1730:private life
1722:
1679:
1677:
1663:
1647:
1644:
1392:Spain (1977)
1387:Spain (1934)
1241:Radical Left
1042:New Liberals
955:The Mountain
819:Democrats 66
716:Centre Union
563:Mill (James)
548:Lloyd George
385:
115:edit summary
106:
86:
56:
48:
29:
5245:WikiProject
5060:Immigration
5050:Health care
4912:Agriculture
4864:enforcement
4621:Free France
4590:World War I
4537:Restoration
4524:Late Modern
4394:Middle Ages
4369:Middle Ages
4354:Celtic Gaul
4187:Isle of Man
4122:recognition
4096:Switzerland
4031:Netherlands
3800:Jean Jaurès
3627:10 February
3337:10 February
3281:On identity
3203:10 February
3088:10 February
2984:Excerpt of
2964:15 December
2897:28 February
2715:co-drafter
2557:Sunni Islam
2510:Switzerland
2308:Olivier Roy
2142:tax evasion
1917:legislative
1892:Republicans
1826:comes from
1537:Switzerland
1164:Radicales K
1132:South Korea
1052:Parti rouge
1007:More Europe
967:Left Centre
760:Clear Grits
603:Robespierre
543:La Follette
361:Rationalism
5261:Categories
5188:Philosophy
5173:Literature
5085:secularism
4881:Parliament
4676:2005 riots
4626:Liberation
4492:Revolution
4359:Roman Gaul
4344:Prehistory
4300:Journalism
4066:San Marino
4026:Montenegro
4006:Luxembourg
3986:Kazakhstan
3889:Azerbaijan
3780:People and
3077:0801443679
3049:6 November
3001:6 November
2870:References
2832:Secularism
2583:individual
2402:See also:
2281:debate on
1972:Goblet law
1890:after the
1880:Secularism
1660:secularism
1339:Luxembourg
1279:Luxembourg
1224:Luxembourg
900:GroenLinks
841:(elements)
753:Hébertists
748:Dantonists
743:Cordeliers
711:Blue Party
623:Saint-Just
593:Papandreou
478:Clemenceau
473:Cartwright
381:Secularism
376:Revolution
300:Jacobinism
186:Radicalism
5045:Education
4999:Transport
4849:Judiciary
4810:Elections
4764:Mountains
4722:Geography
4468:Louis XIV
4258:Overviews
4177:Gibraltar
4001:Lithuania
3591:14 August
3558:14 August
3468:151448076
3460:1468-3857
2603:Armenians
2553:caliphate
2126:local law
2122:chaplains
2005:from the
1909:executive
1839:from the
1481:By region
638:Venizelos
608:Roosevelt
598:Plastiras
578:Mossadegh
528:Jefferson
498:Garibaldi
339:Modernity
133:talk page
85:Consider
53:in French
5235:Category
5168:Language
5080:Religion
5025:Abortion
4979:Taxation
4876:Military
4837:Intersex
4827:Politics
4793:Politics
4595:Interwar
4290:Economic
4285:Language
4270:Timeline
4197:Svalbard
4182:Guernsey
4129:Abkhazia
4081:Slovenia
4076:Slovakia
4051:Portugal
3909:Bulgaria
3582:archived
3552:archived
3529:Archived
3505:Archived
3472:Archived
3415:Archived
3389:19 April
3383:Archived
3363:29 April
3357:Archived
3331:archived
3300:44398190
3257:Archived
3232:29 April
3226:Archived
3222:ABC News
3172:29 April
3166:Archived
3145:Archived
3082:archived
3043:Archived
3023:Archived
2988:, 1911:
2950:"France"
2891:Archived
2859:laïcisme
2729:See also
2683:Red Mass
2575:Armenian
2414:de facto
2306:Scholar
2291:La Croix
2268:society.
2124:and the
2118:religion
2110:1905 law
1913:judicial
1837:loanword
1522:Paraguay
1487:Bulgaria
1229:Paraguay
1184:Bulgaria
860:Far Left
613:Rosselli
523:Hobhouse
408:Suffrage
344:Populism
227:Chartism
178:a series
176:Part of
159:tympanum
109:provide
5226:Outline
5208:Theatre
5203:Symbols
5163:Gardens
5153:Fashion
5145:Cuisine
5112:Culture
5102:Welfare
5075:Poverty
5013:Society
4989:Tourism
4949:Exports
4922:Banking
4900:Economy
4859:history
4754:Islands
4749:Borders
4382:Francia
4336:Ancient
4314:Regions
4265:History
4250:History
4106:Ukraine
4056:Romania
4016:Moldova
3974:Ireland
3969:Iceland
3964:Hungary
3954:Germany
3949:Georgia
3939:Finland
3934:Estonia
3929:Denmark
3914:Croatia
3899:Belgium
3894:Belarus
3884:Austria
3879:Armenia
3874:Andorra
3869:Albania
3757:history
3646:in the
3481:19 July
3351:admin.
3253:Haaretz
2887:, 2018"
2722:laïcité
2685:at the
2640:laicity
2630:In the
2569:laïcité
2541:laiklik
2537:Turkish
2477:laïcité
2474:French
2464:Bill 21
2429:Bill 60
2284:laïcité
2255:laïcité
2245:laïcité
2223:laïcité
2217:laïcité
2196:laïcité
2173:, Sikh
2105:laïcité
2012:Germany
1998:laïcité
1992:laïcité
1929:laïcité
1781:History
1758:laïcité
1740:who is
1738:citizen
1725:Laïcité
1719:Concept
1708:laïcité
1703:Moselle
1648:Laïcité
1554:Related
1527:Romania
1512:Hungary
1502:Ecuador
1497:Denmark
1344:Estonia
1309:Finland
1269:Hungary
1259:Bolivia
1204:Ukraine
1189:Estonia
1127:Belgium
950:Jacobin
643:Virchow
628:Stevens
573:Mommsen
553:Mazzini
538:Leclerc
533:Lacombe
483:Cobbett
463:Bolívar
458:Bentham
453:Atatürk
430:Welfare
386:Laicité
194:History
131:to the
113:in the
55:.
18:Laïcité
5240:Portal
5140:Cinema
5120:Anthem
5092:Racism
5070:People
4964:Mining
4939:Energy
4774:Rivers
4739:Cities
4671:May 68
4242:topics
4239:France
4192:Jersey
4134:Kosovo
4101:Turkey
4091:Sweden
4071:Serbia
4061:Russia
4046:Poland
4041:Norway
4021:Monaco
3991:Latvia
3959:Greece
3944:France
3919:Cyprus
3729:(1905)
3618:
3466:
3458:
3323:
3298:
3288:
3263:9 June
3121:
3074:
2696:kirpan
2634:, the
2601:, and
2599:Greeks
2533:Turkey
2521:Turkey
2470:Mexico
2441:turban
2437:kippah
2410:Quebec
2278:burqas
2265:
2187:kippah
2175:turban
2112:. The
1915:, and
1905:clergy
1851:λᾱϊκός
1845:lāïkós
1832:lāicus
1699:Alsace
1507:France
1424:ROSSEM
1319:Turkey
1314:Norway
1264:France
890:Foxite
670:Groups
653:Wilson
648:Wilkes
633:Varlet
518:Hébert
508:Godwin
503:George
442:People
5198:Sport
5183:Music
5178:Media
5035:Crime
4759:Lakes
4167:Åland
4086:Spain
4011:Malta
3981:Italy
3585:(PDF)
3578:(PDF)
3475:(PDF)
3464:S2CID
3436:(PDF)
3117:–18.
2844:Notes
2495:laico
2433:hijab
2301:niqab
2274:burqa
2263:them.
2171:hijab
1900:laity
1841:Greek
1828:Latin
1742:equal
1532:Spain
1517:Italy
1492:Chile
1397:Italy
1274:Italy
1199:Spain
1194:India
583:Paine
513:Green
488:Dewey
468:Bryan
249:Ideas
76:DeepL
5158:Flag
4944:Euro
4842:LGBT
3715:Laws
3629:2012
3616:ISBN
3593:2018
3560:2018
3513:2013
3483:2020
3456:ISSN
3391:2019
3365:2016
3339:2012
3321:ISBN
3296:OCLC
3286:ISBN
3265:2018
3234:2016
3205:2012
3174:2016
3119:ISBN
3090:2012
3072:ISBN
3051:2008
3020:laic
3003:2008
2966:2011
2899:2020
2692:Sikh
2595:Jews
2232:pope
2185:and
1875:-ity
1869:-ité
1863:λᾱός
1857:lāós
1823:laïc
1765:and
1701:and
1689:and
1294:2018
1289:1863
1090:1990
1085:1919
1080:1881
684:1942
679:1853
618:Roux
448:Alem
163:Aups
107:must
105:You
69:View
5130:Art
4854:Law
3448:doi
2663:."
2577:or
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