610:, becoming the first socialistic government in the Americas. Once it was learned that Cuba would adopt a strict MarxistâLeninist political and economic system, opposition was raised not only by dissident party members, but by the United States as well. Fidel Castro's government seized private land, nationalized hundreds of private companiesâincluding several local subsidiaries of U.S. corporationsâand taxed American products so heavily that U.S. exports were cut half in just two years. The Eisenhower Administration then imposed trade restrictions on everything except food and medical supplies. As a result, Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for trade instead. The US responded by cutting all diplomatic ties to Cuba and has had a rocky relationship with the country ever since. In April 1961, a CIA-trained force of
648:(FMC) to integrate women into Cuban political, social, and economic life and to eradicate prostitution. Castro and the M-26-7 also emphasized racial integration as a key platform of the movement, and after Batista's overthrow, the M-26-7 quickly desegregated public spaces and implemented reforms, such as the redistribution of land and improved government education and medical services, that disproportionately benefited the Afro-Cuban population. However, the M-26-7's racial policies have been criticized for repressing black political organization and for emphasizing pre-Revolution rhetoric that devalues racial consciousness and asserts that racism in Cuba has been ended by the Revolution despite the lingering presence of prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes on the island.
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Batista's soldiers and liberating and governing increasing amounts of territory taken from
Batista's control. The M-26-7 incorporated large numbers of peasant men and women into the ranks of the M-26-7 where they served as soldiers, collaborators, and informants to fight Batista's regime. Many peasant leaders were also affiliated with the PSP and used their connections with Communist Party members and sympathizers to recruit support for the M-26-7. Most notably, the Campesino Association, which had been an active Communist organization since 1934, allowed the M-26-7 to access and build on the network of peasant political organizing. The leaders of the
593:
strike spread and its popularity meant that a future nationwide strike could destabilize
Batista's regime enough to lead to his overthrow. However, a subsequent national strike held on 9 April 1958 ended up being a failure for the M-26-7 due to the preparedness of Batista's forces for such an event and poor communication between the M-26-7 and labor groups as to the time of the strike. Many M-26-7 members were also killed in firefights with the police and army as they tried to stage an armed uprising during the chaos.
555:
decrees. In return, the M-26-7 taxed the peasants under its control and enforced prison sentences and fines against those convicted of tax evasion as well as other crimes including banditry, the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana, and cockfighting. Castro created bureaucratic organizations to administer the rebel-controlled territories including the
AdministraciĂłn Civil para los Territorios Liberados (ACTL) in September 1958, which was active in the
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520:
cane fields and oil refineries, blocked bridges and trains, and attacked
Batista's soldiers, while in the cities, M-26-7 members cut telephone lines, coordinated strikes, kidnapped public figures, bombed government buildings, and assassinated government officials. The M-26-7 ran its propaganda operations to portray the violence of its actions in a positive light, and notable propaganda efforts included the broadcasting of
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hidden in the Sierra between April and August 1958, this campaign ended in a decisive failure for the development of the conflict. Finally, after two years of war, the rebels defeated the
Batista forces, causing them to flee to the Dominican Republic and take power 1 January 1959. At that time, they added around 20,000 to 30,000 guerrillas and the war had cost the lives of between 1,000 and 2,500 people.
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Young
Catholic Workers (JOC). After the Bay of Pigs invasion, the M-26-7 closed more churches and detained a number of priests and bishops on 17 April 1961, and the Catholic Church was expelled from Cuba on 1 May in the wake of the nationalization of all private colleges and the expulsion of foreign priests from the island.
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headquarters from Havana to
Santiago. He also created six separate sections of the M-26-7 which were responsible for organization, labor outreach, civic resistance among the middle class, sabotage activities and an urban militia, propaganda, and a treasury to raise funds. PaĂs attempted to support Castro's landing from the
651:
Since 1959, 26 July has been celebrated as a national holiday in Cuba. Celebrations involving community mobilizations and programs, reenactments, and recitations occur on the local and national level each year to honor the
Moncada Barracks attack and the role of the M-26-7 in overthrowing the Batista
592:
Frank PaĂs's assassination by
Santiago police in July 1957 prompted mass demonstrations and worker strikes in the city that quickly spread across the island, leading to a nationwide general strike on 5 August 1957. Though the strike saw limited success, the M-26-7 believed that the speed at which the
554:
As they occupied increasing large parts of the rural countryside, the M-26-7 provided public services to local peasants ranging from elementary schooling and literacy education, setting up hospitals and medical services, maintaining toll roads, providing protection from bandits, and enacting laws and
625:
Despite the support that the M-26-7 received from many
Catholic students and priests during the fight against Batista, the movement's victory in 1959 created a split between the M-26-7 and Catholic Church, which resisted the agrarian reform program and what members of the Church saw as Castro's turn
519:
Sabotage and the dissemination of propaganda were key parts of the M-26-7's strategy in both the urban and rural theaters of operation and were used to generate an atmosphere of crisis and to destabilize the public and economic order of the Batista regime. In the countryside, guerrillas burned sugar
515:
The guerrillas increased their ranks to 400 men in February 1958. In comparison, the forces of Batista reached 50,000 men, but only 10,000 were able to be used at once to confront the guerrillas. Batista launched an offensive of 10,000 with air and land support to encircle and destroy the guerrillas
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on 30 November 1956, and after Castro and the surviving guerrillas regrouped in the Sierra Maestra, the guerrillas depended on their urban counterparts for medicines, weapons, ammunition, food, equipment, clothing, money, propaganda production, and domestic and international publicity. In addition,
486:
While the revolutionaries were setting up camp in the mountains, "Civic Resistance" groups were forming in the cities, putting pressure on the Batista regime. The poor and many middle-class and professional persons flocked toward Castro and his movement being tired of the corruption of Batista and
630:
involving representatives of the Catholic Church and pro-Castro protestors, Castro publicly denounced the leadership of the Roman Catholic church on 12 August. On 6 January 1960, M-26-7 militants then occupied Catholic seminaries, churches, and schools across Cuba and arrested the leaders of the
601:
After the takeover, anti-Batistas, liberals, urban workers, peasants, and idealists became the dominant followers of the M-26-7 movement, which gained control over Cuba. The Movement was joined with other bodies to form the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, which in turn became the
541:
The M-26-7 divided its operations between the rural guerrillas, who were based in the Sierra Maestra mountains, and the urban underground, which consisted mostly of middle-class and professional Cubans living in towns and cities. Castro focused his efforts in the rural countryside on fighting
471:
and suffered numerous casualties. The landing party was split into two and wandered lost for two days, most of their supplies abandoned where they landed. They were also betrayed by their peasant guide in an ambush, which killed more of those who had landed. Batista mistakenly announced Fidel
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as chief of action of the Oriente province after PaĂs merged his organization, Oriente Revolutionary Action (ARO), with the M-26-7. As the head of the M-26-7's urban underground, PaĂs centralized its operations under a core leadership known as the National Directorate and moved the M-26-7's
639:
During the struggle against Batista, the M-26-7 portrayed itself as a unifying movement for all Cubans that would bring about democracy and social justice after Batista's overthrow, particularly for women and the Afro-Cuban minority. Despite only making up 10% of the Cuban workforce, women
585:
the urban underground organized worker strikes as well as patriotic clubs for Cuban exiles in the United States, which provided funds for the purchasing of arms and ammunition. The M-26-7 frequently coordinated its actions with other urban-based anti-Batista groups such as the PSP, the
532:
and U.S. military intelligence agent Andrew St. George. Both domestic and international propaganda efforts were aimed at informing audiences of the goals and policies of the M-26-7 and glorifying the lives and exploits of the guerrilla fighters to generate sympathy for the movement.
392:
Castro was captured and sentenced to 15 years in prison but, along with his group, was granted an amnesty after two years following a political campaign on their behalf. Castro traveled to Mexico to reorganize the movement in 1955 with several other exiled revolutionaries (including
1778:
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and their constituents of small, medium, and wealthy landowners supported M-26-7 as well through funding and protection from Batista's forces, although Castro's platform of agrarian reform would lead to the eventual break between wealthy farmers and landowners and M-26-7.
424:
would join. Because of the commonality in their ideology and their goal of wanting to topple the Batista regime, the M-26-7 would quickly add more young people from diverse political backgrounds. Castro sought to frame the Movement as a direct continuation of the
299:
589:(DRE), and the Organización Auténtica (OA), but by May 1957, the arrests and killings of large numbers of the DRE and the OA and the history of the PSP's collaboration with the Batista regime led the M-26-7 to be the dominant anti-Batista force in the cities.
358:. The Movement fought the Batista regime on both rural and urban fronts. The movement's main objectives were distribution of land to peasants, nationalization of public services, industrialization, honest elections, and large-scale education reform.
987:"Victory of the revolution on the 1st of January. Family members of the persecuted of the Batista Regime who took refuge are waiting for their return at Havana Airport. They're holding a flag of the revolutionary movement '26.07'"
389:, on 26 July 1953. This attack was led by a young Fidel Castro, who was a legislative candidate in a free election that had been cancelled by Batista. The attack had been intended as a rallying cry for the revolution.
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disproportionately participated in the M-26-7 during the Revolution in a number of capacities that included the manufacturing of propaganda and demonstrations and picketing. In addition, the
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to Soviet Communism. Following the National Catholic Congress's protest against the lack of Catholic values in the policies of the M-26-7 and a riot on 17 July 1959 in front of the
263:
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911:
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was established in September 1958 as an all-female military unit in the M-26-7. After the Revolution, the revolutionary government, controlled by the M-26-7, established the
652:
regime. From 1967 to 1973, three museums were also opened in Santiago, Villa Blanca, and Moncada to commemorate the Moncada Barracks assault and the actions of the M-26-7.
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his government. While in the Sierra Maestra mountains, the guerrilla forces attracted hundreds of Cuban volunteers and won several battles against the Cuban Army.
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CUBA. La Havana. 1959. Fidel Castro and Camilo Cienfuegos aboard a military vehicle as he rides into La Havana escorted by Cuban Naval officers.
885:"Trucks carry crowds celebrating the removal of dictator Fulgencio Batista and the arrival of Fidel Castro's 'July 26th Movement,' Havana, Cuba"
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The original core of the group was organized around the attack on the Moncada Barracks, merged with the National Revolutionary Movement led by
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354:. This base defeated the troops of Batista on 31 December 1958, setting into motion the Cuban Revolution and installing a government led by
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1989:
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was shot in the neck and chest during the fighting but was not severely injured. (Guevara, who had studied medicine, continued to give
467:
ready to organize and lead a revolution. The early signs were not good for the movement. They landed in daylight, were attacked by the
2602:
2528:
1131:
2592:
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against Cuba, shortly after Castro had declared the revolution socialist. After the invasion, Castro formally proclaimed himself a
2742:
2428:
2229:
3035:
3024:
1964:
2205:
2111:
1094:
499:, which continued for the next two years. It ended in January 1959, after the right-wing Dictator Batista fled Cuba for the
382:
366:
336:
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1997:
1954:
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150:
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222:
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2004:
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1974:
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840:
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1350:
Guerra, Lillian (2019). "Searching for the Messiah: Staging Revolution in the Sierra Maestra, 1956â1959".
1254:
Guerra, Lillian (2019). "Searching for the Messiah: Staging Revolution in the Sierra Maestra, 1956â1959".
1239:
Guerra, Lillian (2019). "Searching for the Messiah: Staging Revolution in the Sierra Maestra, 1956â1959".
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369:(PSP) and the 13 March Revolutionary Directorate. On 26 March 1962, the party dissolved to form the
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1949:
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The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
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402:
82:
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1174:
Political Terrorism: A new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature
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beginning on 24 February 1958 and the invitation of foreign journalists and reporters, such as
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1939:
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A Hidden History of the Cuban Revolution: How the Working Class Shaped the Guerillas' Victory
956:"Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro with soldiers of the Rebel Army en route for Havana"
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1707:
1652:
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1313:"Guerrillas, Peasants, and Communists: Agrarian Reform in Cuba's 1958 Liberated Territories"
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and with a majority of the Orthodox Youth. Soon after, National Revolutionary Action led by
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90:
1779:
Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
2453:
2353:
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2037:
1969:
1909:
1696:"Representing the Revolution: Public History and the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba"
1641:"Representing the Revolution: Public History and the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba"
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328:
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1959:
1147:
1039:
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1894:
361:
In July 1961, the 26th of July Movement was one of the parties that integrated into the
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1979:
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and dissidents, including former supporters of the M-26-7, launched the unsuccessful
572:
521:
421:
86:
1788:
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1176:. Amsterdam, New York, North-Holland, New Brunswick: Transaction Books. p. 528.
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1944:
1934:
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1711:
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960:
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in 1965. Cuba modeled itself after the Eastern European nations that made up the
2647:
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2572:
2438:
2403:
2348:
2065:
1914:
1827:
1188:"La Fuerza Aérea de Cuba contra la guerrilla de Fidel Castro ⹠Rubén Urribarres"
1123:
832:
753:
728:
607:
488:
146:
62:
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The first national leadership of the M-26-7 was made up of the revolutionaries:
503:, in the early hours of New Year's Day when the Movement's forces marched into
929:
822:
1719:
1664:
1511:
1470:
1290:
1093:. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California:
559:, and the Agrarian Bureau, which was created on 3 August 1958 to oversee the
2624:
2121:
1187:
492:
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to other wounded guerrillas.) This was the opening phase of the war of the
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460:
114:
1727:
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1519:
1495:
1328:
1312:
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The flag of the 26th of July Movement is on the shoulder of the
504:
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118:
110:
53:
A modern impression of one of the flags of the 26th of July Movement
2190:
1272:
Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the urban underground
723:
Other political leaders who were part of the 26 July Movement were:
1496:"The Catholic Church in Cuba:, 1959â1962: The Clash of Ideologies"
912:"ÎÎżÏÎČα, 1 ÎÎ”ÎœÎŹÏη 1959: ÎÏÎčαΌÎČÎčÎșÏ ÎÎŒÎČαÏÎźÏÎčÎż ÏÎżÏ
ÎÎœÏÎŹÏÏÎčÎșÎżÏ
ÎŁÏÏαÏÎżÏ"
339:
in Santiago de Cuba, part of an attempt to overthrow the dictator
48:
381:
The 26th of July Movement's name originated from the failed
350:. At the end of 1956, Castro established a guerrilla base in the
2629:
2126:
2044:
446:
134:
2667:
2663:
2194:
1800:
1784:
Fidel Castro and the founding of the 26th of July Movement
1796:
472:
Castro's death at this point. Of the 82 who sailed aboard the
1275:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 14.
1369:. New York City: New York University Press. p. 108.
1700:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
1645:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
1604:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 153â197,
346:
M-26-7 is considered the leading organization of the
1554:
Salim Lamrani; Translated by Larry R. Oberg (2016).
659:
uniform and continues to be used as a symbol of the
2985:
2930:
2879:
2872:
2795:
2701:
2640:
2585:
2555:
2527:
2497:
2314:
2305:
2228:
2150:
2091:
2075:
2022:
1988:
1902:
1834:
1065:"Cuba â The Republic of Cuba | history â geography"
335:. The movement's name commemorates the failed 1953
247:
198:
184:
168:
140:
130:
106:
96:
58:
34:
3071:Military units and formations established in 1956
373:(PURSC), which held a communist ideology.
1792:Articles by Che Guevara from the Sierra Maestra
1447:. (University of Connecticut. 2007) pp. 207â08
371:United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution
236:United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution
2679:
2206:
1812:
1434:Sweig 2002, p. 136; Cushion 2016, p. 161-172.
851:List of political movements named after dates
8:
1610:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626727.003.0005
1556:"Women in Cuba: The Emancipatory Revolution"
1352:The Revolution from within: Cuba, 1959â1980
1256:The Revolution from within: Cuba, 1959â1980
1241:The Revolution from within: Cuba, 1959â1980
2876:
2686:
2672:
2664:
2311:
2213:
2199:
2191:
1819:
1805:
1797:
31:
1220:Sweig 2002, p. 100; Cushion 2016, p. 106.
405:). Their task was to form a disciplined
1398:Sweig 2002, p. 14; Cushion 2016, p. 125.
1389:Sweig 2002, p. 15; Cushion 2016, p. 154.
2013:Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War
1694:Waters, Anita; Fernandes, Luci (2012).
1639:Waters, Anita; Fernandes, Luci (2012).
1445:Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements
1148:"26th of July Movement | Cuban history"
1040:"26th of July Movement | Cuban history"
1015:"26th of July Movement | Cuban history"
872:
327:revolutionary organization and later a
1596:Benson, Devyn Spence (25 April 2016),
1560:International Journal of Cuban Studies
1500:International Journal of Cuban Studies
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1172:Schmid, Alex; Jongman; Albert (1988).
244:
3121:Organizations of the Cuban Revolution
3066:Political parties established in 1956
1591:
1589:
1549:
1547:
1489:
1487:
445:On 2 December 1956, 82 men landed in
363:Integrated Revolutionary Organization
7:
3101:Guerrilla movements in Latin America
1009:
1007:
476:only 22 eventually regrouped in the
1752:. 28 September 2007. Archived from
1750:"LibrĂnsula: La Isla de los libros"
2603:United States embargo against Cuba
2529:Second National Front of Escambray
1192:Aviación Cubana ⹠Rubén Urribarres
385:, an army facility in the city of
25:
3116:Defunct communist militant groups
2593:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution
2253:Havana Presidential Palace attack
1457:Suddath, Claire (15 April 2009).
1120:Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life
587:Student Revolutionary Directorate
2173:
2172:
1893:
825:
580:with a failed armed uprising in
294:
288:Arm patch, Castro on Jeep, night
282:
270:
258:
47:
1580:10.13169/intejcubastud.8.1.0109
1572:10.13169/intejcubastud.8.1.0109
1712:10.1080/08263663.2012.10817030
1657:10.1080/08263663.2012.10817030
1311:Kozameh, Sara (October 2019).
1095:University of California Press
383:attack on the Moncada Barracks
337:attack on the Moncada Barracks
1:
3106:National liberation movements
3091:Left-wing nationalist parties
511:Political and military action
300:Flag, family holds at Airport
276:Arm patch, Castro in daylight
449:, having sailed in the boat
441:Role in the Cuban Revolution
27:Cuban political organization
1339:– via Cambridge Core.
778:AgustĂn Navarrete Sarbabous
571:In 1955, Castro designated
3137:
3111:National liberation armies
2429:José Ramón Machado Ventura
1118:Lee Anderson, Jon (1997).
2499:Directorio Revolucionario
2434:Fernando MartĂnez Heredia
2168:
2038:Che (Part 1 & Part 2)
1891:
1494:Holbrook, Joseph (2010).
1425:Cushion 2016, p. 152-160.
1365:Cushion, Stephen (2016).
1089:Cederlöf, Gustav (2023).
811:Pedro Luis Boitel Abraham
646:Federation of Cuban Women
293:
281:
269:
264:Flag, Truck carries crowd
257:
252:
228:
223:Santiago de Cuba Uprising
46:
40:
39:
2851:Fidel Castro DĂaz-Balart
2547:William Alexander Morgan
2489:Sergio del Valle Jiménez
2052:The Hands of Che Guevara
701:Pedro Celestino Aguilera
3030:Relationship with dairy
2920:638 Ways to Kill Castro
2888:Fidel: The Untold Story
2787:Death and state funeral
2730:History Will Absolve Me
2509:JosĂ© Antonio EcheverrĂa
2469:Carlos Rafael RodrĂguez
2243:History Will Absolve Me
1541:Cushion 2016, p. 60-69.
1152:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1069:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1044:Encyclopedia Britannica
1019:Encyclopedia Britannica
841:Clandestine cell system
604:Communist Party of Cuba
367:Popular Socialist Party
170:Political position
2993:Assassination attempts
2863:Alejandro Castro EspĂn
2833:Natalia Revuelta Clews
2768:Intervention in Angola
2519:Rolando Cubela Secades
2389:Abelardo Colomé Ibarra
2384:Norberto Collado Abreu
2278:Battle of Las Mercedes
2031:The Motorcycle Diaries
1999:The Motorcycle Diaries
1955:Harry "Pombo" Villegas
1407:Sweig 2002, p. 17, 60.
1269:Sweig, Julia. (2002).
317:Movimiento 26 de julio
316:
211:Battle of Las Mercedes
41:Movimiento 26 de julio
2955:Fidel Castro Handbook
2947:The Real Fidel Castro
2724:26th of July Movement
2542:Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo
2444:Antonio NĂșñez JimĂ©nez
2424:Neill W. Macaulay Jr.
2374:Mario Chanes de Armas
2316:26th of July Movement
2290:Battle of Santa Clara
1975:Canek SĂĄnchez Guevara
1865:Battle of Santa Clara
1860:26th of July Movement
1532:Cushion 2016, p. 111.
1459:"U.S.-Cuba Relations"
948:Keystone Press Agency
698:José A. "Pepe" Suårez
489:Ernesto "Che" Guevara
418:Rafael GarcĂa BĂĄrcena
365:(ORI) as well as the
309:26th of July Movement
219:Battle of Santa Clara
159:Left-wing nationalism
2803:Ăngel Castro y Argiz
2758:Cuban Missile Crisis
2753:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2618:Cuban Missile Crisis
2613:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1875:Cuban Missile Crisis
1870:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1756:on 28 September 2007
1126:. pp. 269â270.
781:RaĂșl MartĂnez ArarĂĄs
616:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2608:La Coubre explosion
2537:Escambray rebellion
2479:Humberto SorĂ Marin
2339:Efigenio Ameijeiras
2334:Juan Almeida Bosque
2258:Humboldt 7 massacre
2100:Guerrillero Heroico
1950:Simeon Cuba Sarabia
1329:10.1017/tam.2019.69
1229:Sweig 2002, p. 104.
1211:Sweig 2002, p. 120.
788:Efigenio Ameijeiras
744:Juan Almeida Bosque
718:Juan Manuel MĂĄrquez
712:Luis Barreto MiliĂĄn
628:Cathedral of Havana
435:War of Independence
409:force to overthrow
403:Juan Almeida Bosque
356:Manuel Urrutia LleĂł
151:Political pluralism
131:Active regions
83:Juan Almeida Bosque
3005:Awards and honours
2780:Transfer of duties
2285:Battle of Yaguajay
2273:Battle of La Plata
2263:Attack on El Uvero
2112:In popular culture
2059:Che: Rise and Fall
1602:Antiracism in Cuba
1416:Sweig 2002, p. 20.
985:(4 January 1959).
954:(1 January 1959).
883:(1 January 1959).
861:Political movement
695:Pedro Miret Prieto
692:Antonio Ăico LĂłpez
528:war correspondent
501:Dominican Republic
215:Battle of Yaguajay
207:Battle of La Plata
155:Left-wing populism
98:Dates of operation
18:July 26th Movement
3086:Far-left politics
3081:Communism in Cuba
3053:
3052:
2981:
2980:
2912:Looking for Fidel
2827:Mirta DĂaz-Balart
2661:
2660:
2581:
2580:
2568:Pedro Luis Boitel
2379:Camilo Cienfuegos
2188:
2187:
2006:Guerrilla Warfare
1940:Camilo Cienfuegos
1885:Bolivian Campaign
1619:978-1-4696-2672-7
1443:DeFronzo, James.
1376:978-1-58367-584-7
1104:978-0-520-39313-4
846:Guerrilla warfare
793:Osmany Cienfuegos
734:Camilo Cienfuegos
688:HaydĂ©e SantamarĂa
399:Camilo Cienfuegos
341:Fulgencio Batista
305:
304:
243:
242:
232:Succeeded by
189:Fulgencio Batista
79:Camilo Cienfuegos
16:(Redirected from
3128:
3015:Eponymous things
2877:
2809:RamĂłn Castro Ruz
2763:Machurucuto raid
2714:Cuban Revolution
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2359:RamĂłn Castro Ruz
2324:Alfredo Abon Lee
2312:
2268:Operation Verano
2238:Moncada Barracks
2222:Cuban Revolution
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2176:
2175:
1897:
1847:Cuban Revolution
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1691:
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1626:
1593:
1584:
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1533:
1530:
1524:
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1506:(3/4): 264â275.
1491:
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918:. 1 January 2019
908:
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856:Moncada Barracks
835:
830:
829:
828:
808:Teodulio Mitchel
805:José Pardo Llada
661:Cuban Revolution
642:Mariana Grajales
567:Urban activities
561:Oriente province
537:Rural activities
530:Herbert Matthews
497:Cuban Revolution
429:struggle of the
387:Santiago de Cuba
348:Cuban Revolution
298:
297:
286:
285:
274:
273:
262:
261:
245:
203:Operation Verano
199:Battles and wars
163:Anti-imperialism
99:
51:
42:
35:26 July Movement
32:
21:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3025:Religious views
2977:
2926:
2873:Popular culture
2868:
2845:Alina FernĂĄndez
2841:(sister-in-law)
2791:
2697:
2692:
2662:
2657:
2636:
2577:
2551:
2523:
2500:
2493:
2454:Enrique Oltuski
2414:Melba HernĂĄndez
2354:Orlando Borrego
2329:Ricardo AlarcĂłn
2307:
2301:
2297:Battle of Guisa
2224:
2219:
2189:
2184:
2164:
2146:
2142:Jim Fitzpatrick
2087:
2071:
2018:
1984:
1970:Orlando Borrego
1965:FĂ©lix RodrĂguez
1910:Alberto Granado
1898:
1889:
1842:Guatemalan Coup
1830:
1825:
1790:El Cubano Libre
1775:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1693:
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1688:
1651:(73): 125â154.
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769:Abel SantamarĂa
724:
683:Melba HernĂĄndez
673:
669:
637:
599:
569:
544:Authentic Party
539:
513:
469:Cuban Air Force
443:
379:
329:political party
295:
283:
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191:'s Government,
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2967:
2963:Castro's Beard
2959:
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2916:
2908:
2900:
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2866:
2860:
2857:Mariela Castro
2854:
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2821:Juanita Castro
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1983:
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1925:Aleida Guevara
1922:
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1773:External links
1771:
1768:
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1741:
1686:
1631:
1618:
1585:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1483:
1449:
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1391:
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1375:
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1342:
1323:(4): 641â673.
1296:
1281:
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1246:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1179:
1164:
1139:
1133:978-0802144119
1132:
1110:
1103:
1081:
1056:
1031:
1003:
974:
952:Hulton Archive
939:
903:
881:Hulton Archive
871:
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858:
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802:Renato Guitart
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759:Carlos Franqui
756:
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705:
704:Faustino PĂ©rez
702:
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685:
680:
671:
668:
665:
657:Cuban military
636:
633:
598:
595:
568:
565:
557:Sierra Maestra
548:Orthodox Party
538:
535:
526:New York Times
512:
509:
481:mountain range
478:Sierra Maestra
442:
439:
431:Ten Years' War
378:
375:
352:Sierra Maestra
323:) was a Cuban
303:
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248:1 January 1959
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2971:The Cuba Wars
2968:
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2939:Guerrilla War
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2719:Participation
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2484:Ramiro Valdés
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2474:Celia SĂĄnchez
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Jorge Risquet
2462:
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2449:Arnaldo Ochoa
2447:
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2419:Mario Llerena
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2306:Organizations
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1960:RĂ©gis Debray
1945:Tamara Bunke
1935:Fidel Castro
1920:Aleida March
1880:Congo Crisis
1859:
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1758:. Retrieved
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890:Getty Images
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708:Armando Hart
678:Fidel Castro
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124:Havana, Cuba
107:Headquarters
71:Fidel Castro
67:Alberto Bayo
29:
3096:Che Guevara
2839:Vilma EspĂn
2815:RaĂșl Castro
2748:Land reform
2743:Premiership
2648:Escopeteros
2598:Cuban exile
2573:Rafael Cruz
2501:Estuciantil
2439:Huber Matos
2404:Che Guevara
2394:Vilma EspĂn
2369:RaĂșl Castro
2349:Bob Baldock
2083:Che'r Cycle
2066:Chevolution
1980:Mario TerĂĄn
1930:RaĂșl Castro
1915:Hilda Gadea
1828:Che Guevara
1706:(73): 135.
1625:25 November
1476:22 November
1197:21 November
1157:22 November
1124:Grove Press
1074:22 November
833:Cuba portal
764:RaĂșl ChibĂĄs
754:Huber Matos
739:RaĂșl Castro
729:Che Guevara
608:Warsaw Pact
395:RaĂșl Castro
147:Vanguardism
75:RaĂșl Castro
63:Che Guevara
3060:Categories
2904:Comandante
2847:(daughter)
2775:Presidency
2709:Early life
2459:Frank PaĂs
2308:and people
2117:In fashion
1566:(1): 109.
1024:1 December
930:Burt Glinn
867:References
784:JosuĂ© PaĂs
774:Frank PaĂs
573:Frank PaĂs
422:Frank PaĂs
253:"26 julio"
193:Cuban Army
87:Frank PaĂs
2817:(brother)
2811:(brother)
2625:Guevarism
2132:Mausoleum
2122:Guevarism
1760:18 August
1736:145379748
1720:0826-3663
1681:145379748
1665:0826-3663
1512:1756-3461
1471:0040-781X
1337:210568992
1291:433551015
620:communist
597:Post-1959
546:(PA) and
493:first aid
407:guerrilla
185:Opponents
175:Left-wing
102:1955â1962
3020:Politics
2865:(nephew)
2823:(sister)
2805:(father)
2702:Timeline
2230:Timeline
2179:Category
1728:41800548
1673:41800548
1520:41945906
1354:: 79â80.
1243:: 68â69.
916:ÎαÏÎčÎżÏÏα
819:See also
582:Santiago
461:Veracruz
433:and the
325:vanguard
179:far-left
142:Ideology
115:Veracruz
3045:(yacht)
3036:My Life
2859:(niece)
2835:(lover)
2738:Primacy
2641:Related
2076:Theatre
996:22 July
967:22 July
922:22 July
896:22 July
667:Members
474:Granma,
411:Batista
377:Origins
331:led by
313:Spanish
121:(first)
59:Leaders
3043:Granma
2974:(2008)
2966:(2006)
2958:(2006)
2950:(2003)
2942:(1987)
2923:(2006)
2915:(2004)
2907:(2003)
2899:(2002)
2891:(2001)
2829:(wife)
2796:Family
2586:Impact
2248:Granma
2151:Comics
2107:Legacy
1903:People
1855:Voyage
1853:Granma
1835:Events
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635:Legacy
578:Granma
505:Havana
465:Mexico
457:Tuxpan
452:Granma
401:, and
321:M-26-7
126:(last)
119:Mexico
111:Tuxpan
3010:BirĂĄn
2986:Other
2931:Other
2896:Fidel
2880:Films
2853:(son)
2556:Other
2102:photo
2023:Films
1990:Books
1732:S2CID
1724:JSTOR
1677:S2CID
1669:JSTOR
1576:JSTOR
1516:JSTOR
1333:S2CID
1258:: 71.
455:from
2630:Foco
2127:Foco
2092:Icon
2045:Che!
1762:2020
1716:ISSN
1661:ISSN
1627:2020
1614:ISBN
1508:ISSN
1478:2016
1467:ISSN
1463:Time
1371:ISBN
1287:OCLC
1277:ISBN
1199:2019
1159:2016
1128:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1076:2016
1051:2021
1026:2019
998:2024
969:2024
924:2024
898:2024
447:Cuba
307:The
135:Cuba
1708:doi
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