222:. Her work organizing local communities together with local chapters of the NAACP, fighting for desegregation, and mobilizing parents brought her to many towns and cities across the United States. Shagaloff led and directed the new national NAACP school desegregation program in the North and West, in scores of communities from Boston to San Francisco, which led to the desegregation and integration of public schools across the United States. On occasions, she worked with various civil rights leaders, such as
211:. Clark and Shagaloff Alexander also found no evidence that gradual desegregation offered advantages over quick action, which led to the NAACP's position that desegregation must be implemented quickly to be effective. Also in preparation for arguments in the Brown case, she researched congressional hearings on the Fourteenth Amendment to discern the extent to which drafters intended equality to include education, working with historian
190:, believed that the success of litigation depended on its impact on families and their willingness to demand desegregation and send their children to desegregated schools. Consequently, he hired Shagaloff, one of two staff members of the department who was not a lawyer, to conduct social research and organize communities around issues of school desegregation. As one of her first assignments, in 1952 Marshall sent her to
154:. Her parents, Samuel Shagaloff and Gertrude Bellinson, emigrated to the United States from Russia in 1905. Their household was secular Jewish, and valued socialist ideals. Her father was a pharmacist who owned and managed a drugstore, first in Merrick and then in Baldwin, Long Island. As a child, she spent time at her father's store and, in the summer, at nearby
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English to elementary school students. In 1983, she moved with her family to Amityville, NY, where she was active with the local NAACP chapter and then, in 1984, to West Nyack, New York. She has been active in the Clarkstown PTA and was a member of the Board of Directors of West Street
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in examining experiences of children in segregated schools and in the process of desegregating various institutions. They found that children in segregated schools that offered similar material resources were nevertheless impacted negatively by the fact of segregation, including the development of
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to help the NAACP branch end school segregation. While she was in Cairo, she was arrested for conspiring to "endanger the health and life of certain children." Marshall immediately flew to Cairo and, after many hours at the jailhouse, negotiated her release.
238:), gave speeches, and wrote articles. Shagaloff Alexander retired from the NAACP in 1972. In recent years, her work has been recognized in historical accounts of the civil rights movement, and she received awards honoring her work and its impact.
158:. Some people believed she was African-American and, at an early age, she experienced racial discrimination. These experiences left a lasting impression, and contributed to her civil rights activism as an adult. In 1946, she enrolled at the
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lower esteem and motivation levels. This research led the
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On another assignment, she helped develop the social research which was critical in the Legal
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Shagaloff married Michael Alexander in 1970, and they have a son named David. In 1972, they moved to Israel, living in
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Brown in
Baltimore: School Desegregation and the Limits of Liberalism, by Howell S. Baum, Cornell University Press (2010).
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Freedom's sword: the NAACP and the struggle against racism in
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Social
Scientists for Social Justice: Making the Case Against Segregation, by John P. Jackson, NYU Press (2001).
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NAACP Legal
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142:(June 14, 1928 – March 29, 2022) was an American civil rights activist.
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until 1983. Alexander helped found the Ashkelon chapter of
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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