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765:) existed, by name, only during the 1918–1924, 1937–1940, and 1941–1942 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. The political commissar held military rank equaling the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit-commander's orders at any time. During the other periods of the Red Army's history political officers were militarily subordinate to unit commanders, and the position of political commissar did not exist.
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866:(single-command) system was restored. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army's defeats at the war's start, the position of political commissar reappeared. The commissars had an influential role as "second commanders" within the military units during this time. Their rank and insignia generally paralleled those of officers. Because this proved ineffective, General
448:) and are still responsible for the planning and supervision of the political operations of the Republic of China Army where they are involved in psychological warfare, preparing propaganda for external consumption, along with providing counseling, psychological warfare training and processing news for the Taiwanese military.
358:
Usually, the operational command organ has the military commander as the highest decision maker, while the political commissar serves as the second-in-command. As the deputy, political commissar are largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations, unit welfare, mental health,
359:
morale, and political education. The party organs are chaired by the political commissar, with the military commanders serving as the deputy secretaries. This framework ensures that both military and political officers can collectively design the goals and tasks of their respective units.
474:
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had constantly emphasized its role in both combat and political missions. The political commissioners were tasked to teach communist ideologies to internal members of the Red Army, as well as propaganda tasks targeting the enemy by showing the Red Army as a righteous force.
502:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
796:-level, comprising at least three members—the commander and two political workers. The political workers were denominated "members of the RVS", not "commissars", despite their position as official political commissars.
847:, assistant commander for political work) officer was commissioned sub-ordinate to him. Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS (
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512:
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370:(PLAN), the political commissar and the Party committee are the supreme decision-makers, while military works are delegated to the operational commander as the second-in-command.
417:, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was General
335:(PLA), each level of the command has a dual-command structure, with a military organ and a Party organ. This collective leadership is held between the military commander (
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level. Despite their position as official political commissars, they were not addressed as "commissar". Beginning in 1925, the politico-military doctrinal course toward
308:
307:), which established military organizations at various levels with Chinese Communist Party committees. The practice was formalized with the principle of the "
352:
251:
413:(Chinese Nationalist Party) director of secret police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet-style military organization in the
858:
in the Soviet armed forces. Again, in August 1940, the office of political commissars was abolished, yet the
Military Councils continued throughout the
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Each institution (including universities) received a military 'commissar' who supervised both the administrative work and the political atmosphere.
854:
On 10 May 1937, the role of political commissar was reinstated in the Red Army, and
Military Councils were set up. These derived from the political
522:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
363:
627:, their leaders in each case feared a counter-revolution, and both regarded the military officers as the most likely counter-revolutionary threat.
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351:, i.e. the political commissar). The political commissar is always a uniformed military officer with both tactical and political training and
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The political supervision of the
Russian military was effected by the political commissar, who was present in every unit and formation, from
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Finnish propaganda poster (1939–1940) aimed at Red Army soldiers: "Political commissar: worse than the enemy. He shoots you in the back!"
366:(PLAGF), the political commissar is often second-in-command, while the military officer is responsible for the operation. Whereas in the
886:(deputy for political matters). Although no longer known by the original "commissar" title, political officers were retained by all the
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270:. In fiction, The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy features the murder of the eponymous Soviet submarine's political officer (
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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827:, single command) was established, and the political commissar, as a military institution, faded. The introduction of
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to subordinate the political officer to commanding officers: the commissars' work was re-focused to
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to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.
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Patterns in the dust: Chinese-American relations and the recognition controversy, 1949-1950
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425:. Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American
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274:) as the incident that sets Captain Ramius' long-planned defection scheme in motion.
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and set up the role of political officers. They were tasked with making sure that
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The
Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the revolutions in China and Taiwan
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armies also used political officers patterned on the Soviet model. For example,
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as the unit commander's deputy responsible for political education. During the
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South to the
Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
397:, literal translation "political warfare officer") also existed in the
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commissars were known as "Cultural
Sections" or "Political Sections".
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Later commissars in the
Eastern bloc could exercise broader roles in
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Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine: La République jacobine
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241:(1936–1939). They also existed, with interruptions, in the Soviet
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The
Communist Party and the Red Army – On the military commissar
1524:. Translated by Ancker, Janice W. University Press of Kentucky.
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In Party on the Bridge: Political
Commissars in the Chinese Navy
851:, Member of the Military Council); they were abolished in 1934.
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An early kind of political commissar was established during the
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and the Kuomintang. Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.
233:(1789–1799). Political commissars were heavily used within the
1194:
Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower
1156:. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): 9–21.
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649:
455:
29:
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Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy
323:. Red Army was part of the Communist revolution forces; thus
809:политрук, from политический руководитель, political leader
511:
to this template: there are already 928 articles in the
1419:(1996). "Sociotechnics: Basic Problems and Issues". In
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was two-fold, either the military commander joined the
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Occupations in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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549:{{Translated|ru|Комиссар (в воинском подразделении)}}
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from 1918 to 1991, as well as in the armed forces of
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
835:and became his own unit's political officer, or a
862:(1941–1945), and after. Below army level, the
780:(or Revvoyensoviets, RVS) were established at
591:1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial
537:accompanying your translation by providing an
486:Click for important translation instructions.
473:expand this section with text translated from
167:
8:
1261:Opposition and dissent in contemporary China
1433:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 31.
952:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
684:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1300:. Columbia University Press. p. 181.
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729:(right) in the rank of commissar giving a
436:Today, political commissars belong to the
255:(national socialist leadership officers).
200:or political instructor) is a supervisory
1231:. Harvard University Press. p. 195.
1187:
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972:Learn how and when to remove this message
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
299:since the Sanwan Reorganization of 1927 (
204:responsible for the political education (
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1196:. Cornell University Press. p. 67.
1172:"How China commands its 'people's army'"
811:) was assigned to political officers at
252:Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere
1470:. Department of the Army. p. 350.
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258:The function remains in use in China's
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1150:"The Role of the Political Commissar"
389:The position of political commissar (
287:The position of political commissar (
7:
950:adding citations to reliable sources
737:In the Red Army (1918–1946) and the
682:adding citations to reliable sources
578:The death of the Political Commissar
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1170:Rawson, Payton (13 November 2023).
1024:(Senior commissar of the battalion)
733:membership card to a soldier (1942)
421:, who was educated at the American
225:(representative on mission) in the
194:
25:
452:Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
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27:Political officer in the military
1509:The Soviet Military Encyclopedia
1148:Benson, J. W.; Yang, Z. (2020).
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382:Emblem of the Republic of China
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908:dissolution of the Soviet Union
778:Revolutionary Military Councils
776:-level, including in the navy.
215:The function first appeared as
45:needs additional citations for
882:officer was replaced with the
580:, 1928 propaganda painting by
547:You may also add the template
415:Republic of China Armed Forces
1:
1522:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935-1945
1397:, 2nd edition, 1961, Swedish
1264:. Hoover Press. p. 302.
603:of November 1917, and as the
353:Chinese Communist Party cadre
1563:Military of the Soviet Union
1030:(Commissar of the battalion)
992:Armeysky komissar 2-go ranga
986:Armeysky komissar 1-go ranga
219:(political commissioner) or
1018:(Commissar of the regiment)
1006:(Commissar of the division)
761:
560:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
519:will aid in categorization.
427:Central Intelligence Agency
423:Virginia Military Institute
343:) and political commander (
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168:
1609:
1057:After World War II, other
1022:Starshi batalonny komissar
1012:(Commissar of the brigade)
914:Red Army rank designations
715:
611:gradually established the
599:came to power through the
494:Machine translation, like
283:People's Republic of China
208:) and organization of the
173:, a portmanteau word from
1464:Appleman, Roy E. (1998).
1192:Beckley, Michael (2018).
994:(Army Commissar 2nd rank)
988:(Army Commissar 1st rank)
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475:the corresponding article
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321:Gutian Conference of 1929
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227:French Revolutionary Army
190:politicheskiy rukovoditel
179:политический руководитель
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1583:People's Liberation Army
1573:Civil–military relations
1000:(Commissar of the corps)
904:Strategic Missile Troops
438:Political Warfare Bureau
384:Political Warfare Bureau
333:People's Liberation Army
260:People's Liberation Army
1593:Political communication
1258:Peter R. Moody (1977).
1091:Représentant en mission
558:For more guidance, see
222:représentant en mission
198: political leader
1374:The Russian Revolution
1353:The Russian Revolution
1067:National People's Army
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635:
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399:Republic of China Army
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309:Party commands the gun
264:Republic of China Army
235:International Brigades
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1292:Nancy Bernkopf Tucker
1202:10.7591/9781501724794
1106:Military commissariat
849:Chlen Voennogo Soveta
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531:copyright attribution
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249:from 1943 to 1945 as
217:commissaire politique
135:
69:"Political commissar"
1079:Korean People's Army
1048:(Junior politleader)
1036:(Senior politleader)
946:improve this section
678:improve this section
607:of 1917–1922 began,
54:improve this article
1518:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
1225:Jay Taylor (2000).
1053:Eastern Bloc armies
1004:Divizionny komissar
906:, et al, until the
888:Soviet Armed Forces
799:In 1919, the title
743:political commissar
646:In the Soviet Union
621:February Revolution
589:February Revolution
582:Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin
159:political commissar
1430:Social Engineering
1423:; Alexander, Jon;
1028:Batalonny komissar
998:Korpusnoy komissar
735:
640:social engineering
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625:October Revolution
601:October Revolution
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539:interlanguage link
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151:
1477:978-0-16-001918-0
1393:Isaac Deutscher,
1211:978-1-5017-2479-4
1016:Polkovoy komissar
1010:Brigadny komissar
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1414:For example:
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825:единоначалие
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535:edit summary
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482:(April 2024)
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47:verification
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1446:20 November
739:Soviet Army
262:, Taiwan's
237:during the
229:during the
1588:Propaganda
1578:Commissars
1557:Categories
1488:2022-08-17
1376:, Swedish
1355:, Swedish
1338:2010-09-11
1313:2010-06-28
1277:2010-11-30
1244:2010-06-28
1129:R. Dupuy,
1112:References
1075:Korean War
868:Ivan Konev
716:See also:
597:Bolsheviks
593:Order no 1
477:in Russian
419:Sun Li-jen
411:Kuomintang
405:(Taiwan).
325:Mao Zedong
319:) and the
80:newspapers
1384:, p. 120.
1328:"政治作戰局簡介"
1117:Citations
962:July 2023
933:does not
910:in 1991.
900:Air Force
756:romanized
694:July 2023
665:does not
595:. As the
553:talk page
505:Consider
184:romanized
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1520:(2016).
1427:(eds.).
1294:(1983).
1085:See also
1040:Politruk
890:, e.g.,
884:zampolit
880:pompolit
845:помполит
837:pompolit
801:politruk
794:flotilla
774:division
762:komissar
751:комиссар
623:and the
613:Red Army
529:provide
272:zampolit
243:Red Army
206:ideology
169:politruk
155:military
1500:Sources
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841:Russian
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813:company
805:Russian
792:-, and
770:company
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747:Russian
686:removed
671:sources
551:to the
533:in the
479:.
442:Chinese
401:of the
391:Chinese
345:Chinese
337:Chinese
331:In the
313:Chinese
301:Chinese
289:Chinese
202:officer
195:transl.
186::
175:Russian
153:In the
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496:DeepL
446:政治作戰局
278:China
145:, in
101:JSTOR
87:books
1526:ISBN
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1448:2021
1435:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1357:ISBN
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1266:ISBN
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1206:ISBN
937:any
935:cite
896:Navy
892:Army
782:army
669:any
667:cite
527:must
525:You
368:Navy
349:政治主官
341:军事主官
317:党指挥枪
305:三湾改编
293:政治委员
210:unit
165:(or
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