Juniperus scopulorum - Knowledge (XXG)

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lower branches for a ground fire to climb into the crown of the tree. Because of this, fire is sometimes used as a method to control junipers in rangeland, but if there is not enough fuel on the ground the fire is less effective in killing trees targeted for removal. Most older trees show signs of having survived four to six fires in their lifetimes. Historically fire was one of the factors that maintained open, grassy plains and prevented the invasion of trees like Rocky Mountain juniper. With frequent fires they are restricted to rocky areas that have little to no fuel load to ignite the trees. Prior to European-American settlement of the west, fires typically reoccurred at intervals of 50–100 years in most forests including piñon-juniper woodlands.

849:. Other common names used in the United States include "river juniper", "mountain red cedar", "Colorado red cedar", "weeping juniper", and "Rocky Mountain redcedar". In one unusual locality in Spring Valley, Nevada they are known as "swamp cedar" for growing in a relatively wet canyon bottom. In Canada it is also known as the "western red-cedar" and similar variations in English and "genévrier des Montagnes Rocheuses" (literally juniper of the Rocky Mountains) and genévrier des montagnes du Colorado (juniper of the mountains of Colorado) in French. In casual conversation the trees will usually simply be called "cedars" or "junipers" without qualification by residents of the western United States. 33: 1061: 693: 858: 918:. It grows at elevations of 500–2,700 m (1,600–8,900 ft) on dry soils, often together with other juniper species. It requires at least 25 centimetres (10 in) of annual precipitation, though the average for its range is 38–46 centimetres (15–18 in) and it survives on Vancouver Island with as much as 66 centimetres (26 in) of precipitation. Though it grows in very dry environments in western North America and has great drought endurance, it is not as adapted to dry conditions as other western juniper species. 1134: 467: 1336: 245: 1103:), with its lower content of volatile oils to that of Rocky Mountain juniper. The presence of cover in the form of small trees and large bushes, like Rocky Mountain Juniper, is also important to mule deer. When the trees are removed from a landscape there is more and higher quality food for them, but their numbers decrease, but when junipers repopulate a range deer numbers increase. Overpopulation of deer are factor in causing junipers to dominate an area. 1297: 533: 109: 1022: 1346:'Blue heaven' is another of the many fastigiate type cultivars. It has the typical blue-white cast to its foliage in summer, but it is more green colored in winter months. Size when full grown will be 4–5 meters tall and 90–120 centimeters in width. Like most varieties derived from Rocky Mountain juniper it is intolerant of hot, humid weather and constantly wet conditions and will usually succumb to root rots in muggy climates. 64: 1269:. Found on a granite outcrop the tree presents a quite windblown and twisted appearance. A single core sample taken from the tree dated its germination to the year 1091 when observed in 1992. A dead trunk found in New Mexico was found to have 1,888 rings; other trees in the same area are suspected to exceed 2,000 years. The more typical longevity of individual trees is from 250 to 300 years of age. 86: 980:. Though obtaining a greater size in more sheltered locations they will successfully grow on rock outcrops with no soil and on high ridges. In the mountains to the north of Colorado and Utah the trees grow on relatively dry sites, often south facing slopes. In the south it grows in more sheltered locations and caynons, with the transition occurring in Colorado. 1053:. Rocky Mountain juniper is a relatively slow growing species with an average age (at one site) of eight years for saplings 30 centimeters in height. As a species they have difficulty becoming established on constantly dry sites and have greater success establishing in areas that catch temporary water, such as rocky crevices and slight depressions. 1357:'Skyrocket' due to debate over the classification of the wild individual that is the parent of this cultivar. It was first introduced in 1949 under the name 'Pilaris 1' by Schuel Nursery in South Bend, Indiana. This cultivar is listed by Ohio State University Extension as being resistant, but not immune, to cedar-apple rust. 1056:

Until they are approximately 50 years old Rocky Mountain junipers are vulnerable to fire due to thin bark and relatively large concentrations of resins and oils. Trees that are burned have no ability to regenerate from the roots. Older trees are still vulnerable to fires, but may survive if they lack

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of the United States and small areas of northern Mexico. They are the most widespread of all the New World junipers. They are relatively small trees, occasionally just a large bush or stunted snag. They tend to be found in isolated groves or even as single trees rather than as the dominant tree of a

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in winter of up to 5 centimeters in width on susceptible junipers. These are not seriously harmful to the juniper host, but in the spring the galls produce soft, gummy horns that release spores to infect apples and related plants in the rose family where it is a much more serious disease. For

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and small twigs are browsed in small amounts by large herbivores. The primary human use is in landscaping for aesthetic purposes, to shelter habitations, or attract fruit-eating birds. They are also used in small amounts for their insect repellent and rot-resistant wood or as firewood for heating.

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is deep red with occasional streaks of white or purple. Due to the usually small size of their trunks they are not much utilized as timber except for making specialty products like "cedar" linings for closets or chests to repel moths. As a fuel wood it is only of fair quality. It has an excellent

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In areas with many deer eating the young shoots, the trees will have a distinctive "browse-line" with bare limbs and trunk. Deer also show strong preferences for the foliage of certain "ice-cream trees" with deer making much more of an effort to browse upon them. The reason for this preference is

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size will more typically be 4.6–6.1 metres (15–20 feet) tall in open juniper woodlands. Younger trees have a narrow pyramidal shape, but develop into a rounded, oval, or spreading and irregular crown when older. They may either have a single trunk or multiple stems. Trunks can be large on mature

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in Wyoming are likely remnants of this older distribution. During the ice age the north of its present range was largely covered in glaciars and far too cold for it in areas not covered in ice with populations only reaching as far north as present day south-eastern Wyoming, southeastern Oregon,

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The North American Sylva; or, A Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, Considered Particularly with Respect to Their Use in the Arts, and Their Introduction into Commerce; to Which is Added a Description of the Most Useful of the European Forest

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Rocky Mountain junipers are found across a wider range than any other new world juniper species, though it is almost nowhere a common species. More often they are scattered widely across the landscape in isolated groups, grove, or stands. The species is native to western

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has red-brown bark on branches that can weather to grey on the trunk. The texture of the bark is rough and comes away in shreds on the trunk with brown bark showing in the cracks at times. Branches tend to grow outwards a short distance and then curve to growing upwards

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middens show that plant vegetation zones were 300 to 1100 meters lower in elevation than they are at present. In the Southern Rockies in what is now Colorado and Wyoming juniper woodlands were about 600 meters lower than in the modern

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groves when available, though it does not favor one species of juniper in particular. Many songbirds enthusiastically eat the soft, slightly sweet cones including American robins, solitaires, and waxwings. The fruits are highly attractive to

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reviewed its status in 2016 and rated it globally secure (G5). They found populations of the species to be imperiled (S2) in Saskatchewan and Oklahoma. They also gave the populations in Alberta and Oregon the status of vulnerable (S3).

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they were often harvested to build fences in the American west. The wood is lighter in weight and not as hard as that of the Eastern red cedar. In strength, color, and appearance it is difficult to distinguish the two apart. The outer

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butterfly eats the leaves of this and other juniper species as a caterpillar. As adults, the males are usually found on or around juniper trees waiting for females. They have two flights per year and overwinter as pupae in the soil.

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was at first largely considered the same at the Eastern red cedar, no unique common name was required for it and when it was recognized as a species it was most often called "Rocky Mountain red cedar", a common name now applied to

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The seeds of Rocky Mountain juniper are initially reluctant to sprout. Due to a combination of chemical inhibitors and a waterproof coating on the seeds they only germinate at high numbers in their second year off the tree.

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Rocky Mountain Juniper is quite frequently used in gardens when a moderate to small-sized tree is needed for a location with medium moisture (mesic) to dry soil and low soil productivity. The tree is sometimes planted as a

501: in) long that stick out from the shoots. The needles will not have the waxy coating on their upper surface. What appear to be green scales on the shoots of adult trees are the mature leaves which clasp the shoot in 1151:

which attack other conifer species. Once infected with juniper mistletoe it is very difficult or impossible to remove the parasite from the host. The mistletoe berries provide food for fruit eating birds in the winter.

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in a park called Smugglers Cove. In both locales, there are a considerable number of young and old specimens. A 2007 paper showed that they are genetically distinct, and proposed that it be recognized as a new species

1324:) growth habit. At full growth it will be 3.6 to 4.5 meters tall and just 60 centimeters wide. It has a blue-gray cast, but is not as blue as the variety usually called 'skyrocket'. It is a recipient of the 620:

extracted from the trunk is prominent in cis-thujopsene, α-pinene, cedrol, allo-aromadendrene epoxide, (E)-caryophyllene, and widdrol. Limb essential oil is primarily α-pinene and leaf essential oil is primarily

1280:, Utah. It was last reliably measured in 2014 as 12.2 metres (40 ft) tall with it limbs spreading over 8.5 metres (28 ft). However, this tree is, as of 2016, reported to no longer be in good health. 972:. More often they are found on poor, dry soils especially ones formed from basalt, limestone, sandstone, lavas, and shale. They are also tolerant of soils with a significant amount of clay or that have a 1265:, is thought to be over 1,500 years old, though some erroneous estimates of its age previously attributed 3,000 years to it. The oldest known tree in South Dakota is an unnamed tree north of the town of 832:, derives from Latin with the meaning "of rocky cliffs", a reference to its frequent occurrence in rocky areas. The most common of its English names, "Rocky Mountain juniper", was at first applied to 1396:). Treatment is only to trim out infection to improve the appearance of the tree as the infection is not threatening to the health of junipers. In Europe it is attacked by the juniper webber moth, 987:

species and also survives moderately salty water. A similar pattern is also found in the farthest south populations of the species found in Mexico. There it largely grows near streams in caynons.

6288: 957:). Starting in northern Colorado and northern Utah the Rocky Mountain Juniper dominates a woodland type named for the species and found through Idaho and Montana into southern Canada. 1360:

The cultivar 'Wichita Blue' is an all-male selection of the species. It has a conical shape, blue-green foliage, and grows slowly. It has the same winter hardiness as the species.

941:. At edges and lower elevations the junipers are more numerous with a gradual transition to all piñons at higher elevations. It is also a minor part of forests above this such as 509:). Occasionally they will be turned one third to make the shoot three sided. The scales either do not overlap or overlap for at most one-fifth of their length of 1–3 millimetres ( 2246: 1163:. A different study of piñon-juniper woodlands found that mourning doves prefer junipers as nesting locations. Another bird which makes use of them as a nesting location is the 1376:

this reason it is frequently recommended to not plant junipers near desirable apple trees to reduce the spread of the disease. Rocky Mountain junipers are also susceptible to

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In one instance it has adapted to quite extreme conditions for a juniper, growing on wet clay soils in Spring Valley, Nevada. There it grows in the valley bottom as an almost

999:, from 13,500 to 10,000 years before the present, Rocky Mountain juniper grew at much lower elevations in what is now the great basin and desert Southwest. Evidence from 6213: 463:). In sheltered to somewhat shady locations the branches may hang downwards and be quite slender. The very ends, the branchlets, can either stand upright or hang down. 6208: 1456:. Among many Native American cultures, the smoke of the burning juniper is used to drive away evil spirits prior to conducting a ceremony, such as a healing ceremony. 387:

forest. Though they can survive fires, they are vulnerable to them especially when young and this is one of the factors that can limit their spread into grasslands.

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The primary uses of Rocky Mountain juniper are as an ornamental tree in landscaping. It is also used for firewood, as a herb, and for its rot resistant wood.

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Young shoots are very slender. All the leaves are light to dark green, but are often covered in a waxy coating that gives a blue or white cast to the leaves (

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tree that in favorable conditions may reach as much as 20 metres (66 feet) in height. However, on sites with little water or intense sun it will only attain

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A small quantity of ripe berries can be eaten as an emergency food or as a sage-like seasoning for meat. The dried berries can be roasted and ground into a

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Rocky Mountain junipers provide habitat and food for wildlife. They provide cover to a range of species, from small birds and mammals to deer and

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spread out. They are numerous and fibrous in the upper part of the soil. When soils are deep and well drained they will grow to a greater depth.

6098: 3695: 2137: 793:, with the cones maturing in 14–16 months, and often has the tips of the seeds exposed at the cone apex. However, as of 2024 it is listed as a 6203: 3653: 3392: 3332: 3240: 3025: 2991: 2829: 2795: 2516: 2459: 2222: 1886: 1714: 32: 1147:) will use Rocky Mountain juniper as a host, along with other juniper species. Though harmful to the trees it is not as dangerous as the 6233: 6193: 1060: 1996: 1037:, one that comes late in the succession of plant species, and perhaps more adapted to stable environments. At higher elevations of the 6283: 6228: 6278: 3622: 3593: 2427: 1911: 629:, like sabinene, inhibit the gut bacteria of ruminants and deer show the expected preference for foliage lower in these chemicals. 481:) making them appear blue-gray or blue. On immature trees they will be covered in sharp needle like "whip leaves" 3–6 millimetres ( 2493: 2265: 921:

The trees are very numerous in the lower mountains and foothills where grasslands or scrublands transition to low forests. In the

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unknown, but captive deer will show the same preference when offered branches trimmed from trees in more controlled experiments.

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trees, 38–76 centimetres (15–30 inches) in diameter. When the subsoil is difficult to penetrate and lacks moisure the roots of

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is classical Latin, rather than botanical Latin, and was the name used in antiquity for this type of tree. The species name (

5989: 3614: 1738: 2319: 1167:. On the northern plains Rocky Mountain juniper stands support a wide variety of bird species, directly or indirectly. The 1099:

spp.) it may make up two-thirds of their diet in winter. However, when given a choice, mule deer prefer alligator juniper (

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as least concern as it is a widespread species with an increasing population and no other significant threats. Similarly

5584: 4664: 4197: 4065: 2880: 1555: 6124: 4754: 2361: 1325: 2417: 454: in) in diameter the bark is smooth. On larger twigs and branches it becomes rough, coming off in thin strips. 6248: 6238: 6111: 6028: 5547: 3688: 1612: 1607: 798: 108: 2983:

The Backyard Bird Lover's Field Guide : Secrets to Attracting, Identifying, and Enjoying Birds of Your Region

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Michaux, François André; Nuttall, Thomas; Hillhouse, Augustus L. (Augustus Lucas); Redouté, Pierre Joseph (1841).

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The wood of Rocky Mountain Juniper is quite rot-resistant when cured, and prior to the widespread adoption of the

678:). The population of juniper trees in Mexico near the former site of Colonia Pacheco, Chihuahua is a hybrid with 6298: 6223: 6218: 4734: 4714: 4694: 4684: 4674: 4594: 4428: 4388: 4311: 4302: 3810: 1068: 938: 2581:. Fort Collins, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service. pp. 1, 6 1171:

is one of the most frequently observed species in stands. Other birds observed year round in the groves include

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in 1900 and Albert Edward Murray publishing a paper in 1983 that reclassified it as a subspecies under the name

6263: 6253: 5838: 5670: 5632: 4744: 4654: 4624: 4604: 4398: 4128: 3790: 1143: 1133: 1122:. Usually they are a minor pest, but occasionally their numbers can explode and cause serious damage to trees. 922: 6116: 4471: 3292: 2773:. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. pp. 2, 6. 2136:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. 4634: 4274: 4217: 4207: 4174: 3936: 3800: 3743: 3733: 3554: 2350:(7th ed.). Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of the Environment. pp. 338, 341. 1997:"Aromatic profiles of trunk, limb, and leaf essential oils of Juniperus scopulorum (Cupressaceae) from Utah" 1482: 1193: 968:

and high in calcium. They grow to their maximum size on deep, moist, but well draining soils with plenty of

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Ecological characteristics of pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Colorado Plateau : a literature survey

5307: 5227: 5187: 5157: 5127: 5068: 4870: 4644: 4614: 4551: 4501: 4481: 4354: 4264: 4085: 4042: 3681: 2696:"Seed and Seedling Ecology of Piñon and Juniper Species in the Pygmy Woodlands of Western North America" 1398: 1329: 1277: 942: 674: 219: 5937: 5367: 3355: 1335: 3167: 2422:(in English, Latin, French, and Spanish). Vol. 1. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 461. 1960: 6038: 5870: 5707: 5608: 5393: 5385: 5357: 5277: 5167: 5018: 4938: 4880: 4810: 4511: 4408: 4364: 4344: 4334: 4227: 4105: 4075: 3966: 3906: 3896: 3886: 3753: 2707: 1403: 1266: 1112: 713: 668: 642: 5898: 2125: 1353:

in gardens, grown for its very slender, strictly erect growth habit. It is also sometimes listed as

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smell when burning, but produces poor coals, lots of sparks, and is moderately difficult to split.

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is especially noted for consuming large amounts of the berries. In a controlled experiment by Dr.

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a caged bird consumed 900 of them in five hours. Larger animals also consume the cones including

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Rocky Mountain Trees : A Handbook of the Native Species With Plates & Distribution Maps

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Post-1900 Mule Deer Irruptions in the Intermountain West : Principal Cause and Influences

2723: 2630: 2455: 2423: 2218: 2045: 1907: 1882: 1710: 1460: 1083:, particularly in the winter. Studies of their winter foraging habits show that together with 684:. There is some disagreement whether hybrids are formed with the oneseed juniper in the wild. 680: 1818: 1025:

Area in eastern Idaho showing fire killed Rocky Mountain juniper and surviving stand in 2010.

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Two species of mites are known to use Rocky Mountain juniper leaf-scales as a food source,

6046: 5599: 5137: 4119: 4019: 3081:"Landscape-Level Habitat Use and Movement Patterns of Black Bears in Northeastern Arizona" 3079:

Tredick, Catherine A.; Stauffer, Dean F.; Kelly, Marcella J.; Vaughan, Michael R. (2017).

1477: 1258: 1148: 1050: 600: in) long, and shed their pollen in early spring, generally in April. It is usually 6090: 2711: 1021: 6085: 5623: 4585: 4165: 3976: 3322: 2481: 2287: 1180: 1168: 1034: 1005: 133: 2911:"Nesting Bird Ecology of Four Plant Communities in the Missouri River Breaks, Montana" 505:

pairs with the next pair down or up the shoot rotated a quarter turn (90°) around it (

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Burns, Jessica; Chatfield, Jim; Peduto Hand, Francesca; Bonello, Pierluigi (Enrico).

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In Montana a study of pine-juniper woodlands with Rocky Mountain junipers found that

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is listed as an accepted species with no subspecies by POWO, WFO, and World Plants.

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World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 18.0

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Dixon, Helen (December 1935). "Ecological Studies on the High Plateaus of Utah".

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Like most junipers, Rocky Mountain Juniper can be infected by a number funguses.

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in 1877. Its proper classification has continued to be debated by botanists with

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in 1897. Previously trees had been identified as one of its two close relatives,

6152: 6129: 6010: 5945: 5832: 5698: 5575: 5429: 5406: 4142: 1453: 1385: 1245: 1197: 1160: 1092: 1042: 767: 626: 502: 176: 2611:: Evidence for Pleistocene Refugia and Recolonization in Western North America" 4325: 4056: 3724: 3673: 3096: 1598: 1321: 950: 605: 146: 5823: 3663: 3104: 2926: 2727: 2634: 2165:

in the Serranias del Burro Mountains, Coahuila, Mexico: A Pleistocene Relict"

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are berry-like that are round to somewhat irregular in shape with two lobes (

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Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods

3639: 2956: 1881:(1. publ ed.). Richmond, United Kingdom: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1349:'Skyrocket' is a very frequently mentioned cultivar. It is a very popular 6137: 5817: 5745: 5661: 4768: 4033: 2821:

The Butterflies of North America : a natural history and field guide

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Chambers, Jeanne C.; Wall, Stephen B. Vander; Schupp, Eugene W. (1999).

2543: 1745:. Vol. 2. Fort Collins, Colorado: State of Colorado. pp. 41–43 1309:

in the west and on the plains. It is also moderately popular subject of

576:, but may contain one or three; they are mature in about 18 months. The 5924: 4010: 2934: 2910: 2735: 2719: 2695: 2642: 2606: 2551: 2057: 2025: 1420: 977: 973: 899: 883: 375: 196: 166: 156: 5950: 2787:

Butterflies of Rocky Mountain National Park : an observer's guide

2251:, the seaside juniper, a new species from Puget Sounds, North America" 2824:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 374–375. 2454:(2nd American ed.). New York: Penguin Random House. p. 48. 1310: 911: 907: 875: 577: 399: 5794: 3509:. Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. 2002 3148:

Purintun, Jordan (Summer 2018). "The Oldest Trees in South Dakota".

2626: 2535: 2041: 604:, producing cones of only one sex on each tree, but is occasionally 2669: 2026:"Deer Preference for Juniper Forage and Volatile Oil Treated Foods" 5963: 5888: 5452: 3017:

Audubon Backyard Birdwatcher : birdfeeders & bird gardens

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tribes boiled an infusion from the leaves and inner bark to treat

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Schwartz, Charles C.; Regelin, Wayne L.; Nagy, Julius G. (1980).

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Isolated populations of junipers occur close to sea level in the

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Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land

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Rocky Mountain Juniper Woodlands : year-round avian habitat

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barely distinguishable on morphology, though it does differ in

2217:. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press. pp. 115–119. 1448:. The cones were also sometimes boiled into a drink used as a 865:

tree in open piñon-juniper woodland, Coconino County, Arizona

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will make use of them as a nesting site, though they prefer

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cultivation in the United States. There are over 100 named

1008:. The relic groves still found on the Great Plains and the 3356:"Juniperus scopulorum 'Blue Heaven' (Blue Heaven Juniper)" 3020:. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. p. 331. 2790:. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. pp. 68–69, 230. 1013:

southern Idaho, and northern Colorado insolated refuges.

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Koski, R.D.; Jacobi, W.R.; Swift, C.E. (December 2013).

1775:(3rd ed.). New York: Dover Publications. p. 79 3232:

Conifers for Gardens : An Illustrated Encyclopedia

3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1709:. Seattle, Washington: Mountaineers. pp. 130–135. 707:

was first described and named as a separate species by

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Burton, Robert; Kress, Stephen W. Bird garden (1999).

2517:"Evaluation of Pinyon-Juniper Conversion to Grassland" 1300:

Rocky Mountain junipers in a windbreak in North Dakota

2890:. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona 3235:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 155–156. 2689: 2687: 1906:. Vancouver, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. 1320:'Blue arrow' is a cultivar with a narrow and erect ( 960:

Though tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions,

654:. It will also form hybrids with alligator juniper ( 625:. Experiments with deer have found that oxygenated 6289:

Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

5807: 5744: 5720: 5697: 5687: 5660: 5650: 5622: 5598: 5574: 5564: 5537: 5514: 5451: 5428: 5405: 5384: 4913: 4799: 4790: 4767: 4584: 4451: 4378: 4324: 4301: 4291: 4254: 4244: 4187: 4164: 4141: 4118: 4055: 4032: 4009: 3846: 3823: 3780: 3770: 3723: 3713: 2578:Silvical Characteristics of Rocky Mountain Juniper 2019: 2017: 1853:. Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books. p. 85 2411: 2409: 2214:Trees of the Great Basin : A Natural History 2570: 2568: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 3360:North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 2475: 2473: 2471: 1842: 1840: 3316: 3314: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 3689: 3638:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) . 1549: 1547: 1530:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42252A2967054.en 1029:At lower elevations, in the absence of fire, 616:Rocky Mountain juniper is an aromatic plant. 8: 3529:"Cedar-apple rust and related rust diseases" 2762: 2760: 2888:University of Arizona Cooperative Extension 2394:. Philadelphia : J. Dobson. p. 95 1970:. United States Department of Agriculture. 1879:A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys 1764: 1762: 1760: 1406:range for the species is zone 3 to zone 7. 1272:The largest tree of this species is one in 5795: 5694: 5657: 5571: 4796: 4298: 4251: 3777: 3720: 3696: 3682: 3674: 1904:Junipers of the World: The Genus Juniperus 1812: 1810: 933:is associated with the various species of 398:are eaten by many animals and their scaly 243: 84: 62: 31: 20: 3327:. London: B.T. Batsford. pp. 94–95. 3264:"Care Guide for the Juniper Bonsai tree ( 2854:"Mistletoes in Colorado Conifers - 2.925" 1872: 1870: 1868: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1528: 1500: 1498: 976:that is naturally cemented together like 751:proposing to move it to his new genus as 723:. Parts of the species were described as 16:Western North American species of juniper 6214:Flora of the South-Central United States 3050:"The Dissemination of Junipers by Birds" 640:is closely related to eastern redcedar ( 6209:Flora of the Northwestern United States 4129: 3611:Encyclopedia of Native American Healing 3415:Lofgren, Kristine (28 September 2023). 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 1850:Cone-bearing Trees of the Pacific Coast 1494: 1141:The parasitic plant juniper mistletoe ( 1137:Example of juniper mistletoe with fruit 650:with it where their ranges meet on the 434:On twigs between 5 and 10 millimetres ( 273: 5633: 4755: 4745: 4735: 4725: 4715: 4705: 4695: 4685: 4675: 4665: 4655: 4645: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4605: 4595: 4175: 3474:Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder 2607:"Infraspecific Terpenoid Variation in 2282: 2280: 2278: 1968:Natural Resources Conservation Service 1649: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1071:, Montana showing distinct browse-line 5731: 5548: 4439: 4429: 4419: 4409: 4399: 4389: 4228: 4218: 4208: 4198: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3470:"Juniperus scopulorum 'Wichita Blue'" 3417:"Tips for Growing Skyrocket Junipers" 2486:(Rocky Mountain juniper) description" 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 275: 7: 6039:81e826d6-7a58-4699-b4e7-551704bd1d4d 4312: 4275: 4265: 3834: 3498:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae 2496:from the original on 14 January 2024 2318:Hassler, Michael (29 October 2023). 1977:from the original on 14 January 2024 1654:Adams, Robert P. (5 November 2020). 1369:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae 1317:of the species in the plant trade. 6189:IUCN Red List least concern species 5708: 5585: 5439: 5416: 4152: 2480:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2023). 2084:Butler University Botanical Studies 1516:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5394: 4365: 4355: 4345: 4335: 4106: 4096: 4086: 4076: 4066: 3754: 3744: 3734: 2140:from the original on 13 March 2023 2030:The Journal of Wildlife Management 1049:), it may be considered more of a 422:height, and even those that reach 345:(R.P.Adams) Y.Yang & K.S.Mao 14: 5525: 5368: 5358: 5348: 5338: 5328: 5318: 5308: 5298: 5288: 5278: 5268: 5258: 5248: 5238: 5228: 5218: 5208: 5198: 5188: 5178: 5168: 5158: 5148: 5138: 5128: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5079: 5069: 5059: 5049: 5039: 5029: 5019: 5009: 4999: 4989: 4979: 4969: 4959: 4949: 4939: 4929: 4901: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4841: 4831: 4821: 4811: 4572: 4562: 4552: 4542: 4532: 4522: 4512: 4502: 4492: 4482: 4472: 4462: 3997: 3987: 3977: 3967: 3957: 3947: 3937: 3927: 3917: 3907: 3897: 3887: 3877: 3867: 3857: 3533:University of Minnesota Extension 3450:. Ohio State University Extension 3362:. North Carolina State University 2986:. New York: Rodale. p. 240. 1743:Pamphlets on Forestry in Colorado 1423:is light-colored while the inner 6117:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:132535-2 5775: 5765: 5755: 5671: 4778: 4043: 3150:South Dakota Conservation Digest 2344:Hosie, Richard Christie (1973). 1769:Preston Jr., Richard J. (1968). 1570:from the original on 1 July 2023 964:strongly prefers soils that are 107: 5609: 4020: 3615:W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 3507:Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic 2416:Grandtner, Miroslav M. (2005). 2134:Fire Effects Information System 1257:One particular individual, the 382:, from southwest Canada to the 3586:University of Washington Press 3553:Kuhns, Michael; Schmidt, Tom. 3060:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 62 2419:Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees 2368:. Oxford University Press, n.d 2080:"Notes on Cultivated Junipers" 1847:Bowers, Nathan Abbott (1956). 1473:Ecology of the Rocky Mountains 1: 5502: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5462: 3193:"Rocky Mountain Juniper - UT" 3172:Utah Community Forest Council 2909:Walcheck, Kenneth C. (1970). 2879:Olsen, Mary; Young, Deborah. 770:area in Washington Park near 6204:Flora of the Rocky Mountains 2515:Aro, Richard S. (May 1971). 2264:(3): 263–283. Archived from 1739:"The Evergreens of Colorado" 1737:Longyear, Burton O. (1914). 3476:. Missouri Botanical Garden 3229:Bitner, Richard L. (2007). 3168:"Utah's National Champions" 3085:The Southwestern Naturalist 3048:Phillips, Frank J. (1910). 2955:Sieg, Carolyn Hull (1991). 2860:. Colorado State University 2575:Herman, Francis R. (1958). 2524:Journal of Range Management 1392:), and juniper broom rust ( 1326:Royal Horticultural Society 1125:The iridescent olive-green 6315: 6234:Flora of Chihuahua (state) 6194:NatureServe secure species 2767:Gruell, George E. (1986). 2450:Coombes, Allen J. (2023). 2211:Lanner, Ronald M. (1984). 2124:Scher, Janette S. (2002). 1959:Stevens, Michelle (2002). 1613:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1608:Plants of the World Online 1394:Gymnosporangium nidus-avis 1183:. The appropriately named 799:Plants of the World Online 6284:Trees of Northern America 6229:Flora of British Columbia 3609:Lyon, William S. (1998). 3097:10.1894/0038-4909-62.1.85 2605:Adams, Robert P. (1983). 2159:Adams, Robert P. (2011). 1902:Adams, Robert P. (2004). 1817:Noble, Daniel L. (1990). 1703:Arno, Stephen F. (1977). 1069:Yellowstone National Park 949:) and areas dominated by 902:and also locally western 266: 259: 251: 242: 225: 218: 104:Scientific classification 102: 82: 60: 51: 39: 30: 23: 6279:Trees of the Great Basin 4069:. austrocaledonicus 3580:Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). 2818:Scott, James A. (1986). 2362:"Rocky Mountain juniper" 2078:Hall, Marion T. (1961). 1961:"Rocky Mountain Juniper" 1823:Silvics of North America 1819:"Rocky Mountain Juniper" 1390:Gymnosporangium clavipes 1382:Gymnosporangium globosum 1144:Phoradendron juniperinum 1017:Ecology and conservation 991:Pleistocene distribution 937:as a key species of the 923:Southern Rocky Mountains 853:Distribution and habitat 5588:. glyptostroboides 3561:. Utah State University 2490:The Gymnosperm Database 1566:. Arlington, Virginia. 1483:Pinyon-juniper woodland 1173:black-capped chickadees 995:Towards the end of the 709:Charles Sprague Sargent 580:cones are 2–4 mm ( 294:Juniperus occidentalis 5674:. cryptomerioides 2784:Angel, Leslie (2005). 2347:Native Trees of Canada 1877:Farjon, Aljos (2005). 1664:Flora of North America 1343: 1301: 1214:Edgar Alexander Mearns 1138: 1079:is heavily browsed by 1072: 1026: 943:ponderosa pine forests 939:piñon-juniper woodland 929:, and parts of Nevada 866: 835:Juniperus occidentalis 737:Juniperus occidentalis 720:Juniperus occidentalis 701: 663:Juniperus horizontalis 537: 474: 372:Rocky Mountain juniper 45:Badlands National Park 6269:Flora of South Dakota 6259:Flora of North Dakota 6244:Flora of Saskatchewan 4475:. austrotibetica 4201:. cedarbergensis 3423:. Ask the Experts LLC 3381:McHoy, Peter (2000). 2245:Adams, R. P. (2007). 1399:Dichomeris marginella 1371:) produces hard stem 1338: 1330:Award of Garden Merit 1299: 1278:Cache National Forest 1136: 1119:Eurytetranychus admes 1063: 1047:Pseudotsuga menziesii 1024: 860: 695: 675:Juniperus osteosperma 672:), and Utah juniper ( 660:), creeping juniper ( 535: 469: 330:Juniperus virginiana 318:Juniperus virginiana 306:Juniperus virginiana 6294:Least concern plants 6078:Juniperus scopulorum 5839:Juniperus scopulorum 5809:Juniperus scopulorum 5505:. sutchuenensis 5331:. saltillensis 5301:. occidentalis 5261:. horizontalis 5201:. coahuilensis 5032:. pseudosabina 4962:. foetidissima 4668:. guadalupensis 3940:. neocaledonica 3384:Choosing Small Trees 3321:Carr, David (1979). 3295:Juniperus scopulorum 2980:Roth, Sally (2007). 2609:Juniperus scopulorum 2484:Juniperus scopulorum 2452:Trees (DK Handbooks) 2290:Juniperus scopulorum 2163:Juniperus virginiana 2128:Juniperus scopulorum 1658:Juniperus scopulorum 1601:Juniperus scopulorum 1564:NatureServe Explorer 1558:Juniperus scopulorum 1554:NatureServe (2023). 1523:: e.T42252A2967054. 1509:Juniperus scopulorum 1404:plant hardiness zone 1355:Juniperus virginiana 1340:Juniperus scopulorum 1242:Juniperus scopulorum 1194:Townsend's solitaire 1177:black-billed magpies 1113:Oligonychus ununguis 1089:Artemisia tridentata 1077:Juniperus scopulorum 1065:Juniperus scopulorum 1033:may be considered a 1031:Juniperus scopulorum 962:Juniperus scopulorum 931:Juniperus scopulorum 863:Juniperus scopulorum 810:Juniperus scopulorum 785:. If valid, it is a 757:Juniperus virginiana 725:Juniperus virginiana 714:Juniperus virginiana 705:Juniperus scopulorum 698:Juniperus scopulorum 669:Juniperus monosperma 666:), oneseed juniper ( 643:Juniperus virginiana 638:Juniperus scopulorum 471:Juniperus scopulorum 456:Juniperus scopulorum 429:Juniperus scopulorum 412:Juniperus scopulorum 367:Juniperus scopulorum 337:(Sarg.) A.E.Murray 254:Juniperus scopulorum 229:Juniperus scopulorum 41:Juniperus scopulorum 25:Juniperus scopulorum 5612:. sempervirens 5551:. vietnamensis 5475:. occidentalis 5311:. osteosperma 5231:. durangensis 5191:. californica 5161:. barbadensis 5131:. angosturana 5112:. wallichiana 5072:. semiglobosa 4874:. lutchuensis 4758:. stephensonii 4575:. vietnamensis 4545:. sempervirens 4315:. nootkatensis 4046:. cupressoides 3880:. columellaris 3747:. selaginoides 3737:. cupressoides 3496:"Cedar-Apple Rust: 2915:The Wilson Bulletin 2712:1999BotRv..65....1C 2366:Oxford Dictionaries 1934:Zarn, Mark (1977). 1505:Farjon, A. (2013). 997:Last Glacial Period 906:, and northernmost 552:) and 5–9 mm ( 394:. Their berry-like 54:Conservation status 5361:. virginiana 5341:. scopulorum 5281:. monosperma 5171:. bermudiana 5022:. procumbens 4942:. convallium 4884:. macrocarpa 4814:. brevifolia 4555:. tonkinensis 4505:. duclouxiana 4485:. cashmeriana 4432:. taiwanensis 4392:. formosensis 3814:. pyramidalis 3444:"Cedar-Apple Rust" 3199:. American Forests 3054:Forestry Quarterly 2720:10.1007/BF02856556 2297:World Flora Online 2249:Juniperus maritima 1344: 1302: 1187:also makes use of 1139: 1127:juniper hairstreak 1101:Juniperus deppeana 1073: 1039:Intermountain West 1027: 890:sporadically from 867: 840:J. scopulorum 803:World Flora Online 782:Juniperus maritima 702: 657:Juniperus deppeana 538: 475: 378:native to western 374:, is a species of 286:Juniperus maritima 211:J. scopulorum 6249:Flora of Nebraska 6239:Flora of Coahuila 6176: 6175: 6060:Open Tree of Life 5801:Taxon identifiers 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5778:. mucronatum 5683: 5682: 5646: 5645: 5560: 5559: 5495:. standishii 5465:. koraiensis 5442:. articulata 5419:. orientalis 5380: 5379: 5351:. standleyi 5321:. pinchotii 5291:. monticola 5271:. jaliscana 5151:. arizonica 5120:New World Species 5092:. thurifera 5062:. saltuaria 4992:. phoenicea 4982:. komarovii 4932:. chinensis 4922:Old World Species 4894:. oxycedrus 4864:. formosana 4738:. revealiana 4718:. nevadensis 4698:. macrocarpa 4688:. macnabiana 4678:. lusitanica 4598:. abramsiana 4515:. dupreziana 4402:. lawsoniana 4358:. macrolepis 4287: 4286: 4278:. lanceolata 4247:Cunninghamioideae 4240: 4239: 4089:. chevalieri 3970:. rhomboidea 3910:. macleayana 3900:. endlicheri 3890:. drummondii 3794:. acuminatus 3766: 3765: 3655:978-1-4027-6715-9 3394:978-1-57145-647-2 3334:978-0-7134-1307-6 3242:978-0-88192-830-3 3027:978-1-57145-186-6 2993:978-1-59486-603-6 2881:"True Mistletoes" 2831:978-0-8047-1205-7 2797:978-1-55566-351-3 2658:Botanical Gazette 2461:978-0-7440-7420-8 2271:on July 21, 2011. 2224:978-0-87417-081-8 1888:978-1-84246-068-9 1716:978-0-916890-50-6 1461:coffee substitute 1224:, and mule deer. 1189:J. sopulorum 838:in 1841. Because 774:and southwestern 753:Sabina scopulorum 681:Juniperus blancoi 536:Foliage and cones 363: 362: 354: 350:Sabina scopulorum 346: 338: 326: 314: 302: 290: 282: 278:Juniperus excelsa 252:Natural range of 97: 77: 6306: 6299:Dioecious plants 6224:Flora of Arizona 6219:Flora of Alberta 6169: 6168: 6156: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6133: 6132: 6120: 6119: 6107: 6106: 6094: 6093: 6081: 6080: 6068: 6067: 6055: 6054: 6042: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6019: 6018: 6006: 6005: 5993: 5992: 5980: 5979: 5967: 5966: 5954: 5953: 5941: 5940: 5928: 5927: 5915: 5914: 5902: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5879: 5878: 5866: 5865: 5853: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5796: 5777: 5768:. distichum 5767: 5758:. ascendens 5757: 5733: 5710: 5695: 5673: 5658: 5636:. giganteum 5635: 5611: 5587: 5572: 5550: 5528:. dolabrata 5527: 5504: 5494: 5484: 5474: 5464: 5441: 5418: 5397:. decussata 5396: 5370: 5360: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5320: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5260: 5251:. gamboana 5250: 5241:. flaccida 5240: 5230: 5221:. deppeana 5220: 5211:. comitana 5210: 5200: 5190: 5180: 5170: 5160: 5150: 5140: 5130: 5111: 5102:. tibetica 5101: 5091: 5082:. squamata 5081: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4903: 4893: 4883: 4873: 4863: 4853: 4843: 4833: 4823: 4813: 4797: 4781:. hodginsii 4780: 4757: 4748:. sargentii 4747: 4737: 4727: 4717: 4707: 4697: 4687: 4677: 4667: 4658:. goveniana 4657: 4647: 4637: 4628:. benthamii 4627: 4617: 4608:. arizonica 4607: 4597: 4574: 4564: 4554: 4544: 4534: 4524: 4514: 4504: 4495:. chengiana 4494: 4484: 4474: 4465:. atlantica 4464: 4441: 4431: 4421: 4411: 4401: 4391: 4368:. rupestris 4367: 4357: 4348:. formosana 4347: 4338:. decurrens 4337: 4314: 4299: 4277: 4267: 4252: 4230: 4221:. schwarzii 4220: 4211:. nodiflora 4210: 4200: 4177: 4154: 4131: 4109:. yateensis 4108: 4098: 4088: 4079:. bidwillii 4078: 4068: 4045: 4022: 4000:. verrucosa 3999: 3989: 3979: 3969: 3959: 3949: 3939: 3929: 3920:. monticola 3919: 3909: 3899: 3889: 3879: 3870:. canescens 3869: 3859: 3837:. chilensis 3836: 3813: 3804:. arenarius 3803: 3793: 3778: 3757:. laxifolia 3756: 3746: 3736: 3721: 3716:Athrotaxidoideae 3698: 3691: 3684: 3675: 3668: 3667: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3226: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3145: 3139: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2700:Botanical Review 2691: 2682: 2681: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2602: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2521: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2255: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2208: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2121: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1965: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1931: 1918: 1917: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1874: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1814: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1766: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1700: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1651: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1595: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1502: 1432:Traditional uses 1416:steel fence post 1365:Cedar-apple rust 1351:ornamental plant 1210:Bohemian waxwing 1206:evening grosbeak 1185:juniper titmouse 1165:chipping sparrow 1149:dwarf mistletoes 955:Quercus gambelii 927:Colorado Plateau 880:British Columbia 826:specific epithet 776:British Columbia 749:Per Axel Rydberg 745:George Engelmann 696:Illustration of 599: 598: 594: 589: 588: 584: 571: 570: 566: 561: 560: 556: 528: 527: 523: 518: 517: 513: 500: 499: 495: 490: 489: 485: 453: 452: 448: 443: 442: 438: 352: 344: 336: 333: 325:(Sarg.) Lemmon 324: 321: 312: 309: 300: 297: 288: 280: 247: 231: 112: 111: 91: 88: 87: 71: 66: 65: 35: 21: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6264:Flora of Sonora 6254:Flora of Nevada 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6164: 6159: 6151: 6149: 6141: 6136: 6128: 6123: 6115: 6110: 6102: 6097: 6089: 6084: 6076: 6071: 6063: 6058: 6050: 6047:Observation.org 6045: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5970: 5962: 5957: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5923: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5897: 5895: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5861: 5856: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5803: 5793: 5784: 5781: 5740: 5737: 5734:. pensilis 5716: 5711:. japonica 5679: 5642: 5639: 5618: 5615: 5594: 5591: 5556: 5533: 5510: 5447: 5424: 5401: 5376: 5371:. zanonii 5181:. blancoi 5115: 5042:. recurva 5012:. procera 4952:. excelsa 4909: 4854:. drupacea 4844:. conferta 4834:. communis 4786: 4763: 4638:. forbesii 4580: 4565:. torulosa 4535:. gigantea 4525:. funebris 4447: 4442:. thyoides 4422:. pisifera 4374: 4371: 4320: 4283: 4268:. konishii 4236: 4183: 4178:. uviferum 4160: 4137: 4132:. pancheri 4120:Neocallitropsis 4114: 4051: 4028: 4005: 3960:. preissii 3930:. muelleri 3842: 3819: 3762: 3709: 3702: 3672: 3671: 3656: 3648:. p. 194. 3637: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3588:. p. 354. 3579: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3421:Gardener's Path 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3228: 3227: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3137:Jardine Juniper 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2627:10.2307/1219848 2604: 2603: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2536:10.2307/3896770 2519: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2479: 2478: 2469: 2462: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2286: 2285: 2276: 2268: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2210: 2209: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2123: 2122: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2042:10.2307/3808357 2023: 2022: 2015: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1932: 1921: 1914: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1815: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1706:Northwest trees 1702: 1701: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1653: 1652: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1597: 1596: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1478:Jardine Juniper 1469: 1434: 1412: 1294: 1286: 1259:Jardine Juniper 1255: 1234: 1181:long-eared owls 1075:The foliage of 1067:on hillside in 1051:pioneer species 1019: 993: 947:Pinus ponderosa 855: 820:The genus name 818: 787:cryptic species 735:in 1876 and as 690: 635: 633:Similar species 614: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 581: 568: 564: 563: 558: 554: 553: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510: 497: 493: 492: 487: 483: 482: 450: 446: 445: 440: 436: 435: 409: 359: 342:Sabina maritima 331: 319: 307: 295: 272: 271: 238: 233: 227: 214: 106: 98: 89: 85: 78: 67: 63: 56: 47:, South Dakota 17: 12: 11: 5: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6166:wfo-0000354991 6157: 6147: 6134: 6121: 6108: 6095: 6082: 6069: 6056: 6043: 6033: 6020: 6007: 5994: 5981: 5968: 5955: 5942: 5929: 5916: 5903: 5893: 5880: 5867: 5854: 5844: 5829: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5771: 5761: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5628: 5626: 5624:Sequoiadendron 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5488: 5485:. plicata 5478: 5468: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5354: 5344: 5334: 5324: 5314: 5304: 5294: 5284: 5274: 5264: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5224: 5214: 5204: 5194: 5184: 5174: 5164: 5154: 5144: 5134: 5117: 5116: 5105: 5095: 5085: 5075: 5065: 5055: 5052:. sabina 5045: 5035: 5025: 5015: 5005: 5002:. pingii 4995: 4985: 4975: 4972:. indica 4965: 4955: 4945: 4935: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4897: 4887: 4877: 4867: 4857: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4824:. cedrus 4817: 4806: 4804: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4731: 4728:. pygmaea 4721: 4711: 4708:. montana 4701: 4691: 4681: 4671: 4661: 4651: 4641: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4601: 4590: 4588: 4586:Hesperocyparis 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4568: 4558: 4548: 4538: 4528: 4518: 4508: 4498: 4488: 4478: 4468: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4435: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4395: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4351: 4341: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4214: 4204: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4170: 4168: 4166:Pilgerodendron 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4155:. papuana 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4099:. plumosa 4092: 4082: 4072: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4023:. archeri 4015: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3990:. sulcata 3983: 3973: 3963: 3953: 3950:. oblonga 3943: 3933: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3893: 3883: 3873: 3863: 3860:. baileyi 3852: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3797: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3750: 3740: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3654: 3630: 3623: 3601: 3594: 3572: 3559:Utah Extension 3555:"Wood Heating" 3545: 3520: 3487: 3461: 3434: 3407: 3393: 3373: 3347: 3333: 3310: 3284: 3255: 3241: 3210: 3197:Champion Trees 3184: 3159: 3140: 3125: 3071: 3040: 3026: 3006: 2992: 2972: 2947: 2921:(4): 370–382. 2901: 2871: 2844: 2830: 2810: 2796: 2776: 2756: 2683: 2670:10.1086/334554 2648: 2592: 2564: 2530:(3): 188–197. 2507: 2467: 2460: 2442: 2428: 2405: 2379: 2353: 2336: 2310: 2274: 2237: 2223: 2186: 2151: 2101: 2070: 2036:(1): 114–120. 2013: 1988: 1951: 1919: 1912: 1894: 1887: 1864: 1836: 1786: 1756: 1729: 1715: 1676: 1660:Sargent - FNA" 1625: 1581: 1543: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1438:Plateau Indian 1433: 1430: 1411: 1408: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1254: 1251: 1233: 1230: 1169:American robin 1157:mourning doves 1035:climax species 1018: 1015: 1006:Holocene epoch 992: 989: 970:organic matter 882:and southwest 854: 851: 817: 814: 689: 686: 634: 631: 613: 610: 408: 405: 361: 360: 358: 357: 356: 355: 353:(Sarg.) Rydb. 347: 339: 327: 315: 303: 291: 283: 269: 268: 267: 264: 263: 257: 256: 249: 248: 240: 239: 234: 223: 222: 216: 215: 208: 206: 202: 201: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 137: 136: 131: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 99: 83: 80: 79: 61: 58: 57: 52: 49: 48: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6311: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274:Flora of Utah 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5722:Glyptostrobus 5719: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Taiwanioideae 5649: 5638: 5637: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5539:Xanthocyparis 5536: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5141:. ashei 5135: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4904:. rigida 4898: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4648:. glabra 4642: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4618:. bakeri 4612: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4412:. obtusa 4406: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4380:Chamaecyparis 4377: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294:Cupressoideae 4290: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4233: 4232: 4231:. whytei 4225: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4189:Widdringtonia 4186: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3782:Actinostrobus 3779: 3776: 3774: 3773:Callitroideae 3769: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3624:0-393-31735-8 3620: 3617:p. 173. 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3595:0-295-97119-3 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3488: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3374: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3298: 3297:'Blue Arrow'" 3296: 3288: 3285: 3273: 3272:Bonsai Empire 3269: 3267: 3259: 3256: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3007: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2859: 2858:CSU Extension 2855: 2848: 2845: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2431: 2429:0-444-51784-7 2425: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2393: 2392: 2383: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2337: 2325: 2321: 2320:"Cupressales" 2314: 2311: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2238: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2152: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913:1-4120-4250-X 1909: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1452:and to treat 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:hawthorn rust 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342:"Blue Heaven" 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1253:Notable trees 1252: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1222:bighorn sheep 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:pine grosbeak 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:big sagebrush 1082: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041:dominated by 1040: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010:Laramie Basin 1007: 1002: 998: 990: 988: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 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