637:'High justice' and 'low justice' are also terms used in reference to justice in China, although from different premises. Delia Lin argues that 'the essence of high justice' in China rests on foundations of a presumed 'moral supremacy and legitimacy of the ruling party as the guardian of morality' (currently the Chinese Communist Party) while the rarely satisfied 'demand for fair and justice treatment of the nation's people falls into the realm of low justice'. The same set of terms, similarly juxtaposed, is employed by Lee Haiyan.
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High justice is held by all states and the highest vassals in the
European type of feudal society, but may also be acquired by other authorities as part of a high degree of legal autonomy, such as certain cities; which in time often obtained other high privileges originally reserved for high nobility
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A right of appeal was not automatically available, only when explicitly established, and if so not always to a court of the superior political level or a higher degree of the trio. In fact, feudal justice was a labyrinth of specific customs and rules in nearly endless variation, not governed by any
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While the right of justice is held by many "unique" courts, relatively strong states make it a pillar of their absolutist (re)emergence to establish numerous courts to administer justice in their name in different territorial circumscriptions, such as the royal (high) sheriffs in
England, or to
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by the maximal punishment the holders could inflict upon their subjects and other dependents. The scale of punishment generally matched the scale of spectacle (e.g. a public hanging = high justice), so that in France, Paul
Friedland argues: "The degree of spectacle originally the basis for a
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tended by nature to be quite conservative. In judicial matters—as in all spheres of life—feudal society did not see uniformity as either possible or necessarily desirable, each town and region has its customs and ways of doing things, and resented attempts to interfere with them.
703:
Lin, Delia. “High
Justice versus Low Justice: The Legacy of Confucian and Legalist Notions of Justice.” In Justice: The China Experience, edited by Elisa Nesossi, Flora Sapio, Sarah Biddulph, and Susan Trevaskes, 67–91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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As a rule, each court administered justice in general (criminal cases were generally not separate from civil actions and other types of justice, while certain matters were separated such as
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suggest a strict subordination, this was not quite the case; a case could often be brought in any of several courts, with the principle of "prevention" (in the etymological sense of Latin
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distinction between high and low justice", with an intervening level of 'middle justice', characterised by limited or modest spectatorship, added around the end of the fourteenth century.
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512:) together with the heraldic banner of the fief. Some feudal houses adopted a red field symbolic of the blood banner into their coat of arms, the so-called
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was an "equal" enclave in the territorial jurisdiction of the neighboring feudal (temporal or ecclesiastical) Lord, sometimes even extending rather like a
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508:("blood flag") was a solid red flag. It was presented to feudal lords as a symbol of their power of high jurisdiction (
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Lee Haiyan, A Certain
Justice: Toward an Ecology of the Chinese Legal Imagination, University of Chicago Press, 2023.
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impose an appeal (at least unifying the law as such) to a royal court, as to the various French provincial
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Paul
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held high justice. Up to the 18th century, for example, the blood court of much of what is now the
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clear legal logic, and subject to significant historical evolution in time. However, the largely
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Often it is proudly displayed, in the form of relevant status symbols. Thus permanent
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by
Christoph Friedrich Grieb (1863) translates the term simply as "a criminal court".
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are often erected in prominent public places; the very word for them in French,
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as such even aspired to such "parliamentary" representation, or the right to
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and sometimes high clergy. Other such privileges could include a seat in a
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to the court in which the case was first filed or otherwise brought.
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Rituals of
Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987
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or a similar feudal representative assembly, before the
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437:(lit. "blood justice", "blood-court"; sometimes also
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567:coins. These privileges indicating its so-called
400:"High justice" redirects here. For the book, see
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672:Dictionary of the English and German Languages
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276:actions, including voluntary justice, minor
272:Low justice regards the level of day-to-day
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
706:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108115919.003
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
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186:This article includes a list of general
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429:("right of the sword") or in German as
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99:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Legal hierarchy in Western feudalism
479:Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis
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728:, Oxford University Press (1996).
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256:are notions dating from Western
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483:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
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53:or discuss these issues on the
662:"blood-court" is a literal of
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762:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
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328:Pyramid of feudal justice
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207:more precise citations.
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610:Landgericht (medieval)
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407:Further information:
306:criminal jurisdiction
284:generally settled by
615:Private jurisdiction
504:("blood banner") or
264:power to administer
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538:flag of Switzerland
510:Blutgerichtsbarkeit
471:Halsgerichtsordnung
431:Blutgerichtsbarkeit
332:Although the terms
290:corporal punishment
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598:Imperial immediacy
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439:Halsgericht
435:Blutgericht
205:introducing
736:Categories
641:References
594:Greifensee
580:Not every
502:Blutbanner
473:passed by
427:ius gladii
389:parlements
363:common-law
342:praevenire
322:ius gladii
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
18:Jus gladii
742:Feudalism
588:lay with
518:Talschaft
506:Blutfahne
497:in 1768.
489:. In the
487:Charles V
353:canon law
300:, unfree
288:or light
258:feudalism
151:June 2007
56:talk page
604:See also
536:and the
530:war flag
365:concept—
262:judicial
747:Justice
688:Adelung
670:; The
569:liberty
549:potence
545:gallows
467:vassals
455:regalia
421:, Paris
318:torture
302:tenants
266:justice
201:improve
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516:. The
419:Louvre
280:, and
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278:pleas
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128:books
582:Vogt
565:mint
557:diet
500:The
463:king
336:and
334:high
114:news
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