Justice of the peace

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criminal matters involving traffic violations and class C misdemeanors punishable by fine only. Pre-trial motion dockets and show-cause hearings are held, and all discovery must be approved by the Judge in advance in civil cases. All criminal matters are controlled by the rules of criminal procedure and evidence. A much more restricted and smaller set of rules apply in civil matters unless, in the Judge's discretion, it is believed to be in the best interests of justice to apply the standard rules of evidence and procedure. The court has the exclusive jurisdiction of evictions. A Texas JP Judge will also magistrate prisoners and set bail. The Judge will hear juvenile violations such as truancy, underage drinking and smoking. Warrants of Arrest, Alias, Search and Capias Profine are issued. Protective Orders can be issued and result in jail time if violated. Several administrative matters are heard including the finding of a Dangerous Dog, Occupational Drivers License and tow hearings. Many writs are issued such as writs of re-entry to apartments, possession of realty and to reinstate utilities a landlord may have turned off. A JP has contempt power of $ 100 and up to 3 days in jail per occurrence. A JP is also authorized to perform marriage ceremonies.

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given to justices choosing to sit in the Youth Court, or those dealing with family matters. New JPs sit with mentors on at least six occasions during their first eighteen months. Justices of the Peace are unpaid appointees, but they may receive allowances to cover travelling expenses, subsistence, and loss of earnings for those not paid by their employer while sitting as a magistrate, up to £116.78 a day. Such person may sit at any magistrates' court in England and Wales, but in practice they are appointed to their local bench (a colloquial and legal term for the local court). Justices of the Peace often sit as a panel of three; two as a minimum in most cases, save for cases under the Single Justice Procedure. Many are members of the Magistrates' Association, which provides advice, training and represents magistrates. Justices of the Peace must sit for a minimum of 26 sessions (half-days) per year. An employer must, by law, allow a Justice of the Peace reasonable time off work to serve as such.

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lawsuits up to a limit of $ 10,000, small claims cases up to $ 2,500 (up to $ 3,500 in Maricopa County), and issues evictions, called writs of restitution (after a forcible detainer or special detainer action (eviction) being successfully completed by a landlord). Justices of the peace, also called JPs, or Judges of the Justice Court, are elected in partisan elections for four-year terms from specific districts called precincts. They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages, administering oaths, adhering to the code of judicial conduct, and all aspects of justice administration. However, Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers. Many justices of the peace are not legally trained, although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College. As with JPs, municipal judges in Arizona are not required to be lawyers.

33: 548:) within Victoria. Bail justices, once appointed, may remain in their role until they turn 70 years of age (although they must be under 65 at the time of their appointment). They are often required to attend call outs and rule on bail applications or protection applications for children in danger on weekends and late at night when the courts are closed, but they can also witness Victorian statutory declarations and affidavits. Candidates must successfully complete a three-day training course run by the Department of Justice. Bail justices, who are also volunteers, also have some limited powers under federal legislation, including the power to conduct interstate extradition hearings and extending question time for federal police. Bail Justices may use the 1595:

who do not sit in the magistrates' courts. The first lay magistrates were appointed in 2005. Two lay magistrates sit with the district judge (magistrates' court) in criminal proceedings involving children (replacing the former lay panelists) and Family Proceedings Court matters. The district judge (magistrates' court), who is a barrister or solicitor of at least seven years standing, presides over the bench. Most criminal justice functions of JPs were transferred to lay magistrates. It is expected that there will be no further appointments of justices of the peace in Northern Ireland, although those already appointed retain the title and any functions not transferred to lay magistrate under the 2002 Act.

2453:. In 1994, the remaining justice courts were consolidated into the municipal courts by the passage of Proposition 191, and in 1998, the electorate passed Proposition 220, which authorized the merger of the remaining municipal courts (the only remaining courts of inferior jurisdiction) into the superior courts (the courts of general jurisdiction). However, the judges affected by each merger in each county had to affirmatively consent and the municipal court judges then had to formally become superior court judges. This process was completed on February 8, 2001, when California's last four municipal court judges were sworn in as superior court judges in 1097:

additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to the police authorities concerned on a complaint regarding- (i) non-registration of a criminal case; (ii) transfer of investigation from one police officer to another; and (iii) neglect, failure or excess committed by a police authority in relation to its functions and duties. Such functions being quasi-judicial in nature could not be termed as executive, administrative or ministerial.(PLD 2016 Supreme Court 581)

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same-sex couples. They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause, act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services, administer oaths of office to public officials, take depositions and issue subpoenas. New Hampshire justices of the peace are also authorized, upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit, to issue arrest warrants, search warrants, administrative inspection warrants and by court appointment, to fix and receive bail in criminal cases.

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abolish the post on a county-by-county basis. For example, Leon County, the location of Tallahassee, Florida's capital city, voted to abolish justices of the peace (and their associated constables) in the Fall elections of 1958. By 1958, the county commission had reduced the number of JOP districts from a turn-of-the-century peak of 13 districts to just two districts. The automobile age made the county sheriff able to patrol the entire county and made it possible for the citizenry to travel to the courthouse for legal proceedings.

897:. Nowadays, justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. They have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, institutions for young offenders and drug addicts, psychiatric hospitals, remand homes, places of refuge, reception and detention centres, administering statutory declarations, and serving as members of advisory panels. They also monitor the drawing of the 1604: 1939:, a process that took place from 1981 to 1988. The duties that were attached to the office of Justice of the Peace were fully transferred to the Notary Public in 1988. The office currently named as "Justice of the Peace" in Maine is a court officer, an attorney, involved in the process of issuing warrants and responding to complaints. The office however is not related to either the current Notary Public office or the previous Justice of the Peace office and is part of the 1757:

creating new ordinances (at the misdemeanor level), setting property tax millage levels, and working with other elected officials. The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county judge. Neither JPs nor the county judge have any judicial authority, though they do have the power to preside over civil marriages. Justices of the peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices.

1307:. JPs are appointed by the Crown, but the Lord Chief Justice regulates their duties and defines their powers. The first JPs were warranted with duties including granting bail; issuing search warrants and subpoenas; taking affidavits, declarations and oaths; and having the power to witness documents. Term of office is one year and officials can be reappointed. The initial 19 JPs appointed were: ‘Aisea Ta’ofi and Sione Hinakau of 6982: 1007:, also abbreviated JP) have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates. However, state governments continue to appoint justices of the peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts. 6996: 970:(Irish police). A peace commissioner can witness the signature of an affidavit. In addition Peace Commissioners can sign custody agreements between legal guardians in relation to visitation etc. These agreements are legally binding and can be altered only by a Judge in the regular courts. Peace Commissioners are appointed on the basis of good character and usually prominent standing in their local communities. 1587:

consisted of legally qualified resident magistrates (now known as district judges (magistrates' courts)) sitting alone, except in cases involving children, where two lay panelists sat with the magistrate. Justices of the peace were confined to the power to conduct committal hearings, bind persons over to the peace, sign warrants, summons, and other official documents. They were appointed by the

2135:, state law generally makes justice courts independent of New York's Office of Court Administration (OCA) and instead makes justice courts the responsibility of their sponsoring localities. Town justice courts are often called town courts, and village justice courts are often called village courts. City courts in New York State handle mostly the same types of cases but are not justice courts. 2047: 1957: 1853: 1771: 1688: 392: 300: 456:(Colloquially, "The ACT"), there is only the single level of 'Justice of the Peace'. They are appointed on an as-needed basis, and a potential appointee must be an Australian Citizen, and both a resident of, and enrolled on the electoral roll, of the territory. They must also not be an undischarged bankrupt, and consent to criminal history checks being undertaken prior to appointment. 2108:

office has been abolished. Under Minnesota law, however, judges, retired judges, court administrators, retired court administrators, and other public officials designated in statute may officiate or solemnize marriage ceremonies in addition to licensed or ordained ministers of any religious denomination who have filed their credentials with a county registrar (Minn, Stat. 517.04).

1460:, meaning this is not formally required. Section 7 of the Courts Act 2003 states that "There shall be a commission of the peace for England and Wales—…b) addressed generally, and not by name, to all such persons as may from time to time hold office as justices of the peace for England and Wales". Thus, every magistrate in England and Wales may act as a magistrate anywhere there. 2146:. However, in common usage, most people, including lawyers, call them judge. In general, justices in justice court do not have to be lawyers, except for justice courts with jurisdiction in villages. The vast majority are not. Many of these courts are in small towns and villages where none of the residents are lawyers. In the larger towns, the justices are almost always lawyers. 2184:, only within the county in which the town or village for which they serve is located; they may administer oaths and affirmations and take acknowledgments and proofs of execution. Some Justices seek and obtain a formal New York notary public commission to permit free travel statewide and enjoy the additional privileges and international legal recognition of a notary public. 2370:

assessed value of property for real estate tax purposes is appealed to the board of civil authority, at least three board members are appointed to inspect the property. They may perform civil marriages throughout the state and are eligible to serve as notaries without payment of the usual registration fee. Justices may also serve as a magistrate when commissioned by the

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attorney-general and appointed by the governor-in-council, and it is their job to authorise and witness statutory declarations and affidavits within the state of Victoria. As of August 2022, there are currently around 3500 JPs and bail justices in Victoria, who collectively sign more than 1.5 million documents and assist more than 350,000 people each year.

239:, also administered the county at a local level. Their many roles included regulating wages and food supplies, managing roads, bridges, prisons and workhouses and they undertook to provide and supervise locally those services mandated by the Crown and Parliament for the welfare of the county. To this end they set the County Rate, where one was set at all. 1064:

relevant training, exams, and assignments are successfully completed, they can be sworn in as a JJP. This means they can then be assigned to the bench in the relevant District Court to oversee minor criminal cases. These would involve tasks such as the exercise of powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.

1117:. JP in Singapore are appointed amongst outstanding individuals in Singapore who have made significant contributions in their professions, the public service, social services and the community at large by the President of the Republic of Singapore, under section 11(1) of the State Courts Act 1970 for a renewable five-year term. 846:, justices of the peace can preside over judicial interim release (bail) hearings and other criminal hearings. JPs can also exercise jurisdiction over provincial regulatory offences and municipal by-law prosecutions. JPs must retire by reaching the age of 65, but may continue working until 75 subject to the approval of the 834:, justices may hear summary conviction matters, municipal by-laws, and certain criminal matters. However, in more populated provinces justices usually preside over bail hearings and provincial offences courts. When not in a court session, a justice can perform other judicial functions, such as issuing search warrants. 5767:, which included the right to a trial by jury, before a lawyer-judge; therefore, the Supreme Court found it unnecessary to decide whether the proceeding before a lay officer, which resulted in a sentence of thirty days in jail for driving under the influence, violated the constitutional rights of the defendant." 2351:

A JP in a large precinct in a large county will work 5 days a week, 8 or more hours daily. Their duties will include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: trials of civil matters, both to a 6-person jury and to the bench, with an amount in controversy not exceeding $ 20,000.00. Trials of

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While justices and their court clerks receive training from OCA, there is tremendous variability in how cases are handled. This includes court procedures and substantive results. Some courts will dismiss a traffic ticket if the officer does not appear for a trial, while others will adjourn the matter

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Justices of the Peace are trained volunteers. No formal qualifications are required but magistrates need intelligence, common sense, integrity and the capacity to act fairly. Membership is widely spread throughout the local area and drawn from all walks of life following a rigorous selection process

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can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a justice of the peace. However, the applicant should be one who has served the public and carries out social service and should be of good standing. These JPs would be appointed with legal authority in all parts of

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May under the Societies Act 1966, enter or authorize any police officer to enter any place if they believe that a meeting of an unlawful society is being held there. They may also issue a search warrant to seize any items connected to the unlawful society and warrant of arrest on any persons found in

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Newly appointed justices of the peace are required by Section 17 of the State Courts Act to take the oath of office and allegiance as set out in the schedule to the State Courts Act, before exercising the functions of their good office. The President may also revoke the appointment of any Justice of

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Under the law, an Issuing Officer does not have to be a Justice of the Peace - Holders of some positions within the judicial system (e.g. Registrar or Deputy Registrar of a court) are Issuing Officers automatically under the law while serving in those roles, and cease to be so when they are not. For

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Original jurisdiction in "criminal matters of misdemeanor cases punishable by fine only" (under the Texas Penal Code such offenses are called "Class C" misdemeanors, generally involving traffic offenses or public intoxication; however, in jurisdictions with a municipal court, if the traffic offense

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Texas does not require a JP to be an attorney in good standing. However, JPs are required to be "well versed in the law" and take mandatory classes to retain their office. New JPs are required to take 80 hours of legal, state-mandated classes the first year, and 20 hours each year thereafter during

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Florida had justices of the peace (with corresponding constables) from the time of its acquisition from Spain in 1821 until the Florida Constitution was amended in 1968 to abolish the post. From about 1940 to 1968, Florida counties had the ability to hold local referendums to allow county voters to

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or county supervisor in some other states. Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court, composed of 9, 11, 13 or 15 JPs. The quorum court is a part-time body, elected from single-member districts, that has overall responsibility for county affairs. Among their responsibilities are passing the budget,

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The Justice (Northern Ireland) Act 2002 introduced a new office of lay magistrate, to sit alongside resident magistrates at magistrates' courts in certain matters. Unlike in England and Wales, "lay magistrate" is the official title of the position, to distinguish from existing justices of the peace

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refused to provide any. It was relatively common for these magistrates to write out, on the spot, an order requiring aid to be granted. The magistracy is an ancient institution, dating in England from at least 1327. The role is underpinned by the principles of 'local justice' and 'justice by one's

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The lead magistrate is known as a Presiding Justice (PJ) and should be addressed in court as "sir" or "ma'am" or "your worship", and the magistrates collectively as "your worships". In writing they are their usual name followed by "JP" (for Justice of the Peace). Other magistrates on the bench are

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and covers the necessary law and procedure required for their role. They continue to receive training throughout their judicial career, and are appraised every four years (every two years for a Presiding Justice) to check that they continue to remain competent in their role. Additional training is

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In Minnesota, the office of the Justice of the Peace was abolished in 1977 (Minn. Stat. 487.35). It has not existed for 40-plus years although some people who offer private wedding officiant services erroneously claim to be Justices of the Peace, this term may not properly be used inasmuch as the

2033:, and are also empowered to issue certain writs. Justices of peace are also empowered to keep the peace and suppress riots, and enforce all laws that keep public peace. Furthermore, upon the recommendation of a town selectman, they may be authorized by the governor to take bail in criminal cases. 1451:

to local authorities. The magistrates now act in licensing matters only as an appeal court from the decisions of the local authority. Justices of the Peace are responsible for granting orders such as search warrants to the Police and other authorities. They used to have to live within 15 miles of

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those individuals who have demonstrated the five key qualities for appointment which are: (1) awareness of social issues; (2) maturity and understanding; (3) reliability and commitment; (4) understanding of documents and effective communication; and (5) logical thinking. Justices of the Peace are

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Appointment as a JJP is at the pleasure of the Secretary for Justice, generally for a minimum of 5 years, and for as long as there is a need in the area an individual resides. Should an individual move abroad, to an area of New Zealand where the service is no longer required, or the local area no

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Ways to find a JP in New South Wales include: 1. Search the JP Public Register. The register lists all JPs for each postcode area and provides a telephone contact number for JPs who serve the community directly. 2. Check a public listing of scheduled JP services to find when JPs are available at

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JPs are appointed by the Governor of New South Wales for five-year terms. They are volunteers, who come from all walks of life and all sections of the community. JPs are people who are trusted to be honest, careful and impartial when performing the functions of a JP. They must not charge a fee or

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In Oregon, Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction over civil lawsuits of less than $ 10,000; evictions; misdemeanors, and violations, like traffic tickets, boating violations, and wildlife violations. Further, Justice Courts have jurisdiction over violations of the county code, and some Justice

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In Oregon, as of 2023, Justices of the Peace preside over 22 Justice Courts. Oregon Justices of the Peace are state court judges, even though their salary is paid by their respective counties. A Justice of the Peace is elected for a term of six years. If a Justice of the Peace position becomes

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If a local JP Federation determines that a need for one or more JJPs exists, they will issue a call for nominations to JPs in their territory. Following closure of nominations, a shortlist will be drawn up, and interviews undertaken. If a prospective applicant passes the interview stage, and the

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A justice of the peace, according to the Ministry of Justice, is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community. Additionally, the JP serves as a justice in petty court sessions,

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Justices of the peace in Louisiana are elected to serve six-year terms as the judicial authority of a ward or district, but not where city courts exist. They have jurisdiction in civil matters when the amount in dispute does not exceed $ 5,000. They do not have jurisdiction when a title to real

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because "there is no available updated register or reliable data base to confirm that the person signing the form as a witness is in fact a Peace Commissioner. In the absence of such verification being possible, the practice was changed to remove the risk of fraudulent activity and maintain the

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Justices of the peace and bail justices, who are also volunteers, are appointed to serve a semi-judicial function in all areas of the Victorian community. The main official roles in the Victorian community include witnessing statutory declarations, witnessing affidavits and hearing bail matters

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There are no Federal level JPs in Australia, as this power is devolved to the State and Territory Governments. Where a Federal Government document or task requires the services of a JP, the rules of each individual State or Territory government will dictate if they have the authority to assist.

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Larger towns can have very busy caseloads, including several sessions a week with dozens of cases at each session, and people may have to wait hours before their cases are heard. In some small towns the caseload is extremely light, and a court might meet once a month and have only a few cases.

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officials, and sit on the boards of civil authority and tax abatement within their municipalities. When assembled as the board of civil authority, they have the authority to decide, in the first instance, election disputes and disagreements about whether a voter should be registered. When the

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New Hampshire justices of the peace are commissioned magisterial officers, appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years, with the power to administer oaths, acknowledge instruments, perform marriage ceremonies and, effective 1 January 2008, solemnize civil unions for

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cases and restraining orders, though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality. Additionally, the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances (ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas), civil

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In Northern Ireland, the situation initially continued as it had in pre-1922 Ireland. However, justices of the peace no longer sat out of petty sessions after 1935 (Summary Jurisdiction and Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1935). Since then, magistrates' courts in Northern Ireland have

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In Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP (Magistrate's Court). A commissioner for declarations (C.dec) has powers limited to witnessing documents, witnessing statutory declarations, witnessing

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Sections 22, 22-A and 22-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments, their powers and duties respectively. However, seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary. Session and

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It is pertinent to note however, as many academics have pointed out, that there is great utility in the appointment of such justices especially in rural areas where enmity between rival groups can lead to the inability of registration of cognizable offences and biased judicial proceedings.

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As at 2021, 56% of sitting magistrates were women, 13% were Black, Asian and minority ethnic, and 82% aged above 50 as at 1 April 2021. Kashif M Khan JP was appointed the youngest Magistrate from BME communities in the UK in 1998. He served the Waltham Forest Magistrates court until 2010.

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Justices of the peace provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits. JPs, who are also volunteers, are selected through an extensive interview, written exam and practical testing. They are recommended by the state

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are elected county officials, serving two-year terms. They are elected from each town or city within a county, and the number of justices elected from each municipality varies based on population, from as few as 3 or 5, to as many as 12 or 15. They generally serve as election, poll, and

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As well as presiding in the Magistrates Court, justices of the peace are regularly called upon by the WA Police to sign search warrants and authorise the issuing of summonses. The administrative tasks include witnessing affidavits and documents such as wills and statutory declarations.

1524:(established in 1975), which in turn replaced burgh police courts. Justices sit alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court. They handle many cases of breaches of the peace – drunkenness, minor assaults, petty theft, and offences under the 916:

Maharaja Prabirendra Mohan Tagore, who was the son of Maharaja Sir Prodyut Kumar Tagore KCSI of Calcutta, was designated a Justice of the Peace in 1932. He played a great part in saving more than 200 Muslim lives during the infamous riots that occurred during the 1947

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JP cases are appealed to the county court level; the appeal results in a trial de novo. In criminal cases, cases beginning in justice court cannot be appealed beyond the county level court unless the fine is more than $ 100 or a constitutional matter is asserted.

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There are two levels of this position within New Zealand: The standard level of 'Justice of the Peace', and a separate 'Judicial Justice of the Peace'. Persons so appointed may use the post-nominals JP and JJP respectively. A JP who is retired may apply to the

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at any time to ascertain whether the prison regulations are adhered to. A JP may also upon receiving a report of an aggravated prison offence, investigate the charge and punish the prisoner if found guilty for up to 30 days confinement and 24 strokes of the

1374:. They decide on offences which carry a community sentence, a prison sentence (maximum of six months for any one offence, up to one year for multiple offences), or an unlimited fine. They are advised on points of law and procedure by a legally qualified 617:

The South Australian Attorney-General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace. The majority of metropolitan and many regional Councils (Local Government authorities) have a rotational justice of the peace in residence at nominated times.

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from the county or a town or village attorney will prosecute the tickets. This may even vary by the type of officer, with state troopers and deputies prosecuting their tickets and a town attorney prosecuting tickets written by the town police.

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The 2014 Act also abolished the office of stipendiary magistrate...Part-time stipendiary magistrates will become part-time summary sheriffs from 1 April: J Kevin Duffy, Colin Dunipace, J Euan Edment, Sukhwinder Gill, David Griffiths, Diana

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in times of turmoil and riots. Since certain government officers were ex-officio justices of the peace, this allowed British colonial officers to appoint special police officers from the European planters in times of crisis such as the

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The most common functions performed by a justice of the peace in New South Wales are to witness the signing of a statutory declaration, witness the signing of an affidavit and certify that a copy of an original document is a true copy.

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proceedings. Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a

2223:. Justices of the peace were authorized to marry and had other court duties and assisted in collecting taxes. Duties of the justices were further reduced after the 1868 North Carolina Constitution and inferior courts were abolished. 1050:

of documents, amongst others. In some limited circumstances they may also perform citizenship ceremonies, and act as a 'Visiting Justice' in prisons. They are nominated for office by local Members of Parliament and appointed by the

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All new Justices of the Peace undergo comprehensive training before sitting. There is a mentoring program to help guide new appointees (mentors are magistrates with at least three years' service). The training is delivered by the

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In Glasgow, the volume of business required the employment of three solicitors as "stipendiary magistrates" who sat in place of the lay justices. The stipendiary magistrates' court had the same sentencing power as the summary

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a JP or JJP to exercise this power after 2012, they must apply to become an Issuing Officer separately. The application process involves a further training course and exam, followed by a vetting and approval process by the

3880: 2332:"Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law". Under this provision, the Legislature has raised the top limit on civil matters to $ 10,000 and assigned the JP courts, among others, the right to hear cases involving 1923:

estate is involved, when the state or any political subdivision is a defendant, or in successions or probate matters. They are authorized to perform marriage ceremonies. There are around 390 such Justices of the peace.

1447:, such as a family jurisdiction, or appeals against matters relating to licensing. Although they had a licensing jurisdiction dealing liquor, betting and clubs licensing applications, this was transferred under the 2244:

Courts act as the municipal court of certain cities. Justice courts do not have jurisdiction over certain types of civil cases, including disputes over title to real estate, false imprisonment, libel, slander, and

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such as France – a paradox due especially to JPs belonging to the same social class as the Members of Parliament and thus having a direct interest in getting laws actually enforced and implemented on the ground.

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unruly persons "to be of good behaviour". The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so. The justices' alternative title of

4670:"2016 Louisiana Laws: Revised Statutes :: TITLE 13 - Courts and Judicial Procedure :: RS 13:2582 - Justices of the peace; qualifications; election; term of office; nullity; persons ineligible" 1427:' matters, but where the magistrates' deem that their sentencing powers are sufficient. However all criminal cases start in the magistrates' court. They handle over 95% of the criminal cases in 1030:

Appointment as a JP is for life, unless a voluntary resignation is tendered in writing, or a JP is suspended or dismissed from office due to misconduct, bankruptcy, or other specific reasons.

209:. Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid 3599: 185:

Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justice's standing within the community, the justice was typically a member of the

5528: 482:, a "justice of the peace (qualified)" has the additional powers to issue search warrants and arrest warrants and, in conjunction with another justice of the peace (qualified) constitute a 2449:(1963), it was unreasonable to allow a case to be tried before a layperson incapable of understanding the legal arguments of the defense attorney to whom the defendant was entitled under 4118: 2725: 1542:

announced its intention to unify the management of the sheriff and district courts in Scotland but retain lay justices, as part of its initiative to create a unified judiciary under the

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described the idea of commissioning a justice of the peace as an actual magistrate as "a truly frightening idea" and stated that she had never heard of such a thing actually happening.

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Justices of the peace in Western Australia are appointed by the Governor who authorises them to carry out a wide range of official administrative and judicial duties in the community.

2481: (1976), that the use of nonlawyer judges in Kentucky's system of police courts accords with the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws. 2440: 2326:

is written by a municipal police officer the municipal court will have jurisdiction, whereas if the offense is written by a state or county officer the JP court will hear the case),

2211:(1712–1776.) They were appointed by the colonial Governor and served in counties or districts. Justices were essential for conducting court business. After independence, the 1776 2428:, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past when justices of the peace were first used. 1420:

known as "wingers". All three magistrates contribute equally to the decision-making and carry equal authority, but the Presiding Justice will speak on their behalf in open court.

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jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are (or were) usually not required to have any formal

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citizen that can speak and write English is eligible to become a JP. Any club/organisation/citizen can recommend someone to become JP for a community. JPs are chosen under the

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attends juvenile court sessions, issues summonses, considers applications for bail, explains and signs legal documents, sits on licensing panels, and gives counsel/advice. Any

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In special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact 'gubernatorial', in a colonial entity. This was the case in the

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JP do not serve any judicial roles, rather they derive their functions from statute. Some examples of the functions, powers and duties of a Justice of the Peace includes:

2894: 2443:) to allow a nonlawyer to preside over a criminal trial which could result in incarceration of the defendant. The court specifically recognized that in the aftermath of 1077: 4295: 3535: 2950: 1626:, or a quasi-judicial official with certain statutory or common law magisterial powers. Some states have special qualifications or unique features for the office. 873:, and can try some criminal matters and issue warrants. They are appointed from advocates of at least ten years' standing and serve full-time until the age of 70. 4677: 3651: 1114: 117:

An act of 1327 had referred to "good and lawful men" to be appointed in every county in the land to "guard the peace"; such individuals were first referred to as

4003: 3414:"Justices of the Peace Act 1957 No 89 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 5 Removal or suspension of Justice from office, Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 459:

Appointment is for life, unless a JP resigns, is suspended/dismissed from office, or resides outside of the ACT for a period of more than 12 consecutive months.

5212: 3715: 961:. However, the power of Peace Commissioners has been reduced following a number of Supreme Court Challenges. Even one Government Department stopped accepting 718:. In addition, the justices of the peace have original jurisdiction over a number of matters irrespective of the disputed amount, such as cases involving the 3112: 2548: 565:

accept a gift for providing JP services, tell people what to write in a statutory declaration or affidavit or write it for them or give them legal advice.

177:, in practice the central government in London had a greater ability to get its policies implemented in the rural outlying regions than could contemporary 2640: 2607: 5608: 3417: 3391: 869:, and perform duties such as receiving criminal informations and issuing warrants. Presiding justice of the peace are appointed by commission under the 3850: 3388:"Justices of the Peace Act 1957 No 89 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 3C Use of designation "JP (retired)", Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 2563: 1355: 1136:

Administer oaths under the Trade Marks Act 1998, Merchant Shipping Act 1995 and Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 and Presidential Elections Act 1991.

6963: 3439: 3365: 3134: 1835:. Unlike some states, Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies. They have the same general oath-giving powers as a 1270:, after which appointments were made by the Legal Secretary until 1947. After Ceylon gained its independence in 1948, appointments were made by the 966:

integrity of the process." In general, Peace commissioners may sign statutory declarations, and may rarely issue summons and search warrants to the

611: 3583: 3313: 2348:

In smaller counties without a coroner, the JP has the duty to perform inquests. The JP is also called out for any unattended deaths in the county.

7051: 5524: 4063: 3560: 3283: 2431:

California formerly had justice of the peace courts staffed by lay judges, but began phasing them out after a landmark 1974 decision in which the

2291:

In any county with population less than 150,000, if any precinct contains a city with 18,000 or more population, that precinct shall have two JPs.

2216: 3487: 2377:

The option to serve as a magistrate has never been invoked and likely never will be; in June 2019 Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court

798:. Canada made the second (first was in South Australia a year earlier) appointment in the then British Empire of a woman as a magistrate, namely 4434: 4359: 4335: 4126: 2721: 1940: 1543: 778:

In Canada, justices of the peace play a role in the administration of justice at the provincial level. Justices are generally appointed by the

3629: 3179: 962: 4771: 4490: 4373: 2285:

For counties with populations at least 18,000 but less than 50,000, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than two nor more than eight.

2202: 2068: 1978: 1874: 1792: 1709: 1633:

cases, traffic violations, and other petty criminal infractions. The justice of the peace may also have authority over cases involving small

1263: 413: 321: 5468: 5083: 5057: 5031: 5005: 4849: 2747: 1546:. Following the passage of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 the justice of the peace courts were implemented on a 161:, the JPs constituted a major element of the English (later British) governmental system, which in modern times has sometimes been termed a 5161: 4823: 3175: 1525: 767: 220:

stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it. This was replaced by the present system, where the

5308: 4797: 4616: 4235: 4096: 3973: 3745: 5692: 5135: 4979: 4953: 4927: 5109: 4456: 2132: 2022: 250:, who was a JP by virtue of her office. In October 1920 Summers was appointed a JP in her own right, alongside other pioneers including 4561: 2967: 2278:

For counties with populations less than 18,000 (as determined by the census), the entire county shall be a one JP precinct, unless the

1088:. Appointment as an Issuing Officer is for a maximum of three years, and may be renewed for a further three years at expiry as needed. 1038:

A JP in New Zealand is someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign a number of documents, including

5499: 4875: 2461: 587:

A justice of the peace in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign

4901: 4647: 4156: 4033: 2400:

Board of County Commissioners appointed Morris as justice of the peace after the previous justice, R.S. Barr, resigned in protest of

262:

of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. As at 2018 in England and Wales, about one-third of JPs are women.

6389: 5947: 5846: 5723: 5686: 4416:."The Scottish Ministers may by order establish courts of summary criminal jurisdiction to be known as justice of the peace courts." 2094: 2004: 1900: 1818: 1735: 1024: 439: 347: 4212: 3940: 2696: 1468: 4265: 3085: 2871: 2839: 2808: 702:; they stand at the bottom of the Belgian judicial hierarchy and only handle civil cases. There is a justice of the peace in each 6503: 6372: 4178: 949:

the position was effectively abolished by the District Justices (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923 and permanently abolished by the

110:

to preserve the peace in unruly areas. They were responsible to the King in ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the "

3335: 3027: 881:

In Yukon, justices of the peace are lay officers of the court. They sit in the Justice of the Peace Court, which is part of the

862:

In Quebec, there are two type of justices of the peace, administrative justice of the peace and presiding justice of the peace.

6958: 6305: 6206: 5265: 1275: 1181: 1052: 483: 217: 5574: 4535: 2424:

which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of justice of the peace have been led by the

7036: 6465: 6099: 5790: 3593: 2993: 2212: 2072: 1982: 1878: 1796: 1713: 1349: 1085: 656: 417: 325: 5652: 636:"Visiting justices" are a special group of justices of the peace, appointed to preside over cases within the prison system. 3655: 3465: 2288:

For counties with populations 50,000 or greater, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than four nor more than eight.

7046: 5818: 4706: 3775: 3509: 3235: 2866: 6625: 6104: 5613: 1076:

Prior to 2012, all JPs were able to issue search and arrest warrants, but with the passage of the NZ Act of Parliament "

866: 779: 520:

The first woman to become a JP in Victoria was Mary Catherine Rogers who, in 1920, became the first woman councillor in

453: 4669: 2240:

vacant during the Justice's term, the Governor appoints a Justice to fill the vacancy until the next general election.

146:" dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of 6620: 5752: 3995: 3261: 3080: 2432: 2421: 1378:

and their assistants. In practice, JPs have a wide range of sentencing options, which include issuing fines, imposing

984: 909:

In India, justices of the peace exist, but no longer occupy a prominent post. One of the famous justices in India was

711: 576:, justices of the peace had far greater responsibilities and broader roles in the administration of justice than now. 2267:, as well as Chapters 27 and 28 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of these Courts and their officers. 1423:

Magistrates' courts today can deal with lesser offences such as all summary offences, and some more serious triable '

5203: 3204: 7056: 6595: 6094: 3707: 2416:

In many states, the office of justice of the peace has been abolished or transferred to another court, such as the

2397: 2282:

determines that more are needed, in which case the court can divide the county into no more than four JP precincts.

2208: 2170:

generally move up to county court after defendants are arraigned in a Justice Court before the case moves forward.

2029:, which certain religious officials are not willing to oversee. They have the same general oath-giving powers as a 1517: 1489:

Before 1714, magistrates were liable to be approached at any time and in any place by people legally recognised as

1386:. In more serious cases, where magistrates' consider that their sentencing powers are insufficient, they can send ' 1271: 950: 910: 893:

In Hong Kong, the historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified

882: 5738:

See also Young v. Konz, 88 Wash. 2d 276, 558 P.2d 791 (1977), on rehearing, 91 Wash. 2d 532, 588 P.2d 1360 (1979).

3808: 3049: 2457:. Under current California law, all California judges must be licensed attorneys at the time they join the bench. 802:, who was sworn in as a police magistrate in the Women's Court of the City of Edmonton (Alberta) on 19 June 1916. 610:

A Special Justice (SJ) is a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia; they sit on the bench of the

6678: 4742: 2590: 2490: 2018: 1521: 1141: 573: 4728: 3108: 2636: 6473: 6455: 2425: 2393: 2177: 2057: 1967: 1863: 1781: 1698: 954: 851: 402: 310: 118: 6124: 5618: 5348: 2392:

became the first female justice of the peace in the United States in 1870. She began her tenure as justice in

2150:

to give the officer another chance. In some courts the police prosecute their own tickets, while in others an

603:, drug warrants, divorce documents, and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of 3737: 3413: 3387: 6848: 6635: 6109: 4296:"Diversity of the judiciary: Legal professions, new appointments and current post-holders – 2021 Statistics" 3844: 2928: 2454: 2279: 2233: 2076: 2061: 1986: 1971: 1882: 1867: 1800: 1785: 1717: 1702: 1608: 787: 640: 421: 406: 329: 314: 37: 2567: 6903: 6888: 5349:"The Role of Justice Courts: These Underutilized Resources Alleviate Backlogs, Increase Access to Justice" 2298: 2143: 1250: 894: 759: 715: 710:

over cases in which the disputed amount does not exceed 5,000 euro (as of September 2018), except for the

490: 270: 210: 3443: 3361: 3142: 7007: 6600: 6278: 6089: 4581: 3846:

The Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State's Directions for Advisory Committees on Justices of the Peace

3309: 2834: 2475: 2371: 2340:

and liens against personal property where the amount falls within the (revised) JP Court's jurisdiction.

2314: 2302: 2245: 1511: 1237: 1217: 1186: 1161: 1145: 1039: 831: 707: 588: 365: 266: 158: 126: 4055: 3685: 3552: 3440:"Search and Surveillance Act 2012 No 24 (as at 01 December 2020), Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 3287: 1669:

A justice of the peace has the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and

1516:

Within the Scottish legal system Justices of the Peace are trained volunteers who currently sit in the

5763:. . . the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Kentucky procedures provided for a trial 3362:"Justices of the Peace Act 1957 No 89 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 1603: 929:'Justices of the peace' existed in Ireland prior to 1922, sitting in a bench under the supervision of 373: 6074: 4426: 2517: 2445: 2389: 2310: 1383: 1288: 967: 870: 763: 699: 467: 278: 99: 5631:

Vanlandingham, Kenneth E. "Decline of the Justice of the Peace, The." 12 U. Kan. L. Rev. 389 (1963).

1471:

has special responsibilities for dealing with terrorism and extradition offences throughout the UK.

7041: 6883: 6023: 5940: 4503: 3621: 3164: 2405: 2306: 1753: 1539: 1124:

In accordance with the Prisons Act 1933, a JP who is appointed as a Visiting Justice may visit any

1019:

is derived from the Act of Parliament 'Justices of the Peace Act 1957', and subsequent amendments.

930: 178: 174: 93: 4775: 4381: 6698: 6357: 6211: 6196: 6174: 5918: 5898: 5851: 5841: 5460: 5231: 5087: 5061: 5035: 5009: 4853: 4413: 4354: 4330: 2751: 2264: 2124: 1646: 1464: 1448: 1267: 958: 941:

judge (in his capacity of chairman of quarter sessions) and jury to try more serious offences at

918: 739: 703: 695: 505: 5301: 5165: 4827: 2773: 2025:

for seven-year terms. They are often called on to solemnize non-religious marriages, especially

1463:

Cardiff Magistrates' Court is the only court in the country which deals with offences under the

1375: 1328: 766:. The judgments made by the justices of the peace can, with some exceptions, be appealed to the 607:

and guardianship documents, providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory.

584:

In South Australia, there are two types of justices: justice of the peace and special justices.

4801: 4608: 4374:"Justices of the Peace - Judicial Office Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland" 4243: 4088: 3965: 3830: 2329:

Exclusive jurisdiction in "civil matters where the amount in controversy is $ 200 or less", and

1160:

In Sri Lanka, Justice of the Peace is an honorary post, with authorisation to witness and sign

486:

for exercising powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.

84:

in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs.

6683: 6605: 6443: 6186: 6181: 6134: 6059: 6053: 5893: 5811: 5719: 5682: 5676: 5139: 4983: 4957: 4931: 3589: 2944: 2401: 2026: 1435:. With more serious offences, magistrates are responsible for indictment and committal to the 1428: 1379: 1359: 1255: 604: 255: 134: 5113: 4464: 2294:

In any county with population 150,000 or greater, each JP precinct may have more than one JP.

2162:

All criminal prosecutions that occur in towns and villages are commenced in a justice court.

1323:; Salesi Kauvaka, Viliami Pasikala, Haniteli Fa’anunu, Meli Taufaeteau and Moleni Taufa from 242:

Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being

6688: 6655: 6154: 6018: 6013: 5978: 2971: 2466: 2378: 1642: 1483: 1432: 1412: 1113:, the functions of Justices of the Peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified 946: 942: 811: 795: 644: 525: 489:

Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace (magistrates' court), usually in remote

364:

is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign

236: 225: 137:. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to 129:. The "peace" to be guarded is the sovereign's, the maintenance of which is the duty of the 111: 53: 5490: 4879: 2542: 6937: 6910: 6898: 6878: 6812: 6807: 6790: 6770: 6765: 6745: 6610: 6590: 6585: 6488: 6448: 6159: 6084: 6008: 5993: 5913: 5243: 4905: 4639: 4594: 4498: 4148: 4025: 2496: 1588: 1559: 1479: 1475: 1457: 1399: 1371: 1233: 1206: 687: 674: 600: 221: 202: 81: 73: 2521: 493:

communities, to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendiary

4204: 3932: 2688: 7014: 6822: 6740: 6329: 6295: 6246: 6231: 6003: 5908: 5888: 5878: 5575:"Trailblazer: Wyoming's first female judge, Esther Hobart Morris was ahead of her time" 5432: 2478: 2220: 2173:

Similar matters in some places outside New York are handled by a justice of the peace.

2120: 1658: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1424: 1387: 1291:. The Village Councils Law (No. 6 of 1964) made the Chairman of the Village Council an 1283: 1195: 1169: 1047: 1004: 934: 791: 755: 666: 463: 232: 61: 4182: 1262:

The post was introduced in the island during the British colonial era by the Governor

7030: 6868: 6827: 6713: 6693: 6665: 6615: 6580: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6493: 6433: 6273: 6263: 6221: 6144: 6139: 6069: 6028: 5952: 5446: 2803: 2537: 2317:(the Constable office is abolished, with the Sheriff's office performing all duties). 2030: 1936: 1836: 1651: 1555: 1478:

provides the current framework for appointment of the justices, which is done by the

1210: 1125: 847: 819: 541: 154: 103: 5257: 544:) and to hear applications for interim accommodation orders for children (under the 27:

Judicial officer elected or appointed to keep the peace and perform minor civic jobs

17: 7000: 6750: 6718: 6673: 6411: 6406: 6377: 6290: 6268: 6236: 6169: 6149: 6043: 5983: 5973: 5925: 5883: 5861: 5804: 5604: 5582: 2807:. Vol. 60, no. 4733. Queensland, Australia. 31 December 1927. p. 3. 2366: 2017:

Justices of the peace in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts are commissioned by the

1619: 1567: 1532: 1444: 1308: 938: 799: 783: 747: 549: 274: 259: 251: 194: 170: 147: 69: 2123:

that handle traffic tickets, criminal and environmental conservation law matters,

1320: 1312: 1278:. Justice of the Peace had the power to administer oaths and affirmations per the 1266:

in 1801 and was later reformed in 1871. Until 1938, appointments were made by the

750:. The justices of the peace also have original jurisdiction in certain aspects of 5648: 2248:. Justices of the Peace are authorized to perform courthouse weddings in Oregon. 6981: 6922: 6863: 6853: 6650: 6645: 6483: 6384: 6300: 6259: 6226: 6191: 6114: 6038: 5988: 5903: 5555:

Esther Hobart Morris, The Unembellished Story of the Nation's First Female Judge

3654:. Nuku’alofa, Tonga: Tonga Broadcasting Commission. 20 June 2014. Archived from 2436: 2337: 2163: 2046: 1956: 1852: 1770: 1687: 1670: 1630: 1452:

where they sit in case needed to sign a warrant after hours. were replaced with

1436: 1391: 1363: 1016: 953:. Their judicial powers were replaced by full-time, salaried, legally qualified 727: 391: 299: 247: 243: 190: 162: 57: 4702: 4409: 3767: 3231: 1324: 173:

notes that while in Britain the royal prerogative was decisively curbed by the

6986: 6915: 6795: 6733: 6478: 6399: 6394: 6352: 6334: 6322: 6283: 6129: 6119: 6079: 6064: 6048: 5998: 5935: 5930: 5718:. San Francisco: Administrative Office of the California Courts. p. 117. 3075: 2997: 2861: 2830: 2799: 2417: 2181: 2151: 1654:

before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered.

1623: 1547: 1440: 1367: 1241: 1202: 1191: 751: 494: 479: 198: 143: 77: 3903:"Magistrates Association > About magistrates > Training of magistrates" 706:, of which there are 187 in total as of 2017. The justices of the peace have 504:

The first woman to become a JP in Queensland was Matilda (Maud) Hennessey of

6893: 6858: 6800: 6775: 6640: 6537: 6525: 6510: 6498: 6426: 6344: 6317: 6201: 5333: 4349: 4325: 3996:"Magistrates Association > About magistrates > Employing a magistrate" 3019: 2271: 1407:

Police Officers) cannot be appointed due to potential conflict of interest.

1332: 1245: 1213:

recording it. There are four types of appointments of Justice of the Peace;

1165: 1110: 1043: 639:

JPs for Western Australia also cover the Australian External Territories of

592: 521: 369: 361: 138: 130: 3257: 2523:

The Office of Justice of the Peace in England in Its Origin and Development

957:(now called district judges) and their quasi-judicial powers by unpaid lay 5785: 3141:(in Dutch). College of the courts and tribunals of Belgium. Archived from 2305:

counties (must have no fewer than two nor more than six precincts) and to

1535:, or a fine up to £2,500, or both, and the ability to disqualify drivers. 6942: 6927: 6630: 6515: 6312: 5856: 5290:. Iredell County Bicentennial Commission by Brady Printing Company. 1976. 3232:"Role of the Justices of the Peace in Ontario | Ontario Court of Justice" 3208: 2396:, on February 14, 1870, serving a term of nearly 9 months. The 2333: 1832: 1749: 1638: 996: 898: 735: 731: 2895:"Why it is almost impossible to find a justice of the peace in the city" 1080:", this power was spun off to the separate position of Issuing Officer. 865:

Administrative justice of the peace are court officers appointed by the

6832: 6780: 6760: 6708: 6520: 6438: 6254: 6216: 6164: 5716:

Committed to Justice: The Rise of Judicial Administration in California

4404: 3800: 3084:. Vol. 6, no. 1652. South Australia. 8 July 1915. p. 4. 3053: 2552:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 977. 2361: 1316: 1172:. Persons appointed as a Justice of the Peace may use the post-nominal 980: 843: 719: 662: 4236:"England's early 'Big Society': parish welfare under the Old Poor Law" 1303:

In 2014, for the first time, Justices of the Peace were authorised in

6932: 6785: 6530: 6421: 6416: 6362: 6033: 2167: 2128: 1494: 1490: 743: 596: 186: 166: 107: 1629:

The justice of the peace typically presides over a court that hears

1591:

on the recommendation of a committee in each county court division.

1403:

trained volunteers, but those who are employed in some occupations (

1319:; Sione Palu, Sione Fakahua, Me’ite Fukofuka and Kisione Taulani of 1055:. They must take both the Oath of Allegiance and the Judicial Oath. 621:

South Australia's first women justices were appointed in July 1915.

2870:. No. 6156. Queensland, Australia. 8 October 1932. p. 5. 1578:

10,000. Stipendiary magistrates were replaced by summary sheriffs.

540:

The role of a bail justice is to hear bail applications (under the

6873: 6817: 6723: 6564: 6367: 5866: 3849:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. May 2022. pp. Appendix 2A. 2838:. No. 4753. Queensland, Australia. 30 March 1918. p. 8. 2748:"Queensland Government Department of Justice and Attorney-General" 2541: 2139: 1932: 1615: 1602: 1531:

The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is 60 days

1304: 1198: 1015:

The legal framework for the office of Justice of the Peace within

818:, all judges are justices of the peace, and hence all of them are 723: 206: 31: 4083: 4081: 2920: 2256:

In Texas, JPs are elected on a partisan ballot every four years.

501:

affidavits, witnessing and administering oaths and affirmations.

6755: 6703: 6559: 5957: 5873: 5675:

Grodin, Joseph R.; Shanske, Darien; Salerno, Michael B. (2016).

2321:

Section 19 sets forth the minimum jurisdiction of the JP court:

1752:, a justice of the peace is an elected official equivalent to a 1634: 1520:. These courts were introduced in 2009 as a replacement for the 1398:

undertaken by a local advisory committee, who recommends to the

1282:

and they could formally appoint members of the public to act as

921:, by sheltering Muslims around Calcutta, and within his palace. 462:

JPs for the ACT also cover the Australian External Territory of

5800: 3310:"District Justices (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1923, Section 4" 224:

nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the

5827: 5681:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 184. 4824:"Section 135-C:28 Involuntary Emergency Admission Examination" 4640:"LibGuides: Justice of the Peace Court: What You Need to Know" 2040: 1950: 1846: 1764: 1681: 1467:, such as for late filing of accounts or directors' offences. 1259:

justices of the peace. There about 100,000 JPs in the island.

470:, subject to local law variations in those two jurisdictions. 385: 378:

Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state.

293: 4705:. Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions. 4427:"What happens at a Scottish criminal court case - mygov.scot" 1366:

of (usually three) Justices of the Peace (otherwise known as

3677: 1614:

In some US states, the justice of the peace is a judge of a

1068:

longer requires it, the JJP appointment will be terminated.

5006:"Section 592-A:5 Justice of the Peace Throughout the State" 2968:"Using JP Services - Justices of the Peace New South Wales" 2176:

Town and village Justices also possess limited powers of a

4743:"General Law - Part III, Title I, Chapter 218, Section 36" 5008:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 23 September 1957. Archived from 4729:"General Law - Part III, Title I, Chapter 220, Section 3" 3442:. New Zealand Government. 1 December 2020. Archived from 2131:. Though justice courts constitutionally are part of the 1941:

Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions

1935:, the office of the Justice of the Peace was merged with 114:". Therefore, they were known as "keepers of the peace". 76:

or merely deal with local administrative applications in

1027:

for permission to use the post-nominals 'JP (retired)'.

5058:"Section 595-A:1 Issuance of Search Warrants; Purposes" 68:

was often used with the same meaning. Depending on the

5796: 5060:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 29 August 1969. Archived from 4954:"Section 516:3 Issue of Summons by Justices or Judges" 4878:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 31 August 1969. Archived from 4774:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 1 January 2000. Archived from 4562:"The Justice of the Peace System in the United States" 4405:

Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007

3795: 3793: 2639:. freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com. June 1958. 1831:

Justices of the peace in Connecticut can preside over

1486:. Justices can also be removed by the same mechanism. 1331:, Tevita Fakatou, Sioape Tu’iono and Semisi Tongia of 5086:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 9 August 1991. Archived from 3258:"About Justice of the Peace, Government of Hong Kong" 2777: 2207:

Justices of the peace existed during the time of the

5110:"Section 597:2 Release of a Defendant Pending Trial" 4956:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 11 June 2007. Archived from 4463:. Judicial Office for Scotland. 2017. Archived from 4380:. Judicial Office for Scotland. 2017. Archived from 3585:

The Legal System of Ceylon in Its Historical Setting

2435:

unanimously held that it was a violation of federal

2270:

Under Section 18, the number of JPs (and associated

2166:

are handled exclusively in the justice court, while

1140:

Other roles of a JP includes being mediators in the

6951: 6841: 6664: 6573: 6464: 6343: 6245: 5966: 5834: 3652:"19 Justices of Peace appointed for the first time" 3553:"Brief history of Justice of the Peace - FT Online" 3230:Ontario Courts, maintained by the Judges' Library. 1404: 5461:"FAMILY CODE CHAPTER 2. THE MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIP" 3536:"Justices of the Peace and Unofficial Magistrates" 3510:"President Tony Tan appoints 74 Justices of Peace" 1249:the island or limited to a judicial district. The 5189:Encyclopedia of North Carolina, Justices of Peace 5187:Linn, Jo White (2006). Powell, William S. (ed.). 4529:"A Guide to Judicial Careers in Northern Ireland" 60:, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( 4089:"Magistrates Association > About magistrates" 3622:"Village Councils Law (No. 6 of 1964) - Sect 24" 2962: 2960: 2919:Regulation, Justice, Department of Justice and. 569:scheduled times and locations across the state. 64:) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term 4181:. The Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from 2420:court. Cases in large cities may be heard in a 1238:Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrates 1218:Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrate 1184:at his/her discretion by publishing a list in 614:hearing cases in the petty sessions division. 102:("the Lionheart") of England and his Minister 5812: 3873:"The Magistracy and the role of a magistrate" 3336:"So you want to become a peace commissioner?" 3024:Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 2441:Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 2142:in justice courts is justice, the same as in 1295:justices of the peace for that village area. 8: 5548: 5546: 4758:Notary Public Handbook: A Guide for New York 3416:. New Zealand Government. 8 September 2018. 3364:. New Zealand Government. 8 September 2018. 2949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1225:Justice of the Peace for a Judicial District 937:to try minor offences summarily, and with a 372:and to certify copies of original documents. 3390:. New Zealand Government. 1 December 2020. 3174:. Parliamentary information sheet № 22.00. 2075:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1985:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1881:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1799:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1716:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 420:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 328:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5819: 5805: 5797: 5639: 5637: 5568: 5566: 5564: 3096:– via National Library of Australia. 3050:"AGD SA: Justices of the Peace - Register" 2882:– via National Library of Australia. 2850:– via National Library of Australia. 2819:– via National Library of Australia. 2274:) is dependent on the size of the county: 1176:. Current appointments are made under the 780:lieutenant governors of Canada's provinces 517:outside court hours (bail justices only). 5665:, 115 Cal. Rptr. 632, 525 P.2d 72 (1974). 4760:(Fourth ed.). East Coast Publishing. 3960: 3958: 3933:"Magistrates Association > What we do" 3466:"Appointment of 64 Justices of the Peace" 2095:Learn how and when to remove this message 2005:Learn how and when to remove this message 1901:Learn how and when to remove this message 1819:Learn how and when to remove this message 1736:Learn how and when to remove this message 1382:, or dealing with offences by means of a 1280:Courts Ordinance No. 1 on 1889 section 84 1222:Justice of the Peace for the Whole Island 714:over which another court or tribunal has 440:Learn how and when to remove this message 348:Learn how and when to remove this message 6964:History of the American legal profession 5084:"Section 595-B:2 Requirements for Issue" 4697: 4695: 1439:(a task in former times dealt with by a 2509: 2263:Sections 18 and 19 of Article V of the 2217:North Carolina General Assembly of 1777 1240:to preside in the absence of a sitting 5579:Made in Wyoming, Our Legacy of Success 5314:from the original on 19 September 2013 5239: 5229: 5164:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 5138:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 5112:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 5034:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4982:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4980:"Section 516:4 Issue, for Depositions" 4930:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4904:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4902:"Section 21:25 Sworn; Public Officers" 4852:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4826:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4800:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4703:"Information on Justices of the Peace" 4590: 4579: 4433:. Scottish Government. 13 April 2017. 4350:"Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982" 3811:from the original on 15 September 2018 3582:Nadaraja, Tambyah (27 December 1972). 2942: 2699:from the original on 22 September 2021 2608:The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648–1815 189:. The justices of the peace conducted 5471:from the original on 15 December 2017 5258:"North Carolina Constitution of 1776" 4568:from the original on 15 December 2016 4326:"District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975" 4234:Charlesworth, Lorie (November 2010). 3632:from the original on 24 February 2021 3547: 3545: 3420:from the original on 15 November 2021 3368:from the original on 15 November 2021 3238:from the original on 16 December 2020 2728:from the original on 22 February 2017 2716: 2714: 2203:Justice of the peace (North Carolina) 1657:A justice of the peace also performs 1327:; and Salote Fukofuka, ‘Amelia Helu, 784:commissioners of Canada's territories 121:, or wardens of the peace. The title 7: 5655:from the original on 16 October 2021 5531:from the original on 1 December 2019 5505:from the original on 3 November 2020 4850:"CHAPTER 141-C COMMUNICABLE DISEASE" 4680:from the original on 5 November 2022 4650:from the original on 5 November 2022 3688:from the original on 4 December 2018 3563:from the original on 8 November 2018 3264:from the original on 18 January 2012 3185:from the original on 22 October 2017 2219:re-defined justices of peace in the 2073:adding citations to reliable sources 1983:adding citations to reliable sources 1879:adding citations to reliable sources 1797:adding citations to reliable sources 1714:adding citations to reliable sources 1526:Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 1190:and appointee taking oaths before a 418:adding citations to reliable sources 326:adding citations to reliable sources 165:(i.e., dominance of the land-owning 5759:, 460 S.E.2d 636 (W. Va. 1995): "n 5268:from the original on 30 August 2019 2678:, Simon & Pierre, Toronto, 1985 2133:New York State Unified Court System 2021:with the advice and consent of the 758:for incapacitated seniors, and the 546:Children and Young Persons Act 1989 125:derives from 1361, in the reign of 5695:from the original on 20 March 2023 5492:Vermont Justice of the Peace Guide 5302:"1868 North Carolina Constitution" 5218:from the original on 9 August 2019 5162:"Section 597:15-a District Courts" 4437:from the original on 19 April 2017 4093:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 4000:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3937:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3907:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3883:from the original on 20 March 2023 3748:from the original on 20 March 2023 3602:from the original on 20 March 2023 3316:from the original on 7 August 2011 3176:Belgian Chamber of Representatives 3088:from the original on 20 March 2023 3030:from the original on 20 March 2023 2931:from the original on 27 April 2017 2874:from the original on 20 March 2023 2842:from the original on 20 March 2023 2811:from the original on 20 March 2023 2643:from the original on 16 March 2018 2462:Supreme Court of the United States 2127:and local code violations such as 231:Until the introduction of elected 25: 5948:Restitution and unjust enrichment 5678:The California State Constitution 4619:from the original on 24 July 2020 4491:"Reference at www.irishtimes.com" 4215:from the original on 13 June 2022 2893:Brook, Stephen (27 August 2022). 2774:"Queensland Justices Association" 1566:an offender to up to one year in 1443:). Magistrates also have a civil 1228:Justice of the Peace (ex officio) 193:in all criminal cases, and tried 6995: 6994: 6980: 5784: 5557:. Glendo, WY: High Plains Press. 4709:from the original on 17 May 2019 4306:from the original on 21 May 2022 4276:from the original on 31 May 2022 4242:. United Kingdom. Archived from 4159:from the original on 22 May 2022 4099:from the original on 21 May 2022 4066:from the original on 25 May 2022 4036:from the original on 22 May 2022 4006:from the original on 22 May 2022 3976:from the original on 22 May 2022 3943:from the original on 21 May 2022 3913:from the original on 21 May 2022 3853:from the original on 27 May 2022 3778:from the original on 29 May 2022 3718:from the original on 16 May 2022 3394:from the original on 7 July 2022 3137:[Justice of the peace]. 3115:from the original on 2 June 2015 3109:"Role of a Justice of the Peace" 2994:"Reference at www.jp.nsw.gov.au" 2595:. Oxford University Press. 1989. 2564:"Justices of the Peace Act 1361" 2045: 1955: 1851: 1769: 1686: 1078:Search and Surveillance Act 2012 390: 298: 6959:History of the legal profession 5757:State ex rel. Collins v. Bedell 5553:Cummings, Kathryn Swim (2019). 3738:"Criminal Procedure Rules 2020" 1607:Justice of the Peace office in 1144:or marriage solemnisers in the 218:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 7052:Judiciary of England and Wales 5747:The possible ambiguity of the 5465:www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us 5202:Caswell, Richard, ed. (1777). 3490:. PMO Singapore. 27 March 2020 3205:"Northwest Territories Courts" 2625:. 4 September 1920. p. 2. 2213:Constitution of North Carolina 1469:Westminster Magistrates' Court 1350:Magistrate (England and Wales) 657:Justice of the peace (Belgium) 277:, until its annexation by the 157:period until the onset of the 1: 4461:www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk 4378:www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk 3768:"Magistrates' Court Act 1980" 3260:. Info.gov.hk. 1 April 2000. 3026:. 9 January 1830. p. 1. 2566:. Opsi.gov.uk. Archived from 2412:Replacement with other courts 963:Peace Commissioner signatures 665:, the justices of the peace ( 235:in the 19th century, JPs, in 5751:holding is suggested by the 5205:Laws of North Carolina, 1777 5136:"Section 597:15 Appointment" 4756:Piombino, Alfred E. (2011). 4266:"The role of the magistracy" 4026:"Employment Rights Act 1996" 3139:www.tribunaux-rechtbanken.be 2621:"The "woman" on the bench". 2526:. Columbia University Press. 2439:(in the state's view of the 2408:amendment in December 1869. 2297:Special provisions apply to 1178:Judicature Act No 02 of 1978 524:when she was elected in the 454:Australian Capital Territory 382:Australian Capital Territory 5753:West Virginia Supreme Court 4928:"Section 517:2 Before Whom" 3342:. Ireland. 20 February 2005 2433:Supreme Court of California 2336:as well as cases involving 2152:assistant district attorney 1562:, which was the ability to 1518:Justice of the Peace courts 1362:is typically composed of a 768:tribunals of first instance 7073: 6626:International legal theory 6105:International slavery laws 6100:International human rights 6095:International criminal law 5347:Kidd, Justin (June 2023). 5032:"Section 592-A:8 Warrants" 4876:"Section 42:2 Before Whom" 4613:justicecourts.maricopa.gov 4560:Smith, Chester H. (1926). 3165:"Judiciary – Organization" 2665:, Macmillan, Toronto, 1945 2209:Province of North Carolina 2200: 1509: 1347: 951:Courts of Justice Act 1924 911:Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara 883:Territorial Court of Yukon 704:judicial canton of Belgium 654: 572:In the early years of the 360:A justice of the peace in 169:). For example, historian 153:In the centuries from the 91: 36:A justice of the peace in 6974: 6679:Administration of justice 5609:"It all began in Wyoming" 5356:Oregon State Bar Bulletin 5334:"Justice courts (Oregon)" 4056:"What do I call a judge?" 2592:Oxford English Dictionary 2491:Justices of the Peace Act 2215:and an act passed by the 1253:and his/her officers are 1142:State Courts of Singapore 999:, justices of the peace ( 700:country's judicial system 574:Colony of New South Wales 119:conservators of the peace 72:, such justices dispense 66:commissioner of the peace 6456:Basic structure doctrine 6306:Natural and legal rights 6187:Public international law 5771:, 460 S.E.2d at 643–644. 5714:Sipes, Larry L. (2002). 5433:"Oregon Courts Overview" 4772:"Section 455-A:3 Powers" 3020:"Classified Advertising" 2426:American Bar Association 2394:South Pass City, Wyoming 2260:their tenure in office. 1311:; ‘Inoke Tuaimei’api of 852:Ontario Court of Justice 6636:Principle of typicality 6110:International trade law 5644:Gordon v. Justice Court 5288:Iredell Piedmont County 4564:. 15 Cal. L. Rev. 118. 3488:"Justices of the Peace" 3312:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 2831:"OUR FIRST LADY C.P.S." 2722:"Queensland Government" 2549:Encyclopædia Britannica 2221:State of North Carolina 2138:The official title for 1609:Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 1493:, appealing for aid if 1284:special police officers 762:of the mentally ill to 641:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 38:Taos County, New Mexico 4589:Cite journal requires 3076:"The Lady and the Law" 2925:www.justice.vic.gov.au 2689:"Justice of the peace" 2663:Emily Murphy: Crusader 2637:"Calderdale companion" 2178:New York notary public 2144:New York Supreme Court 1611: 1550:-by-sheriffdom basis. 1315:; Siosiua Hausia from 1251:President of Sri Lanka 1162:statutory declarations 1040:statutory declarations 764:psychiatric facilities 760:involuntary commitment 716:exclusive jurisdiction 691: 678: 670: 589:statutory declarations 552:BJ after their names. 366:statutory declarations 271:concession (territory) 211:stipendiary magistrate 41: 7037:Justices of the peace 6631:Principle of legality 6390:Delegated legislation 6090:Intellectual property 4408:as amended (see also 4402:Scottish Parliament. 4360:The National Archives 4336:The National Archives 3966:"Become a magistrate" 3831:"Become a magistrate" 3801:"Become a magistrate" 2862:"LABOR WOMAN'S DEATH" 2518:Beard, Charles Austin 2246:malicious prosecution 2234:Oregon Justice Courts 1606: 1512:Judiciary of Scotland 1146:Registry of Marriages 1025:Secretary for Justice 832:Northwest Territories 826:Northwest Territories 708:original jurisdiction 267:Tati Concessions Land 159:Industrial Revolution 106:commissioned certain 35: 7047:Gubernatorial titles 6849:Barristers' chambers 6791:Legal representation 6729:Justice of the peace 6075:Financial regulation 5793:at Wikimedia Commons 5791:Justice of the Peace 4240:History & Policy 4123:www.judiciary.gov.uk 4062:. 19 February 2010. 3708:"Magistrates' Court" 3290:on 20 September 2008 3211:on 12 September 2015 3000:on 29 September 2014 2661:Byrne Hope Sanders, 2623:The Reading Standard 2446:Gideon v. Wainwright 2390:Esther Hobart Morris 2280:Commissioners' Court 2069:improve this section 1979:improve this section 1875:improve this section 1793:improve this section 1710:improve this section 1034:Justice of the Peace 931:resident magistrates 901:to ensure fairness. 816:Provincial Court Act 468:Jervis Bay Territory 414:improve this section 322:improve this section 279:British Bechuanaland 123:justice of the peace 46:justice of the peace 40:hears a case (1941). 18:Justice of The Peace 6884:Election commission 6596:Expressive function 6125:Landlord–tenant law 6024:Consumer protection 5498:. 2019. p. 7. 5116:on 23 February 2017 4246:on 23 November 2010 4185:on 27 November 2013 2800:"MACKAY WOMAN J.P." 2780:on 22 February 2017 2676:Emily Murphy: Rebel 2543:"Conservator" 1754:county commissioner 1645:disputes, or other 1560:summary proceedings 1540:Scottish Government 1454:Local Justice Areas 1390:' offenders to the 1276:Minister of Justice 1182:Minister of Justice 959:peace commissioners 867:Minister of Justice 756:legal guardianships 696:small claims courts 466:, and the Internal 179:absolute monarchies 175:Bill of Rights 1689 94:Magistrate (Russia) 6842:Legal institutions 6709:Lawsuit/Litigation 6699:Dispute resolution 6504:Catholic canon law 6212:State of emergency 6175:Will and testament 5899:Law of obligations 5852:Constitutional law 5842:Administrative law 5090:on 28 January 2010 4934:on 1 February 2010 4908:on 1 February 2010 4644:lasc.libguides.com 4541:on 18 January 2012 4509:on 24 October 2012 4457:"Summary Sheriffs" 4414:legislation.gov.uk 4355:legislation.gov.uk 4331:legislation.gov.uk 4209:Legislation.gov.uk 4179:"CPS: Extradition" 4153:Legislation.gov.uk 4030:Legislation.gov.uk 3772:Legislation.gov.uk 3742:Legislation.gov.uk 3446:on 6 February 2021 2674:Christine Mander, 2404:'s passage of the 2265:Texas Constitution 2027:same-sex marriages 1647:small claims court 1612: 1495:parish authorities 1465:Companies Act 2006 1449:Licensing Act 2003 1356:magistrates' court 919:partition of India 814:, pursuant to the 790:of their relevant 740:land consolidation 694:) function as the 612:magistrates' court 508:on 24 April 1918. 484:magistrates' court 42: 7057:Legal professions 7024: 7023: 6684:Constitutionalism 6606:Law and economics 6444:Act of parliament 6182:Product liability 6135:Legal archaeology 6060:Environmental law 6054:Entertainment law 5894:International law 5789:Media related to 5621:on 26 April 2009. 5614:American Heritage 4205:"Courts Act 2003" 4149:"Courts Act 2003" 4129:on 9 October 2007 3678:"Criminal courts" 3626:www.commonlii.org 3588:. Brill Archive. 3516:. 1 December 2020 3514:The Straits Times 3056:on 22 August 2006 2402:Wyoming Territory 2398:Sweetwater County 2105: 2104: 2097: 2015: 2014: 2007: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1429:England and Wales 1360:England and Wales 1344:England and Wales 1244:. Any citizen of 1236:are appointed as 1170:certify documents 1126:Singapore prisons 955:district justices 625:Western Australia 605:power of attorney 450: 449: 442: 358: 357: 350: 256:Miriam Lightowler 135:royal prerogative 16:(Redirected from 7064: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6985: 6984: 6808:Question of fact 6689:Criminal justice 6019:Construction law 6014:Conflict of laws 5979:Agricultural law 5821: 5814: 5807: 5798: 5788: 5772: 5761:North v. Russell 5749:North v. Russell 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5649:"12 Cal. 3d 323" 5641: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5617:. Archived from 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5585:on 26 April 2009 5581:. Archived from 5573:Delbride, Rena. 5570: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5527:. 19 June 2019. 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5210: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4804:on 27 March 2013 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4540: 4534:. 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Archived from 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4060:www.judiciary.uk 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3712:www.judiciary.uk 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3286:. Archived from 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207:. Archived from 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3145:on 25 April 2019 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3052:. Archived from 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2996:. Archived from 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2974:on 25 April 2013 2970:. Archived from 2964: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2776:. Archived from 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2750:. Archived from 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2570:on 16 April 2009 2560: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2514: 2467:North v. Russell 2406:women's suffrage 2379:Marilyn Skoglund 2100: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2049: 2041: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1959: 1951: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1855: 1847: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1773: 1765: 1741: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1690: 1682: 1582:Northern Ireland 1433:Northern Ireland 1413:Judicial College 1406: 1394:for sentencing. 1380:community orders 1272:Governor General 1234:Attorney at laws 1086:Attorney-General 1059:Judicial Justice 1053:Governor-General 1048:certified copies 1046:, and producing 985:Governor-General 947:Irish Free State 943:quarter sessions 812:British Columbia 806:British Columbia 796:Attorney General 686: 645:Christmas Island 526:City of Richmond 478:In the state of 445: 438: 434: 431: 425: 394: 386: 353: 346: 342: 339: 333: 302: 294: 275:Matabele kingdom 269:, a gold-mining 258:OBE in Halifax. 237:quarter sessions 203:local ordinances 54:judicial officer 21: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 6993: 6979: 6970: 6947: 6938:Political party 6911:Legal education 6899:Law enforcement 6879:Court of equity 6837: 6813:Question of law 6766:Practice of law 6746:Judicial review 6660: 6611:Legal formalism 6591:Comparative law 6586:Contract theory 6569: 6489:Legal pluralism 6460: 6449:Act of Congress 6373:Executive order 6339: 6241: 6160:Nationality law 6085:Immigration law 6009:Competition law 5962: 5830: 5825: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5572: 5571: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5262:Yale Law School 5256: 5255: 5251: 5238: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4986:on 1 March 2010 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4588: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4499:The Irish Times 4493: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4470: 4468: 4467:on 3 April 2017 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4384:on 19 July 2013 4372: 4371: 4367: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3658:on 1 April 2015 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3596: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3468:. MHA Singapore 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178:. 1 June 2014. 3167: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2611:, Penguin, 2007 2604: 2600: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2497:Posse comitatus 2487: 2422:municipal court 2414: 2387: 2358: 2254: 2229: 2205: 2199: 2190: 2114: 2101: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2066: 2050: 2039: 2011: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1976: 1960: 1949: 1929: 1920: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1872: 1856: 1845: 1825: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1790: 1774: 1763: 1742: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1707: 1691: 1680: 1667: 1659:civil marriages 1601: 1589:Lord Chancellor 1584: 1522:district courts 1514: 1508: 1482:in the name of 1480:Lord Chancellor 1476:Courts Act 2003 1458:Courts Act 2003 1400:Lord Chancellor 1376:justices' clerk 1372:summary justice 1370:) who dispense 1352: 1346: 1341: 1301: 1264:Frederick North 1158: 1107: 1094: 1074: 1072:Issuing Officer 1061: 1036: 1013: 993: 987:'s discretion. 976: 927: 907: 891: 879: 860: 840: 828: 808: 776: 754:, most notably 744:consumer credit 692:Friedensgericht 682: 679:justice de paix 659: 653: 627: 601:search warrants 582: 580:South Australia 558: 556:New South Wales 538: 514: 476: 446: 435: 429: 426: 411: 395: 384: 354: 343: 337: 334: 319: 303: 292: 287: 246:, the Mayor of 233:county councils 222:Lord Chancellor 96: 90: 82:legal education 74:summary justice 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7070: 7068: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6990: 6987:Law portal 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6823:Trial advocacy 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6360: 6355: 6353:Ballot measure 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6330:Legal treatise 6327: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6296:Letters patent 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6247:Sources of law 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6232:Unenforced law 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Commercial law 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5780: 5779:External links 5777: 5774: 5773: 5740: 5731: 5724: 5706: 5687: 5667: 5633: 5624: 5607:(April 1973). 5596: 5560: 5542: 5516: 5482: 5452: 5438: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5339: 5325: 5293: 5279: 5249: 5240:|website= 5194: 5179: 5168:on 22 May 2010 5153: 5142:on 22 May 2010 5127: 5101: 5075: 5064:on 22 May 2010 5049: 5038:on 21 May 2010 5023: 5012:on 22 May 2010 4997: 4971: 4960:on 22 May 2010 4945: 4919: 4893: 4882:on 22 May 2010 4867: 4856:on 21 May 2010 4841: 4830:on 22 May 2010 4815: 4789: 4778:on 21 May 2010 4763: 4748: 4734: 4720: 4691: 4661: 4630: 4609:"Small Claims" 4600: 4591:|journal= 4552: 4520: 4482: 4448: 4431:www.mygov.scot 4418: 4395: 4365: 4341: 4317: 4287: 4257: 4226: 4196: 4170: 4140: 4110: 4077: 4047: 4017: 3987: 3954: 3924: 3894: 3864: 3836: 3822: 3789: 3759: 3729: 3699: 3669: 3643: 3613: 3594: 3574: 3541: 3527: 3501: 3479: 3457: 3431: 3405: 3379: 3353: 3327: 3301: 3275: 3249: 3222: 3196: 3172:www.dekamer.be 3156: 3135:"Vredegerecht" 3126: 3107:Branch, J. P. 3099: 3067: 3041: 3011: 2985: 2956: 2911: 2885: 2867:Daily Standard 2853: 2822: 2791: 2765: 2739: 2710: 2680: 2667: 2654: 2628: 2613: 2605:Tim Blanning, 2598: 2589:"Magistrate". 2581: 2555: 2540:, ed. (1911). 2538:Chisholm, Hugh 2529: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2413: 2410: 2386: 2383: 2357: 2354: 2342: 2341: 2330: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2253: 2250: 2228: 2225: 2198: 2197:North Carolina 2195: 2189: 2186: 2121:New York State 2119:are courts in 2117:Justice courts 2113: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2013: 2012: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1909: 1908: 1859: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1827: 1826: 1777: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1744: 1743: 1694: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1666: 1663: 1600: 1597: 1583: 1580: 1544:Lord President 1507: 1504: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339:United Kingdom 1337: 1300: 1297: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1196:district court 1157: 1154: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1090: 1073: 1070: 1060: 1057: 1035: 1032: 1012: 1009: 1001:jaksa pendamai 992: 989: 975: 972: 968:Garda Síochána 935:petty sessions 926: 923: 906: 903: 890: 887: 878: 875: 859: 856: 839: 836: 827: 824: 820:peace officers 807: 804: 775: 772: 655:Main article: 652: 649: 626: 623: 581: 578: 557: 554: 537: 534: 513: 510: 475: 472: 464:Norfolk Island 448: 447: 398: 396: 389: 383: 380: 356: 355: 306: 304: 297: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281:protectorate. 89: 86: 62:letters patent 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7069: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Civil society 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6828:Trier of fact 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:Legal opinion 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Court-martial 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6666:Jurisprudence 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Statutory law 6553: 6551: 6550:Socialist law 6548: 6544: 6543:Byzantine law 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6494:Religious law 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6466:Legal systems 6463: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6434:Statutory law 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264:Statutory law 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Transport law 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Legal fiction 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:Financial law 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Corporate law 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Statutory law 5951: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835:Core subjects 5833: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5725:0-9721394-1-9 5721: 5717: 5710: 5707: 5694: 5690: 5688:9780199988648 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5668: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5605:Cheney, Lynne 5600: 5597: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5501: 5494: 5493: 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1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1964:This section 1962: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947:Massachusetts 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1937:Notary Public 1934: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1905: 1902: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1860:This section 1858: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1837:notary public 1834: 1823: 1820: 1812: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1778:This section 1776: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1740: 1737: 1729: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1695:This section 1693: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1652:trial de novo 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1599:United States 1598: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:sheriff court 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538:In 2006, the 1536: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 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