Justice Party (India) - Knowledge (XXG)

2740:, where party meetings were held. Apart from the head office, several branch offices operated in the city. By 1917, the party had established offices at all the district headquarters in the presidency, periodically visited by the Madras–based leaders. The party had a 25–member executive committee, a president, four vice-presidents, a general secretary and a treasurer. After the 1920 elections, some attempts were made to mimic European political parties. A chief whip was appointed and Council members formed committees. Article 6 of the constitution made the party president the undisputed leader of all non-Brahmin affiliated associations and party members in the legislative council. Article 14 defined the membership and role of the executive committee and tasked the general secretary with implementing executive committee decisions. Article 21 specified that a "provincial confederation" of the party be organised annually, although as of 1944, 16 confederations had been organised in 27 years. 5225:, the Justice governments did not protest the polices' harsh measures. However, with nationalism growing in the country and a string of Congress victories in local elections in 1934, the party reversed course again towards nationalism. Justice turned to Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy as its champion. Ramaswamy had drifted away in the early 1930s. In exchange for their support in campaigning and propaganda, the Justicites included the Self-Respect movement's socialist "Erode" program in their election manifesto. The new program had much in common with Congress' nationalist policies such as 2365:'s right to a sovereign state, under the direct control of the Secretary of State for India. In 1939, Periyar organised the Dravida Nadu Conference for the advocacy of a "separate, sovereign and federal republic of Dravida Nadu". Speaking on 17 December 1939, he raised the slogan "Dravida Nadu for Dravidians" replacing the "Tamil Nadu for Tamils" that had been used earlier (since 1938). The demand for "Dravidistan" was repeated at the 15th annual confederation in August 1940. On 10 August 1941, Periyar stopped the agitation for 1843:, proposed political reforms to increase representation of Indians in the government and to develop self-governing institutions. This announcement increased the division among the non-Brahmin political leaders of the Presidency. Justice organised a series of conferences in late August to support its claims. Theagaraya Chetty, cabled Montagu asking for communal representation in the provincial legislature for non-Brahmins. He demanded a system similar to the one granted to Muslims by the 2338:, brought the party effectively under Periyar's control. When Rao's term ended, Periyar became president on 29 December 1938. Periyar, a former Congressman, had a previous history of cooperation with the party. He had left Congress in 1925 after accusing the party of Brahminism. SRM cooperated closely with Justice in opposing Congress and Swaraj. Periyar had even campaigned for Justice candidates in 1926 and 1930. For a few years in the early 1930s, he switched from Justice to the 1933:'s Award") was reached in March 1920. 28 (3 urban and 25 rural) of the 63 general seats in plural member constituencies were reserved for non-Brahmins. A youth conference for non-Brahmins was held in Bombay, with Adv J S SAVANT serving as the chairman of the reception committee. Was a weekly writer in the English daily “Justice “ of Madras when Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar was its editor, President, Maratha Recruitment Board World War II, President Konkan prantic Non Brahmin Sangh 1920:, attended the hearings. Ramarayaningar also represented the All India Landholder association and the Madras Zamindar association. Reddi Naidu, Mudaliar and Ramarayaningar toured major cities, addressed meetings, met with MPs, and wrote letters to the local newspapers to advance their position. Nair died on 17 July 1919 before he could appear. After Nair's death, Reddi Naidu became the spokesman. He testified on 22 August. The deputation won the backing of both 5318:. On 11 May 1921, bots and caste Hindus went on strike in the Carnatic textile mill. On 20 June, workers in Buckingham Mill followed. The Paraiyars were quickly persuaded to end the strike, but the caste Hindus continued to strike. This created animosity between the two groups. In an ensuing clash between the police and caste Hindus, several were killed. Justice leaders accused the Government of creating problems by pampering the Paraiyars. The party paper 1635:, J. M. Nallusamipillai, Rao Bahadur K. Venkataretti Naidu (K. V. Reddy Naidu), Rao Bahadur A. B. Patro, T. Ethirajulu Mudaliyar, O. Kandasamy Chettiar, J. N. Ramanathan, Khan Bahadur A. K. G. Ahmed Thambi Marikkayar, Alarmelu Mangai Thayarmmal, A. Ramaswamy Mudaliyar, Diwan Bahadur Karunagara Menon, T. Varadarajulu Naidu, L. K. Thulasiram, K. Apparao Naidugaru, S. Muthaiah Mudaliyar and Mooppil Nair were among those present at the meeting. 1673: 1901:, the party dispatched T. M. Nair to London to lobby for extending communal representation. Dr. Nair arrived in June 1918 and worked into December, attended various meetings, addressed Members of Parliament (MPs), and wrote articles and pamphlets. However, the party refused to cooperate with the Southborogh committee that was appointed to draw up the franchise framework for the proposed reforms, because Brahmins 1588: 1574:

Madras Non-Brahmin Association" and recruit a thousand non-Brahmin members before October 1909. They elicited no response from the non-Brahmin populace and the organisation never saw the light of the day. Later in 1912, disaffected non-Brahmin members of the bureaucracy like Saravana Pillai, G. Veerasamy Naidu, Doraiswami Naidu and S. Narayanaswamy Naidu established the "Madras United League" with

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in a position to claim to be a truly representative body of all communities. What objection can there be to admit such Brahmins as are willing to subscribe to the aims and objects of our Federation? It may be that the Brahmins may not join even if the ban is removed. But surely our Federation will not thereafter be open to objection on the ground that it is an exclusive organization.

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resigned in November 1932 and the Rao became Chief Minister. After his removal from power, Munuswamy Naidu formed a separate party with his supporters. It was called Justice Democratic Party and had the support of 20 opposition members in the legislative council. His supporters rejoined the Justice party after his death in 1935. During this time, party Leader

2410:, C. L. Narasimha Mudaliar, Damodaran Naidu and K. C. Subramania Chettiar. A power struggle developed between the pro and anti-Periyar factions. On 27 December 1943, the rebel group convened the party's executive committee and criticised Periyar for not holding an annual meeting after 1940. To silence his critics Periyar decided to convene the confederation. 2377:, N. R. Samiappa Mudaliar and Muthiah Chettiar, met the mission on 30 March 1942 and demanded a separate Dravidian nation. Cripps responded that secession would be possible only through a legislative resolution or through a general referendum. During this period, Periyar declined efforts in 1940 and in 1942 to bring Justice to power with Congress' support. 1647:

political movement. Dr. T. M. Nair and Pitti Theagaraya Chettiar were the co-founders of this movement. Rajarathna Mudaliyar was selected as the president. Ramaraya Ningar, Pitti Theagaraya Chettiar, A. K. G. Ahmed Thambi Marikkayar and M. G. Aarokkiasami Pillai were also selected as the vice-presidents. B. M. Sivagnana Mudaliyar, P. Narayanasamy Mudaliar,

2996: 1432:. During 1910–20, eight out of the nine official members (appointed by the Governor of Madras) were Brahmins. Apart from the appointed members, Brahmins also formed the majority of the members elected to the council from the district boards and municipalities. During this period the Madras Province Congress Committee (regional branch of the 2426:(DK). Annadurai, who had played an important role in passing the resolutions, became the general secretary of the transformed organisation. Most members joined the Dravidar Kazhagam. A few dissidents like P. T. Rajan, Manapparai Thirumalaisami and M. Balasubramania Mudaliar did not accept the new changes. Led at first by 2178:

organised a rebel "ginger group" in November 1930. In the twelfth annual confederation of the party held on 10–11 October 1932, the rebel group deposed Naidu and replaced him with the Raja of Bobbili. Fearing that the Bobbili faction would move a no-confidence motion against him in the council, Naidu

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Identity politics among linguistic groups was common in British India. In every area, some groups considered British rule more favourable than a Congress–led independent government. In 1909, two lawyers, P. Subrahmanyam and M. Purushotham Naidu, announced plans to establish an organisation named "The

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comprising only 3.2% of the population began to increase their political power by filling most of the jobs which were open to Indian men at that time. They dominated the administrative services and the newly created urban professions in the 19th and early 20th century. The higher literacy and English

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In 1920 and 23, 29 members were nominated to the Legislative Council. During 1926–34, the number increased to 34 with the addition of 5 more members to represent the female franchise. In 1937 and 1946, the Legislature had become bicameral with the Council being the upper house. A total of 46 council

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The Justice party began as a political organisation to represent the interests of non-Brahmins. Initially it did not accept Brahmins as party members. However, along with other groups including Europeans, they were allowed to attend meetings as observers. After the defeat in 1926, calls were made to

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I was a Minister of Development without the forests. I was a Minister of Agriculture minus Irrigation. As a Minister of Agriculture I had nothing to do with the Madras Agriculturists Loan Act or the Madras Land Improvement Loans Act... The efficacy and efficiency of a Minister of Agriculture without

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as Secretary. The league restricted itself to social activities and distanced itself from contemporary politics. On 1 October 1912, the league was reorganised and renamed as the "Madras Dravidian Association". The association opened many branches in Madras city. Its main achievement was to establish

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The anti-Periyar faction tried to preempt their opponents' moves by declaring that the resolution passed in the Salem confederation did not bind them. They did this at a meeting convened on 20 August. They argued that since Periyar had not been properly elected president per the party constitution,

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So long as we exclude one community, we cannot as a political speak on behalf of or claim to represent all the people of our presidency. If, as we hope, provincial autonomy is given to the provinces as a result of the reforms that may be granted, it should be essential that our Federation should be

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During its years in power, Justice passed a number of laws with lasting impact. Some of its legislative initiatives were still in practice as of 2009. On 16 September 1921, the first Justice government passed the first communal government order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body

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Periyar withdrew the party from electoral politics and converted it into a social reform organisation. He explained, "If we obtain social self-respect, political self-respect is bound to follow". Periyar's influence pushed Justice into anti-Brahmin, anti-Hindu and atheistic stances. During 1942–44,

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in opposing and denouncing Gandhi and the nationalists. Sir Theagaraya Chetty, President of the party from 1916 to 1924, publicly expressed his view on the floor of the assembly that "political prisoners were worser than dacoits and robbers" amidst opposition from nationalists including members of

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faction protected the original policy. At a tripartite conference between Justice, Ministerialists and Constitutionalists in 1929, a resolution was adopted recommending the removal of restrictions on Brahmins joining the organisation. In October 1929, the executive committee placed a resolution to

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1) to create and promote the education, social, economic, political, material and moral progress of all communities in Southern India other than Brahmins 2)to discuss public questions and make a true and timely representation to Government of the views and interests of the people of Southern India

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On 20 November 1916, a gathering of non-Brahmin leaders and dignitaries met at the Advocate T.Ethirajulu Mudaliyar's residence in Vepery, Chennai. Diwan Bahadur Pitti Theagaraya Chettiar, Dr. T. M. Nair, Diwan Bahadur P. Rajarathina Mudaliyar, Dr. C. Nadesa Mudaliyar, Diwan Bahadur P. M. Sivagnana

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Increasing nationalist feelings and factional infighting caused the party to shrink steadily from the early 1930s. Many leaders left to join Congress. Rao as inaccessible to his own party members and tried to curtail the powers of district leaders who had been instrumental in the party's previous

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economics. In 1925, the party's annual confederation passed a resolution supporting "indigenous industries" and "swadeshi enterprise". This shift enabled Justice to better compete against Swaraj to whom Justice was slowly losing ground. The term "Swaraj" (or self-rule) itself was included in the

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The Justice Party has disgusted the people of this presidency like plague and engendered permanent hatred in their hearts. Everybody, therefore, is anxiously awaiting the fall of the Justice regime which they consider tyrannical and inauguration of the Congress administration...Even old women in

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The Justice party served as a non-Brahmin political organisation. Though non-Brahmin movements had been in existence since the late 19th century, Justice was the first such political organisation. The party's participation in the governing process under dyarchy taught the value of parliamentary

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The State Aid to Industries Act, passed in 1922 and amended in 1935, advanced loans for the establishment of industries. The Malabar Tenancy Act of 1931 (first introduced in September 1926), controversially strengthened the legal rights of agricultural tenants and gave them the "right to occupy

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Besant's association with Brahmins and her vision of a homogeneous India based on Brahminical values brought her into direct conflict with Justice. The December 1916 "Non-Brahmin Manifesto" voiced its opposition to the Home Rule Movement. The manifesto was criticised by the Home rule periodical

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was sympathetic to the Brahmins. This dominance was denounced by the non-Brahmin leaders in the form of pamphlets and open letters written to the Madras Governor. The earliest examples of such pamphlets are the ones authored by the pseudonymous author calling himself "fair play" in 1895. By the

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in the second Justice ministry in 1923. This cleared the way for the passage of Andhra University Bill on 6 November 1925, with Tamil support. The institution opened in 1926 with C. R. Reddy as its first vice-chancellor. This led to calls for the establishment of a separate, Tamil, university,

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This stance isolated the party—most political and social organisations supported the movement. Justice Party's believed that he associated mostly with Brahmins, though he was not a Brahmin himself. It also favoured industrialisation. When Gandhi visited Madras in April 1921, he spoke about the

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members. The committee's report, issued on 17 November 1919, recommended communal representation in the Madras Presidency. The number of reserved seats was to be decided by the local parties and the Madras Government. After prolonged negotiations between Justice, Congress, MPA and the British

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officials for submission to the public services commission. The Mylapore Brahmin faction rose to prominence in the early 20th century. The British, while acknowledging its usefulness, was wary and supported non-Brahmins for several government posts. They sought to counter the influence of the

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of the legislatures, courts, schools and social functions. Non-cooperation did not appeal to Justice, which sought to leverage continued British presence by participating in the new political system. Justice considered Gandhi to be an anarchist threatening social order. The party newspapers

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newspapers to publicise grievances of non-Brahmins. Chetty became the secretary. Chetty and Nair had been political rivals in the Madras Corporation council, but Natesa Mudaliar was able to reconcile their differences. The meeting also formed the "South Indian Liberal Federation" (SILF) as a

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The Madras Elementary Education Act of 1920 introduced compulsory education for boys and girls and increased elementary education funding. It was amended in 1934 and 1935. The act penalised parents for withdrawing their children from schools. The Madras University Act of 1923 expanded the

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having anything to do with irrigation, agricultural loans, land improvement loans and famine relief, may better be imagined than described. Then again, I was Minister of Industries without factories, boilers, electricity and water power, mines or labor, all of which are reserved subjects.

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and, naturally, the vanity of the man was flattered beyond measure. He held forth on the glories of Brahminism and Brahminical culture. Not even knowing even the elements of Dravidian culture, Dravidian philosophy, Dravidian literature, Dravidian languages, and Dravidian history, this

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It is with much pain and surprise that we have perused this document. It gives a manifestly unfair and distorted representation of many of the matters to which it makes reference. It can serve no purpose but it is bound to create bad blood between persons belonging to the Great Indian

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The Justice party's first officeholders were elected in October 1917. Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar was the party's first general secretary. The party began writing a constitution in 1920, adopting it on 19 December 1925 during its ninth confederation. An 18 October 1917 notice in

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During 1916–20, the Justice party struggled against the Egmore and Mylapore factions to convince the British government and public to support communal representation for non-Brahmins in the presidency. Rajagopalachari's followers advocated non-cooperation with the British.

2095:(Raja of Panagal), the Minister of Local Self-Government and Public Health replaced him. The party was far from happy with the diarchial system. In his 1924 deposition to the Muddiman committee, Cabinet Minister Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu expressed the party's displeasure: 1780:

and many of her political associates were Tamil Brahmins. She viewed India as a single homogeneous entity bound by similar religious, philosophical, cultural characteristics and an Indian caste system. Many of the ideas she articulated about Indian culture were based on

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The pressure to compete with the Justice party forced the Congress party to let more non-Brahmins into the party power structure. The party's policies disrupted the established social hierarchy and increased the animosity between the Brahmin and non-Brahmin communities.

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At a time when non-Brahmins in other parties were gradually coming over to the Justice Party, being fed up with the Brahmin's methods and ways of dealing with political questions, it was nothing short of folly to think of admitting him into the ranks of the Justice

1651:, M. Govindarajulu Naidu were selected as the secretaries. G. Narayanasamy Chettiar acted as treasurer. T. M. Nair was elected as one of the executive committee members. Later, the movement came to be popularly called the "Justice Party", after the English daily 2948:

members of Justice party led to the establishment of two universities. The rivalry had existed since the party's inception and was aggravated during the first justice ministry because Tamil members were excluded from the cabinet. When the proposal to set up

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prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organisation to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the

2342:. After the Communist party was banned in July 1934, he returned to supporting Justice. The anti-Hindi agitations revived Justice's sagging fortunes. On 29 October 1939, Rajagopalachari's Congress government resigned, protesting India's involvement in 1691:(Home Rule Movement's newspaper) dismissed it and predicted its premature death. By February 1917, the SIPA joint stock company had raised money by selling 640 shares of one hundred rupees each. The money purchased a printing press and the group hired 1309:

language proficiency among Brahmins were instrumental in this ascendancy. The political, social, and economical divide between Brahmins and non-Brahmins became more apparent in the beginning of the 20th century. This breach was further exaggerated by

2137: 2876:, which have since become standard. The Madras Hindu Religious Endowment Act, introduced on 18 December 1922 and passed in 1925, brought many Hindu Temples under the direct control of the state government. This Act set the precedent for later 2246:

Justice's final defeat has been ascribed variously to its collaboration with the British colonial government; the elitist nature of the Justice party members, loss of scheduled caste and Muslim support and flight of the social radicals to the

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with the object of safeguarding and promoting the interests of all communities other than Brahmins and 3) to disseminate by public lectures, by distribution of literature and by other means sound and liberal views in regard to public opinion.

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On 27 August 1944, Justice's sixteenth annual confederation took place in Salem where the pro-Periyar faction won control. The confederation passed resolutions compelling party members to: renounce British honours and awards such as

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The Justice Party was isolated in contemporary Indian politics by its many controversial activities. It opposed Brahmins in civil service and politics, and this anti-Brahmin attitude shaped many of its ideas and policies. It opposed

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The Government of India Act of 1919 prohibited women from becoming legislators. The first Justice Government reversed this policy on 1 April 1921. Voter qualifications were made gender neutral. This resolution cleared the way for

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A cartoon from 19 March 1923, evaluating the first Justice Ministry. It mentions Prohibition, Andhra University, irrigation schemes, industrial development and more local self-government among the unfulfilled expectations of the

2031:, advising him to stay away from Brahmin/non-Brahmin issues. Gandhi responded by highlighting his appreciation of Brahmin contribution to Hinduism and said, "I warn the correspondents against separating the Dravidian south from 1069: 1012: 1659:, but decried Brahminic bureaucratic dominance and urged for non-Brahmins to "press their claims as against the virtual domination of the Brahmin Caste". The manifesto was harshly criticised by the nationalist newspaper 1525:) holds the view that British colonial officials in India sought to encourage the growth of non-Brahminism, but does not characterise it as simply a product of that policy. David. A. Washbrook disagrees with Irschick in 296:

in the presidency and formed the government. For the next seventeen years, it formed four out of the five ministries and was in power for thirteen years. It was the main political alternative to the nationalist

2292:'s visit to assess the political reforms. After the death of Ramarayaningar in December 1928, Justice broke into two factions: the Constitutionalists and the Ministerialists. The Ministerialists were led by 2001:

The meeting was presided over by local Brahmin politicians of Gandhi persuasion, and Mr. Gandhi himself was surrounded by Brahmins of both sexes. A band of them came to the meeting singing hymns. They broke

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council members supported the government, but withdrew in a disagreement over appointments. Explaining the Muslim disillusionment with the Justice party, Abbas Ali Khan, a Muslim member said in late 1923:

2275:, Swaraj emerged as the largest party, but refused to form the government because of its opposition to dyarchy. Justice declined power because it did not have enough seats and due to clashes with governor 2287:

against Subbarayan that was defeated with the help of the Governor–nominated members. Halfway through the ministry's term, Goschen convinced Justice to support the ministry. This change came during the

1882:, Chettis and the Panchamas—along with four Brahmin groups. Pillai convinced the Madras Province Congress Committee to support the MPA/Justice position. British colonial authorities, including Governor 1627:

lost to Brahmin candidates with Home Rule League support in local council elections. These defeats increased animosity and the formation of a political organisation to represent non-Brahmin interests.

3043:. Ramarayaningar created a residential colony adjoining this village. The colony was named "Theagaroya Nagar" or T. Nagar after just–deceased Theagaroya Chetty. T. Nagar centered around a park named 2402:'s help. A group of leaders became uncomfortable with Periyar's leadership and policies and formed a rebel group that attempted to dethrone Periyar. This group included P. Balasubramanian (editor of 5283:

Justice party never regained Muslim support, because it failed to convince the group that high-caste Hindus had not received a disproportionate allocation of jobs opened up by communal reservation.

1565:, the Madras Secretariat, for the first time used Brahmin or non-Brahmin as a criterion for job appointments. By 1918, it was maintaining a list of Brahmins and non-Brahmins, preferring the latter. 5188:, the national parliamentary body. During 1916–20, it focused on obtaining communal representation and participating in the political process. During the non-cooperation period, it joined with the 284:

During its early years, the party was involved in petitioning the imperial administrative bodies and British colonial officials demanding more representation for non-Brahmins in government. When a

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The British role in the development of the non-Brahmin movement is broadly accepted by some historians. The statistics used by non-Brahmin leaders in their 1916 manifesto were prepared by senior

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Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts

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was appointed Chief Minister. Goschen nominated 34 members to the council to support the new ministry. Initially Justice joined Swaraj in opposing "government by proxy". In 1927, they moved a

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under the presidency of Ramarayaningar. In the following months, several non-Brahmin conferences were organised. On 18 October, the party published its objectives (as formed by T. M. Nair) in

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and was drained in 1923. Development west of the Long Tank had been initiated by the British colonial government in 1911 with the construction of a railway station at the village of Marmalan/

1827:. Nair described the home rule movement as an agitation carried on "by a white woman particularly immune from the risks of government action" whose rewards would be reaped by the Brahmins. 5437: 5294:'s death, Adi Dravidas were slowly pushed out of the party. The "Pulianthope incidents" (also called as the "B&C Mill strike") soured the relationship of non-Brahmin Sudra castes like 2896:'s nomination to the council in 1926, when she became the first woman to become a member of any legislature in India. In 1922, during the first Justice ministry (before relationships with 1631:

Mudaliar, Diwan Bahadur P. Ramaraya Ningar, Diwan Bahadur M. G. Aarokkiasami Pillai, Diwan Bahadur G. Narayanasamy Reddy, Rao Bahadur O. Thanikasalam Chettiar, Rao Bahadur M. C. Raja,

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was expected to succeed him. He was a vocal opponent of the Mylapore Brahmins and advocated the induction of non-Brahmin members in the government. In 1912, under the influence of Sir

5345:, the Home member. Davidson blamed Justice, saying, "it is no longer merely a labour dispute confined to strikers and non-strikers, but a faction fight inflamed by caste prejudices." 1731:

Between August and December 1917 (when the first confederation of the party was held), conferences were organised all over the Madras Presidency—at Coimbatore, Bikkavole, Pulivendla,

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of the Indian National Congress, Mudaliar polled 63,254 votes and emerged runner-up. This new Justice party did not contest elections after 1952. In 1968, the party celebrated its

2398:, caused a break with Saivite Tamil scholars, who had joined the anti-Hindi agitations. Justice had never possessed much popularity among students, but started making inroads with 2235:

that among the peasants, "every sin of omission or commission of the past fifteen years is put down to them ". Faced with a resurgent Congress, the party was trounced in the 1937

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After its crushing defeat at the hands in 1937, Justice lost political influence. The Raja of Bobbili temporarily retired to tour Europe. The new Congress government under

2051:, party newspapers expressed suspicion of him. The party softened on Gandhi only after his arrest, expressing appreciation for his "moral worth and intellectual capacity". 1870:. Justice denounced MPA as a Brahmin creation intended to weaken their cause. On 14 December 1917, Montagu arrived at Madras to listen to comments on the proposed reforms. 7281: 2196:. Its economic policies were also very unpopular. Its refusal to decrease land taxation in non-Zamindari areas by 12.5% provoked peasant protests led by Congress. Rao, a 8094: 3067:

schemes and built housing colonies and public bathing houses in the congested areas. They also established the Indian School of Medicine in 1924 to research and promote

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after Ramarayaningar, the Raja of Panagal. The streets and other features in this new neighbourhood were named after prominent officials and party members, including

2215:, a traditional backer of the party, attacked its ineptitude and patronage. The extent of the discontent against the Justice government is reflected in an article of 1912:

The Joint Select Committee held hearings during 1919–20 to finalise the Government of India Bill, which would implement the reforms. A Justice delegation composed of

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and later by P. T. Rajan, they formed a party claiming to be the original Justice party. This party made overtures to the Indian National Congress and supported the

337:, due to his opposition towards creation of separate Dravidian country. Its mistrust of the "Brahmin–dominated" Congress led it to adopt a hostile stance toward the 2695: 2435: 8089: 7455: 7187: 6067: 1981:

persistently attacked non-cooperation. Party member Mariadas Ratnaswami wrote critically of Gandhi and his campaign against industrialisation in a pamphlet named

1795:, whose values were questioned by educated non Brahmins. Even before the League's founding, Besant and Nair had clashed over an article in Nair's medical journal 3028:. His administration implemented the Madras Town Planning Act of 7 September 1920, creating residential colonies to cope with the city'srapid population growth. 5243:

Justice party, which had captured power in 1920, claiming to represent all non-Brahmins in the presidency gradually lost the support of many communities. Under

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of 1909—separate electorates and reserved seats. The non-Brahmin members from Congress formed the Madras Presidency Association (MPA) to compete with Justice.

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condemned Justice in the same way that T. M. Nair had once condemned the Brahmins. Soon after the Pulianthope incidents, Rajah and Paraiyars left the party.

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In its last years in power, the party's decline continued. The Justice ministers drew a large monthly salary (Rs. 4,333.60, compared to the Rs. 2,250 in the

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Image taken in 1930s : (starting fifth from left after the woman) Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, C. Natesa Mudaliar, Raja of Bobbili and S. Kumaraswami Reddiar

6514:. After the Government of India Act of 1935, the legislature had become bicameral with the Assembly being the lower chamber (with primacy over the Council). 7978: 7693: 1819:. All three of the party's newspapers ran articles and opinions pieces critical of the home rule movement and the league on a daily basis. Some of these 317:

and withdrew it from electoral politics. A rebel faction that called itself the original Justice Party, survived to contest one final election, in 1952.

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a hostel for non-Brahmin students. It also organised annual "At-home" functions for non-Brahmin graduates and published books presenting their demands.

2434:. The Justice Party also lent its support to Congress candidates in the elections to the Constituent Assembly of India. It contested nine seats in the 2174:

and Naidu has differences over the presidency and Naidu did not hold the annual party confederation for three years. Under M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, the

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period extended from 1920 to 1937, encompassing five elections. Justice party was in power for 13 of 17 years, save for an interlude during 1926–30.

8114: 7948: 7798: 7545: 7535: 7350: 3673: 2961:. The Tamils argued that it was hard to define Andhras or the Andhra University. To appease the disgruntled Tamil members like J. N. Ramanathan and 2232: 1874:(Justice) and Kesava Pillai (MPA) and 2 other non-Brahmin delegations presented to Montagu. Justice and MPA both requested communal reservation for 1268: 435: 374: 5138:

this effect for approval before the party's eleventh annual confederation at Nellore. Supporting the resolution, Munuswamy Naidu spoke as follows:

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gentleman extolled the Brahmins to the skies at the expense of non-Brahmins; and the Brahmins present must have been supremely pleased and elated.

7445: 7430: 5380: 5197:. The then Justice Party government headed by the Raja of Panagal banned the publication and distribution of poems written by Indian nationalist 2974:

did not welcome non-Brahmins. On 22 March 1926, a Tamil University Committee chaired by Sivagnanam Pillai began to study feasibility and in 1929

2035:

north. The India today is a blend not only of two, but of many other cultures." The party's relentless campaign against Gandhi, supported by the

1961: 330: 3031:

The Long Tank, a 5 km (3.1 mi) long and 2 km (1.2 mi) wide water body, formed an arc along the city's western frontier from

7883: 7360: 7274: 6597: 4662: 1909:

were committee members. Justice secured the support of many Indian and non–Indian members of Indian Civil Service for communal representation.

460: 5221:. The party's shift toward nationalist policies was reversed in the 1930s, during the terms of Munusamy Naidu and Raja of Bobbili. During the 2346:. Madras provincial government was placed under governor's rule. On 21 February 1940 Governor Erskine cancelled compulsory Hindi instruction. 8099: 7833: 7640: 7630: 7575: 7450: 7153: 7134: 7115: 7084: 6988: 6864: 6817: 6706: 6352: 6228: 6113: 5701: 5674: 5612: 5413: 5287: 1533:—a fact which surely indicates its origins as a product of government policy." Washbrook's portrayal has been contested by P. Rajaraman (in 8079: 7938: 2276: 1608: 7164: 6781: 5201:. However, by the mid-1920s, the party adopted more nationalist policies. It discarded its earlier disdain of spinning thread by hand and 5326:

Public opinion...holds the present deplorable state of affairs has been brought about partly at all events by the undue pampering of the

5214:

for India as a component of the British Empire at as early a date as possible by all peaceful and legitimate and constitutional means.."

7620: 1261: 1222: 1217: 743: 6533:

But still formed a minority government, as the Swaraj party which had won the election refused to participate in the governing process.

5330:

by the officials of the Labour department, and partly by the, perhaps, unconscious encouragement given to them by some police officers.

1890:

supported communal representation. But Montagu was not inclined to extend communal representation to subgroups. The Montagu–Chelmsford

8008: 7953: 7668: 7329: 7319: 7290: 4838: 1550: 212: 1521:

argues that although the British played a role, the Dravidian movement had a bigger influence in South India. Eugene F. Irschick (in

7998: 7375: 7267: 7033: 5746: 5515: 1883: 7968: 7625: 6542:

The Justice party led by P. T. Rajan contested only nine seats. The Dravidar Kazhagam led by Periyar did not contest the elections.

1937: 6510:

under the dyarchial system. The legislature was a unicameral body. In 1937 and 1946, 215 seats were available for election in the

2204:, but managed to retain power as a minority government because Swaraj (the political arm of the Congress) refused to participate. 8013: 7973: 7963: 7415: 3955: 3818: 2296:

and favoured allowing Brahmins to join the party. A compromise was reached at the eleventh annual confederation of the party and

1317:

movement. The following table shows the distribution of selected jobs among different caste groups in 1912 in Madras Presidency.

1002: 440: 1655:

published by it. In December 1916, the association published "The Non Brahmin Manifesto", affirmed its loyalty and faith in the

7888: 7803: 7495: 6511: 2335: 2309: 779: 346: 5337:

raised this issue in Madras Legislative Council on 12 October, which led to an acrimonious debate between Justice members and

1949: 1537:), who argues that the movement was an inevitable result of longstanding "social cleavage" between Brahmins and non-Brahmins. 1469:

second decade of the 20th century, the Brahmins of the presidency were themselves divided into three factions. These were the

289: 8069: 7983: 7808: 7673: 7635: 7505: 7016: 3105: 3060: 2374: 1930: 7540: 2124:

to Swaraj. The Swaraj party refused to form the government, leading the Governor to set up an independent government under

8074: 8028: 7858: 7703: 7683: 7555: 6463: 6138: 2361:). At the 14th annual confederation (held in December 1938), Periyar became party leader and a resolution passed pressing 3020:

The second Justice Chief Minister, Ramarayaningar's years in power saw improvements to the infrastructure of the city of

7793: 7370: 6471: 6144: 5462: 5185: 2193: 2064: 2060: 1840: 1769: 1699:. However, negotiations with Menon broke down and Nair himself took over as honorary editor with P. N. Raman Pillai and 709: 650: 338: 285: 188: 7200: 6076: 2156:

was at its height and the economy was crumbling. Floods inundated the southern districts. The government increased the

1811:. Justice opposed the Home Rule Movement and the party newspapers derisively nicknamed Besant as the "Irish Brahmini". 1545:

Mylaporean Brahmins by incorporating non-Brahmins in several government posts. An early example was the appointment of

8084: 7893: 7743: 7480: 4510: 4383: 2105: 2192:

successes. The party was seen as collaborators, supporting the British colonial government's measures to counter the

2920:

with the approval of the legislative council. It was a breakfast scheme in a corporation school at Thousand Lights,

1866:

were among the non-Brahmin leaders involved in creating MPA. MPA was supported by the Brahmin nationalist newspaper

1711:(edited by A. C. Parthasarathi Naidu). Later in 1919, both were converted to weeklies due to financial constraints. 7678: 7650: 7565: 7525: 7500: 7440: 7400: 6980: 6856: 6507: 2228: 1800: 1743:. These conferences and other meetings symbolised the arrival of the SILF as a non-Brahmin political organisation. 1429: 547: 483: 473: 265: 5342: 5267:

I have found out from actual experience that whenever the question of experience came in, they always preferred a

7908: 7818: 7783: 7753: 7713: 7570: 7560: 7420: 5218: 5181: 4342: 3338: 3101: 2962: 1773: 1624: 1314: 680: 445: 370: 326: 5349:, the main representative of Scheduled Castes in the Council agreed with Davidson. An Adi Dravida reader of the 5133:

make the party more inclusive and more nationalist in character. Opponents, especially Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's

2439: 1844: 8124: 8003: 7853: 7605: 7405: 7324: 6656: 5248: 3048: 2506: 2339: 2080: 1855: 1700: 1648: 1632: 1596: 1433: 936: 853: 298: 6754: 2924:. Later it expanded to four more schools. This was the precursor to the free noon meal schemes introduced by 268:

as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Communal division between

8119: 8043: 8038: 7848: 7723: 7645: 7600: 7435: 7365: 6171: 5152: 3064: 3056: 2966: 1913: 1140: 1135: 1060: 695: 597: 572: 306: 96: 5210:

meant partial self-government under British rule, not independence. The constitution stated: ".. to obtain

2422:, drop caste suffixes from their names, resign nominated and appointed posts. The party also took the name 1707:, edited by Bhaktavatsalam Pillai, was started in June 1917. The party also purchased the Telugu newspaper 8048: 8033: 8018: 7993: 7933: 7788: 7773: 7758: 7718: 7520: 7485: 7390: 7355: 7314: 6574:

in 1944. After 1944, a rebel faction claiming to be the original Justice party existed till the mid-1950s.

5334: 4969: 2812: 2659: 2327: 2088: 2048: 1902: 1871: 1848: 1616: 1446:) were run by Europeans sympathetic to the crown, three were evangelical non–political periodicals, four ( 640: 582: 2279:

over issues of power and patronage. Goschen turned to the nationalist independent members. Unaffiliated,

7913: 7903: 7868: 7768: 7733: 7698: 6648: 5134: 3185: 2799: 2733:, outlining the party's policies and goals was the nearest it had to a constitution in its early years. 2331: 2248: 2167: 1906: 1859: 1498: 1247: 1177: 1115: 984: 951: 941: 729: 498: 310: 2442:

from the Madras Lok Sabha constituency in the 1952 Lok Sabha elections. Despite losing the election to

7012:

Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929

6722: 2251:

or in sum, "...internal dissension, ineffective organisation, inertia and lack of proper leadership".

1523:

Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929

1517:

Historians differ about the extent of British influence in the evolution of the non-Brahmin movement.

7928: 7813: 7550: 7475: 7465: 5338: 5244: 3546: 3415: 3080: 2975: 2913: 2873: 2825: 2443: 2427: 2284: 2024: 1917: 1852: 1765: 1620: 1558: 1541: 1022: 969: 848: 665: 607: 513: 354: 342: 261: 245: 28: 6605: 2116:

in 1923 (though with a reduced majority). On the first day (27 November 1923) of the new session, a

272:

and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to

7878: 7843: 7708: 7688: 7585: 7515: 7510: 7490: 7470: 7380: 7309: 6137:

and Robert L. Hardgrave, Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies at the

5604: 5597: 5198: 3052: 2917: 2431: 2323: 2211:) at the height of the Great Depression which was sharply criticised by the Madras press including 1863: 1692: 1436:) was also dominated by Brahmins. Of the 11 major newspapers and magazines in the presidency, two ( 921: 818: 6827: 6218: 329:, because it believed home rule would benefit the Brahmins. The party also campaigned against the 7763: 7728: 7610: 7385: 5327: 4201: 2979: 2958: 2954: 2929: 2893: 2786: 2590: 2319: 2297: 2180: 2149: 1921: 1575: 1506: 1232: 1182: 1125: 823: 675: 617: 406: 278: 253: 217: 106: 74: 56: 6852:

The new Cambridge history of India: Science, technology and medicine in Colonial India, Volume 3

6307: 345:, and educational and religious reform. In opposition it is remembered for participating in the 7178: 6791: 2259:

Justice was in opposition from 1926 to 1930 and again from 1937 until it transformed itself to

2120:

was defeated 65–44 and Ramarayaningar remained in power until November 1926. The party lost in

8023: 7988: 7918: 7615: 7425: 7226: 7196: 7170: 7149: 7130: 7111: 7090: 7080: 7042: 7020: 6984: 6860: 6850: 6702: 6571: 6348: 6311: 6295: 6224: 6109: 6103: 5968: 5742: 5697: 5670: 5608: 5511: 5409: 5403: 5072: 3264: 3097: 3093: 2971: 2950: 2760: 2423: 2260: 2208: 1986: 1925: 1592: 1293: 1227: 1192: 1187: 1145: 1085: 843: 734: 508: 419: 366: 365:. The Justice Party and the Dravidar Kazhagam are the ideological predecessors of present-day 350: 314: 237: 207: 148: 114: 66: 6974: 2326:(one of the few Justice leaders to have escaped defeat in the 1937 elections) Justice joined 7863: 7246: 2289: 2153: 1562: 1546: 1530: 1297: 1130: 1045: 906: 758: 690: 627: 612: 493: 358: 5438:"A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu" 27:

This article is about the South Indian political party. For party founded by Udit Raj, see

7828: 7823: 7748: 7595: 7580: 7460: 7395: 7304: 5222: 4333: 2897: 2773: 2617: 2562: 2399: 2092: 2016: 1643: 1612: 1600: 1554: 1470: 1438: 1301: 1032: 956: 863: 813: 719: 685: 660: 622: 592: 533: 197: 78: 70: 7050: 7076: 6300: 6160: 6128: 5592: 5177: 2736:

Madras City was the centre of the party's activities. It functioned from its office at

2447: 2394: 2370: 2109: 2044: 1957: 1703:

as sub–editors. The first issue came out on 26 February 1917. A Tamil newspaper called

1672: 1639: 1518: 1509:. A fourth non-Brahmin faction rose to compete with them and became the Justice party. 1305: 1202: 1027: 974: 964: 794: 670: 518: 503: 334: 273: 82: 5151:

supported Naidu's view. However this resolution was vehemently opposed by Periyar and

8063: 7778: 7107: 6759: 6148: 5307: 2945: 2419: 2280: 2125: 1836: 1736: 1502: 1172: 1110: 1090: 1040: 946: 931: 838: 789: 557: 538: 17: 7250: 5258:

castes, alienating Scheduled Castes and Muslims. During the first Justice ministry,

7958: 7898: 6141: 5503: 5311: 4711: 3044: 3032: 3007: 2362: 2343: 2136: 1875: 1761: 1611:, the non-Brahmin candidates T. M. Nair (from southern districts constituency) and 1587: 1465: 1310: 1237: 1120: 1055: 989: 926: 868: 858: 753: 724: 700: 602: 577: 322: 51: 5206:

constitution. Madras branch president C. R. Reddy led this change. To Justicites,

2862: 1638:

They established the South Indian People's Association (SIPA) to publish English,

7220: 7070: 6342: 5962: 5736: 5691: 5664: 5155:

and failed. Speaking against letting Brahmins into the party, Periyar explained:

6421: 5346: 5226: 5194: 5148: 2905: 2838: 2688: 2415: 2407: 2388: 2354: 2313: 2293: 2171: 2040: 1953: 1740: 1656: 979: 873: 567: 562: 523: 241: 86: 2916:

and made it more representative. In 1920 the Madras Corporation introduced the

2231:, the governor of Madras, reported in February 1937 to then Secretary of State 2224:

villages ask as to how long the ministry of the Raja of Bobbili would continue.

7923: 7345: 6813: 5291: 5217:

The historical record does not clearly indicate whether Justice condemned the

3109: 2925: 2885: 2881: 2743:

The following is the list of presidents of the Justice Party and their terms:

2737: 2011: 1715: 1595:

is seated at the centre (to the immediate right of the girl). To his right is

1197: 1050: 833: 378: 313:. In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into the social organisation 292:, the Justice Party took part in presidential governance. In 1920, it won the 257: 110: 7259: 7024: 5972: 2170:

and the Kumara Raja of Venkatagiri— were excluded from the cabinet. In 1930,

2010:

and presented him with holy water in silver basin. There were other marks of

341:. The Justice Party's period in power is remembered for the introduction of 7873: 7590: 7230: 7174: 7094: 7046: 6822: 6786: 6133: 2350: 2162: 1898: 1493: 1481: 1448: 878: 828: 381:(one of the successor states to Madras Presidency) continuously since 1967. 193: 6315: 5381:"100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics" 5315: 5299: 5295: 5276: 5268: 5202: 3116:

Contemporary and erstwhile parties that find their roots in Justice Party

3068: 3040: 3036: 3025: 2901: 2166:(landowners) faction was disgruntled because two prominent landlords—the 2157: 2091:

became the first Chief Minister, soon resigning due to declining health.

1879: 1484: 2995: 2438:. P. T. Rajan was the sole successful candidate. The party also fielded 1803:. In 1913, Besant lost a defamation suit against Nair over the article. 6976:

The untouchables: subordination, poverty, and the state in modern India

5252: 3112:(a successor state Madras Presidency) without interruption since 1967. 3021: 2921: 2068: 2007: 2003: 1965: 1936: 1732: 1474: 1289: 1104:

Deputy Leaders of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

1095: 587: 528: 362: 269: 158: 2957:) was first raised in 1921, it was opposed by Tamil members including 1615:(from landlords constituency) were defeated by the Brahmin candidates 7072:

The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947

5735:

R., Muthukumar (1 December 2010). "3.தென்னிந்திய நலவுரிமைச் சங்கம்".

5666:

The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency 1870–1920

5303: 5259: 5255: 3072: 2200:, cracked down on protests, fueling popular rage. The party lost the 1777: 1527:

The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency 1870–1920

1488: 249: 6782:"DMK will not forsake rights of depressed classes, says Karunanidhi" 1815:, the Tamil language mouthpiece of the party, ran headlines such as 1714:

On 19 August 1917, the first non-Brahmin conference was convened at

1428:

The dominance of Brahmins was also evident in the membership of the

6220:

George Joseph, the life and times of a Kerala Christian nationalist

6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6020: 6018: 5775:, ch. 4 (Ideology, Organisation and Programme of the Justice Party) 2900:

soured), the Council officially replaced the terms "Panchamar" or "

1993:

virtues of Brahminism and Brahmin contributions to Indian culture.

5272: 3092:

democracy to the educated elite of the Madras state . Justice and

3076: 2861: 2135: 2032: 1935: 1791: 5964:

The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861–1947

1553:

solely because Nair was a non-Brahmin. The job fell vacant after

5721:. Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. p. 161. 5164:

The party began to accept Brahmin members only in October 1934.

2104:

Internal dissent emerged and the party split in late 1923, when

1477: 1071:

Leaders of the Opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly

1014:

Leaders of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

7263: 6506:

From 1920 to 1934, 98 seats were available for election in the

5341:, a Brahmin law member of the Governor's executive council and 1529:, and states "Non-Brahminism became for a time synonymous with 7252:

India Old and New Chapter XII:Cross Currents in Southern India

6660: 6105:

A colonial economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)

2047:

districts. Even when Gandhi suspended the movement after the

5967:. Indian Council of Historical Research). pp. 126–131. 3001:

Map of Madras city in 1921, before the draining of Long Tank

2386:

Periyar's opposition to the Tamil devotional literary works

357:

universities and for developing the area around present-day

6344:

Up against caste: comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar

6649:"The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department" 6069:

Role of the opposition in the Madras legislature 1921–1939

2063:

implemented the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, instituting a

6911:. Publications Division, Government of India. p. 43. 6896:. Publications Division, Government of India. p. 42. 3013:

Madras city in 1955, after Long Tank had been drained out

2373:

visited India, a Justice delegation, comprising Periyar,

2243:

elections. After 1937 it ceased to be a political power.

288:

system of administration was established due to the 1919

5876:, ch. 5 (History of the Justice Party from 1920 to 1937) 2457: 7411:

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation

7186:

Ravichandran, R.; Perumal, C. A. (1982). "Chapter 1".

6755:"T.Nagar: Shop till you drop, and then shop some more" 6464:"Statistical Reports of 1951/52 Madras State Election" 5533:

Tamil renaissance and Dravidian nationalism, 1905–1944

2953:(long demanded by leaders like Konda Venkatapayya and 1799:, questioning the sexual practices of the theosophist 305:, it never recovered. It came under the leadership of 6142:

Robert L. Hardgrave Faculty page, University of Texas

2334:(SRM) to oppose the government's move. The resulting 2108:

resigned and formed a splinter group and allied with

1916:, Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu, Koka Appa Rao Naidu and 1464:) were published by Brahmins while New India, run by 915:

Deputy Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

7166:

The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916–37

6419:

any resolutions passed in the Salem conference were

2908:" to denote the Scheduled Castes of the presidency. 2369:

to help the government in its war efforts. When the

1687:, questioned the timing of the new association. The 1535:

The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916–37

7944:

Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)

7659: 7338: 7297: 6426: 6406: 6394: 2349:Under Periyar's leadership, the party embraced the 187: 164: 154: 144: 136: 128: 120: 102: 92: 62: 50: 41: 6299: 5596: 3096:were the political forerunners of the present day 3024:– particularly the development of the village of 8024:Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance 7531:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar 7222:March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916–1947 5669:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–285. 301:in Madras. After it lost to the Congress in the 6200: 6198: 6075:. Madras University. p. 85. Archived from 5408:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 230–. 2872:in the Indian legislative history to legislate 2322:introduced compulsory Hindi instruction. Under 5869: 5696:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32. 1823:articles were later published in book form as 889:Speaker of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly 805:Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 7275: 6944: 6942: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6242: 6240: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6049: 6047: 6045: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5626: 5624: 5575: 5573: 5510:. American Enterprise Institute. p. 61. 5508:Competitive elections in developing countries 5436:Manuraj Shunmugasundaram (22 November 2016). 2406:), R. K. Shanmugam Chettiar, P. T. Rajan and 1894:, issued on 2 July 1918, denied the request. 1569:Early non-Brahmin associations in south india 1269: 8: 7839:Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement 7739:Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra) 6973:Mendelsohn, Oliver; Marika Vicziany (1998). 6680: 6678: 6258: 5948: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 2965:, Theagaraya Chetty inducted a Tamil member 2160:to compensate for the fall in revenues. The 2152:'s tenure was beset with controversies. The 1619:and K. V. Rangaswamy Iyengar. The same year 244:. It was established on 20 November 1916 in 7979:Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) 7694:Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) 7456:Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party 7104:Anna: The life and times of C. N. Annadurai 6701:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 265. 6494:Justice Party Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1968 6438: 6204: 5741:(in Tamil). Chennai: Kizhakku Pathippagam. 1929:colonial government, a compromise (called " 1695:to edit a newspaper which was to be called 8105:Political history of the Madras Presidency 7282: 7268: 7260: 6725:. Kerala Institute of Local Administration 6638:, ch. 6 (Performance of the Justice Party) 6366: 6364: 5567:, ch. 2 (The Genesis of the Justice Party) 5486: 5484: 5180:. In its early years, Justice opposed the 2112:who were in opposition. The party won the 1983:The political philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi 1276: 1262: 393: 38: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6635: 5873: 5793: 5772: 5630: 5564: 5379:Kavitha Muralidharan (20 November 2016). 5239:1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike 5184:. It did not send representatives to the 2079:During the non-cooperation campaign, the 8095:Political parties disestablished in 1944 7949:Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist) 7536:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party 7351:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 6979:. Contemporary South Asia. Vol. 4. 6948: 6921: 6684: 6583: 6558: 6450: 6246: 6053: 5997: 5900: 5840: 5825: 5810: 5647: 5579: 5490: 5369:Encyclopedia of Political parties. p.152 5290:came during the same time period. After 5251:, the party came to represent a few non- 2878:Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment 2745: 2653: 2144:After four years in opposition, Justice 1671: 1586: 1319: 436:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 375:All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 8110:Defunct political parties in Tamil Nadu 5603:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5362: 2904:" (which were deemed derogatory) with " 2039:made him less popular and effective in 1892:Report on Indian Constitutional Reforms 405: 399:This article is part of a series on the 333:in the presidency. It was at odds with 7884:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7596:Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) 7361:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 6933: 6909:Builders of modern India:S. Satyamurti 6894:Builders of modern India:S. Satyamurti 6879: 6382: 6370: 6328: 6282: 6223:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 240–241. 6189: 6108:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 180–198. 6036: 6024: 6009: 5985: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5402:Joshua Fishman; Ofelia Garcia (2010). 3063:). Justice governments also initiated 1944:Opposition to non-cooperation movement 461:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 349:. The party had a role in creation of 8090:Political parties established in 1916 7834:Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party 7799:Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference 7641:Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party 7451:Jammu and Kashmir National Conference 7189:Dravidar Kazhagam – A political study 5730: 5728: 5693:The Politics of South India 1920–1937 5113: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3967: 3954: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3830: 3817: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3695: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3437: 3435: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3281: 3278: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3231: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 2470:Total seats available for nomination 2381:Transformation into Dravidar Kazhagam 1549:to a high court bench job in 1903 by 1296:enjoyed a higher position in India's 7: 7939:Republican Party of India (Athawale) 7844:Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai) 7446:Indigenous People's Front of Tripura 7431:Hill State People's Democratic Party 6960: 6270: 5463:"The Inner Grammar of Dissent Lives" 3547:Merger with Indian National Congress 1676:The masthead of the English daily – 745:Deputy Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu 6790:. 18 September 2008. Archived from 6217:Joseph, George Gheverghese (2003). 5796:, ch. 3 (The Era of Dr. T. M. Nair) 5176:The Justice party was loyal to the 1218:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu 8009:Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam 7954:Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) 7669:Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi 7320:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 7146:Encyclopaedia of Political Parties 7129:(in Tamil). Kizhakku Pathippagam. 6347:. Rawat Publications. p. 43. 5279:, or a Pillai but not a Muhamaddan 2087:. Justice won 63 of the 98 seats. 1831:Demand for communal representation 25: 7999:Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) 7376:All India United Democratic Front 6753:Varghese, Nina (29 August 2006). 6306:. Allahabad: Kitabistan. p. 5469:. Outlook India. 12 December 2016 2884:) Acts and the current policy of 8014:Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi 7974:Social Democratic Party of India 7964:Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic) 7416:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 5738:Dravida Iyakka Varalaru – Part 1 5719:The political awakening in India 5690:Baker, Christopher John (1976). 5599:Rural society in Southeast India 3956:Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3819:Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam 3006: 2994: 2982:who provided a large endowment. 1756:Conflict with Home Rule Movement 781:Deputy Speakers of the Lok Sabha 441:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 347:anti-Hindi agitations of 1937–40 8115:1944 disestablishments in India 7889:Marxist Co-ordination Committee 7804:Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party 7496:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) 7481:Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J) 7148:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. 6723:"Madras Town Planning Act 1920" 6427:Ravichandran & Perumal 1982 6407:Ravichandran & Perumal 1982 6395:Ravichandran & Perumal 1982 2310:Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937-40 236:, was a political party in the 234:South Indian Liberal Federation 7984:Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party 7969:Sikkim National People's Party 7809:Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik) 7674:All India Rajakulathor Peravai 7636:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 7626:United People's Party, Liberal 7506:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party 7017:University of California Press 6596:Murugan, N. (9 October 2006). 6524:seats were filled by election. 6302:The Communal Triangle in India 3106:Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3061:W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar 2970:because the Brahmin–dominated 2944:Rivalry between the Tamil and 2375:W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar 2300:was elected as the president. 1776:. She based her activities in 1: 8029:United Goans Democratic Party 7859:Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi 7704:Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) 7684:Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam 7576:Revolutionary Socialist Party 7556:Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party 7255:. London: Macmillan & Co. 7219:Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). 7069:More, J. B. Prashant (1997). 7035:Tamil revivalism in the 1930s 6570:Justice party was renamed as 2928:in the 1960s and expanded by 1989:also fought non-cooperation. 1825:The Evolution of Annie Besant 1607:In the 1916 elections to the 1491:faction led by the editor of 711:Chief Ministers of Puducherry 652:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu 180:P. Balasubramania Mudaliar’s 8100:1916 establishments in India 7794:Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party 7371:All India Trinamool Congress 7032:Irschick, Eugene F. (1986). 7009:Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). 6699:Essays on Indian renaissance 6472:Election Commission of India 5663:Washbrook, David A. (1977). 5186:Central Legislative Assembly 2845: 2842: 2832: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2803: 2793: 2790: 2780: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2464:Total seats up for election 2065:Diarchy in Madras Presidency 2061:Government of India Act 1919 1841:Secretary of State for India 1770:Indian independence movement 1609:Imperial Legislative Council 1591:Image taken in 1920s : 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1223:Cinema in Dravidian politics 339:Indian independence movement 140:Madras Dravidian Association 36:Political party in India 8080:Dravidian political parties 7894:National Secular Conference 7744:Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi 7541:People's Party of Arunachal 6139:University of Texas, Austin 5223:civil disobedience campaign 4527:Janaki's faction dissolved 4384:Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani 2912:administrative body of the 2749:President of Justice Party 2183:served as Mayor of Madras. 2043:, particularly in southern 1817:Home rule is Brahmin's rule 8141: 7679:Ambedkarite Party of India 7566:Rashtriya Loktantrik Party 7526:Nationalist Congress Party 7501:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena 7441:Indian Union Muslim League 7291:Political parties in India 6981:Cambridge University Press 6907:Parthasarathy, R. (1979). 6892:Parthasarathy, R. (1979). 6857:Cambridge University Press 6508:Madras Legislative Council 5506:and Ergun Ozbudun (1987). 5236: 5233:Rumors about Justice Party 5147:Former education minister 2440:M. Balasubramania Mudaliar 2307: 2006:in front of Gandhi, burnt 1950:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 1801:Charles Webster Leadbeater 1430:Madras Legislative Council 1409: 1392: 1375: 1358: 1341: 573:Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan 475:Union Council of Ministers 390:Brahmin/non-Brahmin divide 290:Montagu–Chelmsford reforms 266:Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal 26: 7909:Puratchi Bharatham Katchi 7819:Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik) 7784:Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi 7754:Gondwana Ganatantra Party 7714:Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh 7631:Voice of the People Party 7571:Revolutionary Goans Party 7561:Rashtriya Lok Samta Party 7546:People's Democratic Front 7421:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7169:. Poompozhil Publishers. 6818:"A street name unchanged" 6653:Department of HR & CE 6341:Chatterjee, Debi (2004). 6102:Manikumar, K. A. (2003). 5961:Krishnaswamy, S. (1989). 5531:K. Nambi Arooran (1980). 5219:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5182:Indian Home Rule movement 5128:Attitude towards Brahmins 5111:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 5106:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 5099:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 5076:that are currently active 5059: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5023: 5021: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4960: 4958: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4876: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4825: 4823: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4765: 4763: 4743: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4700: 4698: 4674: 4665:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 4655: 4653: 4635: 4633: 4611: 4609: 4597: 4595: 4577: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4503: 4501: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4437: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4393: 4376: 4374: 4352: 4350: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4314: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4238: 4218: 4216: 4192: 4190: 4182: 4180: 4158: 4156: 4144: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4120: 4098: 4096: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4057: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3993: 3965: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3920: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3858: 3838: 3828: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3785: 3763: 3761: 3749: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3727: 3725: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3676:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3664: 3662: 3654: 3652: 3630: 3628: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3594: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3562: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3527: 3525: 3503: 3501: 3489: 3487: 3469: 3467: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3398: 3396: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3339:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3174: 3172: 3102:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3057:O. Thanikachalam Chettiar 2978:opened. It was named for 2023:Kandaswamy Chetty sent a 1964:in 1919. He called for a 1747:Early history (1916–1920) 1625:Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu 1243:Rise of Dravidian parties 1004:Leaders of the Opposition 681:V. N. Janaki Ramachandran 446:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 371:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 203: 8004:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam 7854:Kerala Congress (Thomas) 7606:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha 7406:Communist Party of India 7325:Indian National Congress 7225:. Lalitha Publications. 6657:Government of Tamil Nadu 6159:David A. Washbrook, and 5249:Panaganti Ramarayaningar 2761:Sir P. Theagaroya Chetty 2114:second council elections 2081:Indian National Congress 1962:non-cooperation movement 1856:Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar 1701:M. S. Purnalingam Pillai 1633:Dr. Mohammed Usman Sahib 1597:Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar 1434:Indian National Congress 1410:Europeans and Eurasians 854:P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan 343:caste-based reservations 331:non-cooperation movement 299:Indian National Congress 8044:Vikassheel Insaan Party 8039:Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi 7849:Kerala Congress (Jacob) 7724:Communist Marxist Party 7651:Zoram People's Movement 7646:Zoram Nationalist Party 7621:United Democratic Party 7601:Sikkim Democratic Front 7436:Indian National Lok Dal 7401:Bodoland People's Front 7366:All India N.R. Congress 7330:National People's Party 7127:Thimuka Uruvanadhu Aen? 6172:Marguerite Ross Barnett 5717:John R. McLane (1970). 5153:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty 2967:T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai 2936:(land) in some cases". 2858:Legislative initiatives 2436:1952 Assembly elections 2085:November 1920 elections 1914:Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 1768:became involved in the 1663:(on 20 December 1916): 1603:and Raja of Venkatagiri 1141:Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj 1136:Panruti S. Ramachandran 1061:Edappadi K. Palaniswami 696:Edappadi K. Palaniswami 598:Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan 307:Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy 97:Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 8049:Welfare Party of India 8034:Uttarakhand Kranti Dal 8019:Telangana Jana Samithi 7994:Swatantra Bharat Paksh 7934:Rashtriya Samaj Paksha 7789:Indian National League 7774:Hindustani Awam Morcha 7759:Gorkha Janmukti Morcha 7719:Bharatiya Tribal Party 7486:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 7391:Bharat Rashtra Samithi 7356:All India Forward Bloc 7315:Bharatiya Janata Party 7163:Rajaraman, P. (1988). 7144:Ralhan, O. P. (2002). 6849:Arnold, David (2000). 6598:"RESERVATION (Part-2)" 6298:; Asoka Mehta (1942). 6066:Hamsapriya, A (1981). 5335:O. Thanikachala Chetty 5332: 5281: 5162: 5145: 4970:Bharatiya Janata Party 4531:Jayalalithaa's faction 4511:Merger with Janata Dal 3059:, Natesa Mudaliar and 2894:Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddi 2868: 2328:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy 2226: 2141: 2102: 2089:A. Subbarayalu Reddiar 2049:Chauri Chaura incident 2021: 1940: 1903:V. S. Srinivasa Sastri 1849:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy 1729: 1680: 1670: 1617:V. S. Srinivasa Sastri 1604: 583:Gingee N. Ramachandran 294:first direct elections 8070:Justice Party (India) 7914:Puthiya Needhi Katchi 7904:Pattali Makkal Katchi 7869:Loktantrik Janata Dal 7769:Hindustan Janta Party 7734:Democratic Azad Party 7247:Chirol, Sir Valentine 6131:, Editor-in-Chief of 5324: 5265: 5157: 5140: 3186:Self-respect movement 2865: 2454:Electoral performance 2332:Self-Respect Movement 2249:Self-Respect Movement 2221: 2194:independence movement 2139: 2097: 1999: 1948:Unsatisfied with the 1939: 1907:Surendranath Banerjee 1897:At a meeting held in 1860:P. Varadarajulu Naidu 1724: 1675: 1665: 1590: 1499:Kasturi Ranga Iyengar 1248:Self-Respect Movement 1116:Su. Thirunavukkarasar 1082:V. M. C. V. Ganapathy 985:Pollachi V. Jayaraman 952:V. P. Balasubramanian 942:Su. Thirunavukkarasar 730:M. D. R. Ramachandran 499:Aravinda Bala Pajanor 311:Self-Respect Movement 18:Justice party (India) 8075:Anti-caste movements 7929:Rashtriya Lok Morcha 7814:Jannayak Janta Party 7551:Rashtriya Janata Dal 7476:Jannayak Janta Party 7466:Janata Dal (Secular) 7125:Malarmannan (2009). 6816:(22 December 2008). 6794:on 21 September 2008 6512:Legislative Assembly 5633:, ch. 8 (Conclusion) 5339:S. Srinivasa Iyengar 4525:AIADMK unifies again 4334:Jayalalithaa faction 3416:Tamil National Party 3081:traditional medicine 2976:Annamalai University 2914:University of Madras 2826:B. Ramachandra Reddi 2444:T. T. Krishnamachari 2428:B. Ramachandra Reddi 2336:anti-Hindi agitation 2285:no confidence motion 2118:no-confidence motion 2027:of Gandhi's journal 2025:letter to the editor 1872:O. Kandaswami Chetty 1845:Minto–Morley Reforms 1766:Theosophical Society 1764:, the leader of the 1621:P. Theagaraya Chetty 1559:V. Krishnaswami Iyer 1542:Indian Civil Service 1505:nationalists led by 1023:V. R. Nedunchezhiyan 970:Parithi Ilamvazhuthi 849:Sedapatti R. Muthiah 666:V. R. Nedunchezhiyan 608:S. S. Palanimanickam 514:Sedapatti R. Muthiah 454:Unrecognised Parties 262:P. Theagaraya Chetty 246:Victoria Public Hall 29:Indian Justice Party 7879:Makkal Needhi Maiam 7709:Bahujan Mukti Party 7689:Gana Suraksha Party 7586:Shiromani Akali Dal 7521:Naga People's Front 7516:Naam Tamilar Katchi 7511:Mizo National Front 7491:Kerala Congress (M) 7471:Janata Dal (United) 7381:Apna Dal (Soneylal) 7310:Bahujan Samaj Party 7102:Kannan, R. (2010). 5199:Subramanya Bharathy 4206:on 24 December 1987 3279:Justice Party (PTR) 3108:, which have ruled 3053:Muhammad Habibullah 2918:Mid-day Meal Scheme 2684:Did not participate 2432:Quit India Movement 2404:The Sunday Observer 2324:A. T. Panneerselvam 1952:and the March 1919 1835:On 20 August 1917, 1693:C. Karunakara Menon 1599:. Also present are 1359:non-Brahmin Hindus 1315:Home Rule for India 922:Pulavar K. Govindan 819:Pulavar K. Govindan 377:, which have ruled 8085:Dravidian movement 7764:Hamro Sikkim Party 7729:Congress (Secular) 7611:Telugu Desam Party 7386:Asom Gana Parishad 6983:. pp. 94–95. 6963:, pp. 109–110 6951:, pp. 258–260 6924:, pp. 262–263 6830:on 3 November 2012 6697:Raj Kumar (2003). 6687:, pp. 244–251 6586:, pp. 368–369 6561:, pp. 172–178 6296:Patwardhan, Achyut 6249:, pp. 102–103 6192:, pp. 164–166 6056:, pp. 104–105 6000:, pp. 136–171 5951:, pp. 334–339 5903:, pp. 182–193 5650:, pp. 351–357 5442:The Indian Express 5286:The fracture with 2980:Annamalai Chettiar 2959:C. Natesa Mudaliar 2955:Pattabi Sitaramaya 2930:M. G. Ramachandran 2869: 2787:P. Munuswamy Naidu 2591:B. Munuswamy Naidu 2535:Theagaroya Chetty 2473:Members nominated 2320:C. Rajagopalachari 2298:B. Munuswamy Naidu 2181:L. Sriramulu Naidu 2150:B. Munuswamy Naidu 2142: 1941: 1681: 1605: 1576:C. Natesa Mudaliar 1507:C. Rajagopalachari 1393:Indian Christians 1326:Deputy collectors 1233:Dravidian movement 1126:K. A. Sengottaiyan 907:V. M. C. Sivakumar 824:K. A. Mathiazhagan 676:M. G. Ramachandran 618:S. Jagathrakshakan 549:Ministers of State 409:Dravidian Politics 327:Home rule movement 279:Dravidian Movement 256:and co-founded by 254:C. Natesa Mudaliar 107:C. Natesa Mudaliar 75:B. Munuswamy Naidu 57:C. Natesa Mudaliar 8057: 8056: 7989:Swabhimani Paksha 7919:Puthiya Tamilagam 7616:Tipra Motha Party 7426:Goa Forward Party 7197:Madras University 7155:978-81-7488-865-5 7136:978-81-8493-265-2 7117:978-0-670-08328-2 7086:978-81-250-1011-1 7041:. Madras: Cre-A. 6990:978-0-521-55671-2 6866:978-0-521-56319-2 6708:978-81-7141-689-9 6663:on 6 January 2010 6608:on 8 January 2009 6572:Dravidar Kazhagam 6354:978-81-7033-860-4 6259:Sundararajan 1989 6230:978-81-250-2495-8 6115:978-81-250-2456-9 5949:Sundararajan 1989 5843:, pp. 89–136 5703:978-0-521-20755-3 5676:978-0-521-05345-7 5614:978-0-521-23889-2 5415:978-0-19-539245-6 5245:Theagaraya Chetty 5193:his own party as 5119: 5118: 5084:Dravidar Kazhagam 5077: 5073:Dravidian parties 4975: 4845: 4716: 4669: 4535: 4515: 4388: 4090: 3960: 3823: 3680: 3551: 3420: 3343: 3269: 3265:Dravidar Kazhagam 3190: 3141: 3098:Dravidian parties 3094:Dravidar Kazhagam 2972:Madras University 2951:Andhra University 2850: 2849: 2817:29 December 1938 2807:29 December 1938 2781:16 December 1928 2721: 2720: 2655:No elections held 2507:Theagaroya Chetty 2424:Dravidar Kazhagam 2261:Dravidar Kazhagam 2209:Central Provinces 2148:. Chief Minister 2146:returned to power 1987:K. V. Reddi Naidu 1613:P. Ramarayaningar 1593:Theagaroya Chetty 1426: 1425: 1332:District Munsifs 1294:Madras Presidency 1286: 1285: 1228:Dravidar Kazhagam 1188:Maraimalai Adigal 1146:R. B. Udhayakumar 1086:R. V. Janakiraman 844:M. Tamilkudimagan 814:Si. Pa. Adithanar 735:R. V. Janakiraman 509:T. G. Venkatraman 485:Cabinet Ministers 421:Political Parties 410: 367:Dravidian parties 315:Dravidar Kazhagam 238:Madras Presidency 232:, officially the 226: 225: 213:Political parties 208:Politics of India 149:Dravidar Kazhagam 145:Succeeded by 115:Theagaroya Chetty 93:General Secretary 67:Theagaroya Chetty 16:(Redirected from 8132: 7864:Lok Insaaf Party 7298:National parties 7284: 7277: 7270: 7261: 7256: 7234: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7199:. Archived from 7194: 7182: 7181:on 21 July 2011. 7177:. Archived from 7159: 7140: 7121: 7098: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7049:. Archived from 7040: 7028: 6995: 6994: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6826:. Archived from 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6750: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6659:. Archived from 6645: 6639: 6633: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6604:. Archived from 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6468: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6439:Malarmannan 2009 6436: 6430: 6429:, pp. 22–23 6416: 6410: 6409:, pp. 19–21 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6385:, pp. 63–71 6380: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6235: 6234: 6214: 6208: 6207:, pp. 34–35 6205:Malarmannan 2009 6202: 6193: 6187: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6099: 6084: 6083: 6082:on 21 July 2011. 6081: 6074: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5877: 5871: 5844: 5838: 5829: 5828:, pp. 55–88 5823: 5814: 5813:, pp. 27–54 5808: 5797: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5753: 5752: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5602: 5589: 5583: 5582:, pp. 30–31 5577: 5568: 5562: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5383:. The NewsMinute 5376: 5370: 5367: 5288:Scheduled Castes 5070: 4973: 4843: 4714: 4667: 4533: 4529:and merged with 4513: 4386: 4088: 3958: 3821: 3678: 3549: 3418: 3341: 3267: 3188: 3139: 3121: 3120: 3087:Political legacy 3026:Theagaroya Nagar 3010: 2998: 2898:Scheduled Castes 2804:11 October 1932 2794:11 October 1932 2746: 2646:Raja of Bobbili 2479:Party President 2458: 2290:Simon Commission 2277:Viscount Goschen 2154:Great Depression 1979:Andhra Prakasika 1774:Home Rule League 1772:and founded the 1709:Andhra Prakasika 1563:Alexander Cardew 1547:C. Sankaran Nair 1531:anti-nationalism 1513:British policies 1337:male population 1320: 1300:. By the 1850s, 1298:social hierarchy 1278: 1271: 1264: 1173:C. Iyothee Thass 1160: 1131:O. Panneerselvam 1079:P. K. Loganathan 1072: 1046:O. Panneerselvam 1015: 1005: 890: 806: 782: 773: 759:O. Panneerselvam 746: 712: 691:O. Panneerselvam 653: 643: 613:V. Radhika Selvi 550: 494:Sathiavani Muthu 486: 476: 422: 411: 408: 400: 394: 359:Theagaroya Nagar 177:Andhra Prakasika 137:Preceded by 39: 21: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8125:Anti-Brahminism 8060: 8059: 8058: 8053: 7829:Jharkhand Party 7824:Jebamani Janata 7749:Goa Vikas Party 7661: 7655: 7581:Samajwadi Party 7461:Jana Sena Party 7396:Biju Janata Dal 7334: 7305:Aam Aadmi Party 7293: 7288: 7245: 7242: 7240:Further reading 7237: 7218: 7209: 7207: 7206:on 21 July 2011 7203: 7192: 7185: 7162: 7156: 7143: 7137: 7124: 7118: 7101: 7087: 7068: 7059: 7057: 7056:on 10 June 2010 7053: 7038: 7031: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6859:. p. 185. 6848: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6752: 6751: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6505: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397:, pp. 5–18 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6177: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6147:7 July 2012 at 6127: 6123: 6116: 6101: 6100: 6087: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5880: 5872: 5847: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5800: 5792: 5779: 5771: 5756: 5749: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5493:, pp. 1–26 5489: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5343:Lionel Davidson 5241: 5235: 5174: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5105: 5098: 5075: 4972: 4968: 4842: 4840: 4713: 4666: 4664: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4512: 4385: 4341: 4332: 4205: 4087: 4085: 3957: 3820: 3679:17 October 1972 3677: 3675: 3674:All India Anna 3548: 3417: 3340: 3266: 3187: 3138: 3118: 3089: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2988: 2942: 2860: 2855: 2820:27 August 1944 2813:E. V. Ramaswami 2800:Raja of Bobbili 2774:Raja of Panagal 2726: 2618:Raja of Bobbili 2563:Raja of Panagal 2456: 2400:C. N. Annadurai 2389:Kamba Ramayanam 2383: 2316: 2308:Main articles: 2306: 2269: 2257: 2189: 2168:Raja of Bobbili 2134: 2077: 2057: 1946: 1918:L. K. Tulasiram 1853:T. A. V. Nathan 1833: 1758: 1749: 1683:The periodical 1601:Raja of Panagal 1585: 1571: 1555:Bashyam Iyengar 1515: 1471:Mylapore clique 1462:Andhra Pathrika 1439:The Madras Mail 1336: 1282: 1253: 1252: 1207: 1161: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1100: 1091:A. M. H. Nazeem 1070: 1065: 1033:J. Jayalalithaa 1013: 1007: 1003: 995: 994: 957:V. P. Duraisamy 911: 888: 883: 864:R. Avudaiyappan 804: 799: 780: 774: 771: 764: 763: 744: 739: 720:M. O. H. Farook 710: 705: 686:J. Jayalalithaa 661:C. N. Annadurai 651: 645: 642:Chief Ministers 641: 633: 632: 623:S. Gandhiselvan 593:K. Venkatapathy 548: 543: 534:Dayanidhi Maran 484: 478: 474: 466: 465: 450: 424: 420: 407: 398: 392: 387: 222: 198:Anti-Brahminism 196: 182:Sunday Observer 179: 175: 171: 113: 109: 85: 81: 79:Raja of Bobbili 77: 73: 71:Raja of Panagal 69: 46: 45: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8138: 8136: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8120:Dalit politics 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7216: 7183: 7160: 7154: 7141: 7135: 7122: 7116: 7099: 7085: 7077:Orient Longman 7066: 7029: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6965: 6953: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6899: 6884: 6872: 6865: 6841: 6805: 6773: 6736: 6714: 6707: 6689: 6674: 6640: 6636:Rajaraman 1988 6619: 6588: 6576: 6563: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6516: 6499: 6485: 6455: 6443: 6431: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6360: 6353: 6333: 6321: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6236: 6229: 6209: 6194: 6175: 6164: 6161:Andre Beteille 6152: 6121: 6114: 6085: 6058: 6041: 6029: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5878: 5874:Rajaraman 1988 5845: 5830: 5815: 5798: 5794:Rajaraman 1988 5777: 5773:Rajaraman 1988 5754: 5747: 5724: 5709: 5702: 5682: 5675: 5652: 5635: 5631:Rajaraman 1988 5620: 5613: 5593:Kathleen Gough 5584: 5569: 5565:Rajaraman 1988 5538: 5523: 5516: 5495: 5480: 5454: 5428: 5414: 5394: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5234: 5231: 5178:British Empire 5173: 5170: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5097:All India Anna 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343:Janaki faction 4338: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 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3827: 3825: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3088: 3085: 3065:slum clearance 3049:Mohammad Usman 3012: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986:Infrastructure 2984: 2963:Raja of Ramnad 2941: 2938: 2932:in the 1980s. 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791:6 August 1929 2789: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660:E. V. Ramasamy 2657: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2448:Golden Jubilee 2395:Periya Puranam 2382: 2379: 2371:Cripps Mission 2305: 2302: 2273:1926 elections 2268: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2202:1934 elections 2188: 2185: 2133: 2130: 2093:Ramarayaningar 2083:boycotted the 2076: 2073: 2056: 2053: 1958:Mahatma Gandhi 1945: 1942: 1884:Baron Pentland 1878:, Pillais and 1832: 1829: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1649:Mohammed Usman 1584: 1581: 1570: 1567: 1519:Kathleen Gough 1514: 1511: 1458:Swadesamithran 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1306:Tamil Brahmins 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1211:Various Topics 1206: 1205: 1203:E. V. Ramasami 1200: 1195: 1193:P. Theagarayar 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1028:M. Karunanidhi 1025: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 987: 982: 977: 975:A. Arunachalam 972: 967: 965:S. Gandhirajan 962: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 918: 917: 910: 909: 904: 901: 898: 894: 893: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 810: 809: 798: 797: 795:M. Thambidurai 792: 786: 785: 775: 770: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 756: 750: 749: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 715: 704: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 671:M. Karunanidhi 668: 663: 657: 656: 646: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 553: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 519:M. Thambidurai 516: 511: 506: 504:Murasoli Maran 501: 496: 490: 489: 479: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 449: 448: 443: 438: 432: 431: 425: 418: 417: 414: 413: 403: 402: 391: 388: 386: 383: 335:Mahatma Gandhi 224: 223: 221: 220: 215: 210: 204: 201: 200: 191: 185: 184: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 132:27 August 1944 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 83:E. V. Ramasamy 64: 60: 59: 54: 48: 47: 43: 42: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8137: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7779:Ikkjutt Jammu 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339:State parties 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7108:Penguin Books 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7067: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6949:Irschick 1969 6945: 6943: 6939: 6936:, p. 170 6935: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6922:Irschick 1969 6918: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6885: 6882:, p. 465 6881: 6876: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6842: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6762: 6761: 6760:Business Line 6756: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6685:Irschick 1969 6681: 6679: 6675: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6584:Irschick 1969 6580: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6559:Irschick 1969 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6474: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6453:, p. 347 6452: 6451:Irschick 1969 6447: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6334: 6331:, pp. 60 6330: 6325: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6276: 6273:, p. 163 6272: 6267: 6264: 6261:, p. 546 6260: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6247:Irschick 1986 6243: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6149:archive.today 6146: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6054:Irschick 1986 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6039:, p. 199 6038: 6033: 6030: 6027:, p. 197 6026: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6012:, p. 196 6011: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5998:Irschick 1969 5994: 5991: 5988:, p. 190 5987: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5939:, p. 182 5938: 5933: 5930: 5927:, p. 180 5926: 5921: 5918: 5915:, p. 179 5914: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5901:Irschick 1969 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841:Irschick 1969 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826:Irschick 1969 5822: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811:Irschick 1969 5807: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5748:9788184935981 5744: 5740: 5739: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5648:Irschick 1969 5644: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5580:Irschick 1986 5576: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5535:. p. 37. 5534: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5517:0-8223-0766-9 5513: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5491:Irschick 1969 5487: 5485: 5481: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5429: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5395: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304:Balija Naidus 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5127: 5123:Controversies 5122: 5116: 5074: 5066: 5064: 5006: 5004: 4971: 4943: 4941: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4850: 4846: 4835: 4833: 4808: 4806: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4721: 4717: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4618: 4616: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4537: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4486: 4484: 4422: 4420: 4389: 4359: 4357: 4344: 4335: 4299: 4296: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4223: 4221: 4203: 4165: 4163: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4081: 4042: 4040: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3950: 3905: 3903: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3813: 3811: 3770: 3768: 3710: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3681: 3637: 3635: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3552: 3537: 3535: 3510: 3508: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3421: 3381: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3309: 3292: 3284: 3270: 3250: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3215: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3157: 3155: 3142: 3137:Justice Party 3122: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2768:23 June 1925 2762: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:Diwan Bahadur 2417: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2281:P. Subbarayan 2278: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2255:In opposition 2254: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2126:P. Subbarayan 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1960:launched his 1959: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Balija Naidus 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Kesava Pillai 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:Edwin Montagu 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Lord Ampthill 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Indian Review 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1408: 1391: 1374: 1357: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1178:R. Srinivasan 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111:K. Anbazhagan 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1041:K. Anbazhagan 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 999: 998: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947:P. H. Pandian 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 932:P. Seenivasan 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 903:G. Palaniraja 902: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 885: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:P. H. Pandian 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 796: 793: 791: 790:G. Lakshmanan 788: 787: 784: 783: 777: 776: 768: 767: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 741: 740: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 707: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 648: 647: 644: 637: 636: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 558:N. V. N. Somu 556: 555: 552: 551: 545: 544: 540: 539:M. K. Alagiri 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 481: 480: 477: 470: 469: 462: 459: 458: 455: 452: 451: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 430: 429:State Parties 427: 426: 423: 416: 415: 412: 404: 401: 396: 395: 389: 384: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 303:1937 election 300: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:British India 239: 235: 231: 230:Justice Party 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 58: 55: 53: 49: 44:Justice Party 40: 34: 30: 19: 7959:Shiv Sangram 7899:NISHAD Party 7660:Unrecognized 7251: 7221: 7208:. Retrieved 7201:the original 7188: 7179:the original 7165: 7145: 7126: 7103: 7071: 7058:. 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Retrieved 5374: 5365: 5350: 5333: 5328:Adi-Dravidas 5325: 5319: 5300:Beri Chettis 5285: 5282: 5266: 5242: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5189: 5175: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5146: 5141: 5135:self-respect 5131: 5104:Marumalarchi 4712:MGR Kazhagam 4663:Marumalarchi 3136: 3090: 3045:Panagal Park 3033:Nungambakkam 3030: 3019: 2943: 2940:Universities 2934: 2910: 2906:Adi Dravidar 2890: 2874:reservations 2870: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2724:Organisation 2717:P. T. Rajan 2712: 2683: 2654: 2641: 2612: 2585: 2557: 2530: 2501: 2412: 2403: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2367:Dravida Nadu 2366: 2363:Tamil people 2359:Dravida Nadu 2358: 2348: 2344:World War II 2317: 2270: 2258: 2245: 2229:Lord Erskine 2227: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2190: 2175: 2161: 2143: 2103: 2098: 2078: 2058: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1947: 1911: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1867: 1834: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1762:Annie Besant 1759: 1750: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1666: 1660: 1652: 1637: 1629: 1606: 1572: 1539: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1492: 1466:Annie Besant 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1444:Madras Times 1443: 1437: 1427: 1323:Caste group 1311:Annie Besant 1287: 1238:Dravidianism 1210: 1165: 1121:Duraimurugan 1103: 1068: 1056:M. K. Stalin 1037:S. R. Eradha 1011: 990:K. Pitchandi 961:K. Ponnusamy 937:N. Ganapathy 927:G. R. Edmund 914: 886: 869:D. Jayakumar 859:K. Kalimuthu 802: 778: 754:M. K. Stalin 742: 725:S. Ramassamy 708: 701:M. K. Stalin 649: 603:S. Regupathy 578:M. Kannappan 546: 482: 453: 428: 397: 323:Annie Besant 319: 283: 233: 229: 227: 181: 176: 172: 168: 155:Headquarters 33: 6934:Ralhan 2002 6880:Ralhan 2002 6667:26 December 6612:22 December 6422:ultra vires 6383:Kannan 2010 6371:Kannan 2010 6329:Kannan 2010 6283:Kannan 2010 6190:Ralhan 2002 6037:Ralhan 2002 6025:Ralhan 2002 6010:Ralhan 2002 5986:Ralhan 2002 5937:Ralhan 2002 5925:Ralhan 2002 5913:Ralhan 2002 5467:K.S. Chalam 5351:Madras Mail 5347:M. C. Rajah 5227:Prohibition 5195:A. P. Patro 5190:Madras Mail 5172:Nationalism 5149:A. P. Patro 4967:Merger with 4084:Merger with 3079:schools of 2882:HR & CE 2839:P. T. Rajan 2752:Term start 2689:P. T. Rajan 2450:at Madras. 2416:Rao Bahadur 2408:A. P. Patro 2355:Dravidistan 2314:Dravidistan 2294:N. G. Ranga 2213:Madras Mail 2172:P. T. Rajan 2106:C. R. Reddy 2041:South India 2037:Madras Mail 2029:Young India 2012:deification 1997:responded: 1954:Rowlatt Act 1888:Madras Mail 1741:Tirunelveli 1685:Hindu Nesan 1657:British Raj 1473:comprising 1335:% of total 1329:Sub judges 980:P. Dhanapal 874:P. Dhanapal 628:D. Nepoleon 568:R. K. Kumar 563:T. R. Baalu 524:T. R. Baalu 363:Madras city 87:P. T. Rajan 8064:Categories 7924:Raijor Dal 7346:AJSU Party 7195:. Madras: 7002:References 6814:S. Muthiah 6729:28 October 5292:T. M. Nair 5247:and later 5237:See also: 3110:Tamil Nadu 2926:K. Kamaraj 2886:Tamil Nadu 2738:Mount Road 2651:1939–1946 2467:Seats won 2461:Elections 2340:communists 2217:Zamin Ryot 2110:Swarajists 1797:Antiseptic 1787:manusmriti 1716:Coimbatore 1668:Community. 1198:T. M. Nair 1183:C. Natesan 1051:Vijayakant 900:S. Pakkiam 897:S. Perumal 834:K. Rajaram 385:Background 379:Tamil Nadu 258:T. M. Nair 111:T. M. Nair 7874:Mahan Dal 7591:Shiv Sena 7210:16 August 7025:249254802 6961:More 1997 6823:The Hindu 6787:The Hindu 6271:More 1997 6134:The Hindu 5973:300514750 5322:claimed: 5316:Paraiyars 2755:Term end 2731:The Hindu 2351:secession 2263:in 1944. 2176:Zamindars 2163:Zamindars 2069:diarchial 2055:In office 1985:in 1920. 1899:Thanjavur 1880:Mudaliars 1868:The Hindu 1809:New India 1760:In 1916, 1720:The Hindu 1661:The Hindu 1583:Formation 1494:The Hindu 1482:Vembakkam 1449:The Hindu 1342:Brahmins 879:M. Appavu 829:Munu Adhi 369:like the 355:Annamalai 286:diarchial 218:Elections 194:Socialism 173:Dravidian 165:Newspaper 129:Dissolved 63:President 7699:Apna Dal 7249:(1921). 7231:20222383 7175:20453430 7095:37770527 7047:15015416 6602:National 6145:Archived 5595:(1981). 5473:8 August 5447:8 August 5296:Vellalas 5277:Chettiar 5269:Mudaliar 5203:Swadeshi 4839:MGR Anna 4204:'s death 3100:such as 3069:Ayurveda 3041:Mambalam 3037:Saidapet 2902:Paraiyar 2241:assembly 2198:Zamindar 2158:land tax 2017:Gujarati 1975:Dravidan 1813:Dravidan 1705:Dravidan 1501:and the 1485:Iyengars 1376:Muslims 1313:and her 1290:Brahmins 1166:Pioneers 772:Speakers 373:and the 325:and her 309:and his 270:Brahmins 189:Ideology 7662:parties 7060:4 March 6834:4 March 6798:4 March 6766:4 March 6478:3 March 6316:4449727 5320:Justice 5253:Brahmin 2867:people. 2476:Result 2304:1936–44 2271:In the 2267:1926–30 2237:council 2233:Zetland 2187:Decline 2132:1930–37 2075:1920–26 2008:camphor 2004:coconut 1995:Justice 1971:Justice 1966:boycott 1922:Liberal 1886:and the 1821:Justice 1783:puranas 1733:Bezwada 1697:Justice 1689:New Age 1678:Justice 1653:Justice 1475:Chetpet 1096:R. Siva 588:A. Raja 529:A. Raja 169:Justice 121:Founded 103:Founder 7229: 7173: 7152: 7133: 7114: 7093: 7083: 7045: 7023: 6987: 6863: 6705: 6351: 6314: 6227: 6129:N. Ram 6112: 5971: 5745: 5700: 5673: 5611: 5514: 5421:7 July 5412: 5308:Kammas 5273:Nayudu 5260:Muslim 5256:Shudra 5212:Swaraj 5208:Swaraj 5160:Party. 5071:Major 4340:AIADMK 4331:AIADMK 4202:M.G.R. 4086:AIADMK 3073:Siddha 3022:Madras 2946:Telugu 2922:Madras 2067:. The 1931:Meston 1926:Labour 1839:, the 1778:Madras 1644:Telugu 1557:left. 1489:Egmore 1487:, the 1302:Telugu 1159:Others 351:Andhra 252:by Dr 250:Madras 159:Madras 52:Leader 7204:(PDF) 7193:(PDF) 7054:(PDF) 7039:(PDF) 6467:(PDF) 6080:(PDF) 6073:(PDF) 5357:Notes 5314:with 5312:Kapus 3077:Unani 2853:Works 2846:1957 2843:1945 2833:1945 2830:1944 2778:1925 2765:1917 2045:Tamil 2033:Aryan 1792:vedas 1737:Salem 1640:Tamil 1503:Salem 1478:Iyers 1371:85.6 274:caste 7227:OCLC 7212:2010 7171:OCLC 7150:ISBN 7131:ISBN 7112:ISBN 7091:OCLC 7081:ISBN 7062:2010 7043:OCLC 7021:OCLC 6985:ISBN 6861:ISBN 6836:2010 6800:2010 6768:2010 6731:2008 6703:ISBN 6669:2009 6614:2009 6480:2010 6349:ISBN 6312:OCLC 6225:ISBN 6110:ISBN 5969:OCLC 5743:ISBN 5698:ISBN 5671:ISBN 5609:ISBN 5512:ISBN 5475:2018 5449:2018 5423:2016 5410:ISBN 5389:2021 5310:and 5275:, a 5271:, a 4974:2002 4844:1996 4715:1995 4668:1994 4534:1989 4514:1989 4387:1988 4089:1977 3959:1977 3822:1974 3550:1964 3419:1962 3342:1949 3268:1944 3189:1925 3140:1917 3104:and 3075:and 2713:Lost 2700:375 2696:1952 2671:215 2667:1946 2642:Lost 2629:215 2625:1937 2613:Lost 2598:1934 2570:1930 2558:Lost 2541:1926 2514:1923 2485:1920 2418:and 2392:and 2357:(or 2312:and 2239:and 2122:1926 2059:The 1977:and 1924:and 1905:and 1862:and 1789:and 1739:and 1642:and 1623:and 1480:and 1460:and 1442:and 1416:nil 1405:2.7 1399:nil 1388:6.6 1382:nil 1354:3.2 1304:and 1288:The 353:and 264:and 228:The 124:1916 6308:172 5605:144 4841:DMK 3035:to 2709:NA 2706:NA 2677:46 2635:46 2632:18 2607:34 2602:98 2586:Won 2580:34 2577:35 2574:98 2551:34 2548:21 2545:98 2531:Won 2527:17 2524:29 2521:44 2518:98 2502:Won 2498:18 2495:29 2492:63 2489:98 2353:of 2330:'s 1422:.1 1413:11 1379:15 1368:25 1362:30 1351:93 1348:15 1345:77 1292:in 361:in 248:in 240:of 8066:: 7110:. 7106:. 7089:. 7079:. 7075:. 7019:. 7015:. 6941:^ 6855:. 6820:. 6784:. 6757:. 6739:^ 6677:^ 6655:. 6651:. 6622:^ 6600:. 6547:^ 6469:. 6363:^ 6310:. 6239:^ 6197:^ 6178:^ 6088:^ 6044:^ 6017:^ 5881:^ 5848:^ 5833:^ 5818:^ 5801:^ 5780:^ 5757:^ 5727:^ 5655:^ 5638:^ 5623:^ 5607:. 5572:^ 5541:^ 5483:^ 5465:. 5440:. 5306:, 5302:, 5298:, 5229:. 3083:. 3071:, 3055:, 3051:, 2888:. 2703:1 2680:0 2674:0 2638:7 2554:0 2219:: 2128:. 1973:, 1956:, 1858:, 1851:, 1785:, 1735:, 1722:: 1497:, 1456:, 1452:, 1419:3 1402:5 1396:7 1385:2 1365:3 281:. 260:, 7283:e 7276:t 7269:v 7233:. 7214:. 7158:. 7139:. 7120:. 7097:. 7064:. 7027:. 6993:. 6869:. 6838:. 6802:. 6770:. 6733:. 6711:. 6671:. 6616:. 6496:. 6482:. 6425:. 6357:. 6318:. 6233:. 6118:. 5975:. 5751:. 5706:. 5679:. 5617:. 5520:. 5477:. 5451:. 5425:. 5391:. 2880:( 1277:e 1270:t 1263:v 31:. 20:)

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