Jury - Knowledge (XXG)

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branches, including judges, and that the jury was designed to resist the new Gilded Age-level concentration of power. He also cites Blackstone who argued that it was against human nature for the few (judges) to be attentive to the needs of the many. He also argues the legitimacy of the judiciary increases with a more robust jury. The trial also provides the public with insight into the conduct of judges and the parties involved, further encouraging good behavior. Unlike in other major institutions that run on a more bureaucratic utilitarian logic, the jury checks this way of thinking by bringing common-sense and moral perspectives to bear. Burns contrasts the focus on fact for a jury with other political processes like congressional forums, which he argues are undisciplined forums for overbroad abstractions. Lastly, Burns argues the jury is a vote of confidence for democracy as the most democratic institution (at least in America) and one that demonstrates that it is possible to find common ground on difficult questions, especially when decisions must be unanimous.

1604:: only the prosecutor and witnesses who the prosecutor calls may present evidence to the grand jury and defendants are not allowed to present mitigating evidence or even to know the testimony that was presented to the grand jury, and hearsay evidence is permitted. This is so because a grand jury cannot convict a defendant. It can only decide to indict the defendant and proceed forward toward trial. Grand juries vote to indict in the overwhelming majority of cases, and prosecutors are not prohibited from presenting the same case to a new grand jury if a "no bill" was returned by a previous grand jury. A typical grand jury considers a new criminal case every fifteen minutes. In some jurisdictions, in addition to indicting persons for crimes, a grand jury may also issue reports on matters that they investigate apart from the criminal indictments, particularly when the grand jury investigation involves a public scandal. Historically, grand juries were sometimes used in American law to serve a purpose similar to an investigatory commission. 615:

the property qualifications. This amplified in these towns the general understanding that local officials had a free hand in summoning freely from among those people who were qualified to be jurors. In 1920, three of these ten towns – Leicester, Lincoln, and Nottingham – consistently empanelled assize juries of six men and six women; while at the Bristol, Exeter, and Norwich assizes no women were empanelled at all. This quickly led to a tightening up of the rules, and an abolition of these ten towns' discretion. After 1922, trial juries throughout England had to satisfy the same qualifications; although it was not until the 1980s that a centralised system was designed for selecting jurors from among the people who were qualified to serve. This meant there was still a great amount of discretion in the hands of local officials.

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jury to find that the conduct is not negligent, without either verdict being legally invalid, on precisely the same factual evidence. Of course, no two witnesses are exactly the same, and even the same witness will not express testimony in exactly the same way twice, so this would be difficult to prove. It is the role of the judge, not the jury, to determine what law applies to a particular set of facts. However, occasionally jurors find the law to be invalid or unfair, and on that basis acquit the defendant, regardless of the evidence presented that the defendant violated the law. This is commonly referred to as "jury nullification of law" or simply

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present. The first step will typically be to find out the initial feeling or reaction of the jurors to the case, which may be by a show of hands, or via secret ballot. The jury will then attempt to arrive at a consensus verdict. The discussion usually helps to identify jurors' views to see whether a consensus will emerge as well as areas that bear further discussion. Points often arise that were not specifically discussed during the trial. The result of these discussions is that in most cases the jury comes to a unanimous decision and a verdict is thus achieved. In some states and under circumstances, the decision need not be unanimous.

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the courts of first instance; the jury was composed of 12 jurors. In 2008, the anti-state criminal cases (treason, espionage, armed rebellion, sabotage, mass riot, creating an illegal paramilitary group, forcible seizure of power, terrorism) were removed from the jurisdiction of the jury trial. From 1 June 2018, defendants can claim a jury trial in criminal cases which are heard by district courts and garrison military courts as the courts of first instance; from that moment on, the jury is composed of 8 (in regional courts and military courts of military districts/fleets) or 6 (in district courts and garrison military courts) jurors.

1078:(new trial) of appealed findings of fact. The finality of trial court findings of fact in legal systems based on the English tradition has a major impact on court procedure in these systems. This makes it imperative that lawyers be highly prepared for trial because errors and misjudgments related to the presentation of evidence at trial to a jury cannot generally be corrected later on appeal, particularly in court systems based on the English tradition. The higher the stakes, the more this is true. Surprises at trial are much more consequential in court systems based on the English tradition than they are in other legal systems. 2057:("Counsel Chamber"), and the Court is subsequently required to publish written explanations of its decisions within 90 days from the verdict. Errors of law or inconsistencies in the explanation of a decision can and usually will lead to the annulment of the decision. A Court d'Assise and a Court d'Assise d'Appello decides on a majority of votes, and therefore predominantly on the votes of the lay judges, who are a majority of six to two, but in fact lay judges, who are not trained to write such explanation and must rely on one or the other stipendiary judge to do it, are effectively prevented from overruling both of them. The 466:. Sheriffs prepared cases for trial and found jurors with relevant knowledge and testimony. Jurors 'found' a verdict by witnessing as to fact, even assessing and applying information from their own and community memory—little was written at this time and what was, such as deeds and writs, were subject to fraud. Royal justices supervised trials, answered questions as to law, and announced the court's decision which was then subject to appeal. Sheriffs executed the decision of the court. These procedures enabled Henry II to delegate authority without endowing his subordinates with too much power. 983:, while the judge is usually seen as having the sole responsibility of interpreting the appropriate law and instructing the jury accordingly. The jury determines the truth or falsity of factual allegations and renders a verdict on whether a criminal defendant is guilty, or a civil defendant is civilly liable. Sometimes a jury makes specific findings of fact in what is called a "special verdict". A verdict without specific findings of fact that includes only findings of guilt, or civil liability and an overall amount of civil damages, if awarded, is called a "general verdict". 2232:

county council that have the responsibility to appoints juries for a tenure of four years under which they may serve in multiple cases. The appointed jurymen are divided into two groups, in most counties the first with sixteen members and the second with eight. From this pool of available jurymen the court hears and excludes those with conflicts of interest in the case, after which the defendants and plaintiffs have the right to exclude a number of members, varying by county and group. The final jury is then randomly selected by drawing of lots.

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often will ask each prospective juror to answer a list of general questions such as name, occupation, education, family relationships, time conflicts for the anticipated length of the trial. The list is usually written up and clearly visible to assist nervous prospective jurors and may include several questions uniquely pertinent to the particular trial. These questions are to familiarize the judge and attorneys with the jurors and glean biases, experiences, or relationships that could jeopardize the proper course of the trial.

1669:, which found Arizona's practice of having the judge decide whether aggravating factors exist to make a defendant eligible for the death penalty, to be unconstitutional, and reserving the determination of whether the aggravating factors exist to be decided by the jury. However, in some states (such as Alabama and Florida), the ultimate decision on the punishment is made by the judge, and the jury gives only a non-binding recommendation. The judge can impose the death penalty even if the jury recommends life without parole. 578:, from these lists. Its aim was to prevent middle-class citizens from evading their responsibilities by financially putting into question the neutrality of the under-sheriff, the official entrusted with impaneling juries. Prior to the Act, the main means of ensuring impartiality was by allowing legal challenges to the sheriff's choices. The new provisions did not specifically aim at establishing impartiality but had the effect of reinforcing the authority of the jury by guaranteeing impartiality at the point of selection. 278:. A coroner's jury is generally a body that a coroner can convene on an optional basis in order to increase public confidence in the coroner's finding where there might otherwise be a controversy. In practice, coroner's juries are most often convened in order to avoid the appearance of impropriety by one governmental official in the criminal justice system toward another if no charges are filed against the person causing the death, when a governmental party such as a law enforcement officer is involved in the death. 1204:. Devlin explained jury equity through two now-famous metaphors: that the jury is "the lamp that shows that freedom lives" and that it is a "little parliament". The second metaphor emphasises that, just as members of parliament are generally dominated by government but can occasionally assert their independence, juries are usually dominated by judges but can, in extraordinary circumstances, throw off this control. Devlin thereby sought to emphasise that neither jury equity nor judicial control is set in stone. 3963: 1624:, where the right to a jury is strictly a matter of state law. However, in practice, all states except Louisiana preserve the right to a jury trial in almost all civil cases where the sole remedy sought is money damages to the same extent as jury trials are permitted by the Seventh Amendment. Under the law of many states, jury trials are not allowed in small claims cases. The civil jury in the United States is a defining element of the process by which personal injury trials are handled. 1422:(e.g., an individual's dress sense) or do not meet societal standards of success. Although these biases tend to influence jurors' individual decisions during a trial, while working as part of a group (i.e., jury), these biases are typically controlled. Groups tend to exert buffering effects that allow jurors to disregard their initial personal biases when forming a credible group decision. Analysis of over a quarter million felony cases in USA found for grand juries no 1600:(based on the standard that probable cause exists that a crime was committed), in which case an indictment is issued. In jurisdictions where the size of a jury varies, in general the size of juries tends to be larger if the crime alleged is more serious. If a grand jury rejects a proposed indictment the grand jury's action is known as a "no bill." If they accept a proposed indictment, the grand jury's action is known as a "true bill." Grand jury proceedings are 3971: 606:

reach a verdict and therefore eat. Jurors who broke the rule by smuggling in food were sometimes fined, and occasionally, especially if the food were believed to come from one of the parties in the case, the verdict was quashed. Later in the century, jurors who did not reach a verdict on the first day were no longer required to sleep in the courthouse, but were sometimes put up, at the expense of the parties in the trial, at a hotel.

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maximum penalty available is two years' imprisonment or greater. In civil cases, juries are only used in cases of defamation, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases.

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voir dire while others are presented to the judge at the end of voir dire. The judge calls out the names of the anonymously challenged prospective jurors and those return to the pool for consideration in other trials. A jury is formed, then, of the remaining prospective jurors in the order that their names were originally chosen. Any prospective jurors not thus impaneled return to the jury pool room.

547:. In modern justice systems, the law is considered "self-contained" and "distinct from other coercive forces, and perceived as separate from the political life of the community," but "all these barriers are absent in the context of classical Athens. In practice and in conception the law and its administration are in some important respects indistinguishable from the life of the community in general." 2100:"). The jury consisted of 10 people, and had to reach a majority verdict consisting of seven or more of the jurors. The jury never gave a reason for its verdict, rather it simply gave a "guilty" or "non-guilty" verdict. The jury foreperson, elected by the jury on the first day, with three other jury members also made up the majority in the sentencing, if the accused were found guilty. 999:

evaluate the experts’ testimony, such as assessing the completeness and consistency of the testimony, comparing it with other evidence at the trial, and evaluating it against their own knowledge and life experience. Moreover, the research shows that in deliberations jurors combine their individual perspectives on the evidence and debate its relative merits before arriving at a verdict.

1762:. There is no jury in the District Court. In addition, from time to time, the Coroner's Court may summon a jury to decide the cause of death in an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors. 474:

innocent, and if not then the suspect was found guilty). With trial by ordeal banned, establishing guilt would have been problematic had England not had forty years of judicial experience. Justices were by then accustomed to asking jurors of presentment about points of fact in assessing indictments; it was a short step to ask jurors if they concluded the accused was guilty as charged.

49: 314:. They seek quality of participation over quantity. They also have added advantages in issues where politicians have a conflict of interest, such as initiatives that will not show benefits before the next election or decisions that impact the types of income politicians can receive. They also are particularly well-suited to complex issues with trade-offs and values-driven dilemmas. 2193:

or a panel of judges will decide both on facts and the law. Spanish juries are composed of 9 citizens and a professional Judge. Juries decide on facts and whether to convict or acquit the defendant. In case of conviction they can also make recommendations such as if the defendant should be pardoned if they asked to, or if they think the defendant could be released on parole, etc.

2111:, one judge and two lay judges preside, and in Lagmannsretten two judges and five lay judges preside. The lay judges do not hold any legal qualification, and represent the peers of the person on trial, as members of the general public. As a guarantee against any abuse of power by the educated elite, the number of lay judges always exceeds the number of appointed judges. In the 1115:. As the defendant had undoubtedly killed the Earl, the law (as it stood) required the jury to render the verdict that the case had been "proven" and cause Carnegie of Finhaven to die for an accidental killing. Instead, the jury asserted what is believed to be their "ancient right" to judge the whole case and not just the facts and brought in the verdict of "not guilty". 646:); it wasn't until 1871 that any Irish jurors could be summoned by mail. In modern times, juries are often initially chosen randomly, usually from large databases identifying the eligible population of adult citizens residing in the court's jurisdictional area (e.g., identity cards, drivers' licenses, tax records, or similar systems), and summons are delivered by mail. 1635:

provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called

933:, a criminal offense. In the United States, confidentiality is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General. 624: 657:. Skipping service may be inevitable in a small number of cases, as a summoned juror might become ill or otherwise become unexpectedly unable to appear at the court. However, a significant fraction of summoned jurors may fail to appear for other reasons. In 1874, there was a report that one-third of summoned Irish jurors failed to appear in court. 792: 2093:. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal union (1387–1536), and later under the governmental union (1536–1814), there was attempt to harmonize the legal systems of the two countries. Even if juries were abolished, the layman continued to play an important role in the legal system throughout in Norway. 6182:"a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved: members of the jury The jury has/have been unable to return a verdict (= reach a decision). Police officers aren't usually allowed to be/sit/serve on a jury" 991:. When there is no jury ("bench trial"), the judge makes rulings on both questions of law and of fact. In most continental European jurisdictions, judges have more power in a trial and the role and powers of a jury are often restricted. Actual jury law and trial procedures differ significantly between countries. 889:. The foreperson may be chosen before the trial begins, or at the beginning of the jury's deliberations. The foreperson may be selected by the judge or by vote of the jurors, depending on the jurisdiction. The foreperson's role may include asking questions (usually to the judge) on behalf of the jury, 2192:

Jury trials can only happen in the criminal jurisdiction and it is not a choice of the defendant to be tried by jury, or by a single judge or a panel of judges. Organic Law 5/1995, of May 22 regulates the categories of crimes in which a trial by jury is mandatory. For all other crimes, a single judge

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Twelve jurors decide by a qualified majority of two-thirds whether the defendant is guilty or not. A tied vote result in 'not guilty'; a '7 guilty – 5 not guilty' vote is transferred to the 3 professional judges who can, by unanimity, reverse the majority to 'not guilty'. The sentence is delivered by

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Evidence supporting jury effectiveness has also been illustrated in studies that investigate the parallels between judge and jury decision-making. According to Kalven and Zeisel (1966), it is not uncommon to find that the verdicts passed down by juries following a trial match the verdicts held by the

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Contemporary research has provided partial support for the proficiency of juries as decision makers due to taking their work seriously to get a fair outcome and by relying on the group to overcome individual biases. Some note the imperfections in the process and advocate for amendments to the system,

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In Canada, juries are also allowed to make suggestions for sentencing periods at the time of sentencing. The suggestions of the jury are presented before the judge by the Crown prosecutor(s) before the sentence is handed down. In a small number of U.S. jurisdictions, including the states of Tennessee

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In the United States, juries are sometimes called on, when asked to do so by a judge in the jury instructions, to make factual findings on particular issues. This may include, for example, aggravating circumstances which will be used to elevate the defendant's sentence if the defendant is convicted.

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Selection of jurors from a jury pool occurs when a trial is announced and juror names are randomly selected and called out by the jury pool clerk. Depending on the type of trial—whether a 6-person or 12 person jury is needed, in the United States—anywhere from 15 to 30 prospective jurors are sent to

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In the past, qualifications included things like being an adult male, having a good reputation in the community, and owning land. Modern requirements may include being a citizen of that country and having a fluent understanding of the language used during the trial. In addition to a minimum age, some

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After 1919 in England, women were no longer excluded from jury service by virtue of their sex, although they still had to satisfy the ordinary property qualifications. The exemption which had been created by the 1825 Act for towns which "possessed" their own courts meant ten towns were free to ignore

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large amount of discretion regarding which people they actually summoned. In the late eighteenth century, King has found evidence of butchers being excluded from service in Essex; while Crosby has found evidence of "peripatetic ice cream vendors" not being summoned in the summer time as late as 1923.

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Juries are not used in other criminal and civil cases. For most other cases in the first and second tier courts lay judges sit alongside professional judges. Lay judges participate in deciding both the facts of the case and sentencing. Lay judges are appointed by local authorities, or in practice by

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but for criminal cases only and in the procedure defined by law. Initially, the Criminal Procedure Code, which was adopted in 2001, provided that the right to a jury trial could be realized in criminal cases which should be heard by regional courts and military courts of military districts/fleets as

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require that criminal cases be tried by a jury. Originally this applied only to federal courts. However, the Fourteenth Amendment extended this mandate to the states. Although the Constitution originally did not require a jury for civil cases, this led to an uproar which was followed by adoption of

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Jurors typically take their roles very seriously. According to Simon (1980), jurors approach their responsibilities as decision makers much in the same way as a court judge: with great seriousness, a lawful mind, and a concern for consistency that is evidence-based. By actively processing evidence,

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The experience of individual jurors is understudied. However, during times of political unrest jurors have been criminally threatened or physically harmed because of their service, and this resulted in people being less willing to serve, or to prefer the risk of judicial fines for not serving to the

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In Scotland (with a separate legal system from that of England and Wales) although technically the "not guilty" verdict was originally a form of jury nullification, over time the interpretation has changed so that now the "not guilty" verdict has become the normal one when a jury is not persuaded of

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unanimously ruled: "If the jury feels that the law under which the defendant is accused is unjust, or exigent circumstances justified the actions of the accused, or for any reason which appeals to their logic or passion, the jury has the right to acquit, and the courts must abide that decision." The

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Scholarly research on jury behavior in American non-capital criminal felony trials reveals that juror outcomes appear to track the opinions of the median juror, rather than the opinions of the extreme juror on the panel, although juries were required to render unanimous verdicts in the jurisdictions

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in a civil case in which there is no right to trial by jury to provide non-binding advice to the trial judge, although this procedural tool is rarely used. For example, a judge might seat an advisory jury to guide the judge in awarding non-economic damages (such as "pain and suffering" damages) in a

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in French, the oath to speak the truth in the examination testing competence of a juror, or in another application, a witness. Once the list of prospective jurors has assembled in the courtroom the court clerk assigns them seats in the order their names were originally drawn. At this point the judge

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When an insufficient number of summoned jurors appear in court to handle a matter, the law in many jurisdictions empowers the jury commissioner or other official convening the jury to involuntarily impress bystanders in the vicinity of the place where the jury is to be convened to serve on the jury.

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Potential jurors are summoned to the courthouse for service. In the past, jurors were identified manually, by local authorities making lists of men they believed to be eligible for service. In 19th-century Ireland, the list of eligible jurors in each court district was alphabetized, and in the later

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In 1825, the rules concerning juror selection in England were consolidated. Property qualifications and various other rules were standardised, although an exemption was left open for towns which "possessed" their own courts. This reflected a more general understanding that local officials retained a

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Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and

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Where a trial 'on indictment' has been prescribed, it is an essential element that it be found by a unanimous verdict of guilty by 12 lay members of the public. This requirement stems from the (historical) meaning of 'jury' at the time that the Constitution was written and is (in principle) thus an

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in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make "challenges for cause" and "peremptory challenges" to remove jurors. Traditionally the removal of jurors based on a peremptory challenge required no justification or explanation, but the tradition has been changed by the Supreme Court where the

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Robert Burns cites Plato in arguing that gaining power and ruling wisely are different skillsets, making the case for a jury of those who have not sought power to create better outcomes than trials left up to judges. Burns further argues that interest groups have increasing influence over political

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deliberate together at both the trial and sentencing stages; such systems have been praised as a superior alternative because the mixed court dispenses with most of the time‐consuming practices of jury control that characterize Anglo‐American trial procedure, yet serves the purposes of a jury trial

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In legal systems based on English tradition, findings of fact by a jury, and jury conclusions that could be supported by jury findings of fact even if the specific factual basis for the verdict is not known, are entitled to great deference on appeal. In other legal systems, it is generally possible

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A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict and representing a variety of people from that area. Achieving this goal can be difficult when juror qualifications differ significantly from the people living in that area. For example, in 19th-century Ireland, the qualified

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After each prospective juror has answered the general slate of questions the attorneys may ask follow-up questions of some or all prospective jurors. Each side in the trial is allotted a certain number of challenges to remove prospective jurors from consideration. Some challenges are issued during

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However, jurors can be released from the pool for several reasons including illness, prior commitments that cannot be abandoned without hardship, change of address to outside the court's jurisdiction, travel or employment outside the jurisdiction at the time of duty, and others. Often jurisdictions

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Jurors are selected from a jury pool formed for a specified period of time—usually from one day to two weeks—from lists of citizens living in the jurisdiction of the court. The lists may be electoral rolls (i.e., a list of registered voters in the locale), people who have driver's licenses or other

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As the concept of a jury was spread through the British Empire, first to Ireland and then to other countries, the size of the jury was one of the details that was adapted to the local culture. The tradition in England was to have twelve jurors, but other countries use smaller juries, and some, such

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Sweden has no tradition of using juries in most types of criminal or civil trial. The sole exception, since 1815, is in cases involving freedom of the press, prosecuted under Chapter 7 of the Freedom of the Press Act, part of Sweden's constitution. The most frequently prosecuted offence under this

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One of the first jury trial cases was that of Mikel Otegi who was tried in 1997 for the murder of two police officers. After a confused trial, five jury members of a total of nine voted to acquit and the judge ordered the accused set free. This verdict shocked the nation. An alleged miscarriage of

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Juries were later abolished in 1845, but were later restored in 1869 for all "political crimes" and "those common crimes the law may deem appropriate to be so tried by a jury". A Law concerning the Jury entered into force on January 1, 1899, and lasted until 1936, where juries were again disbanded

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A jury in a criminal trial initially has 12 members. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue with an alternate juror, unless the number of jurors goes below 10.

1532:), a judge and a jury are always used, unless both the accused and the prosecutor agree that the trial should not be in front of a jury. The jury's verdict on the ultimate disposition of guilt or innocence must be unanimous, but can disagree on the evidentiary route that leads to that disposition. 1968:

The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008. There is a fine of €500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the

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trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. All states except Victoria allow a

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In 1898 the Supreme Court held that the jury must be composed of at least twelve persons, although this was not necessarily extended to state civil jury trials. In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a "historical accident", and upheld six-person juries if

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to determine whether there is a sufficient basis for deciding to indict the defendant and proceed toward trial. In each court district where a grand jury is required, a group of 16–23 citizens holds an inquiry on criminal complaints brought by the prosecutor to decide whether a trial is warranted

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Juries are often justified because they leaven the law with community norms. A jury trial verdict in a case is binding only in that case, and is not a legally binding precedent in other cases. For example, it would be possible for one jury to find that particular conduct is negligent, and another

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In some American colonies (such as in New England and Virginia) and less often in England, juries also handed down rulings on the law in addition to rulings on the facts of the case. The American grand jury was also indispensable to the American Revolution by challenging the Crown and Parliament,

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from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be

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In a few states and in death penalty cases, depending upon the law, the trial jury, or sometimes a separate jury, may determine whether the death penalty is appropriate in "capital" murder cases. Usually, sentencing is handled by the judge at a separate hearing. The judge may but does not always

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Until the 1870s, jurors in England and Ireland worked under the rule that they could not leave, eat, drink, or have a fire to warm themselves by, though they could take medicine. This rule appears to have been imposed with the idea that hungry jurors would be quicker to compromise, so they could

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removed its sanction from all forms of the ordeal—procedures by which suspects up to that time were 'tested' as to guilt (e.g., in the ordeal of hot metal, molten metal was sometimes poured into a suspected thief's hand. If the wound healed rapidly and well, it was believed God found the suspect

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Jury members must be Swedish citizens and resident in the county in which the case is being heard. They must be of sound judgement and known for their independence and integrity. Combined, they should represent a range of social groups and opinions, as well as all parts of the county. It is the

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cases and other cases concerning offenses against freedom of the press, the question of whether or not the printed material falls outside permissible limits is submitted to a jury of 9 members which provides a pre-screening before the case is ruled on by normal courts. In these cases 6 out of 9

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In Norway the term "guilty", is not used, only yes or no to the actions asked them to consider done by the accused by the prosecutor. The last jury case was in 2018, after juries were abolished after the European Court condideres that no-one should be sentenced without the considerations in the

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Juries are used in all trials involving Category 4 offences such as treason, murder and manslaughter, although in exceptional circumstances a judge-alone trial may be ordered. At the option of the defendant, juries may be used in trials involving Category 3 offences, that is, offences where the

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There is no set format for jury deliberations, and the jury takes a period of time to settle into discussing the evidence and deciding on guilt and any other facts the judge instructs them to determine. Deliberation is done by the jury only, with none of the lawyers, the judge, or the defendant

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in 1166 caused these juries to be adopted systematically throughout the country. The jury in this period was "self-informing," meaning it heard very little evidence or testimony in court. Instead, jurors were recruited from the locality of the dispute and were expected to know the facts before

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Detailed interviews with jurors after they rendered verdicts in trials involving complex expert testimony have demonstrated careful and critical analysis. The interviewed jurors clearly recognized that the experts were selected within an adversary process. They employed sensible techniques to

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Unanimous jury verdicts have been standard in US American law. This requirement was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1897, but the standard was relaxed in 1972 in two criminal cases. As of 1999 over thirty states had laws allowing less than unanimity in civil cases, but, until 2020, Oregon and

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Since there is always the possibility of jurors not completing a trial for health or other reasons, often one or more alternate jurors may be selected. Alternates are present for the entire trial but do not take part in deliberating the case and deciding the verdict unless one or more of the

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is a group of people selected by lottery from the general population to deliberate on important public questions so as to exert an influence. Other types of deliberative mini-publics include citizens' jury, citizens' panel, people's panel, people's jury, policy jury, consensus conference and

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The jury in press freedom cases rules only on the facts of the case and the question of guilt or innocence. The trial judge may overrule a jury's guilty verdict, but may not overrule an acquittal. A conviction requires a majority verdict of 6–3. Sentencing is the sole prerogative of judges.

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Suja A. Thomas argues that, "although results between judges and juries may be similar, judges and juries can disagree. If a choice must be made between a judge or a jury deciding, the diversity, availability of deliberations, the requirement for consensus, the lack of monetary or promotion

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in 1966. Pottle successfully appealed to the jury to disregard the judge's instruction that they consider only whether the defendants were guilty in law, and assert a jury's ancient right to throw out a politically motivated prosecution, in this case, compounded by its cynical untimeliness.

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A citizens' assembly uses elements of a jury to create public policy. Its members form a representative cross-section of the public, and are provided with time, resources and a broad range of viewpoints to learn deeply about an issue. Through skilled facilitation, the assembly members weigh

1393:

with only 3% of US judges favoring abolishing the jury. The thoroughness of the jury trial has also been praised for providing the public with important information that is often not released in alternative procedures like arbitration or adjudication by judges or administrative agencies.

807:—as well as rejecting some jurors because of bias or inability to properly serve ("challenge for cause"), and the discretionary right of each side to reject a specified number of jurors without having to prove a proper cause for the rejection ("peremptory challenge"), before the jury is 238:

In addition to their primary role in screening criminal prosecutions and assisting in the investigation of crimes, grand juries in California, Florida, and some other U.S. states are sometimes utilized to perform an investigative and policy audit function similar to that filled by the

1662:

is declared, and the case may be retried with a newly constituted jury. The practice generally was that the jury rules only on questions of fact and guilt; setting the penalty was reserved for the judge. This practice was confirmed by rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court such as in

2188:"Article 125 – Citizens may engage in popular action and participate in the administration of justice through the institution of the Jury, in the manner and with respect to those criminal trials as may be determined by law, as well as in customary and traditional courts." 2000:

unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a "reasonable time". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The

1099:

means deciding not to apply the law to the facts in a particular case by jury decision. In other words, it is "the process whereby a jury in a criminal case effectively nullifies a law by acquitting a defendant regardless of the weight of evidence against him or her."

1193:. This enables a jury to reach a decision in direct contradiction with the law if they feel the law is unjust. This can create a persuasive precedent for future cases, or render prosecutors reluctant to bring a charge – thus a jury has the power to influence the law. 1046: (2000) resulted in the Supreme Court's expansion of the requirement to all criminal cases, holding that "any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt". 1384:

making inferences, using common sense and personal experiences to inform their decision-making, research has indicated that jurors are effective decision makers who seek thorough understanding, rather than passive, apathetic participants unfit to serve on a jury.

815:

impaneled jurors are removed from the jury. For example, in the United Kingdom, a small number of alternate jurors may be empanelled until the end of the opening speeches by counsel, in case a juror realises they are familiar with the matters before the court.

5341: 2004:

examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at

5784:

Part 5 of the Bill amends the Juries Act 1976 to provide for the appointment of up to three additional jurors to deal with lengthy trials. The provision follows a recommendation to this effect in the Law Reform Commission's recently published report on jury

1118:

Today in the United States, juries are instructed by the judge to follow the judge's instructions concerning what is the law and to render a verdict solely on the evidence presented in court. Important past exercises of nullification include cases involving

901:

For juries to fulfill their role of analyzing the facts of the case, there are strict rules about their use of information during the trial. Juries are often instructed to avoid learning about the case from any source other than the trial (for example from

1794:

divorce courts, wherein a panel of members called 'delegates' are randomly selected from the community to decide the fact of the case. Parsi divorce law is governed by 'The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936' as amended in 1988, and is a mixture of the

1716:

provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury'. The Commonwealth can determine which offences are 'on indictment'. It would be entirely consistent with the Constitution that a

2306:

Jury trials are also available for some few areas of civil law (for example defamation cases and those involving police conduct); these also require 12 jurors (9 in the County Court). However less than 1% of civil trials involve juries. At the new

573:

In 1730, the British Parliament passed the Bill for Better Regulation of Juries. The Act stipulated that the list of all those liable for jury service was to be posted in each parish and that jury panels would be selected by lot, also known as

1335:, as well as the fact that jury control procedures typically deprive juries of the opportunity to hear information about the defendant's background during the trial, make it more practical to have judges sentence defendants. In Canada, a 2261:

In England and Wales jury trials are used for criminal cases, requiring 12 jurors (between the ages of 18 and 75), although the trial may continue with as few as 9. The right to a jury trial has been enshrined in English law since

632:

part of the century, the sheriff was required to summon one potential juror from each letter of the alphabet, repeating as needed until a sufficient number of men had been summoned, usually between 36 and 60 men for the quarterly

433:, some parts of the country preserved juries as the means of investigating crimes. The use of ordinary members of the community to consider crimes was unusual in ancient cultures, but was nonetheless also found in ancient Greece. 1319:

cases; however, these recommendations are usually ignored, based on the idea that judges are better-informed about relevant facts and sentencing jurisprudence and, unlike the jury, permitted to give reasons for their judgments.

776:

of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and that seven was a better number because more people feel comfortable speaking, and they have an easier time reaching a unanimous decision.

2033:, who are chosen by lot from the registrar of voters. Any Italian citizen, with no distinction of sex or religion, between 30 and 65 years of age, can be appointed as a lay judge; in order to be eligible as a lay judge for the 1821:

The Belgian Constitution provides that all cases involving the most serious crimes be judged by juries. As a safeguard against libel cases, press crimes can also only be tried by a jury. Racism is excluded from this safeguard.

701:

jury of six was sufficient, that "the 12-man panel is not a necessary ingredient of "trial by jury," and that respondent's refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law "did not violate petitioner's

234:

guarantees Americans the constitutional right to be free from charges for "capital, or otherwise infamous" crimes unless they have been indicted by a grand jury, although this right applies only to federal law, not state law.

3081: 1872:

called for the reinstitution of the jury; a special meeting of the German Bar demanded revocation of the decrees, but "on the whole the abolition of the jury caused little commotion". Their verdicts were widely perceived as

1545:

is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge.

597:

With the adoption of the Juries Act (Ireland) 1871, property qualifications for Irish jurors were partially standardized and lowered, so that jurors were drawn from among men who paid above a certain amount of taxes for

2279:

and other political parties have supported the idea that trial by jury is at the heart of the judicial system and placed the blame for a few complicated jury trials failing on inadequate preparation by the prosecution.

5335: 967:

Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. Depending on local law, if a juror takes a bribe, the verdict may be overturned and the juror may be fined or imprisoned.

5003:

to address this ruled that juries should be told before they deliberate if a defendant is facing a mandatory minimum sentence and also called it "inappropriate" to ignore the juries power to refuse to convict (jury

1342:

Sentencing is said to be more time-consuming for jurors than the relatively easy task of ascertaining guilt or innocence, which means an increase in jury fees and in the amount of productivity lost to jury duty. In

2266:

in 1215, and is most common in serious cases, although the defendant can insist on a jury trial for most criminal cases. Jury trials in complex fraud cases have been described by some members and appointees of the

274:. A coroner is a public official (often an elected local government official in the United States), who is charged with determining the circumstances leading to a death in ambiguous or suspicious cases, such as of 1765:

Although article 86 of the basic law states that ‘the principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintained’, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case

2162:

while proclamating the freedom of the people to publicate written contents without previous censorship according to the laws also provided that "press crimes" could only be tried by juries. This meant that a

1061:

However, this is not the practice in most other legal systems based on the English tradition, in which judges retain sole responsibility for deciding sentences according to law. The exception is the award of

1830:

ruling the juries give nowadays the most important motives that lead them to their verdict. The procedural codification has been altered to meet the demands formulated by the European Court of Human Rights.

827:

pay token amounts for jury duty and many issue stipends to cover transportation expenses for jurors. Work places cannot penalize employees who serve jury duty. Payments to jurors varies by jurisdiction.

1351:

to involve juries in sentencing was rejected after District Court Chief Judge Reg Blanch cited "an expected wide difference of views between jurors about questions relating to sentence". Concerns about

1074:

for an appellate court to reconsider both findings of fact and conclusions of law made in the trial court, and in those systems, evidence may be presented to appellate courts in what amounts to a trial

1402:

appointed judges. Upon surveying judges and jurors of approximately 8,000 criminal and civil trials, it was discovered that the verdicts handed down by both parties were in agreement 80% of the time.

650:

countries have a maximum age. Some countries disqualify people who have been previously convicted of a crime or excuse them on various grounds, such as being ill or holding certain jobs or offices.

1161:

is a non-profit educational organization dedicated to informing jurors of their rights and seeking the passage of laws to require judges to inform jurors that they can and should judge the law. In

6515: 1554: 2938: 1853:

Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century, there were moves to abolish it. The

6006: 2224:

act is defamation, although in total eighteen offences, including high treason and espionage, are covered. These cases are tried in district courts (first tier courts) by a jury of nine laymen.

799:

Jurors are expected to be neutral, so the court may inquire about the jurors' neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.

444:. Juries, usually 6 or 12 men, were an "ancient institution" even then in some parts of England, at the same time as Members consisted of representatives of the basic units of local government— 1339:

formerly allowed a jury to be empanelled to consider whether an offender's number of years of imprisonment without eligibility for parole ought to be reduced, but this was repealed in 2011.

582:

including by indicting British soldiers, refusing to indict people who criticized the crown, proposing boycotts and called for the support of the war after the Declaration of Independence.

1279:

Jury sentencing is the practice of having juries decide what penalties to give those who have been convicted of criminal offenses. The practice of jury sentencing began in the US state of

1327:

of the founders was to have juries check judges' power, it is the proper role of juries to participate in sentencing. Opponents argue that judges' training and experience with the use of

1181:

Modern American jurisprudence is generally intolerant of the practice, and a juror can be removed from a case if the judge believes that the juror is aware of the power of nullification.

874:, which empaneled only wealthier property owners as jurors. Attacks on the American jury increased after the pool of jurors expanded to include newly-enfranchised women and minorities. 1082:

studied. Thus, although juries must render unanimous verdicts, in run-of-the-mill criminal trials they behave in practice as if they were operating using a majority rules voting system.

2885:

Pimbert, Michel; Wakeford, Tom (October 2003). "Prajateerpu, Power and Knowledge: The Politics of Participatory Action Research in Development Part 1. Context, Process and Safeguards".

2069:), while it generally has no jurisdiction over cases whose evaluation requires knowledge of law which the "lay judges" generally do not have. Penalties imposed by the court can include 1729:

integral element of trial by jury. Unlike in the Australian states, an accused person cannot elect a Judge-only trial, even where both the accused and the prosecutor seek such a trial.

3849:

Patrick J. Bayer, Randi Hjalmarsson, Shamena Anwar, "Jury Discrimination in Criminal Trials" (September 2010) Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID) Working Papers Series No. 55

38: 2872: 711: 210:

A grand jury, a type of jury now confined mostly to federal courts and some state jurisdictions in the United States and Liberia, determines whether there is enough evidence for a

4367:

Hoekstra, Mark, Suhyeon Oh, and Meradee Tangvatcharapong. "Are American juries racially discriminatory? Evidence from over a quarter million felony grand jury cases." (2023). NBER

1528:, the accused person can elect to be tried by either a judge alone or a judge and jury. In the most serious offences, found in section 469 of the Criminal Code (such as murder or 310:

and work to find common ground on a shared set of recommendations. Citizens' assemblies can be more representative and deliberative than public engagement, polls, legislatures or

4957: 2061:

has jurisdiction to try crimes carrying a maximum penalty of 24 years in prison or life imprisonment, and other serious crimes; felonies that fall under its jurisdiction include

1168: 1036: 1015: 721: 680: 1620:, which requires a civil jury in cases where the value in dispute is greater than twenty dollars. However, the Seventh Amendment right to a civil jury trial does not apply in 3316: 1617: 585:

In the late 18th century, English and colonial civil, criminal and grand juries played major roles in checking the power of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

516:

before 1066, when a jury of nobles was established to decide land disputes. In this manner, the Duke, being the largest land owner, could not act as a judge in his own case.

2155:

to pass legislation if they felt that over the time it was needed to distinguish between "judges of law" and "judges of facts". Such legislation however was never enacted.

3650: 1955:, military tribunals, and where "the ordinary courts are inadequate to secure the effective administration of justice, and the preservation of public peace and order". In 1112: 1612: 1261:

guilt and the "not proven" verdict is only used when the jury is not certain of innocence or guilt. It is absolutely central to Scottish and English law that there is a

703: 231: 964:, or other means. At various points in history, when threats to jurors became pervasive, the right to jury trial has been revoked, such as during the 1880s in Ireland. 357: 3862: 803:

in the United States usually includes organized questioning of the prospective jurors (jury pool) by the lawyers for the plaintiff and the defendant and by the judge—

1498:

and suicide instigation, be judged by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority.

971:

Robert Burns and Alexander Hamilton argued that jurors were the least likely decision-makers to be corrupted when compared to judges and all the political branches.

1608: 462:

Between 1166 and 1179 new procedures including a division of functions between the sheriff, the jury of local men, and the royal justices ushered in the era of the

5595: 3794: 4863: 2744: 6109: 4802: 5881:"Ссылки на недоказанность наличия. К профессиональному празднику чекисты получили два подарка, значительно облегчающие карьерный рост в органах госбезопасности" 3915: 1559:

guarantees that anyone tried for an offense that has a maximum sentence of five or more years has the right to be tried by a jury (except for an offence under

4357:

Kerr, N. L., & Huang, J. Y. (1986). How much difference does one juror make in jury deliberation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 325–343.

3903: 188:, to consider a verdict. The majority required for a verdict varies. In some cases it must be unanimous, while in other jurisdictions it may be a majority or 1845:

jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing.

929:, the jury's deliberations must never be disclosed outside the jury, even years after the case; to repeat parts of the trial or verdict is considered to be 3750: 3673: 2953: 2921: 2065:, murder, manslaughter, severe attempts against State personalities, as well as some matters of law requiring ethical and professional evaluations (e.g. 3187: 2775: 1029:

ruled that allowing judges to make such findings unilaterally violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. A similar Sixth Amendment argument in

459:

coming to court. The source of juror knowledge could include first-hand knowledge, investigation, and less reliable sources such as rumour and hearsay.

6003: 5832: 3160: 4990:

to impose an enhanced sentence ... based on the sentencing judge's determination of a fact that was not found by the jury or admitted by the defendant

2006: 1107:

which asserted the (de facto) right, or at least power, of a jury to render a verdict contrary to the facts or law. A good example is the case of one

454:, embracing several vills) and villages. Called juries of presentment, these men testified under oath to crimes committed in their neighbourhood. The 6243: 4735: 1323:

Proponents of jury sentencing argue that since sentencing involves fact-finding (a task traditionally within the purview of juries), and since the

6560: 6474: 5201: 2284: 1935:

In some civil cases, such as commercial law or patent law, there are also lay judges, who have to meet certain criteria (e.g., being a merchant).

1265:. It is not a trivial distinction, since any shift in the burden of proof is a significant change which undermines the safeguard for the citizen. 1178: (1895), the Supreme Court, in a 5–4 decision, held that a trial judge has no responsibility to inform the jury of the right to nullify laws. 4996: 4772: 4755: 2236:

the political parties represented on the authorities. Lay judges are therefore usually selected from among nominees of ruling political parties.

425:

tribes whereby a group of men of certain social standing was used to investigate crimes and judge the accused. The same custom evolved into the

3884: 3499: 3460: 1431: 4721: 4348:

Wrightsman, L., Nietzel, M. T., & Fortune, W. H. (1998). Psychology and the legal system (4th edition). Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole.

2709: 1627:

In practice, even though the defendant in a criminal action is entitled to a trial by jury, most criminal actions in the U.S. are resolved by

6282: 5936: 4587: 4554: 4519: 4484: 4449: 4422: 4389: 4330: 4282: 3725: 3698: 3411: 3383: 3350: 2986: 2692: 2625: 3225:

See, for example, discussions of the Brunner theory of testimonial, rather than judicial participation as jury origin, explored in MacNair,

2096:

The jury was reintroduced in 1887, and was then solely used in criminal cases on the second tier of the three-tier Norwegian court system ("

1648:

Louisiana were the only states which have laws allowing less than unanimous jury verdicts for criminal cases (these laws were overturned in

5988: 2292: 3044: 2643: 176:(respondent) (also known as the complainant and defendant within the English criminal legal system). After hearing the evidence and often 1782:. Nanavati Case was not the last Jury trial in India. West Bengal had Jury trials as late as 1973. Juries were not mentioned in the 1950 6555: 5768: 5251: 1696: 1054:

case where there is no right to a jury trial, such as (depending on state law) a case involving "equitable" rather than "legal" claims.

4018:

Rankin, Micah B. (2015). "The Origins, Evolution and Puzzling Irrelevance of Jury Recommendations in Second-Degree Murder Sentencing".

3112: 3011: 2446: 1869: 1573:

Juries are infrequently used in civil trials in Canada. There are no civil juries in the courts of the province of Quebec, nor in the

691: 4038: 910:). Parties to the case, lawyers, and witnesses are not allowed to speak with a member of the jury. Doing these things may constitute 4255: 3095: 3064: 2795: 1591:

In criminal law in federal courts and a minority of state court systems of the United States, a grand jury is convened to hear only

1315:

was also amended to grant juries the ability to recommend periods of parole ineligibility immediately following a guilty verdict in

387: 4165: 3320: 2589: 2107:

In a sense, the concept of being judged by one's peers existed on both the first and second tier of the Norwegian court system: In

5880: 3641: 1858: 1779: 1469:, juries have seven members, and their sole duty is to determine whether the person is guilty. They have no role in sentencing. 240: 230:. Grand juries are usually larger than trial juries: for example, U.S. federal grand juries have between 16 and 23 members. The 6583: 6272: 5621: 2308: 2001: 1982: 1158: 819:

relevant data bases. When selected, being a member of a jury pool is, in principle, compulsory. Prospective jurors are sent a

558:

of the hundred would choose 4 electors who in turn chose 12 others from their hundred, and from these were selected 12 jurors.

4704: 4663: 4645: 4247: 246:

In Ireland and other countries in the past, the task of a grand jury was to determine whether the prosecutors had presented a

6313: 6219: 5178: 5051: 3868: 3614: 1944: 1725:

could be tried 'on indictment.' This interpretation has been criticized as a 'mockery' of the section, rendering it useless.

1153: 753:, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the 707: 5258: 3584: 1223:. The trial judge directed the jury that "the public interest is what the government of the day says it is" – effectively a 2517: 2353:

In Scottish criminal trials, juries are composed of fifteen residents, while in civil trials there is a jury of 12 people.

6565: 4681: 758: 602:. This expanded the number of potential jurors, even though only a small minority of Irish people were eligible to serve. 5643: 3791: 1504:

and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead.

6614: 5901: 5599: 4891: 4223: 2717: 2159: 2148: 1524:(theft and fraud up to the value of $ 5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most 1308: 1197: 863: 446: 5694: 4830: 2752: 1406:

incentives, and the fresh examination of evidence all make the jury the most attractive, least-biased decision-maker."

1058:

and Texas, juries are charged both with the task of finding guilt or innocence as well assessing and fixing sentences.

6550: 6545: 6520: 6106: 3778: 2417: 2256: 1621: 1586: 1517: 1274: 1249: 1026: 266:

Another kind of jury, known as a coroner's jury can be convened in some common law jurisdiction in connection with an

3446:

Cockburn and Green (Eds), Twelve Good Men and True: The Criminal Trial Jury in England, 1200-1800 (Princeton UP 1988)

3444:

King, PJR. "'Illiterate Plebeians, Easily Misled': jury composition, experience, and behaviour in Essex, 1735-1815".

2037:, however, there is a minimum educational requirement, as the lay judge must have completed his/her education at the 501:

which are given into their hands, that they will not accuse any innocent man nor shield a guilty one." The resulting

2049:(senior high school) degree. In the Corte d'Assise, decisions concerning both fact and law matters are taken by the 5202:"'Imagine you're a white fella in front of an all-black jury': Aboriginal law expert calls to overhaul jury system" 1704:

person accused of a criminal offence to elect to be tried by a judge-alone rather than the default jury provision.

1427: 1253: 1124: 761:

stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it "uniquely right". Trials in the

5315: 1758:

assures the practice of jury trials. Criminal cases in the High Court and some civil cases are tried by a jury in

1539:(but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation). 6619: 6535: 6484: 4323:

The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries

3404:

The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries

3376:

The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries

3294: 3284: 2348: 2300: 1713: 1641: 1216: 698: 6046: 3671: 1631:. Only about 2% of civil cases go to trial, with only about half of those trials being conducted before juries. 1103:

In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a series of such cases, starting in 1670 with the trial of the Quaker

925:

during the trial and deliberations, and in some jurisdictions even after a verdict is rendered. In Canadian and

742:

unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of "trial by jury" in section 80 of the

6604: 6525: 5173: 5149: 5097: 5046: 4039:"The Right to a Jury Decision on Sentencing Facts after Booker: What the Seventh Amendment Can Teach the Sixth" 3198: 2276: 2097: 2022: 1749: 1423: 1415: 1262: 275: 134: 5026: 2009:. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict. 1992:

Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is picked at random by the

1965:

set out that a jury has the right to reach a not guilty verdict even in direct contradiction of the evidence.

4925: 3202: 2081:

Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to

1977:. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the 1861:

state of emergency, abolished the jury system and replaced it with a mixed system including bench trials and

5187: 5153: 5129: 5101: 5060: 5018: 3157: 2570: 2112: 1996: 1970: 1948: 1787: 1371:

better than plea bargaining and bench trials, which have displaced the jury from routine American practice.

1148: 743: 739: 502: 482: 53: 5974:"ESPAÑA | Juicio a Mikel Otegi por asesinar a dos ertzainas. Un jurado popular absuelve al joven de Jarrai" 5716: 5519: 1570:. There is a specific criminal offense for disclosing anything that takes place during jury deliberations. 1283:

in the 18th century and spread westward to other states that were influenced by Virginia-trained lawyers.

6247: 3891: 3427: 2522: 2422: 2128: 2085:

and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway's central government was in

1978: 1733: 1574: 1521: 1483: 1295: 1163: 1070:

cases, although a judge is now obliged to make a recommendation to the jury as to the appropriate amount.

1031: 325: 3043:

Floridia, Antonio (2018-09-06). Bächtiger, Andre; Dryzek, John S; Mansbridge, Jane; Warren, Mark (eds.).

5288: 4961: 2412: 2179: 1783: 1654:). When the required number of jurors cannot agree on a verdict (a situation sometimes referred to as a 1536: 1332: 1224: 1172: 1040: 1019: 1010: 769: 725: 684: 642: 31: 6342: 5568: 5077: 298: 288: 4993: 4780: 4749: 3941: 1535:

Juries do not make a recommendation as to the length of sentence, except for parole ineligibility for

6540: 6469: 6459: 4607: 2939:"The Promise and Limits of Citizens' Assemblies: Deliberation, Institutions and the Law of Democracy" 1974: 1904:, composed of 2 judges and 2 lay judges; severe felonies and other "special" crimes are tried by the 1367: 1316: 1128: 1108: 408: 5247: 3881: 3176:

Oxford History of England, 2nd ed 1955, vol III Domesday Book to Magna Carta, A l Poole, pp.397–398.

1790:

recommended their abolition in 1958 in its 14th Report. They were retained in a discreet manner for

133:. While juries are not used in most other countries, whose legal systems based upon either European 6530: 5800: 5672: 5486: 3226: 2721: 2210: 1993: 1947:

is historically based on English common law and had a similar jury system. Article 38 of the 1937

1755: 1136: 994:

The collective knowledge and deliberate nature of juries are also given as reasons in their favor:

762: 754: 675: 455: 441: 130: 2186:

to pass legislation allowing juries in criminal trials. The provision is arguably somewhat vague:

6464: 6436: 6421: 6399: 6306: 5906: 5805: 5573: 5546: 5541: 5491: 5468: 5460: 5425: 5417: 5382: 5374: 4883: 4822: 4146: 4088: 3822:

See, e.g., Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 (2011); Colorado Rule of Civil Procedure 52 (2011).

3770: 3519: 3480: 3266: 2902: 2848: 2801: 2427: 2376: 2336: 1957: 1770:(2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ‘there is no right to trial by jury in Hong Kong.’ 1737: 1650: 1525: 1363: 1328: 1091: 988: 915: 463: 317: 311: 211: 5986: 3083:

Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave

3993: 1699:

may determine the extent to which the use of a jury is used. The use of a jury is optional for

906:

or the Internet) and not to conduct their own investigations (such as independently visiting a

731: (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six. 6379: 6347: 6278: 6225: 6215: 5932: 5922: 5837: 5749: 4627: 4583: 4560: 4550: 4525: 4515: 4490: 4480: 4455: 4445: 4418: 4395: 4385: 4326: 4288: 4278: 4251: 3731: 3721: 3694: 3407: 3379: 3356: 3346: 3298: 3288: 3258: 3091: 3060: 3019: 2992: 2982: 2840: 2791: 2688: 2665: 2621: 2549: 2268: 2026: 1336: 1208: 1132: 1067: 953: 945: 930: 716: 633: 540: 261: 177: 6131: 5262: 481:

provides an early reference to a jury-like group in England, wherein a decree issued by King

214:

to go forward. Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence presented to them by a

6479: 6431: 6384: 6082: 6058: 5452: 5409: 5366: 4875: 4814: 4619: 4196: 4138: 4080: 3762: 3511: 3472: 3250: 3056: 3052: 2894: 2832: 2783: 2655: 2611: 2539: 2531: 2450: 2324: 2116: 2066: 1487: 1300: 911: 422: 243:

in the United States federal government and legislative state auditors in many U.S. states.

72: 6181: 5169: 5145: 5117: 5093: 5042: 1640:

reason for the peremptory challenge was the race of the potential juror. Since the 1970s "

6609: 6454: 6113: 6010: 5992: 5443:

Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts".

5400:

Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts".

5357:

Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts".

5345: 5301: 5000: 4759: 3916:

K Crosby, 'Controlling Devlin's Jury: what the jury thinks, and what the jury sees online'

3888: 3798: 3677: 3164: 2593: 2574: 2391: 2245: 2198: 2144: 1962: 1952: 1854: 1665: 1567: 1344: 1324: 1220: 937: 922: 844: 551: 544: 494: 470: 430: 429:

system in medieval Germany. In Anglo-Saxon England, juries investigated crimes. After the

5121: 757:

regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the

5952: 4050: 2586: 2220:

jurors must find against the defendant, and may not be overruled in cases of acquittal.

400: 252:(one that described a crime and gave a plausible reason for accusing the named person). 6446: 6404: 6208: 5973: 5738: 4964: 4200: 4185:"Mixed Court and Jury Court: Could the Continental Alternative Fill the American Need?" 2407: 2366: 2328: 2070: 1796: 1596: 1542: 1353: 1304: 1231: 1043: 1022: 980: 961: 949: 871: 867: 800: 786: 728: 520: 152:

has been used to investigate potential crimes and render indictments against suspects.

114: 110: 91: 87: 4366: 2143:

Spain has no strong tradition of using juries. However, there is some mentions in the

1175: 687: 6598: 6499: 6416: 6299: 5885: 5859: 5769:"Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill 2013: Second Stage (Continued)" 5472: 5429: 5386: 4337:

The presence and growth of juries world-wide affirms some value for lay participation

4184: 3774: 3766: 3523: 3484: 3270: 2906: 2805: 2660: 2383: 1419: 1348: 1212: 1050: 1005: 536: 189: 118: 3537:

Thomas, Cheryl; Lloyd-Bostock, Sally. "The Continuing Decline of the English Jury".

6494: 6389: 3600: 3140: 2585:

See, e.g., Inquest Schedule, Jury Findings and Vedicts (2013) of British Columbia.

2379: 2320: 1628: 1560: 1501: 1245: 1239: 1140: 1104: 831: 765:

which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors.

654: 478: 426: 185: 145: 76: 4623: 3572: 4213:

Simon, R. J. (1980). The jury: Its role in American society. Lexington, MA: Heath

2053:

judges and "lay judges" together at a special meeting behind closed doors, named

6489: 6426: 3882:

Nullifying the Jury: "The Judicial Oligarchy" Declares War on Jury Nullification

2395: 2332: 2296: 2272: 2263: 2135:

A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record.

1495: 1307:, soliciting a recommendation as to whether he should be granted clemency. When 1190: 926: 907: 890: 599: 227: 109:

system. They are commonly used in countries whose legal systems derive from the

102: 42: 6107:

DECLINE OF THE "LITTLE PARLIAMENT": JURIES AND JURY REFORM IN ENGLAND AND WALES

6028: 3428:"An Act for consolidating and amending the Laws' relative to Jurors and Juries" 2311:, constructed in 2008, fewer than 10 of the 48 courtrooms had jury facilities. 1196:

The standard justification of jury equity is taken from the final few pages of

823:

and are obligated to appear in a specified jury pool room on a specified date.

653:

Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for

48: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6337: 3515: 3476: 3254: 2996: 2898: 2566:

See, e.g., Section 1245.1 of Pennsylvania's codified laws regarding coroners.

2535: 2373: 2288: 2108: 2086: 1986: 1826:

a majority of the 12 jurors and the 3 professional judges. As a result of the

1447: 1414:

Jurors, like most individuals, are not free from holding social and cognitive

1235: 903: 437: 416: 324:, theorists and politicians have used citizens' assemblies and other forms of 219: 215: 205: 149: 106: 5753: 4631: 4564: 4529: 4494: 4459: 4399: 4308:

Kalven, H. & Zeisel, H. (1966). The American Jury. Boston: Little, Brown.

4292: 4107: 3735: 3360: 3262: 3023: 2844: 2743:

Clarke, Robin; Rennie, Ruth; Delap, Clare; Coombe, Vicki (30 November 2000).

2669: 2553: 6409: 6394: 6374: 6369: 6229: 6149: 4932:. The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy (ACS). Archived from 3302: 2062: 1862: 1759: 1659: 1592: 1242: 941: 804: 637: 575: 369: 321: 307: 248: 193: 173: 169: 126: 6047:"The advantages and disadvantages of lay judges from a Swedish perspective" 4976: 4544: 4509: 4474: 4439: 4379: 4272: 3927: 3715: 2687:. Theories of institutional design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1418:. People may negatively judge individuals who do not adhere to established 6062: 3751:"A Norms Approach to Jury "Nullification:" Interests, Values, and Scripts" 2616: 808: 623: 5928: 4129:

Iontcheva, Jenia (April 2003). "Jury Sentencing as Democratic Practice".

3970:. U.K. Parliament, House of Commons, Home Affairs Section. Archived from 2685:

Designing deliberative democracy: the British Columbia Citizens' Assembly

1718: 1491: 1290: 1280: 914:. Rarely, such as in very high-profile cases, the court may order a jury 750: 513: 161: 68: 6291: 5229: 2787: 1721:

offence could be tried not 'on indictment,' or conversely that a simple

4977:

Unanimous Jury Votes for Life Sentence, but Alabama Judge Imposes Death

4887: 4826: 4150: 4092: 2090: 2082: 2050: 1874: 1722: 1700: 1529: 1359: 1120: 1063: 957: 820: 695: 673:

The size of the jury is to provide a "cross-section" of the public. In

567: 555: 506: 486: 440:

evolved out of this custom in the mid-12th century during the reign of

271: 267: 98: 79: 5801:"Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013, Section 23" 5464: 5421: 5378: 3551:

See, e.g., Sections 13-71-112 and 30-10-607, Colorado Revised Statutes

3241:

Carey, Christopher (October 1994). "Legal Space in Classical Athens".

2852: 2820: 2544: 2447:"CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS – Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney" 1215:, on a charge of revealing secret information, under section 2 of the 791: 519:

One of the earliest antecedents of modern jury systems is the jury in

2567: 1916:; felonies resulting in the death of a human being are tried by the 1513: 1286: 1227:

to convict. Nevertheless, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty.

528: 160:

The "petit jury" (or "trial jury", sometimes "petty jury") hears the

138: 122: 17: 5280: 4879: 4818: 4142: 4084: 3850: 3343:

Sorted : civic lotteries and the future of public participation

2295:, made English legal history by ruling that a criminal trial in the 1677:

follow the recommendations of the jury when deciding on a sentence.

5456: 5413: 5370: 4608:"Ghana's jury crisis: implications for constitutional human rights" 2836: 2745:"People's Juries in Social Inclusion Partnerships: A Pilot Project" 1896:, composed of 1 judge and 2 lay judges; some felonies are heard by 4933: 2979:

The digital republic: on freedom and democracy in the 21st century

2606:

Reuchamps, Min; Vrydagh, Julien; Welp, Yanina, eds. (2023-05-31).

2216: 2018: 1985:(DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for 1951:

mandates trial by jury for criminal offences, with exceptions for

1791: 1466: 790: 622: 524: 498: 490: 451: 421:

The modern jury evolved out of the ancient custom of many ancient

399: 223: 181: 165: 148:", and usually consist of twelve people. A larger jury known as a 83: 47: 1740:

people in the jury system to create a more "fair, just" system."

1289:

juries have long had the option to recommend mercy, leniency, or

1219:

in 1985. Mr Ponting's defence was that the revelation was in the

570:, Grand Juries also functioned as local government authorities. 192:. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a 3087: 2866: 2780:

Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions

1311:

was abolished in 1976, as part of the same raft of reforms, the

627:

Notice mailed to summon a potential juror to a US court in 2007.

329: 6295: 6277:. Oxford Socio-Legal Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5569:"Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008; PART 6: Juries" 2390:). A trial without a jury (in which both questions of fact and 2041:(junior high school) level, while said level is raised for the 1516:, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For 1486:

provides that only willful crimes against life, namely full or

41:, "Juror #2" redirects here. For the film with that title, see 5860:"Lov om rettergangsmåten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)" 4325:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–234. 2642:

Dryzek, John S.; Bächtiger, André; Milewicz, Karolina (2011).

2029:, where two career magistrates are supported by six so-called 532: 340: 5953:"Ley Orgánica 5/1995, de 22 de mayo, del Tribunal del Jurado" 5833:"Anglo criminal trial: Larger 15 strong jury panel appointed" 3113:"2023 Trends in Deliberative Democracy: OECD Database Update" 2299:

could take place without a jury, under the provisions of the

1969:

Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the

921:

Jurors are generally required to keep their deliberations in

640:

went to each juror's home to show him the summons paperwork (

489:, c. 997) provided that in every Hundred "the twelve leading 3994:"The Origins of Felony Jury Sentencing in the United States" 3500:"Restricting the Juror Franchise in 1920s England and Wales" 3461:"Restricting the Juror Franchise in 1920s England and Wales" 3378:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16. 1189:

In the United Kingdom, a similar power exists, often called

4549:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 117, 133. 2868:

PLA Notes 40 Deliberative Democracy and Citizen Empowerment

2751:. Development Department Research Programme. Archived from 1380:

risk of criminal retribution if they do serve on the jury.

4582:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 117–118. 4514:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 126–127. 3720:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 116–118. 3693:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 118–119. 3231:, in Law and History Review, Vol. 17 No 3, 1999, pp. 6–18. 2821:"Citizens Panels: A New Approach to Citizen Participation" 2327:, jury trials were suspended and trials took place before 1238:, who confessed in open court to charges of springing the 893:

jury discussions, and announcing the verdict of the jury.

3012:"Citizens' assemblies: are they the future of democracy?" 1366:

countries have a system in which professional judges and

1275:

Juries in the United States § Jury-imposed sentences

4224:"Human Genome Project Information Site Has Been Updated" 4071:"Statutory Structures for Sentencing Felons to Prison". 3864:

jury nullification definition – Dictionary – MSN Encarta

3840:

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 37.07 Sec. 1(b)

3585:

Scotland's unique 15-strong juries will not be abolished

3406:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 2518:""The Terror of their Lives": Irish Jurors' Experiences" 1924:; and serious crimes against the state are tried by the 1920:, composed of 3 judges and 2 lay judges, located at the 1912:, with specially assigned courts for some crimes called 1778:

Jury trials were abolished in most Indian courts by the

870:

than the typical Irish person. In the past, England had

505:

formally recognized legal customs that were part of the

5596:"Courts Service to notify gardaí of jury non-reporting" 2025:

jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the

1888:; felonies and more severe misdemeanors are tried by a 1736:

law expert Pattie Lees called for greater inclusion of

365: 3228:

Vicinage and the Antecedents of the Jury – I. Theories

1207:

Perhaps the best example of modern-day jury equity in

5514: 5512: 5510: 4650:, RSC 1985 c C-46, s 785, "summary conviction court"" 4479:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 118. 4444:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 120. 4417:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 116. 4384:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 174. 4277:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 132. 3319:. Waterford City & County Council. Archived from 2819:

Crosby, Ned; Kelly, Janet M.; Schaefer, Paul (1986).

2587:

http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/coroners/schedule/index.htm

1356:

through intimidation by defendants were also raised.

979:

The role of the jury is often described as that of a

5598:. Irish Legal News. 16 February 2016. Archived from 5114:

R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy; Ex parte Lowenstein

3080:Česnulaitytė, Ieva (2020). "Chapter 3: Key Trends". 918:

for the deliberation phase or for the entire trial.

6576: 6508: 6445: 6330: 862:jurors were much wealthier, much less likely to be 795:

About 50 prospective jurors awaiting jury selection

356:deal primarily with England and do not represent a 6207: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5023:Supreme Court (general civil procedure) rules 2015 3801:eJournal USA, Anatomy of a Jury Trial, 1 July 2009 3640: 2271:as expensive and time-consuming. In contrast, the 5795: 5793: 2865:Pimbert, M. (eds) and Wakeford, T. (eds) (2001). 2776:"Models of representative deliberative processes" 2644:"Toward a Deliberative Global Citizens' Assembly" 1989:; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests. 1452:Overall, jury use has been increasing worldwide. 1049:Many U.S. jurisdictions permit the seating of an 411:of a British jury, all of whom then had to be men 6132:"Jury trials 'intolerable' in major fraud cases" 5123: 4992:". In April 2008, the U.S. District Court, in a 1786:, and it was ignored in many Indian states. The 1303:, following a verdict convicting a defendant of 956:) is a serious crime, whether attempted through 531:, where records of jury courts date back to 500 6004:Tryckfrihetsförordning (1949:105-SFS 2010:1409) 5902:"Суды присяжных появились в 55 регионах России" 5826: 5824: 5697:. Citizens Information Bureau. 9 September 2010 5281:"After Nanavati: The Last Jury Trial in India?" 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 3167:Southern California Law Review 77: (2003), 123. 1908:, composed of 3 judges and 2 lay judges at the 539:and were eventually granted the power to annul 5675:. Citizens Information Board. 5 September 2012 4166:"Keep juries away from sentencing, say judges" 2007:the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives 512:The testimonial concept can also be traced to 52:An empty jury box at an American courtroom in 27:Group of people to render a verdict in a court 6307: 5624:. Citizens Information Bureau. 29 August 2012 5234:RIGHT TO RECALL AGAINST CORRUPTION – Facebook 4915:. New Haven, CT: Yale University. pp. 81–118. 4699: 4697: 4695: 3642:"Juries are 'too large for correct verdicts'" 3049:The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy 2386:, while judges act as triers of law (but see 1111:who in 1728 accidentally killed the Scottish 354:The examples and perspective in this section 8: 6034:The International Constitutional Law Project 5719:. Irish Law Reform Commission. 29 March 2010 5522:. Citizens Information Board. 2 October 2012 5487:"CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND: TRIAL OF OFFENCES" 5128:at p 582 per Dixon and Evatt JJ dissenting, 3539:N Vidmar (Ed), World Jury Systems (OUP 2000) 2175:with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. 2045:(appeal level of the Corte d'Assise) to the 1230:Another example is the acquittal in 1989 of 5646:. Citizens Information Board. 6 August 2009 5230:"Jury system in Parsi Matrimonial Disputes" 3942:"The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict" 2923:The principles of representative government 2683:Pearse, Hilary; Warren, Mark, eds. (2008). 2608:De Gruyter Handbook of Citizens' Assemblies 1520:or offences found under section 553 of the 6314: 6300: 6292: 6166:Glendon MA, Carozza PG, Picker CB. (2008) 4612:Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal 4242: 4240: 372:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 332:has found their use increasing since 2010. 4930:2008 National Convention Breakout Session 4304: 4302: 4013: 4011: 2659: 2615: 2543: 2127:The right to a jury trial is provided by 866:, and much less likely to speak only the 388:Learn how and when to remove this message 5924:World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey 4988:This power is often used in drug cases " 4189:American Bar Foundation Research Journal 2708:Crosby, Ned; Hottinger, John C. (2011). 2372:("to swear"). Juries are most common in 1880:Today, most misdemeanors are tried by a 936:Because of the importance of preventing 232:Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 6475:Racial discrimination in jury selection 5831:McDonald, Dearbhail (1 November 2013). 4740:(2004), 189 C.C.C. (3d) 152 (Ont. C.A.) 3831:Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-20-104, 40-20-107 2438: 2387: 2335:before judges only. This was to combat 1566:The names of jurors are protected by a 1556:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 543:laws, thus introducing the practice of 450:(an administrative sub-division of the 5297: 5286: 5224: 5222: 5074:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution 4926:"Plea Bargains and the Role of Judges" 4316: 4314: 3964:"The "not proven" verdict in Scotland" 3615:"Juries 'swayed by dominant speakers'" 3147:, University of California Press, 1973 3045:"The Origins of the Deliberative Turn" 2977:Susskind, Jamie (2022). "Chapter 20". 2394:are decided by a judge) is known as a 2382:. In the modern system, juries act as 1448:Jury trial § In various countries 6029:"The Freedom of the Press Act/Sweden" 4601: 4599: 4266: 4264: 3613:Verkaik, Robert (September 3, 2001). 3397: 3395: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3057:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.25 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 1434:between black and white defendants. 843: 328:in a variety of modern contexts. The 320:as the most famous government to use 7: 6244:"Why Was I Picked For Jury Service?" 6105:Lloyd-Bostock S, Thomas C. (1999). 5717:"Consultation Paper on Jury Service" 5316:"NZ's first majority guilty verdict" 4164:Pearlman, Jonathan (27 April 2007). 4108:"Jury Sentencing – Grab-Bag Justice" 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 1768:Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice 1609:Article III of the U.S. Constitution 566:From the 17th century until 1898 in 6150:"First trial without jury approved" 6051:Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal 4606:Ayetey, Julia Selman (2020-01-02). 3749:Sanders, Joseph (16 January 2008). 3639:Uhlig, Robert (September 4, 2001). 3158:"Was the Jury Every Self-Informing" 2774:Česnulaitytė, Ieva (23 July 2020). 2147:of 1808. Later, Article 307 of the 1347:, a 2007 proposal by Chief Justice 6246:. Courtroom Advice. Archived from 5015:Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 4250:. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 4201:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1981.tb00426.x 4183:Langbein, John H. (January 1981). 3962:Broadbridge, Sally (15 May 2009). 2568:http://www.pacoroners.org/Laws.php 2129:Constitution of Russian Federation 1152:, 417 F.2d 1002 (4th. Cir. 1969), 1004:This practice was required in all 692:Supreme Court of the United States 105:and are a hallmark of the English 82:officially submitted to them by a 25: 4709:, RSC 1985, Part XX: Jury Trials" 4079:(8): 1134–1172. 1 December 1960. 3940:Luckhurst, Tim (March 20, 2005). 3851:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1673994 3649:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 2211:Judiciary of Sweden § Juries 6130:Freeman, Simon (June 21, 2005). 4979:Death Penalty Information Center 3767:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00268.x 3573:Review could reduce jury numbers 2661:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00052.x 2339:and the intimidation of juries. 838:the courtroom to participate in 830:In the United States jurors for 773: 670:as Scotland, use larger juries. 345: 287:This section is an excerpt from 241:Government Accountability Office 6584:Fully Informed Jury Association 5900:Petrov, Ivan (9 January 2019). 5889:(in Russian). 18 December 2008. 4686:, RSC 1985, c C-46, ss 471–473" 4580:The death of the American trial 4546:The death of the American trial 4511:The death of the American trial 4476:The death of the American trial 4441:The death of the American trial 4415:The death of the American trial 4381:The death of the American trial 4274:The death of the American trial 3944:. The Sunday Times, TimesOnline 3904:Patrick Devlin, 'Trial by Jury' 3717:The death of the American trial 3691:The death of the American trial 3653:from the original on 2022-01-12 3603:, November–December 2011, p. 74 2309:Manchester Civil Justice Centre 1983:Director of Public Prosecutions 1884:, meaning a single judge at an 1780:1973 Code of Criminal Procedure 1159:Fully Informed Jury Association 4753:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 631(2.1) 3111:Mejia, Mauricio (2023-12-15). 2946:Queen's University at Kingston 2449:. Miamisao.com. Archived from 2197:justice by jury trial was the 1928:, composed of 5 judges, at an 1857:of January 4, 1924, during an 1154:Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal 834:are selected from jury pools. 497:shall go out and swear on the 222:, or by investigating alleged 141:, their use has been growing. 1: 6210:Dimensions of Irish terrorism 6118:Law and Contemporary Problems 5767:Shatter, Alan (9 July 2013). 4868:Law and Contemporary Problems 4807:Law and Contemporary Problems 4624:10.1080/14729342.2020.1763595 2926:. Cambridge University Press. 2516:Howlin, Níamh (August 2011). 759:Cabinet Secretary for Justice 6168:Comparative Legal Traditions 5921:Terrill, Richard J. (2009). 4803:"The American Criminal Jury" 4106:Webster, Charles W. (1960). 3293:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). 3010:Talmadge, Eva (2023-02-01). 2825:Public Administration Review 2718:Council of State Governments 2167:would need to indict, and a 2160:Spanish Constitution of 1837 2149:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1309:capital punishment in Canada 636:. Normally the sheriff or a 4864:"The Civil Jury in America" 4248:Group Dynamics, 4th Edition 2981:. New York: Pegasus Books. 2714:The Book of the States 2011 2710:"The Citizens Jury Process" 2418:Fourth branch of government 2257:Juries in England and Wales 1898:Erweitertes Schöffengericht 1587:Juries in the United States 1518:summary conviction offences 1442:Trial procedures by country 877:A head juror is called the 368:, discuss the issue on the 63:is a sworn body of people ( 6636: 6271:Vidmar, Neil, ed. (2000). 6045:Diesen, Christian (2001). 5991:December 22, 2011, at the 4777:, RSC 1985, c c-46, s 644" 4668:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 536" 3597:Is "The More the Merrier?" 3285:Holdsworth, William Searle 2346: 2254: 2243: 2208: 1747: 1584: 1445: 1432:statistical discrimination 1299:required judges to give a 1272: 1125:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 1089: 784: 710:to the States through the 414: 286: 259: 203: 36: 29: 6485:Scientific jury selection 5746:The Law Reform Commission 4578:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4543:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4508:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4473:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4438:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4413:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4378:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 4271:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3906:(Stevens & Sons 1956) 3714:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3689:Burns, Robert P. (2009). 3587:The Scotsman, 11 May 2009 3516:10.1017/S0738248018000639 3477:10.1017/S0738248018000639 3255:10.1017/s001738350002338x 2952:: 259–294. Archived from 2899:10.1177/14767503030012004 2720:: 321–325. Archived from 2596:(retrieved March 8, 2013) 2536:10.1017/S0738248011000319 2349:Trial by jury in Scotland 2331:. These were essentially 2301:Criminal Justice Act 2003 1714:Constitution of Australia 1642:scientific jury selection 1217:Official Secrets Act 1911 417:Jury trial § History 168:as presented by both the 5748:(107–2013). April 2013. 5644:"Special Criminal Court" 5445:Journal of Legal Studies 5402:Journal of Legal Studies 5359:Journal of Legal Studies 5259:École Normale Supérieure 4321:Thomas, Suja A. (2016). 4037:Kirgis, Paul F. (2005). 3968:Standard Note SN/HA/2710 3402:Thomas, Suja A. (2016). 3374:Thomas, Suja A. (2016). 3345:. MASS LBP. p. 38. 3290:A History of English Law 3199:Vale and Downland Museum 3188:"Wantage Church History" 2043:Corte d'Assise d'Appello 1981:, on application by the 1750:Jury system in Hong Kong 1424:statistical significance 1263:presumption of innocence 738:(2001) 207 CLR 278, the 535:. These juries voted by 184:, the group retires for 6170:, p. 251. Thomson-West. 3992:King, Nancy J. (2003). 3676:April 27, 2012, at the 3575:BBC News, 26 April 2008 3341:Dowlen, Oliver (2008). 3317:"Grand Jury Collection" 2920:Manin, Bernard (1997). 2749:The Scottish Government 2171:would need to convict. 1949:Constitution of Ireland 1149:United States v. Moylan 1025: (2004), where the 744:Australian Constitution 740:High Court of Australia 144:Most trial juries are " 54:Pershing County, Nevada 6509:Specific jurisdictions 5296:Cite journal requires 5252:"Lay Justice in India" 4226:. Ornl.gov. 2013-07-23 3918:Criminal Law Review 15 3504:Law and History Review 3465:Law and History Review 2523:Law and History Review 2199:Wanninkhof murder case 1979:Special Criminal Court 1975:Central Criminal Court 1892:, also located at the 1797:Panchayat legal system 1708:Commonwealth (Federal) 1644:" has become popular. 1484:Constitution of Brazil 1250:Wormwood Scrubs Prison 1164:Sparf v. United States 1032:Apprendi v. New Jersey 1001: 796: 628: 412: 407:, an 1861 painting by 326:deliberative democracy 302:citizens' convention. 56: 6063:10.3917/ridp.721.0355 5170:[2016] HCA 24 5148: at , (1993) 177 5146:[1993] HCA 44 5118:[1938] HCA 10 5094:[2000] HCA 53 5043:[2015] HCA 27 4170:Sydney Morning Herald 4049:(897). Archived from 3792:Jury Trials: In Favor 3186:Garnish, Lis (1995). 2937:Pal, Michael (2012). 2617:10.1515/9783110758269 2413:Blue-ribbon committee 2209:Further information: 2002:Law Reform Commission 1840:In the Cour d'assises 1839: 1734:Indigenous Australian 1333:sentencing guidelines 1252:and smuggling him to 1225:direction to the jury 1211:was the acquittal of 1011:Blakely v. Washington 996: 794: 770:University of Glasgow 643:venire facias de novo 626: 403: 172:(petitioner) and the 51: 32:Jury (disambiguation) 6470:Peremptory challenge 6460:Death-qualified jury 6206:O'Day, Alan (1994). 6186:Cambridge Dictionary 5773:Dáil Éireann debates 4862:Landsman S. (1999). 4246:Forsyth, D.R. 2006. 3892:Washburn Law Journal 3323:on November 30, 2022 3297:. pp. 268–269. 3195:Local History Series 2755:on February 12, 2012 2283:On 18 June 2009 the 2180:Constitution of 1978 1537:second-degree murder 1397:Judge-jury agreement 1375:Experience of jurors 1364:continental European 1317:second-degree murder 1129:freedom of the press 1109:Carnegie of Finhaven 736:Brownlee v The Queen 483:Æthelred the Unready 366:improve this section 255: 97:Juries developed in 30:For other uses, see 6615:Deliberative groups 6087:www.blinamndeman.se 6057:. Cairn.info: 355. 5602:on 25 February 2016 5248:Jean-Louis Halpérin 5166:Alqudsi v The Queen 5142:Cheatle v The Queen 4911:Amar, A.R. (1998). 4131:Virginia Law Review 4073:Columbia Law Review 4020:Queen's Law Journal 2788:10.1787/36f3f279-en 2055:Camera di Consiglio 1784:Indian Constitution 1756:Hong Kong Basic Law 1526:indictable offences 1329:presentence reports 1137:freedom of religion 763:Republic of Ireland 755:Scottish Government 676:Williams v. Florida 456:Assize of Clarendon 67:) convened to hear 6465:Jury questionnaire 6437:Summary jury trial 6422:Jury sequestration 6400:Jury nullification 6343:Citizens' assembly 6274:World Jury Systems 6112:2012-04-02 at the 6009:2016-04-07 at the 5955:(in Spanish). 1995 5907:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 5806:Irish Statute Book 5673:"Role of the jury" 5574:Irish Statute Book 5547:Irish Statute Book 5542:"Juries Act, 1976" 5492:Irish Statute Book 5344:2012-05-31 at the 5236:. August 30, 2016. 4999:2008-05-18 at the 4913:The Bill of Rights 4758:2019-03-26 at the 3974:on 17 January 2012 3887:2013-04-02 at the 3797:2010-11-28 at the 3781:on 5 January 2013. 3498:Crosby, K (2019). 3459:Crosby, K (2019). 3163:2011-07-19 at the 2592:2016-02-13 at the 2573:2013-11-27 at the 2428:Juried competition 2377:adversarial-system 2337:jury nullification 2285:Lord Chief Justice 1877:and inconsistent. 1799:and jury process. 1754:Article 86 of the 1732:In November 2023, 1651:Ramos v. Louisiana 1388:Jury effectiveness 1113:Earl of Strathmore 1097:Jury nullification 1092:Jury nullification 1086:Jury nullification 989:jury nullification 962:threat of violence 797: 629: 493:together with the 464:English Common Law 413: 318:Athenian democracy 312:ballot initiatives 299:citizens' assembly 289:Citizens' assembly 57: 6592: 6591: 6521:England and Wales 6380:Jury instructions 6325:-related articles 6284:978-0-19-829856-4 5938:978-1-59345-612-2 5838:Irish Independent 5622:"Criminal trials" 5337:Taxquet v Belgium 5250:(25 March 2011). 5180:judgement summary 5090:Cheng v The Queen 5053:judgement summary 5039:Smith v The Queen 4589:978-0-226-08126-7 4556:978-0-226-08126-7 4521:978-0-226-08126-7 4486:978-0-226-08126-7 4451:978-0-226-08126-7 4424:978-0-226-08126-7 4391:978-0-226-08126-7 4332:978-1-107-05565-0 4284:978-0-226-08126-7 3727:978-0-226-08126-7 3700:978-0-226-08126-7 3413:978-1-107-05565-0 3385:978-1-107-05565-0 3352:978-0-9811005-0-0 2988:978-1-64313-901-2 2694:978-0-521-88507-2 2627:978-3-11-075826-9 2291:, sitting in the 2251:England and Wales 2158:Article 2 of the 1930:Oberlandesgericht 1914:Sonderstrafkammer 1906:große Strafkammer 1618:Seventh Amendment 1410:Buffering effects 1337:faint hope clause 1209:England and Wales 1133:John Peter Zenger 954:witness tampering 946:jury intimidation 931:contempt of court 923:strict confidence 845:[vwaʁdiʁ] 772:suggested that a 717:Ballew v. Georgia 690: (1970), the 562:17th-18th century 550:In juries of the 398: 397: 390: 178:jury instructions 39:technical reasons 16:(Redirected from 6627: 6620:Direct democracy 6480:Strike for cause 6432:Juror misconduct 6385:Specific finding 6331:Primary articles 6316: 6309: 6302: 6293: 6288: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6213: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6177: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6136:The Sunday Times 6127: 6121: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6001: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5927:(7th ed.). 5918: 5912: 5911: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5669: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5516: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5354: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5261:. 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Archived from 3192: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3156:Daniel Klerman, 3154: 3148: 3138: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2882: 2876: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2663: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2619: 2603: 2597: 2583: 2577: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2513: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2443: 2392:questions of law 2325:Northern Ireland 2315:Northern Ireland 2184:Cortes Generales 2067:assisted suicide 2047:Scuola Superiore 1870:Social Democrats 1681:Asia and Oceania 1488:attempted murder 1301:jury instruction 912:reversible error 847: 619:Summoning jurors 552:Justices in Eyre 541:unconstitutional 523:, including the 393: 386: 382: 379: 373: 349: 348: 341: 337:Historical roots 75:, and render an 73:findings of fact 21: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6605:Legal procedure 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6572: 6504: 6455:Change of venue 6441: 6326: 6320: 6285: 6270: 6267: 6265:Further reading 6262: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6222: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6161: 6156:. 18 June 2009. 6148: 6147: 6143: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6114:Wayback Machine 6104: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6083:"Bli nämndeman" 6081: 6080: 6076: 6067: 6065: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6011:Wayback Machine 6002: 5998: 5993:Wayback Machine 5985: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5931:. p. 439. 5920: 5919: 5915: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5799: 5798: 5791: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5451:(1): 135–191 . 5442: 5441: 5437: 5408:(1): 135–191 . 5399: 5398: 5394: 5365:(1): 135–191 . 5356: 5355: 5351: 5346:Wayback Machine 5334: 5330: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5295: 5285: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5254: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5228: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5164: 5160: 5140: 5136: 5112: 5108: 5088: 5084: 5072: 5068: 5056: 5050: 5037: 5033: 5012: 5008: 5004:nullification). 5001:Wayback Machine 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4954:Ring v. Arizona 4952: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4880:10.2307/1192260 4861: 4860: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4819:10.2307/1192252 4800: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4784: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4760:Wayback Machine 4748: 4744: 4734: 4730: 4726:, 1 S.C.R. 652 4720: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4557: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4522: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4487: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4452: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4392: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4285: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4245: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4143:10.2307/3202435 4128: 4127: 4123: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4085:10.2307/1120351 4070: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4017: 4016: 4009: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3889:Wayback Machine 3880: 3876: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3799:Wayback Machine 3790: 3786: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3728: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3678:Wayback Machine 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3243:Greece and Rome 3240: 3239: 3235: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3165:Wayback Machine 3155: 3151: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2887:Action Research 2884: 2883: 2879: 2864: 2860: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2798: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2724:on May 27, 2018 2707: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2594:Wayback Machine 2584: 2580: 2575:Wayback Machine 2565: 2561: 2515: 2514: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2404: 2359: 2351: 2345: 2317: 2293:Court of Appeal 2259: 2253: 2248: 2246:Jury of matrons 2242: 2213: 2207: 2145:Bayonne Statute 2141: 2125: 2117:trained lawyers 2079: 2015: 1941: 1902:Schöffengericht 1890:Schöffengericht 1855:Emminger Reform 1851: 1842: 1837: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1776: 1752: 1746: 1710: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1666:Ring v. Arizona 1613:Sixth Amendment 1589: 1583: 1568:publication ban 1510: 1480: 1475: 1463: 1458: 1450: 1444: 1412: 1399: 1390: 1377: 1362:and many other 1345:New South Wales 1325:original intent 1293:, and the 1961 1277: 1271: 1269:Jury sentencing 1221:public interest 1187: 1094: 1088: 1066:in English law 977: 938:undue influence 899: 887:presiding juror 859: 789: 783: 768:A study by the 704:Sixth Amendment 667: 665:Trial jury size 621: 612: 591: 564: 545:judicial review 471:Catholic Church 431:Norman Conquest 419: 394: 383: 377: 374: 363: 350: 346: 339: 334: 333: 292: 284: 276:Jeffrey Epstein 264: 258: 208: 202: 158: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6556:Jury selection 6553: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6447:Jury selection 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6405:Jury tampering 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6348:Coroner's jury 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6235: 6220: 6198: 6172: 6159: 6141: 6122: 6098: 6074: 6037: 6020: 5996: 5979: 5965: 5944: 5937: 5913: 5892: 5872: 5851: 5820: 5809:. 24 July 2013 5789: 5759: 5739:"JURY SERVICE" 5730: 5708: 5686: 5657: 5635: 5613: 5587: 5560: 5533: 5520:"Jury service" 5506: 5478: 5457:10.1086/467481 5435: 5414:10.1086/467481 5392: 5371:10.1086/467481 5349: 5328: 5307: 5298:|journal= 5279:Jaffe, James. 5271: 5268:on 2014-05-03. 5239: 5218: 5193: 5158: 5134: 5106: 5082: 5080:Trial by jury. 5066: 5031: 5006: 4981: 4969: 4946: 4917: 4904: 4874:(2): 285–304. 4843: 4793: 4764: 4742: 4737:R. v. Robinson 4728: 4723:R. v. Thatcher 4714: 4691: 4673: 4655: 4637: 4595: 4588: 4570: 4555: 4535: 4520: 4500: 4485: 4465: 4450: 4430: 4423: 4405: 4390: 4370: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4331: 4310: 4298: 4283: 4260: 4236: 4215: 4206: 4175: 4156: 4137:(2): 311–383. 4121: 4098: 4063: 4029: 4007: 3984: 3954: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3874: 3871:on 2010-12-07. 3854: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3803: 3784: 3741: 3726: 3706: 3699: 3681: 3664: 3631: 3605: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3544: 3529: 3490: 3451: 3436: 3419: 3412: 3391: 3384: 3366: 3351: 3333: 3308: 3276: 3249:(2): 172–186. 3233: 3218: 3178: 3169: 3149: 3128: 3103: 3096: 3072: 3065: 3035: 3002: 2987: 2969: 2929: 2912: 2893:(2): 184–207. 2877: 2858: 2837:10.2307/976169 2831:(2): 170–178. 2811: 2796: 2766: 2735: 2700: 2693: 2675: 2634: 2632:. Section 1.2. 2626: 2610:. De Gruyter. 2598: 2578: 2559: 2530:(3): 703–761. 2463: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2408:Blank pad rule 2403: 2400: 2384:triers of fact 2358: 2355: 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2329:Diplock Courts 2316: 2313: 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2241: 2240:United Kingdom 2238: 2206: 2203: 2140: 2137: 2124: 2121: 2098:Lagmannsretten 2078: 2075: 2071:life sentences 2059:Corte d'Assise 2035:Corte d'Assise 2027:Corte d'Assise 2014: 2011: 1953:minor offences 1945:law in Ireland 1940: 1937: 1900:, or extended 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1788:Law Commission 1775: 1772: 1748:Main article: 1745: 1742: 1709: 1706: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1585:Main article: 1582: 1579: 1543:Jury selection 1509: 1506: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1443: 1440: 1411: 1408: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1376: 1373: 1354:jury tampering 1305:capital murder 1270: 1267: 1232:Michael Randle 1186: 1183: 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 981:finder of fact 976: 973: 950:jury tampering 898: 895: 872:special juries 868:Irish language 864:Roman Catholic 858: 855: 801:Jury selection 787:Jury selection 785:Main article: 782: 781:Jury selection 779: 666: 663: 620: 617: 611: 608: 590: 587: 563: 560: 521:ancient Greece 477:The so-called 396: 395: 360:of the subject 358:worldwide view 353: 351: 344: 338: 335: 293: 285: 283: 280: 262:Coroner's jury 260:Main article: 257: 256:Coroner's jury 254: 212:criminal trial 204:Main article: 201: 198: 157: 154: 115:United Kingdom 113:, such as the 111:British Empire 86:, or to set a 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6632: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Nullification 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:U.S. military 6549: 6548: 6547: 6546:United States 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6500:Stealth juror 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6417:Jury research 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6250:on 2010-10-03 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214:. G.K. Hall. 6212: 6211: 6202: 6199: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5914: 5910:(in Russian). 5909: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886:Novaya Gazeta 5882: 5876: 5873: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5495:. August 2012 5494: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5290: 5282: 5275: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5172:, (2016) 258 5171: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096:, (2000) 203 5095: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5045:, (2015) 255 5044: 5040: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4936:on 2009-10-07 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4894:on 2011-03-06 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4833:on 2011-03-06 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4783:on 2019-12-22 4782: 4778: 4776: 4775:Criminal Code 4768: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751:Criminal Code 4746: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4707:Criminal Code 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4684:Criminal Code 4677: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4666:Criminal Code 4659: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4648:Criminal Code 4641: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256:0-534-36822-0 4253: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4053:on 2019-09-06 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3930:, 2000-10-09. 3929: 3928:New Statesman 3924: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3647:The Telegraph 3643: 3635: 3632: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 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1598: 1594: 1588: 1581:United States 1580: 1578: 1576: 1575:Federal Court 1571: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Criminal Code 1519: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1349:Jim Spigelman 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313:Criminal Code 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1296:Criminal Code 1292: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Clive Ponting 1210: 1205: 1203: 1202:Trial by Jury 1199: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1051:advisory jury 1047: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1027:Supreme Court 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006:death penalty 1000: 995: 992: 990: 984: 982: 974: 972: 969: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 896: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842:, pronounced 841: 835: 833: 828: 824: 822: 816: 812: 810: 806: 802: 793: 788: 780: 778: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 727: 723: 719: 718: 713: 709: 705: 700: 697: 694:ruled that a 693: 689: 686: 682: 678: 677: 671: 664: 662: 658: 656: 651: 647: 645: 644: 639: 635: 625: 618: 616: 609: 607: 603: 601: 595: 588: 586: 583: 579: 577: 571: 569: 561: 559: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 537:secret ballot 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 472: 467: 465: 460: 457: 453: 449: 448: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 418: 410: 406: 402: 392: 389: 381: 371: 367: 361: 359: 352: 343: 342: 336: 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Retrieved 5208:. 2023-11-07 5205: 5196: 5179: 5165: 5161: 5156:(Australia). 5141: 5137: 5132:(Australia). 5113: 5109: 5104:(Australia). 5089: 5085: 5073: 5069: 5052: 5038: 5034: 5027:r 47.02 5022: 5014: 5013:For example 5009: 4989: 4984: 4972: 4953: 4949: 4938:. Retrieved 4934:the original 4929: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4896:. Retrieved 4892:the original 4871: 4867: 4835:. Retrieved 4831:the original 4813:(2): 41–67. 4810: 4806: 4796: 4785:. Retrieved 4781:the original 4774: 4767: 4750: 4745: 4736: 4731: 4722: 4717: 4706: 4683: 4676: 4665: 4658: 4647: 4640: 4615: 4611: 4579: 4573: 4545: 4538: 4510: 4503: 4475: 4468: 4440: 4433: 4414: 4408: 4380: 4373: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4336: 4322: 4273: 4228:. Retrieved 4218: 4209: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4169: 4159: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4055:. Retrieved 4051:the original 4046: 4042: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3976:. Retrieved 3972:the original 3967: 3957: 3946:. 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