31:
386:. This dictionary is similar in its structure to the one from the Bureau of Translators, but it only gives the "phonetic" transcription of Jurchen words (by means of Chinese characters) and not their writing in Jurchen script. The time of its creation is not certain; various scholars thought that it could have been created as late as
565:
pronunciation of the
Chinese characters that were used to render the Jurchen name or word. This standard presentation does not attempt to reconstruct the original Jurchen pronunciation of the word, or even the 12th-century Chinese pronunciation of the Chinese characters (even though more-or-less
552:
Due to the scarcity of surviving
Jurchen-language inscriptions, the overwhelming majority of primary documentary sources on the Jurchen people available to modern scholars are in Chinese. Therefore, when names of Jurchens, or Jurchen terms, are written in English, the same writing convention is
654:
638:
411:
According to modern researchers, both dictionaries were compiled by the two
Bureaus' staff, who were not very competent in Jurchen. The compilers of the two dictionaries were apparently not very familiar with Jurchen grammar. The language, in
570:
pronunciation of
Chinese characters can be looked up in specialized dictionaries and databases, and reconstructing pronunciation of some Jurchen words is attempted by some authors as well). Thus, for example, the Jurchen name of the first
334:). Both dictionaries were found as sections of the manuscripts prepared by those two agencies, whose job was to help the imperial government to communicate with foreign nations or ethnic minorities, in writing or orally, respectively.
365:
in 1896. Soon research continued in Japan and China as well. It was this dictionary which first made serious study of the
Jurchen language possible. This dictionary contained translation of Chinese words into Jurchen, given in
381:
The vocabulary lists compiled by the Bureau of
Interpreters became first known to the Western scholars in 1910, and in 1912 L. Aurousseau reported the existence of a manuscript of it with a Jurchen section, supplied to him by
792:
Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a
Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature
640:
Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a
Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature
304:. It is speculated that the choice of this format — rather than something closer to the Jurchen folk poetry — was due to the influence of the Chinese literature on the educated class of the Jurchens.
401:'s analysis of the dictionary, published in 1989, surmises that it may have been written in the first half of the 16th century, based on the way the Jurchen words are transcribed into Chinese.
298:, containing a poem in Jurchen by a poet called (in Chinese transcription) Aotun Liangbi. Although written in Jurchen, the poem was composed using the Chinese "regulated verse" format known as
1201:
498:
3843:
808:
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a
Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)
656:
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a
Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)
682:
ancient character may have answered the purposes state time being spirit nation sufficient preserve it many generations without national character literature.
979:
1276:
3875:
270:. A number of books were translated into Jurchen, but none have survived, even in fragments. Surviving samples of Jurchen writing are quite scarce.
416:'s words, was geared to basic communications "with 'barbarians', when this was absolutely inevitable, or when they brought tribute to the Court".
4945:
1194:
773:
371:
2951:
1263:
849:
5062:
4713:
4669:
4699:
3808:
950:
932:
927:. (Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 153). Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. Bloomington, Indiana, 1989.
896:
833:
620:
3045:
5052:
4931:
3648:
1187:
972:
404:
Both dictionaries record very similar forms of the language, which can be considered a late form of Jurchen, or an early form of
3371:
312:
The two most extensive resources on the Jurchen language available to today's linguists are two dictionaries created during the
2632:
4938:
3504:
3143:
887:
207:
3613:
3514:
3138:
2196:
4924:
4903:
2191:
1966:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1258:
477:
455:
1577:
572:
237:
5067:
5057:
4804:
4783:
3463:
3458:
3153:
3055:
1268:
965:
874:
512:("National language"), which was also used by other non-Han dynasties in China to refer to their languages, like the
4871:
3468:
3035:
3121:
2843:
2396:
1983:
1642:
177:
4621:
4607:
3912:
2495:
2298:
1152:
562:
4226:
2411:
273:
One of the most important extant texts in Jurchen is the inscription on the back of "the Jin Victory Memorial
4910:
3938:
2551:
2431:
1914:
1818:
1295:
1253:
1210:
361:
with a Jurchen section was not discovered until the late 19th century, when it was studied and published by
352:
2000:
578:
3628:
3065:
2567:
2557:
2490:
1433:
920:
413:
398:
288:
428:, some important information on the Jurchen language is provided by the Jurchen words, transcribed using
5012:
4917:
4706:
4655:
4115:
4037:
3801:
3740:
3294:
3173:
2875:
2607:
2283:
1467:
1455:
1428:
1413:
1136:
938:
437:
317:
294:
A number of other Jurchen inscriptions exist as well. For example, in the 1950s a tablet was found in
4776:
4527:
4204:
3700:
3603:
3355:
3319:
2724:
2647:
2228:
2057:
2040:
1717:
1356:
2147:
2137:
1712:
3499:
3221:
2744:
2127:
2117:
1766:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1450:
1108:
113:
1776:
1677:
394:
4762:
4739:
4373:
4262:
4252:
4144:
4087:
4073:
4030:
3735:
3618:
3453:
3345:
3304:
3258:
3253:
3148:
3130:
2798:
2729:
2694:
2642:
2475:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2201:
2132:
1854:
1232:
1041:
988:
677:
553:
usually followed as for Chinese words, that is, the English spelling is simply the Romanization (
521:
429:
375:
105:
3995:
765:
Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
4885:
4878:
4850:
4614:
4600:
4512:
4401:
4311:
4290:
4269:
4197:
4129:
3988:
3946:
3898:
3633:
3623:
3268:
3263:
3168:
3163:
3070:
3025:
2925:
2848:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2739:
2734:
2662:
2597:
2582:
2532:
2527:
2470:
2406:
2364:
2206:
2092:
2015:
1531:
1526:
1403:
946:
928:
892:
829:
769:
763:
616:
295:
225:
806:
790:
291:. It is apparently an abbreviated translation of the Chinese text on the front of the stele.
5019:
4957:
4857:
4811:
4797:
4755:
4630:
4576:
4557:
4491:
4483:
4469:
4462:
4387:
4183:
4158:
4094:
4066:
4052:
3981:
3967:
3884:
3857:
3794:
3705:
3608:
3430:
3273:
2900:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2749:
2505:
2438:
2426:
2391:
2386:
2369:
2308:
2273:
2233:
2035:
2030:
1978:
1929:
1813:
1747:
1687:
1637:
1582:
1499:
1477:
1462:
1408:
1398:
1332:
1170:
1144:
1080:
1026:
1003:
537:
3678:
4843:
4535:
4476:
4422:
4415:
4394:
4380:
4364:
4342:
4297:
4190:
4165:
4137:
4122:
4045:
4023:
4016:
3974:
3934:
3905:
3593:
3563:
3386:
3309:
3075:
3005:
2915:
2910:
2895:
2858:
2838:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2719:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2587:
2572:
2542:
2537:
2421:
2416:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2107:
2072:
2067:
2047:
1941:
1899:
1839:
1722:
1692:
1602:
1562:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1438:
1418:
1366:
1349:
1337:
1124:
1031:
1016:
878:
529:
513:
494:
405:
241:
97:
81:
3040:
2223:
558:
3190:
916:
472:("The veritable annals of the Jin Dynasty"), the text prepared in 1234 by Yuwen Mouzhao.
4980:
4864:
4748:
4728:
4637:
4505:
4436:
4335:
4283:
4276:
4108:
4101:
4080:
4059:
3960:
3953:
3715:
3643:
3638:
3489:
3473:
3448:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3216:
3090:
3050:
3020:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2930:
2905:
2853:
2793:
2759:
2709:
2657:
2622:
2577:
2547:
2500:
2460:
2359:
2313:
2268:
2186:
2122:
2077:
2062:
2025:
2005:
1973:
1961:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1796:
1781:
1771:
1737:
1727:
1672:
1657:
1622:
1472:
1376:
1324:
1214:
1098:
1088:
1059:
1049:
671:
567:
450:
425:
367:
263:
257:
229:
141:
134:
70:
30:
193:
5046:
4987:
4836:
4769:
4692:
4662:
4520:
4498:
4429:
4325:
4304:
4151:
4009:
3927:
3920:
3891:
3850:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3725:
3720:
3653:
3537:
3231:
2890:
2833:
2485:
2258:
2142:
2097:
2052:
2020:
1869:
1806:
1786:
1759:
1732:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1587:
1344:
1129:
1093:
1021:
1011:
906:
383:
362:
170:
351:; 'Sino-Barbarian Dictionary') was known to Europeans since 1789 (thanks to
4443:
4408:
4349:
3836:
3598:
3494:
3407:
3299:
3200:
3010:
2823:
2788:
2769:
2704:
2699:
2592:
2480:
2354:
2278:
2218:
2087:
2082:
1993:
1988:
1924:
1864:
1844:
1801:
1791:
1742:
1627:
1607:
1597:
1445:
1423:
1381:
585:
541:
533:
525:
517:
481:
contained a list of corrections of transcribed Jurchen language words found in the
313:
300:
267:
2652:
910:
900:
837:
624:
5026:
4790:
4721:
4002:
3693:
3553:
3314:
3158:
3015:
2920:
2689:
2617:
2602:
2510:
2303:
2213:
2112:
2102:
1956:
1919:
1874:
1859:
1834:
1754:
1682:
1667:
1371:
821:
3683:
3658:
3226:
2669:
2159:
2154:
2010:
1951:
1592:
245:
4994:
4973:
4966:
3760:
3745:
3582:
3329:
3278:
3245:
3080:
2971:
2520:
2248:
2164:
1889:
233:
186:
154:
55:
3688:
1179:
943:
A Study of the Jurchen Language and Script: Reconstruction and Decipherment
613:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
161:
3730:
3710:
3673:
3668:
3548:
3509:
3350:
3109:
2994:
2885:
2627:
2515:
2465:
2336:
1849:
1652:
1612:
1393:
1386:
1237:
240:
in northern China of the 12th and 13th centuries. It is ancestral to the
3817:
3324:
3195:
3085:
3060:
2946:
2783:
2637:
2612:
2381:
2288:
1936:
1550:
1361:
4818:
2562:
2374:
2293:
2238:
1946:
1617:
957:
554:
215:
345:
3185:
3180:
3030:
2813:
2714:
2401:
1312:
274:
59:
36:
424:
Besides the inscriptions and one or two surviving manuscripts in
3663:
3558:
374:(rather imprecise, since the transcription was done by means of
3790:
3580:
3535:
3428:
3107:
2992:
2334:
1548:
1310:
1293:
1183:
961:
693:
Kane (1989); pp. 90–98, as well as most of the rest of the book
508:
The Jin dynasty referred to the Jurchen language with the term
337:
Although the Bureau of Translators' multilingual dictionary (
925:
The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters
248:
renamed the Jurchen ethnicity and language to "Manchu".
486:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1119:
1053:
5004:
4955:
4895:
4828:
4738:
4684:
4647:
4587:
4568:
4549:
4454:
4360:
4321:
4248:
4175:
3874:
3867:
3828:
3482:
3441:
3400:
3364:
3338:
3287:
3244:
3209:
3129:
3120:
2939:
2347:
2179:
1827:
1570:
1561:
1246:
1225:
1107:
1079:
1072:
1040:
1002:
995:
852:. StarLing database server. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
442:("Explanation of the national language of the Jin"
184:
168:
152:
147:
131:
94:
76:
66:
50:
23:
287:), which was erected in 1185, during the reign of
828:. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1990.
266:for Jurchen language was developed in 1119 by
3802:
1195:
973:
576:
499:
487:
443:
356:
40:
8:
458:translated the list into English and Manchu.
891:, vol 6. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
4172:
3871:
3809:
3795:
3787:
3577:
3532:
3438:
3425:
3126:
3117:
3104:
2989:
2344:
2331:
1567:
1558:
1545:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1222:
1202:
1188:
1180:
1076:
999:
980:
966:
958:
29:
20:
883:Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
826:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
762:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
611:Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, Stephen H. West,
607:
605:
730:
728:
726:
583:, and appears in English scholarship as
811:. Mission Press. 1855. pp. lxxvi–.
670:Alexander Wylie; Henri Cordier (1897).
601:
461:Jurchen names and words throughout the
16:Tungusic language of eastern Manchuria
4946:American Printing House for the Blind
4722:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4374:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
659:. Mission Press. 1855. pp. xix–.
432:in Chinese documents. These include:
372:transcription into Chinese characters
7:
915:. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1896.
850:Database query to Chinese characters
468:An appendix with Jurchen words in
324:) and the Bureau of Interpreters (
14:
945:. Kyoto: Horitsubunka-sha, 1977.
912:Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen
615:. Published by SUNY Press, 1995.
575:emperor is written in Chinese as
497:to correct them, in Chapter 18 –
436:The list of 125 Jurchen words in
308:Ming Dynasty Jurchen dictionaries
45:, meaning "Trust of the Country".
1171:dead, split or changed languages
548:Writing Jurchen names in English
593:(using the Wade–Giles system).
1275:Languages by writing system /
888:The Cambridge History of China
577:
500:
488:
444:
420:Jurchen words in Chinese texts
343:
338:
330:
325:
283:
278:
220:
211:
1:
4714:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4670:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
768:. OUP Oxford. pp. 383–.
561:, as the case may be) of the
387:
84:
39:with the Jurchen inscription
4925:National Braille Association
4904:Braille Institute of America
4622:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
627:on Google Books. Pp. 228–229
478:Researches on Manchu Origins
397:) or as early as 1450–1500;
316:by the Chinese government's
4805:Refreshable braille display
4784:Optical braille recognition
4381:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
3913:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3056:New Epoch Notation Painting
840:on Google Books]. Page 422.
357:
5084:
4872:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
255:
5063:Extinct languages of Asia
4608:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
3786:
3589:
3576:
3544:
3531:
3437:
3424:
3122:Chinese family of scripts
3116:
3103:
3001:
2988:
2343:
2330:
2192:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
1557:
1544:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1277:by first written accounts
1221:
1168:
789:Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855).
637:Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855).
284:Dà jīn déshèngtuó sòngbēi
28:
4595:Chinese semi-syllabaries
3858:Unicode braille patterns
3844:International uniformity
2299:Thomas Natural Shorthand
563:Modern Standard Mandarin
5053:Agglutinative languages
4932:Blindness organizations
4911:Braille Without Borders
4700:Canadian currency marks
4322:Egyptian lineage family
3505:Southwest Paleohispanic
734:Kane (1989); p. 99–100.
702:Kane (1989); pp. 90–95.
353:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
41:
4249:Russian lineage family
3649:Great Lakes Algonquian
2558:Greco-Iberian alphabet
2491:Gabelsberger shorthand
1434:Inscriptional Parthian
448:), an appendix to the
5013:Accessible publishing
4939:Schools for the blind
4918:Japan Braille Library
4707:Computer Braille Code
4361:Indian lineage family
3741:Old Persian cuneiform
2608:Carolingian minuscule
1414:Ancient North Arabian
861:See e.g. Kane (1989).
752:Kane (1989), p. 38–41
720:Franke (1994), p. 688
318:Bureau of Translators
4777:Mountbatten Brailler
4132:(largely reassigned)
3915:(largely reassigned)
3464:Southeastern Iberian
3459:Northeastern Iberian
1357:Egyptian hieroglyphs
743:Kane (1989); p. 129.
236:, the rulers of the
4729:Nemeth braille code
4515:(reassigned vowels)
4040:(extended to 8-dot)
3614:Canadian Aboriginal
3500:Khitan small script
3222:Khitan large script
2412:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
711:Kane (1989); p. 96.
5068:Languages of China
5058:Tungusic languages
4763:Braille translator
4740:Braille technology
4716:(science; GS8/GS6)
4685:Symbols in braille
4615:Taiwanese Mandarin
4130:Taiwanese Mandarin
3736:Nwagu Aneke script
3288:Other logosyllabic
3210:Chinese-influenced
3149:Oracle bone script
3131:Chinese characters
3066:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2456:Eclectic shorthand
2444:Duployan shorthand
2397:Caucasian Albanian
2197:Canadian syllabics
1233:History of writing
989:Tungusic languages
939:Gisaburo N. Kiyose
795:. pp. lxxvi–.
673:Chinese Researches
589:(using Pinyin) or
522:Mongolian language
430:Chinese characters
376:Chinese characters
368:Jurchen characters
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
4958:tactile alphabets
4886:William Bell Wait
4879:Sabriye Tenberken
4680:
4679:
4545:
4544:
4530:(Japanese vowels)
4328:-mediated scripts
4255:-mediated scripts
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3634:Ditema tsa Dinoko
3572:
3571:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3240:
3239:
3099:
3098:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2175:
2174:
1540:
1539:
1527:Teeline Shorthand
1285:
1284:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1068:
1067:
775:978-0-19-156167-2
485:in Chapter 135 –
355:), a copy of the
296:Penglai, Shandong
226:Tungusic language
200:
199:
42:gurun ni xada-xun
5075:
5029:
5022:
5020:Braille literacy
5015:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4821:
4814:
4812:Slate and stylus
4807:
4800:
4798:Perkins Brailler
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4756:Braille embosser
4751:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4673:
4665:
4658:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4580:
4577:American Braille
4561:
4558:Algerian Braille
4538:
4531:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4447:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4353:
4345:
4338:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3872:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3822:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3578:
3533:
3439:
3431:Semi-syllabaries
3426:
3127:
3118:
3105:
2990:
2345:
2332:
2234:Japanese Braille
1819:Zanabazar square
1688:Nepalese scripts
1578:Bengali–Assamese
1568:
1559:
1546:
1463:Pitman shorthand
1308:
1304:
1291:
1223:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1121:
1077:
1055:
1000:
982:
975:
968:
959:
862:
859:
853:
847:
841:
819:
813:
812:
803:
797:
796:
786:
780:
779:
759:
753:
750:
744:
741:
735:
732:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
691:
685:
684:
667:
661:
660:
651:
645:
644:
643:. pp. xix–.
634:
628:
609:
582:
581:
538:Xianbei language
503:
502:
491:
490:
447:
446:
392:
389:
370:and in phonetic
360:
349:
340:
332:
327:
285:
280:
222:
213:
204:Jurchen language
196:
180:
164:
157:
137:
100:
89:
86:
44:
33:
21:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4844:Charles Barbier
4842:
4835:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4676:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4583:
4575:
4569:Frequency-based
4564:
4556:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4450:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:Bharati Braille
4362:
4356:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4250:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3939:Unified English
3933:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3868:Braille scripts
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3770:
3585:
3568:
3564:Stokoe notation
3540:
3519:
3478:
3433:
3412:
3396:
3360:
3339:Logoconsonantal
3334:
3283:
3236:
3205:
3112:
3095:
3076:Siglas poveiras
2997:
2976:
2935:
2839:Younger Futhark
2543:Gregg shorthand
2339:
2318:
2171:
1823:
1553:
1536:
1315:
1298:
1281:
1254:Writing systems
1242:
1217:
1215:writing systems
1208:
1178:
1173:
1160:
1153:Chinese Kyakala
1103:
1064:
1036:
991:
986:
956:
903:on Google Books
879:Denis Twitchett
870:
865:
860:
856:
848:
844:
820:
816:
805:
804:
800:
788:
787:
783:
776:
761:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:
697:
692:
688:
669:
668:
664:
653:
652:
648:
636:
635:
631:
610:
603:
599:
591:Wan-yen A-ku-ta
550:
530:Khitan language
514:Manchu language
495:Manchu language
456:Alexander Wylie
422:
390:
310:
289:Emperor Shizong
260:
254:
242:Manchu language
192:
176:
173:
160:
153:
138:
133:
127:
101:
98:Language family
96:
87:
80:developed into
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5081:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5006:
5005:Related topics
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4981:New York Point
4977:
4970:
4962:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4865:Harris Mowbray
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4749:Braille e-book
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3878:
3876:French-ordered
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Linear Elamite
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:Sign languages
3536:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3515:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Espanca script
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Linear Elamite
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:Yi (Classical)
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3154:Bronze scripts
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:Flag semaphore
2964:
2962:New York Point
2959:
2957:Telegraph code
2954:
2952:Maritime flags
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Visible Speech
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Sorang Sompeng
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Galik alphabet
2757:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:Tironian notes
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2501:Garay alphabet
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Sorang Sompeng
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:Déné syllabics
2204:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Proto-Sinaitic
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1006:
997:
993:
992:
987:
985:
984:
977:
970:
962:
955:
954:
936:
918:
904:
875:Herbert Franke
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
854:
842:
814:
798:
781:
774:
754:
745:
736:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
662:
646:
629:
600:
598:
595:
568:Middle Chinese
549:
546:
483:History of Jin
474:
473:
466:
463:History of Jin
459:
451:History of Jin
426:Jurchen script
421:
418:
309:
306:
264:writing system
258:Jurchen script
256:Main article:
253:
250:
230:Jurchen people
198:
197:
190:
182:
181:
174:
169:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
148:Language codes
145:
144:
142:Jurchen script
139:
135:Writing system
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
104:
102:
95:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:(Northeastern
52:
48:
47:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5080:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:Night writing
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:Organisations
4894:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:Valentin Haüy
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:Louis Braille
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:Braille watch
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:Braille music
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:Luxembourgish
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:Other scripts
4453:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4247:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4227:Northern Sámi
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:Nordic family
4174:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:South African
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4038:Luxembourgish
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:ASCII braille
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Attic (Greek)
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Proto-Elamite
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Elder Futhark
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Old Hungarian
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Masaram Gondi
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Gunjala Gondi
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:Old Sundanese
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:Old Maldivian
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:Bilang-bilang
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Sylheti Nagri
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Brahmi script
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:South Arabian
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Inscriptional
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
964:
963:
960:
952:
951:4-589-00794-0
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
933:0-933070-23-3
930:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
908:
907:Wilhelm Grube
905:
902:
898:
897:0-521-24331-9
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:
867:
858:
855:
851:
846:
843:
839:
835:
834:0-521-24304-1
831:
827:
823:
818:
815:
810:
809:
802:
799:
794:
793:
785:
782:
777:
771:
767:
766:
758:
755:
749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
729:
727:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
666:
663:
658:
657:
650:
647:
642:
641:
633:
630:
626:
622:
621:0-7914-2274-7
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
596:
594:
592:
588:
587:
580:
574:
569:
566:hypothetical
564:
560:
556:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
496:
492:
484:
480:
479:
471:
470:Da Jin guozhi
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
452:
441:
440:
439:Jin Guoyu Jie
435:
434:
433:
431:
427:
419:
417:
415:
409:
407:
402:
400:
396:
385:
384:Yang Shoujing
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
363:Wilhelm Grube
359:
354:
350:
347:
335:
333:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
302:
297:
292:
290:
286:
276:
271:
269:
265:
259:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
209:
205:
195:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:Linguist List
167:
163:
159:
156:
151:
146:
143:
140:
136:
130:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
103:
99:
93:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4528:Thai and Lao
4205:Scandinavian
3837:1829 braille
3829:Braille cell
3629:Cypro-Minoan
3495:Pahawh Hmong
3408:Sitelen Pona
3372:Hindu-Arabic
2705:Mundari Bani
2279:Pahawh Hmong
2088:Tamil-Brahmi
1994:Eveyla Akuru
1989:Dhives Akuru
1456:Paleo-Hebrew
1323:
1259:undeciphered
1116:
942:
924:
911:
901:Partial text
886:
882:
868:Bibliography
857:
845:
838:Partial text
825:
817:
807:
801:
791:
784:
764:
757:
748:
739:
716:
707:
698:
689:
681:
672:
665:
655:
649:
639:
632:
625:Partial text
612:
590:
586:Wanyan Aguda
584:
551:
542:Northern Wei
534:Liao dynasty
526:Yuan dynasty
518:Qing dynasty
509:
507:
493:, using the
482:
476:
475:
469:
462:
449:
438:
423:
410:
403:
395:Mao Ruicheng
380:
342:
336:
331:Huìtóng Guǎn
329:
321:
314:Ming Dynasty
311:
299:
293:
282:
272:
268:Wanyan Xiyin
261:
219:
203:
201:
185:
118:
18:
5027:RoboBraille
4851:Róża Czacka
4791:Perforation
4588:Independent
4486:(Bhutanese)
4221:Greenlandic
3892:Azerbaijani
3694:Jindai moji
3583:Syllabaries
3554:SignWriting
3454:Celtiberian
3356:Hieroglyphs
3159:Seal script
3144:Traditional
3016:Blissymbols
2921:Warang Citi
2896:Tolong Siki
2849:Marcomannic
2829:Dalecarlian
2819:Anglo-Saxon
2799:Pau Cin Hau
2690:Medefaidrin
2643:Merovingian
2603:Blackletter
2511:Asomtavruli
2304:Warang Citi
2113:Ulu scripts
2058:New Tai Lue
2001:Mon–Burmese
1855:Bhattiprolu
1683:Nandinagari
1510:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1269:constructed
921:Daniel Kane
822:Denis Sinor
676:. pp.
540:during the
532:during the
524:during the
516:during the
414:Daniel Kane
399:Daniel Kane
391: 1601
358:Huá-Yí yìyǔ
301:qiyan lüshi
238:Jin dynasty
232:of eastern
88: 17th
5047:Categories
4579:(obsolete)
4560:(obsolete)
4352:(Pakistan)
4263:Belarusian
4145:Vietnamese
4088:Portuguese
4074:Philippine
4031:Lithuanian
3684:Hentaigana
3679:Man'yōgana
3139:Simplified
3026:Ersu Shaba
2940:Non-linear
2745:Old Uyghur
2735:Old Permic
2730:Old Italic
2663:Visigothic
2598:Beneventan
2533:Glagolitic
2496:Gadabuursi
2160:Kolezhuthu
2155:Vatteluttu
2093:Tanchangya
2016:Saurashtra
1593:Devanagari
1451:Phoenician
1404:Manichaean
597:References
559:Wade–Giles
536:, and the
246:Hong Taiji
244:. In 1635
224:) was the
54:Southwest
4995:Vibratese
4974:Moon type
4967:Decapoint
4648:Eight-dot
4601:Cantonese
4550:Reordered
4513:Inuktitut
4402:Malayalam
4312:Ukrainian
4291:Mongolian
4270:Bulgarian
4233:Norwegian
4198:Icelandic
3989:Hungarian
3947:Esperanto
3899:Cantonese
3483:Redundant
3295:Anatolian
3246:Cuneiform
3174:bird-worm
3110:Logograms
3081:Testerian
2995:Ideograms
2972:Moon type
2859:Staveless
2750:Mongolian
2695:Molodtsov
2653:Sütterlin
2521:Mkhedruli
2387:Bassa Vah
2337:Alphabets
2309:Mwangwego
2274:Mwangwego
2249:Kharosthi
2202:Blackfoot
2165:Malayanma
2036:Sundanese
2031:Sukhothai
1979:Malayalam
1930:Khom Thai
1890:Goykanadi
1814:Tocharian
1767:ʼPhags-pa
1638:Khudabadi
1583:Bhaiksuki
1478:Samaritan
1409:Nabataean
1264:inventors
1109:Jurchenic
501:滿洲源流考/卷18
322:Siyi Guan
234:Manchuria
221:Nǚzhēn yǔ
187:Glottolog
155:ISO 639-3
114:Jurchenic
67:Ethnicity
56:Manchuria
35:A silver
4631:Japanese
4492:Georgian
4484:Dzongkha
4470:Armenian
4388:Gujarati
4253:Cyrillic
4184:Estonian
4159:Yugoslav
4095:Romanian
4067:Nigerian
3982:Hawaiian
3968:Ghanaian
3885:Albanian
3746:Sumerian
3711:Linear B
3674:Katakana
3669:Hiragana
3619:Cherokee
3549:ASLwrite
3510:Bopomofo
3365:Numerals
3351:Hieratic
3310:Isthmian
3279:Sumerian
3259:Assyrian
3254:Akkadian
2911:Vithkuqi
2886:Tifinagh
2854:Medieval
2809:Pisidian
2804:Phrygian
2775:Vagindra
2720:Ol Chiki
2628:Interlac
2583:Kayah Li
2573:Jenticha
2528:Veso Bey
2516:Nuskhuri
2506:Georgian
2476:Formosan
2471:Etruscan
2466:Enochian
2422:Cyrillic
2407:Coelbren
2365:Armenian
2264:Meroitic
2254:Mandombe
2244:Jenticha
2108:Tigalari
2073:Tai Viet
2068:Tai Tham
2048:Tagbanwa
1900:Javanese
1850:Baybayin
1840:Balinese
1828:Southern
1723:Pracalit
1718:Pachumol
1693:Bhujimol
1653:Mahajani
1613:Gurmukhi
1603:Gujarati
1571:Northern
1551:Abugidas
1532:Ugaritic
1520:Maḏnḥāyā
1394:Tifinagh
1387:Solitreo
1325:Numerals
1238:Grapheme
1226:Overview
1073:Southern
1042:Udegheic
996:Northern
194:jurc1239
178:juc.html
110:Southern
106:Tungusic
4536:Tibetan
4477:Burmese
4463:Amharic
4446:(India)
4423:Sinhala
4416:Punjabi
4395:Kannada
4343:Persian
4298:Russian
4238:Swedish
4216:Finnish
4191:Faroese
4166:Zambian
4138:Turkish
4123:Spanish
4046:Maltese
4024:Latvian
4017:Italian
3996:Iñupiaq
3975:Guarani
3935:English
3906:Catalan
3823:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
3818:Braille
3701:Kikakui
3639:Eskayan
3624:Cypriot
3474:Dunging
3346:Demotic
3325:Tenevil
3269:Hittite
3264:Elamite
3217:Jurchen
3196:Sawndip
3191:Chữ Nôm
3091:Zapotec
3086:Yerkish
3061:Nsibidi
3046:Miꞌkmaw
3036:Isotype
3006:Adinkra
2947:Braille
2931:Zaghawa
2901:Vellara
2881:Sunuwar
2871:Sidetic
2866:Shavian
2794:Osmanya
2784:Ol Onal
2638:Kurrent
2623:Insular
2613:Fraktur
2588:Klingon
2578:Kaddare
2552:Archaic
2461:Elbasan
2449:Chinook
2439:Deseret
2427:Bosnian
2382:Avoiuli
2370:Avestan
2360:Ariyaka
2289:Tengwar
2187:Bharati
2148:Serawai
2138:Pasemah
2123:Lampung
2078:Lai Tay
2063:Tai Noi
2026:Sinhala
2006:Pallava
1974:Makasar
1962:Lontara
1937:Kulitan
1910:Kannada
1905:Kadamba
1895:Hanunoo
1885:Grantha
1880:Fakkham
1797:Tibetan
1782:Soyombo
1777:Siddhaṃ
1772:Sharada
1748:Litumol
1738:Tirhuta
1728:Ranjana
1713:Kvemmol
1673:Multani
1658:Marchen
1623:Kalinga
1563:Brahmic
1500:Sogdian
1439:Psalter
1419:Pahlavi
1399:Mandaic
1377:Cursive
1362:Elymaic
1333:Aramaic
1145:Alchuka
1117:Jurchen
1027:Negidal
489:金史/卷135
279:大金得勝陀頌碑
252:Writing
228:of the
208:Chinese
119:Jurchen
90:century
71:Jurchen
24:Jurchen
4956:Other
4829:People
4819:Braigo
4638:Korean
4506:Hebrew
4437:Telugu
4336:Arabic
4326:Arabic
4284:Kyrgyz
4277:Kazakh
4211:Danish
4109:Slovak
4102:Samoan
4081:Polish
4060:Navajo
3961:German
3954:French
3821:
3766:Yugtun
3756:Woleai
3706:Kpelle
3689:Sōgana
3609:Byblos
3387:Muisca
3305:Cretan
3274:Luwian
3232:Tangut
3051:Mixtec
3021:Dongba
2926:Yezidi
2916:Wancho
2891:Todhri
2844:Gothic
2824:Cipher
2765:Manchu
2755:Evenki
2740:Orkhon
2685:Manchu
2680:Lydian
2675:Lycian
2618:Gaelic
2568:Hanifi
2563:Hangul
2538:Gothic
2486:Fraser
2481:Fox II
2417:Coptic
2392:Carian
2375:Pazend
2348:Linear
2294:Thaana
2239:Sarati
2180:Others
2143:Rejang
2128:Lembak
2118:Incung
2098:Telugu
2053:Tai Le
1947:Langdi
1870:Chakma
1760:Karani
1733:Tamyig
1708:Kummol
1703:Himmol
1698:Golmol
1678:Nagari
1663:Meitei
1648:Lepcha
1633:Khojki
1618:Kaithi
1505:Syriac
1493:Musnad
1372:Ashuri
1367:Hebrew
1350:Elifba
1345:Arabic
1338:Hatran
1313:Abjads
1125:Manchu
1081:Nanaic
1032:Oroqen
1017:Evenki
1004:Ewenic
949:
931:
895:
832:
772:
619:
555:Pinyin
528:, the
520:, the
406:Manchu
218::
216:pinyin
210::
82:Manchu
51:Region
4672:(GS8)
4663:Kanji
4521:Khmer
4499:Greek
4430:Tamil
4363:i.e.
4324:i.e.
4305:Tatar
4251:i.e.
4152:Welsh
4053:Māori
4010:Irish
3928:Dutch
3921:Czech
3731:Nüshu
3599:Bamum
3594:Afaka
3401:Other
3392:Roman
3377:Abjad
3300:Bagam
3201:Bowen
3186:Kanji
3181:Hanja
3169:small
3164:large
3071:Olmec
3041:Kaidā
3031:Emoji
3011:Aztec
2814:Runic
2789:Osage
2770:Oirat
2715:Ogham
2648:Sigla
2593:Latin
2548:Greek
2432:Early
2402:Cirth
2355:Adlam
2224:Geʽez
2219:Fox I
2083:Tamil
1942:Lanna
1925:Khmer
1915:Karen
1865:Buhid
1845:Batak
1802:Uchen
1792:Takri
1743:Limbu
1643:Laṇḍā
1628:Khema
1608:Gupta
1598:Dogri
1515:Serṭā
1488:Zabur
1473:Punic
1446:Pegon
1382:Rashi
1296:Types
1247:Lists
1211:Types
1099:Uilta
1089:Nanai
1060:Udege
1050:Oroch
579:完顏阿骨打
510:Guoyu
275:Stele
60:China
4444:Urdu
4409:Odia
4350:Urdu
3726:Loma
3721:Lisu
3664:Kana
3654:Iban
3644:Geba
3604:Bété
3559:si5s
3469:Khom
3442:Full
3315:Maya
2710:N'Ko
2269:Miao
2214:Dham
2133:Ogan
2103:Thai
2021:Shan
1957:Leke
1920:Kawi
1875:Cham
1860:Buda
1835:Ahom
1755:Odia
1668:Modi
1424:Book
1137:Bala
1130:Xibe
1094:Ulch
1022:Kili
1012:Even
947:ISBN
929:ISBN
893:ISBN
830:ISBN
770:ISBN
617:ISBN
445:金國語解
393:(by
348:yìyǔ
344:Huá-
339:華夷譯語
202:The
37:pass
4003:IPA
3751:Vai
3659:Idu
3227:Sui
2700:Mru
2670:Luo
2633:IPA
2314:Rma
2011:Pyu
1952:Lao
1807:Umê
1213:of
680:–.
678:255
573:Jin
557:or
378:).
326:會同館
277:" (
212:女真語
162:juc
77:Era
5049::
3761:Yi
941:,
923:,
909:,
899:.
885:.
881:,
877:,
836:.
824:,
725:^
623:.
604:^
544:.
505:.
454:.
408:.
388:c.
346:Yí
341:;
328:;
281:;
262:A
214:;
85:c.
3941:)
3937:(
3810:e
3803:t
3796:v
2554:)
2550:(
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
1156:†
1148:†
1140:†
1120:†
1056:)
1054:†
1052:(
981:e
974:t
967:v
953:.
935:.
778:.
465:.
320:(
206:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
