1427:
branches, including judges, and that the jury was designed to resist the new Gilded Age-level concentration of power. He also cites
Blackstone who argued that it was against human nature for the few (judges) to be attentive to the needs of the many. He also argues the legitimacy of the judiciary increases with a more robust jury. The trial also provides the public with insight into the conduct of judges and the parties involved, further encouraging good behavior. Unlike in other major institutions that run on a more bureaucratic utilitarian logic, the jury checks this way of thinking by bringing common-sense and moral perspectives to bear. Burns contrasts the focus on fact for a jury with other political processes like congressional forums, which he argues are undisciplined forums for overbroad abstractions. Lastly, Burns argues the jury is a vote of confidence for democracy as the most democratic institution (at least in America) and one that demonstrates that it is possible to find common ground on difficult questions, especially when decisions must be unanimous.
1593:: only the prosecutor and witnesses who the prosecutor calls may present evidence to the grand jury and defendants are not allowed to present mitigating evidence or even to know the testimony that was presented to the grand jury, and hearsay evidence is permitted. This is so because a grand jury cannot convict a defendant. It can only decide to indict the defendant and proceed forward toward trial. Grand juries vote to indict in the overwhelming majority of cases, and prosecutors are not prohibited from presenting the same case to a new grand jury if a "no bill" was returned by a previous grand jury. A typical grand jury considers a new criminal case every fifteen minutes. In some jurisdictions, in addition to indicting persons for crimes, a grand jury may also issue reports on matters that they investigate apart from the criminal indictments, particularly when the grand jury investigation involves a public scandal. Historically, grand juries were sometimes used in American law to serve a purpose similar to an investigatory commission.
604:
the property qualifications. This amplified in these towns the general understanding that local officials had a free hand in summoning freely from among those people who were qualified to be jurors. In 1920, three of these ten towns â Leicester, Lincoln, and
Nottingham â consistently empanelled assize juries of six men and six women; while at the Bristol, Exeter, and Norwich assizes no women were empanelled at all. This quickly led to a tightening up of the rules, and an abolition of these ten towns' discretion. After 1922, trial juries throughout England had to satisfy the same qualifications; although it was not until the 1980s that a centralised system was designed for selecting jurors from among the people who were qualified to serve. This meant there was still a great amount of discretion in the hands of local officials.
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jury to find that the conduct is not negligent, without either verdict being legally invalid, on precisely the same factual evidence. Of course, no two witnesses are exactly the same, and even the same witness will not express testimony in exactly the same way twice, so this would be difficult to prove. It is the role of the judge, not the jury, to determine what law applies to a particular set of facts. However, occasionally jurors find the law to be invalid or unfair, and on that basis acquit the defendant, regardless of the evidence presented that the defendant violated the law. This is commonly referred to as "jury nullification of law" or simply
1662:
present. The first step will typically be to find out the initial feeling or reaction of the jurors to the case, which may be by a show of hands, or via secret ballot. The jury will then attempt to arrive at a consensus verdict. The discussion usually helps to identify jurors' views to see whether a consensus will emerge as well as areas that bear further discussion. Points often arise that were not specifically discussed during the trial. The result of these discussions is that in most cases the jury comes to a unanimous decision and a verdict is thus achieved. In some states and under circumstances, the decision need not be unanimous.
2121:
the courts of first instance; the jury was composed of 12 jurors. In 2008, the anti-state criminal cases (treason, espionage, armed rebellion, sabotage, mass riot, creating an illegal paramilitary group, forcible seizure of power, terrorism) were removed from the jurisdiction of the jury trial. From 1 June 2018, defendants can claim a jury trial in criminal cases which are heard by district courts and garrison military courts as the courts of first instance; from that moment on, the jury is composed of 8 (in regional courts and military courts of military districts/fleets) or 6 (in district courts and garrison military courts) jurors.
1067:(new trial) of appealed findings of fact. The finality of trial court findings of fact in legal systems based on the English tradition has a major impact on court procedure in these systems. This makes it imperative that lawyers be highly prepared for trial because errors and misjudgments related to the presentation of evidence at trial to a jury cannot generally be corrected later on appeal, particularly in court systems based on the English tradition. The higher the stakes, the more this is true. Surprises at trial are much more consequential in court systems based on the English tradition than they are in other legal systems.
2046:("Counsel Chamber"), and the Court is subsequently required to publish written explanations of its decisions within 90 days from the verdict. Errors of law or inconsistencies in the explanation of a decision can and usually will lead to the annulment of the decision. A Court d'Assise and a Court d'Assise d'Appello decides on a majority of votes, and therefore predominantly on the votes of the lay judges, who are a majority of six to two, but in fact lay judges, who are not trained to write such explanation and must rely on one or the other stipendiary judge to do it, are effectively prevented from overruling both of them. The
455:. Sheriffs prepared cases for trial and found jurors with relevant knowledge and testimony. Jurors 'found' a verdict by witnessing as to fact, even assessing and applying information from their own and community memoryâlittle was written at this time and what was, such as deeds and writs, were subject to fraud. Royal justices supervised trials, answered questions as to law, and announced the court's decision which was then subject to appeal. Sheriffs executed the decision of the court. These procedures enabled Henry II to delegate authority without endowing his subordinates with too much power.
972:, while the judge is usually seen as having the sole responsibility of interpreting the appropriate law and instructing the jury accordingly. The jury determines the truth or falsity of factual allegations and renders a verdict on whether a criminal defendant is guilty, or a civil defendant is civilly liable. Sometimes a jury makes specific findings of fact in what is called a "special verdict". A verdict without specific findings of fact that includes only findings of guilt, or civil liability and an overall amount of civil damages, if awarded, is called a "general verdict".
2221:
county council that have the responsibility to appoints juries for a tenure of four years under which they may serve in multiple cases. The appointed jurymen are divided into two groups, in most counties the first with sixteen members and the second with eight. From this pool of available jurymen the court hears and excludes those with conflicts of interest in the case, after which the defendants and plaintiffs have the right to exclude a number of members, varying by county and group. The final jury is then randomly selected by drawing of lots.
838:
often will ask each prospective juror to answer a list of general questions such as name, occupation, education, family relationships, time conflicts for the anticipated length of the trial. The list is usually written up and clearly visible to assist nervous prospective jurors and may include several questions uniquely pertinent to the particular trial. These questions are to familiarize the judge and attorneys with the jurors and glean biases, experiences, or relationships that could jeopardize the proper course of the trial.
1658:, which found Arizona's practice of having the judge decide whether aggravating factors exist to make a defendant eligible for the death penalty, to be unconstitutional, and reserving the determination of whether the aggravating factors exist to be decided by the jury. However, in some states (such as Alabama and Florida), the ultimate decision on the punishment is made by the judge, and the jury gives only a non-binding recommendation. The judge can impose the death penalty even if the jury recommends life without parole.
567:, from these lists. Its aim was to prevent middle-class citizens from evading their responsibilities by financially putting into question the neutrality of the under-sheriff, the official entrusted with impaneling juries. Prior to the Act, the main means of ensuring impartiality was by allowing legal challenges to the sheriff's choices. The new provisions did not specifically aim at establishing impartiality but had the effect of reinforcing the authority of the jury by guaranteeing impartiality at the point of selection.
267:. A coroner's jury is generally a body that a coroner can convene on an optional basis in order to increase public confidence in the coroner's finding where there might otherwise be a controversy. In practice, coroner's juries are most often convened in order to avoid the appearance of impropriety by one governmental official in the criminal justice system toward another if no charges are filed against the person causing the death, when a governmental party such as a law enforcement officer is involved in the death.
1193:. Devlin explained jury equity through two now-famous metaphors: that the jury is "the lamp that shows that freedom lives" and that it is a "little parliament". The second metaphor emphasises that, just as members of parliament are generally dominated by government but can occasionally assert their independence, juries are usually dominated by judges but can, in extraordinary circumstances, throw off this control. Devlin thereby sought to emphasise that neither jury equity nor judicial control is set in stone.
3952:
1613:, where the right to a jury is strictly a matter of state law. However, in practice, all states except Louisiana preserve the right to a jury trial in almost all civil cases where the sole remedy sought is money damages to the same extent as jury trials are permitted by the Seventh Amendment. Under the law of many states, jury trials are not allowed in small claims cases. The civil jury in the United States is a defining element of the process by which personal injury trials are handled.
1411:(e.g., an individual's dress sense) or do not meet societal standards of success. Although these biases tend to influence jurors' individual decisions during a trial, while working as part of a group (i.e., jury), these biases are typically controlled. Groups tend to exert buffering effects that allow jurors to disregard their initial personal biases when forming a credible group decision. Analysis of over a quarter million felony cases in USA found for grand juries no
1589:(based on the standard that probable cause exists that a crime was committed), in which case an indictment is issued. In jurisdictions where the size of a jury varies, in general the size of juries tends to be larger if the crime alleged is more serious. If a grand jury rejects a proposed indictment the grand jury's action is known as a "no bill." If they accept a proposed indictment, the grand jury's action is known as a "true bill." Grand jury proceedings are
3960:
595:
reach a verdict and therefore eat. Jurors who broke the rule by smuggling in food were sometimes fined, and occasionally, especially if the food were believed to come from one of the parties in the case, the verdict was quashed. Later in the century, jurors who did not reach a verdict on the first day were no longer required to sleep in the courthouse, but were sometimes put up, at the expense of the parties in the trial, at a hotel.
336:
1797:
maximum penalty available is two years' imprisonment or greater. In civil cases, juries are only used in cases of defamation, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11â1 or 10â1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9â3 or 9â2) in civil cases.
390:
842:
voir dire while others are presented to the judge at the end of voir dire. The judge calls out the names of the anonymously challenged prospective jurors and those return to the pool for consideration in other trials. A jury is formed, then, of the remaining prospective jurors in the order that their names were originally chosen. Any prospective jurors not thus impaneled return to the jury pool room.
536:. In modern justice systems, the law is considered "self-contained" and "distinct from other coercive forces, and perceived as separate from the political life of the community," but "all these barriers are absent in the context of classical Athens. In practice and in conception the law and its administration are in some important respects indistinguishable from the life of the community in general."
2089:"). The jury consisted of 10 people, and had to reach a majority verdict consisting of seven or more of the jurors. The jury never gave a reason for its verdict, rather it simply gave a "guilty" or "non-guilty" verdict. The jury foreperson, elected by the jury on the first day, with three other jury members also made up the majority in the sentencing, if the accused were found guilty.
988:
evaluate the expertsâ testimony, such as assessing the completeness and consistency of the testimony, comparing it with other evidence at the trial, and evaluating it against their own knowledge and life experience. Moreover, the research shows that in deliberations jurors combine their individual perspectives on the evidence and debate its relative merits before arriving at a verdict.
1751:. There is no jury in the District Court. In addition, from time to time, the Coroner's Court may summon a jury to decide the cause of death in an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors.
463:
innocent, and if not then the suspect was found guilty). With trial by ordeal banned, establishing guilt would have been problematic had
England not had forty years of judicial experience. Justices were by then accustomed to asking jurors of presentment about points of fact in assessing indictments; it was a short step to ask jurors if they concluded the accused was guilty as charged.
38:
303:. They seek quality of participation over quantity. They also have added advantages in issues where politicians have a conflict of interest, such as initiatives that will not show benefits before the next election or decisions that impact the types of income politicians can receive. They also are particularly well-suited to complex issues with trade-offs and values-driven dilemmas.
2182:
or a panel of judges will decide both on facts and the law. Spanish juries are composed of 9 citizens and a professional Judge. Juries decide on facts and whether to convict or acquit the defendant. In case of conviction they can also make recommendations such as if the defendant should be pardoned if they asked to, or if they think the defendant could be released on parole, etc.
2100:, one judge and two lay judges preside, and in Lagmannsretten two judges and five lay judges preside. The lay judges do not hold any legal qualification, and represent the peers of the person on trial, as members of the general public. As a guarantee against any abuse of power by the educated elite, the number of lay judges always exceeds the number of appointed judges. In the
1104:. As the defendant had undoubtedly killed the Earl, the law (as it stood) required the jury to render the verdict that the case had been "proven" and cause Carnegie of Finhaven to die for an accidental killing. Instead, the jury asserted what is believed to be their "ancient right" to judge the whole case and not just the facts and brought in the verdict of "not guilty".
635:); it wasn't until 1871 that any Irish jurors could be summoned by mail. In modern times, juries are often initially chosen randomly, usually from large databases identifying the eligible population of adult citizens residing in the court's jurisdictional area (e.g., identity cards, drivers' licenses, tax records, or similar systems), and summons are delivered by mail.
1624:
provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called
922:, a criminal offense. In the United States, confidentiality is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General.
613:
646:. Skipping service may be inevitable in a small number of cases, as a summoned juror might become ill or otherwise become unexpectedly unable to appear at the court. However, a significant fraction of summoned jurors may fail to appear for other reasons. In 1874, there was a report that one-third of summoned Irish jurors failed to appear in court.
781:
2082:. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal union (1387â1536), and later under the governmental union (1536â1814), there was attempt to harmonize the legal systems of the two countries. Even if juries were abolished, the layman continued to play an important role in the legal system throughout in Norway.
6171:"a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved: members of the jury The jury has/have been unable to return a verdict (= reach a decision). Police officers aren't usually allowed to be/sit/serve on a jury"
980:. When there is no jury ("bench trial"), the judge makes rulings on both questions of law and of fact. In most continental European jurisdictions, judges have more power in a trial and the role and powers of a jury are often restricted. Actual jury law and trial procedures differ significantly between countries.
878:. The foreperson may be chosen before the trial begins, or at the beginning of the jury's deliberations. The foreperson may be selected by the judge or by vote of the jurors, depending on the jurisdiction. The foreperson's role may include asking questions (usually to the judge) on behalf of the jury,
2181:
Jury trials can only happen in the criminal jurisdiction and it is not a choice of the defendant to be tried by jury, or by a single judge or a panel of judges. Organic Law 5/1995, of May 22 regulates the categories of crimes in which a trial by jury is mandatory. For all other crimes, a single judge
1814:
Twelve jurors decide by a qualified majority of two-thirds whether the defendant is guilty or not. A tied vote result in 'not guilty'; a '7 guilty â 5 not guilty' vote is transferred to the 3 professional judges who can, by unanimity, reverse the majority to 'not guilty'. The sentence is delivered by
1390:
Evidence supporting jury effectiveness has also been illustrated in studies that investigate the parallels between judge and jury decision-making. According to Kalven and Zeisel (1966), it is not uncommon to find that the verdicts passed down by juries following a trial match the verdicts held by the
1381:
Contemporary research has provided partial support for the proficiency of juries as decision makers due to taking their work seriously to get a fair outcome and by relying on the group to overcome individual biases. Some note the imperfections in the process and advocate for amendments to the system,
1046:
In Canada, juries are also allowed to make suggestions for sentencing periods at the time of sentencing. The suggestions of the jury are presented before the judge by the Crown prosecutor(s) before the sentence is handed down. In a small number of U.S. jurisdictions, including the states of
Tennessee
992:
In the United States, juries are sometimes called on, when asked to do so by a judge in the jury instructions, to make factual findings on particular issues. This may include, for example, aggravating circumstances which will be used to elevate the defendant's sentence if the defendant is convicted.
826:
Selection of jurors from a jury pool occurs when a trial is announced and juror names are randomly selected and called out by the jury pool clerk. Depending on the type of trialâwhether a 6-person or 12 person jury is needed, in the United Statesâanywhere from 15 to 30 prospective jurors are sent to
638:
In the past, qualifications included things like being an adult male, having a good reputation in the community, and owning land. Modern requirements may include being a citizen of that country and having a fluent understanding of the language used during the trial. In addition to a minimum age, some
603:
After 1919 in
England, women were no longer excluded from jury service by virtue of their sex, although they still had to satisfy the ordinary property qualifications. The exemption which had been created by the 1825 Act for towns which "possessed" their own courts meant ten towns were free to ignore
583:
large amount of discretion regarding which people they actually summoned. In the late eighteenth century, King has found evidence of butchers being excluded from service in Essex; while Crosby has found evidence of "peripatetic ice cream vendors" not being summoned in the summer time as late as 1923.
2224:
Juries are not used in other criminal and civil cases. For most other cases in the first and second tier courts lay judges sit alongside professional judges. Lay judges participate in deciding both the facts of the case and sentencing. Lay judges are appointed by local authorities, or in practice by
2120:
but for criminal cases only and in the procedure defined by law. Initially, the
Criminal Procedure Code, which was adopted in 2001, provided that the right to a jury trial could be realized in criminal cases which should be heard by regional courts and military courts of military districts/fleets as
1604:
require that criminal cases be tried by a jury. Originally this applied only to federal courts. However, the
Fourteenth Amendment extended this mandate to the states. Although the Constitution originally did not require a jury for civil cases, this led to an uproar which was followed by adoption of
1372:
Jurors typically take their roles very seriously. According to Simon (1980), jurors approach their responsibilities as decision makers much in the same way as a court judge: with great seriousness, a lawful mind, and a concern for consistency that is evidence-based. By actively processing evidence,
1368:
The experience of individual jurors is understudied. However, during times of political unrest jurors have been criminally threatened or physically harmed because of their service, and this resulted in people being less willing to serve, or to prefer the risk of judicial fines for not serving to the
1249:
In
Scotland (with a separate legal system from that of England and Wales) although technically the "not guilty" verdict was originally a form of jury nullification, over time the interpretation has changed so that now the "not guilty" verdict has become the normal one when a jury is not persuaded of
1145:
unanimously ruled: "If the jury feels that the law under which the defendant is accused is unjust, or exigent circumstances justified the actions of the accused, or for any reason which appeals to their logic or passion, the jury has the right to acquit, and the courts must abide that decision." The
1070:
Scholarly research on jury behavior in
American non-capital criminal felony trials reveals that juror outcomes appear to track the opinions of the median juror, rather than the opinions of the extreme juror on the panel, although juries were required to render unanimous verdicts in the jurisdictions
1042:
in a civil case in which there is no right to trial by jury to provide non-binding advice to the trial judge, although this procedural tool is rarely used. For example, a judge might seat an advisory jury to guide the judge in awarding non-economic damages (such as "pain and suffering" damages) in a
837:
in French, the oath to speak the truth in the examination testing competence of a juror, or in another application, a witness. Once the list of prospective jurors has assembled in the courtroom the court clerk assigns them seats in the order their names were originally drawn. At this point the judge
649:
When an insufficient number of summoned jurors appear in court to handle a matter, the law in many jurisdictions empowers the jury commissioner or other official convening the jury to involuntarily impress bystanders in the vicinity of the place where the jury is to be convened to serve on the jury.
620:
Potential jurors are summoned to the courthouse for service. In the past, jurors were identified manually, by local authorities making lists of men they believed to be eligible for service. In 19th-century
Ireland, the list of eligible jurors in each court district was alphabetized, and in the later
582:
In 1825, the rules concerning juror selection in England were consolidated. Property qualifications and various other rules were standardised, although an exemption was left open for towns which "possessed" their own courts. This reflected a more general understanding that local officials retained a
1833:
Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and
1717:
Where a trial 'on indictment' has been prescribed, it is an essential element that it be found by a unanimous verdict of guilty by 12 lay members of the public. This requirement stems from the (historical) meaning of 'jury' at the time that the Constitution was written and is (in principle) thus an
1628:
in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make "challenges for cause" and "peremptory challenges" to remove jurors. Traditionally the removal of jurors based on a peremptory challenge required no justification or explanation, but the tradition has been changed by the Supreme Court where the
1426:
Robert Burns cites Plato in arguing that gaining power and ruling wisely are different skillsets, making the case for a jury of those who have not sought power to create better outcomes than trials left up to judges. Burns further argues that interest groups have increasing influence over political
1359:
deliberate together at both the trial and sentencing stages; such systems have been praised as a superior alternative because the mixed court dispenses with most of the timeâconsuming practices of jury control that characterize AngloâAmerican trial procedure, yet serves the purposes of a jury trial
1062:
In legal systems based on English tradition, findings of fact by a jury, and jury conclusions that could be supported by jury findings of fact even if the specific factual basis for the verdict is not known, are entitled to great deference on appeal. In other legal systems, it is generally possible
850:
A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict and representing a variety of people from that area. Achieving this goal can be difficult when juror qualifications differ significantly from the people living in that area. For example, in 19th-century Ireland, the qualified
841:
After each prospective juror has answered the general slate of questions the attorneys may ask follow-up questions of some or all prospective jurors. Each side in the trial is allotted a certain number of challenges to remove prospective jurors from consideration. Some challenges are issued during
815:
However, jurors can be released from the pool for several reasons including illness, prior commitments that cannot be abandoned without hardship, change of address to outside the court's jurisdiction, travel or employment outside the jurisdiction at the time of duty, and others. Often jurisdictions
807:
Jurors are selected from a jury pool formed for a specified period of timeâusually from one day to two weeksâfrom lists of citizens living in the jurisdiction of the court. The lists may be electoral rolls (i.e., a list of registered voters in the locale), people who have driver's licenses or other
658:
As the concept of a jury was spread through the British Empire, first to Ireland and then to other countries, the size of the jury was one of the details that was adapted to the local culture. The tradition in England was to have twelve jurors, but other countries use smaller juries, and some, such
2212:
Sweden has no tradition of using juries in most types of criminal or civil trial. The sole exception, since 1815, is in cases involving freedom of the press, prosecuted under Chapter 7 of the Freedom of the Press Act, part of Sweden's constitution. The most frequently prosecuted offence under this
2185:
One of the first jury trial cases was that of Mikel Otegi who was tried in 1997 for the murder of two police officers. After a confused trial, five jury members of a total of nine voted to acquit and the judge ordered the accused set free. This verdict shocked the nation. An alleged miscarriage of
2163:
Juries were later abolished in 1845, but were later restored in 1869 for all "political crimes" and "those common crimes the law may deem appropriate to be so tried by a jury". A Law concerning the Jury entered into force on January 1, 1899, and lasted until 1936, where juries were again disbanded
1538:
A jury in a criminal trial initially has 12 members. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue with an alternate juror, unless the number of jurors goes below 10.
1521:), a judge and a jury are always used, unless both the accused and the prosecutor agree that the trial should not be in front of a jury. The jury's verdict on the ultimate disposition of guilt or innocence must be unanimous, but can disagree on the evidentiary route that leads to that disposition.
1957:
The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008. There is a fine of âŹ500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the
1692:
trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. All states except Victoria allow a
1623:
In 1898 the Supreme Court held that the jury must be composed of at least twelve persons, although this was not necessarily extended to state civil jury trials. In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a "historical accident", and upheld six-person juries if
1588:
to determine whether there is a sufficient basis for deciding to indict the defendant and proceed toward trial. In each court district where a grand jury is required, a group of 16â23 citizens holds an inquiry on criminal complaints brought by the prosecutor to decide whether a trial is warranted
975:
Juries are often justified because they leaven the law with community norms. A jury trial verdict in a case is binding only in that case, and is not a legally binding precedent in other cases. For example, it would be possible for one jury to find that particular conduct is negligent, and another
570:
In some American colonies (such as in New England and Virginia) and less often in England, juries also handed down rulings on the law in addition to rulings on the facts of the case. The American grand jury was also indispensable to the American Revolution by challenging the Crown and Parliament,
1988:
from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be
1665:
In a few states and in death penalty cases, depending upon the law, the trial jury, or sometimes a separate jury, may determine whether the death penalty is appropriate in "capital" murder cases. Usually, sentencing is handled by the judge at a separate hearing. The judge may but does not always
594:
Until the 1870s, jurors in England and Ireland worked under the rule that they could not leave, eat, drink, or have a fire to warm themselves by, though they could take medicine. This rule appears to have been imposed with the idea that hungry jurors would be quicker to compromise, so they could
462:
removed its sanction from all forms of the ordealâprocedures by which suspects up to that time were 'tested' as to guilt (e.g., in the ordeal of hot metal, molten metal was sometimes poured into a suspected thief's hand. If the wound healed rapidly and well, it was believed God found the suspect
2220:
Jury members must be Swedish citizens and resident in the county in which the case is being heard. They must be of sound judgement and known for their independence and integrity. Combined, they should represent a range of social groups and opinions, as well as all parts of the county. It is the
2208:
cases and other cases concerning offenses against freedom of the press, the question of whether or not the printed material falls outside permissible limits is submitted to a jury of 9 members which provides a pre-screening before the case is ruled on by normal courts. In these cases 6 out of 9
2092:
In Norway the term "guilty", is not used, only yes or no to the actions asked them to consider done by the accused by the prosecutor. The last jury case was in 2018, after juries were abolished after the European Court condideres that no-one should be sentenced without the considerations in the
1796:
Juries are used in all trials involving Category 4 offences such as treason, murder and manslaughter, although in exceptional circumstances a judge-alone trial may be ordered. At the option of the defendant, juries may be used in trials involving Category 3 offences, that is, offences where the
1661:
There is no set format for jury deliberations, and the jury takes a period of time to settle into discussing the evidence and deciding on guilt and any other facts the judge instructs them to determine. Deliberation is done by the jury only, with none of the lawyers, the judge, or the defendant
447:
in 1166 caused these juries to be adopted systematically throughout the country. The jury in this period was "self-informing," meaning it heard very little evidence or testimony in court. Instead, jurors were recruited from the locality of the dispute and were expected to know the facts before
987:
Detailed interviews with jurors after they rendered verdicts in trials involving complex expert testimony have demonstrated careful and critical analysis. The interviewed jurors clearly recognized that the experts were selected within an adversary process. They employed sensible techniques to
1636:
Unanimous jury verdicts have been standard in US American law. This requirement was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1897, but the standard was relaxed in 1972 in two criminal cases. As of 1999 over thirty states had laws allowing less than unanimity in civil cases, but, until 2020, Oregon and
803:
Since there is always the possibility of jurors not completing a trial for health or other reasons, often one or more alternate jurors may be selected. Alternates are present for the entire trial but do not take part in deliberating the case and deciding the verdict unless one or more of the
290:
is a group of people selected by lottery from the general population to deliberate on important public questions so as to exert an influence. Other types of deliberative mini-publics include citizens' jury, citizens' panel, people's panel, people's jury, policy jury, consensus conference and
2216:
The jury in press freedom cases rules only on the facts of the case and the question of guilt or innocence. The trial judge may overrule a jury's guilty verdict, but may not overrule an acquittal. A conviction requires a majority verdict of 6â3. Sentencing is the sole prerogative of judges.
1394:
Suja A. Thomas argues that, "although results between judges and juries may be similar, judges and juries can disagree. If a choice must be made between a judge or a jury deciding, the diversity, availability of deliberations, the requirement for consensus, the lack of monetary or promotion
1245:
in 1966. Pottle successfully appealed to the jury to disregard the judge's instruction that they consider only whether the defendants were guilty in law, and assert a jury's ancient right to throw out a politically motivated prosecution, in this case, compounded by its cynical untimeliness.
294:
A citizens' assembly uses elements of a jury to create public policy. Its members form a representative cross-section of the public, and are provided with time, resources and a broad range of viewpoints to learn deeply about an issue. Through skilled facilitation, the assembly members weigh
1382:
with only 3% of US judges favoring abolishing the jury. The thoroughness of the jury trial has also been praised for providing the public with important information that is often not released in alternative procedures like arbitration or adjudication by judges or administrative agencies.
796:âas well as rejecting some jurors because of bias or inability to properly serve ("challenge for cause"), and the discretionary right of each side to reject a specified number of jurors without having to prove a proper cause for the rejection ("peremptory challenge"), before the jury is
227:
In addition to their primary role in screening criminal prosecutions and assisting in the investigation of crimes, grand juries in California, Florida, and some other U.S. states are sometimes utilized to perform an investigative and policy audit function similar to that filled by the
1651:
is declared, and the case may be retried with a newly constituted jury. The practice generally was that the jury rules only on questions of fact and guilt; setting the penalty was reserved for the judge. This practice was confirmed by rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court such as in
2177:"Article 125 â Citizens may engage in popular action and participate in the administration of justice through the institution of the Jury, in the manner and with respect to those criminal trials as may be determined by law, as well as in customary and traditional courts."
1989:
unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a "reasonable time". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The
1088:
means deciding not to apply the law to the facts in a particular case by jury decision. In other words, it is "the process whereby a jury in a criminal case effectively nullifies a law by acquitting a defendant regardless of the weight of evidence against him or her."
1182:. This enables a jury to reach a decision in direct contradiction with the law if they feel the law is unjust. This can create a persuasive precedent for future cases, or render prosecutors reluctant to bring a charge â thus a jury has the power to influence the law.
1035: (2000) resulted in the Supreme Court's expansion of the requirement to all criminal cases, holding that "any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt".
1373:
making inferences, using common sense and personal experiences to inform their decision-making, research has indicated that jurors are effective decision makers who seek thorough understanding, rather than passive, apathetic participants unfit to serve on a jury.
804:
impaneled jurors are removed from the jury. For example, in the United Kingdom, a small number of alternate jurors may be empanelled until the end of the opening speeches by counsel, in case a juror realises they are familiar with the matters before the court.
5330:
1993:
examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at
5773:
Part 5 of the Bill amends the Juries Act 1976 to provide for the appointment of up to three additional jurors to deal with lengthy trials. The provision follows a recommendation to this effect in the Law Reform Commission's recently published report on jury
1107:
Today in the United States, juries are instructed by the judge to follow the judge's instructions concerning what is the law and to render a verdict solely on the evidence presented in court. Important past exercises of nullification include cases involving
890:
For juries to fulfill their role of analyzing the facts of the case, there are strict rules about their use of information during the trial. Juries are often instructed to avoid learning about the case from any source other than the trial (for example from
1783:
divorce courts, wherein a panel of members called 'delegates' are randomly selected from the community to decide the fact of the case. Parsi divorce law is governed by 'The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936' as amended in 1988, and is a mixture of the
1705:
provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury'. The Commonwealth can determine which offences are 'on indictment'. It would be entirely consistent with the Constitution that a
2295:
Jury trials are also available for some few areas of civil law (for example defamation cases and those involving police conduct); these also require 12 jurors (9 in the County Court). However less than 1% of civil trials involve juries. At the new
562:
In 1730, the British Parliament passed the Bill for Better Regulation of Juries. The Act stipulated that the list of all those liable for jury service was to be posted in each parish and that jury panels would be selected by lot, also known as
1324:, as well as the fact that jury control procedures typically deprive juries of the opportunity to hear information about the defendant's background during the trial, make it more practical to have judges sentence defendants. In Canada, a
2250:
In England and Wales jury trials are used for criminal cases, requiring 12 jurors (between the ages of 18 and 75), although the trial may continue with as few as 9. The right to a jury trial has been enshrined in English law since
621:
part of the century, the sheriff was required to summon one potential juror from each letter of the alphabet, repeating as needed until a sufficient number of men had been summoned, usually between 36 and 60 men for the quarterly
422:, some parts of the country preserved juries as the means of investigating crimes. The use of ordinary members of the community to consider crimes was unusual in ancient cultures, but was nonetheless also found in ancient Greece.
1308:
cases; however, these recommendations are usually ignored, based on the idea that judges are better-informed about relevant facts and sentencing jurisprudence and, unlike the jury, permitted to give reasons for their judgments.
765:
of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and that seven was a better number because more people feel comfortable speaking, and they have an easier time reaching a unanimous decision.
2022:, who are chosen by lot from the registrar of voters. Any Italian citizen, with no distinction of sex or religion, between 30 and 65 years of age, can be appointed as a lay judge; in order to be eligible as a lay judge for the
1810:
The Belgian Constitution provides that all cases involving the most serious crimes be judged by juries. As a safeguard against libel cases, press crimes can also only be tried by a jury. Racism is excluded from this safeguard.
690:
jury of six was sufficient, that "the 12-man panel is not a necessary ingredient of "trial by jury," and that respondent's refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law "did not violate petitioner's
223:
guarantees Americans the constitutional right to be free from charges for "capital, or otherwise infamous" crimes unless they have been indicted by a grand jury, although this right applies only to federal law, not state law.
3070:
1861:
called for the reinstitution of the jury; a special meeting of the German Bar demanded revocation of the decrees, but "on the whole the abolition of the jury caused little commotion". Their verdicts were widely perceived as
1534:
is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge.
586:
With the adoption of the Juries Act (Ireland) 1871, property qualifications for Irish jurors were partially standardized and lowered, so that jurors were drawn from among men who paid above a certain amount of taxes for
2268:
and other political parties have supported the idea that trial by jury is at the heart of the judicial system and placed the blame for a few complicated jury trials failing on inadequate preparation by the prosecution.
5324:
956:
Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. Depending on local law, if a juror takes a bribe, the verdict may be overturned and the juror may be fined or imprisoned.
4992:
to address this ruled that juries should be told before they deliberate if a defendant is facing a mandatory minimum sentence and also called it "inappropriate" to ignore the juries power to refuse to convict (jury
1331:
Sentencing is said to be more time-consuming for jurors than the relatively easy task of ascertaining guilt or innocence, which means an increase in jury fees and in the amount of productivity lost to jury duty. In
2255:
in 1215, and is most common in serious cases, although the defendant can insist on a jury trial for most criminal cases. Jury trials in complex fraud cases have been described by some members and appointees of the
263:. A coroner is a public official (often an elected local government official in the United States), who is charged with determining the circumstances leading to a death in ambiguous or suspicious cases, such as of
1754:
Although article 86 of the basic law states that âthe principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintainedâ, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case
2151:
while proclamating the freedom of the people to publicate written contents without previous censorship according to the laws also provided that "press crimes" could only be tried by juries. This meant that a
1050:
However, this is not the practice in most other legal systems based on the English tradition, in which judges retain sole responsibility for deciding sentences according to law. The exception is the award of
1819:
ruling the juries give nowadays the most important motives that lead them to their verdict. The procedural codification has been altered to meet the demands formulated by the European Court of Human Rights.
816:
pay token amounts for jury duty and many issue stipends to cover transportation expenses for jurors. Work places cannot penalize employees who serve jury duty. Payments to jurors varies by jurisdiction.
1340:
to involve juries in sentencing was rejected after District Court Chief Judge Reg Blanch cited "an expected wide difference of views between jurors about questions relating to sentence". Concerns about
1063:
for an appellate court to reconsider both findings of fact and conclusions of law made in the trial court, and in those systems, evidence may be presented to appellate courts in what amounts to a trial
1391:
appointed judges. Upon surveying judges and jurors of approximately 8,000 criminal and civil trials, it was discovered that the verdicts handed down by both parties were in agreement 80% of the time.
639:
countries have a maximum age. Some countries disqualify people who have been previously convicted of a crime or excuse them on various grounds, such as being ill or holding certain jobs or offices.
1150:
is a non-profit educational organization dedicated to informing jurors of their rights and seeking the passage of laws to require judges to inform jurors that they can and should judge the law. In
6504:
1543:
2927:
1842:
Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century, there were moves to abolish it. The
5995:
2213:
act is defamation, although in total eighteen offences, including high treason and espionage, are covered. These cases are tried in district courts (first tier courts) by a jury of nine laymen.
788:
Jurors are expected to be neutral, so the court may inquire about the jurors' neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.
433:. Juries, usually 6 or 12 men, were an "ancient institution" even then in some parts of England, at the same time as Members consisted of representatives of the basic units of local governmentâ
1328:
formerly allowed a jury to be empanelled to consider whether an offender's number of years of imprisonment without eligibility for parole ought to be reduced, but this was repealed in 2011.
571:
including by indicting British soldiers, refusing to indict people who criticized the crown, proposing boycotts and called for the support of the war after the Declaration of Independence.
1268:
Jury sentencing is the practice of having juries decide what penalties to give those who have been convicted of criminal offenses. The practice of jury sentencing began in the US state of
1316:
of the founders was to have juries check judges' power, it is the proper role of juries to participate in sentencing. Opponents argue that judges' training and experience with the use of
1170:
Modern American jurisprudence is generally intolerant of the practice, and a juror can be removed from a case if the judge believes that the juror is aware of the power of nullification.
863:, which empaneled only wealthier property owners as jurors. Attacks on the American jury increased after the pool of jurors expanded to include newly-enfranchised women and minorities.
1071:
studied. Thus, although juries must render unanimous verdicts, in run-of-the-mill criminal trials they behave in practice as if they were operating using a majority rules voting system.
2874:
Pimbert, Michel; Wakeford, Tom (October 2003). "Prajateerpu, Power and Knowledge: The Politics of Participatory Action Research in Development Part 1. Context, Process and Safeguards".
2058:), while it generally has no jurisdiction over cases whose evaluation requires knowledge of law which the "lay judges" generally do not have. Penalties imposed by the court can include
1718:
integral element of trial by jury. Unlike in the Australian states, an accused person cannot elect a Judge-only trial, even where both the accused and the prosecutor seek such a trial.
3838:
Patrick J. Bayer, Randi Hjalmarsson, Shamena Anwar, "Jury Discrimination in Criminal Trials" (September 2010) Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID) Working Papers Series No. 55
2861:
700:
199:
A grand jury, a type of jury now confined mostly to federal courts and some state jurisdictions in the United States and Liberia, determines whether there is enough evidence for a
4356:
Hoekstra, Mark, Suhyeon Oh, and Meradee Tangvatcharapong. "Are American juries racially discriminatory? Evidence from over a quarter million felony grand jury cases." (2023). NBER
1517:, the accused person can elect to be tried by either a judge alone or a judge and jury. In the most serious offences, found in section 469 of the Criminal Code (such as murder or
299:
and work to find common ground on a shared set of recommendations. Citizens' assemblies can be more representative and deliberative than public engagement, polls, legislatures or
4946:
2050:
has jurisdiction to try crimes carrying a maximum penalty of 24 years in prison or life imprisonment, and other serious crimes; felonies that fall under its jurisdiction include
1157:
1025:
1004:
710:
669:
1609:, which requires a civil jury in cases where the value in dispute is greater than twenty dollars. However, the Seventh Amendment right to a civil jury trial does not apply in
3305:
1606:
574:
In the late 18th century, English and colonial civil, criminal and grand juries played major roles in checking the power of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.
505:
before 1066, when a jury of nobles was established to decide land disputes. In this manner, the Duke, being the largest land owner, could not act as a judge in his own case.
2144:
to pass legislation if they felt that over the time it was needed to distinguish between "judges of law" and "judges of facts". Such legislation however was never enacted.
3639:
1944:, military tribunals, and where "the ordinary courts are inadequate to secure the effective administration of justice, and the preservation of public peace and order". In
1101:
1601:
1250:
guilt and the "not proven" verdict is only used when the jury is not certain of innocence or guilt. It is absolutely central to Scottish and English law that there is a
692:
220:
953:, or other means. At various points in history, when threats to jurors became pervasive, the right to jury trial has been revoked, such as during the 1880s in Ireland.
346:
3851:
792:
in the United States usually includes organized questioning of the prospective jurors (jury pool) by the lawyers for the plaintiff and the defendant and by the judgeâ
1487:
and suicide instigation, be judged by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority.
960:
Robert Burns and Alexander Hamilton argued that jurors were the least likely decision-makers to be corrupted when compared to judges and all the political branches.
1597:
451:
Between 1166 and 1179 new procedures including a division of functions between the sheriff, the jury of local men, and the royal justices ushered in the era of the
5584:
3783:
4852:
2733:
6098:
4791:
5870:"ĐĄŃŃĐ»ĐșĐž ĐœĐ° ĐœĐ”ĐŽĐŸĐșĐ°Đ·Đ°ĐœĐœĐŸŃŃŃ ĐœĐ°Đ»ĐžŃĐžŃ. Đ ĐżŃĐŸŃĐ”ŃŃĐžĐŸĐœĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸĐŒŃ ĐżŃĐ°Đ·ĐŽĐœĐžĐșŃ ŃĐ”ĐșĐžŃŃŃ ĐżĐŸĐ»ŃŃОлО ĐŽĐČĐ° ĐżĐŸĐŽĐ°ŃĐșĐ°, Đ·ĐœĐ°ŃĐžŃДлŃĐœĐŸ ĐŸĐ±Đ»Đ”ĐłŃĐ°ŃŃОД ĐșĐ°ŃŃĐ”ŃĐœŃĐč ŃĐŸŃŃ ĐČ ĐŸŃĐłĐ°ĐœĐ°Ń
ĐłĐŸŃĐ±Đ”Đ·ĐŸĐżĐ°ŃĐœĐŸŃŃĐž"
3904:
1548:
guarantees that anyone tried for an offense that has a maximum sentence of five or more years has the right to be tried by a jury (except for an offence under
4346:
Kerr, N. L., & Huang, J. Y. (1986). How much difference does one juror make in jury deliberation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 325â343.
3892:
177:, to consider a verdict. The majority required for a verdict varies. In some cases it must be unanimous, while in other jurisdictions it may be a majority or
1834:
jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing.
918:, the jury's deliberations must never be disclosed outside the jury, even years after the case; to repeat parts of the trial or verdict is considered to be
3739:
3662:
2942:
2910:
2054:, murder, manslaughter, severe attempts against State personalities, as well as some matters of law requiring ethical and professional evaluations (e.g.
3176:
2764:
1018:
ruled that allowing judges to make such findings unilaterally violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. A similar Sixth Amendment argument in
448:
coming to court. The source of juror knowledge could include first-hand knowledge, investigation, and less reliable sources such as rumour and hearsay.
5992:
5821:
3149:
4979:
to impose an enhanced sentence ... based on the sentencing judge's determination of a fact that was not found by the jury or admitted by the defendant
1995:
1096:
which asserted the (de facto) right, or at least power, of a jury to render a verdict contrary to the facts or law. A good example is the case of one
443:, embracing several vills) and villages. Called juries of presentment, these men testified under oath to crimes committed in their neighbourhood. The
6232:
4724:
1312:
Proponents of jury sentencing argue that since sentencing involves fact-finding (a task traditionally within the purview of juries), and since the
6549:
6463:
5190:
2273:
1924:
In some civil cases, such as commercial law or patent law, there are also lay judges, who have to meet certain criteria (e.g., being a merchant).
1254:. It is not a trivial distinction, since any shift in the burden of proof is a significant change which undermines the safeguard for the citizen.
1167: (1895), the Supreme Court, in a 5â4 decision, held that a trial judge has no responsibility to inform the jury of the right to nullify laws.
4985:
4761:
4744:
2225:
the political parties represented on the authorities. Lay judges are therefore usually selected from among nominees of ruling political parties.
414:
tribes whereby a group of men of certain social standing was used to investigate crimes and judge the accused. The same custom evolved into the
3873:
3488:
3449:
1420:
4710:
4337:
Wrightsman, L., Nietzel, M. T., & Fortune, W. H. (1998). Psychology and the legal system (4th edition). Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole.
2698:
1616:
In practice, even though the defendant in a criminal action is entitled to a trial by jury, most criminal actions in the U.S. are resolved by
6271:
5925:
4576:
4543:
4508:
4473:
4438:
4411:
4378:
4319:
4271:
3714:
3687:
3400:
3372:
3339:
2975:
2681:
2614:
3214:
See, for example, discussions of the Brunner theory of testimonial, rather than judicial participation as jury origin, explored in MacNair,
2085:
The jury was reintroduced in 1887, and was then solely used in criminal cases on the second tier of the three-tier Norwegian court system ("
1637:
Louisiana were the only states which have laws allowing less than unanimous jury verdicts for criminal cases (these laws were overturned in
5977:
2281:
3033:
2632:
165:(respondent) (also known as the complainant and defendant within the English criminal legal system). After hearing the evidence and often
1771:. Nanavati Case was not the last Jury trial in India. West Bengal had Jury trials as late as 1973. Juries were not mentioned in the 1950
6544:
5757:
5240:
1685:
1043:
case where there is no right to a jury trial, such as (depending on state law) a case involving "equitable" rather than "legal" claims.
4007:
Rankin, Micah B. (2015). "The Origins, Evolution and Puzzling Irrelevance of Jury Recommendations in Second-Degree Murder Sentencing".
3101:
3000:
2435:
1858:
1562:
Juries are infrequently used in civil trials in Canada. There are no civil juries in the courts of the province of Quebec, nor in the
680:
4027:
899:). Parties to the case, lawyers, and witnesses are not allowed to speak with a member of the jury. Doing these things may constitute
4244:
3084:
3053:
2784:
1580:
In criminal law in federal courts and a minority of state court systems of the United States, a grand jury is convened to hear only
1304:
was also amended to grant juries the ability to recommend periods of parole ineligibility immediately following a guilty verdict in
376:
4154:
3309:
2578:
2096:
In a sense, the concept of being judged by one's peers existed on both the first and second tier of the Norwegian court system: In
5869:
3630:
1847:
1768:
1458:, juries have seven members, and their sole duty is to determine whether the person is guilty. They have no role in sentencing.
229:
219:. Grand juries are usually larger than trial juries: for example, U.S. federal grand juries have between 16 and 23 members. The
6572:
6261:
5610:
2297:
1990:
1971:
1147:
808:
relevant data bases. When selected, being a member of a jury pool is, in principle, compulsory. Prospective jurors are sent a
547:
of the hundred would choose 4 electors who in turn chose 12 others from their hundred, and from these were selected 12 jurors.
4693:
4652:
4634:
4236:
235:
In Ireland and other countries in the past, the task of a grand jury was to determine whether the prosecutors had presented a
6302:
6208:
5167:
5040:
3857:
3603:
1933:
1714:
could be tried 'on indictment.' This interpretation has been criticized as a 'mockery' of the section, rendering it useless.
1142:
742:, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the
696:
5247:
3573:
1212:. The trial judge directed the jury that "the public interest is what the government of the day says it is" â effectively a
2506:
2342:
In Scottish criminal trials, juries are composed of fifteen residents, while in civil trials there is a jury of 12 people.
6554:
4670:
747:
591:. This expanded the number of potential jurors, even though only a small minority of Irish people were eligible to serve.
5632:
3780:
1493:
and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead.
6603:
5890:
5588:
4880:
4212:
2706:
2148:
2137:
1513:(theft and fraud up to the value of $ 5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most
1297:
1186:
852:
435:
5683:
4819:
2741:
1395:
incentives, and the fresh examination of evidence all make the jury the most attractive, least-biased decision-maker."
1047:
and Texas, juries are charged both with the task of finding guilt or innocence as well assessing and fixing sentences.
6539:
6534:
6509:
6095:
3767:
2406:
2245:
1610:
1575:
1506:
1263:
1238:
1015:
255:
Another kind of jury, known as a coroner's jury can be convened in some common law jurisdiction in connection with an
3435:
Cockburn and Green (Eds), Twelve Good Men and True: The Criminal Trial Jury in England, 1200-1800 (Princeton UP 1988)
3433:
King, PJR. "'Illiterate Plebeians, Easily Misled': jury composition, experience, and behaviour in Essex, 1735-1815".
2026:, however, there is a minimum educational requirement, as the lay judge must have completed his/her education at the
490:
which are given into their hands, that they will not accuse any innocent man nor shield a guilty one." The resulting
2038:(senior high school) degree. In the Corte d'Assise, decisions concerning both fact and law matters are taken by the
5191:"'Imagine you're a white fella in front of an all-black jury': Aboriginal law expert calls to overhaul jury system"
1693:
person accused of a criminal offence to elect to be tried by a judge-alone rather than the default jury provision.
1416:
1242:
1113:
750:
stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it "uniquely right". Trials in the
5304:
1747:
assures the practice of jury trials. Criminal cases in the High Court and some civil cases are tried by a jury in
1528:(but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation).
6608:
6524:
6473:
4312:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
3393:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
3365:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
3283:
3273:
2337:
2289:
1702:
1630:
1205:
687:
6035:
3660:
1620:. Only about 2% of civil cases go to trial, with only about half of those trials being conducted before juries.
1092:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a series of such cases, starting in 1670 with the trial of the Quaker
914:
during the trial and deliberations, and in some jurisdictions even after a verdict is rendered. In Canadian and
731:
unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of "trial by jury" in section 80 of the
6593:
6514:
5162:
5138:
5086:
5035:
4028:"The Right to a Jury Decision on Sentencing Facts after Booker: What the Seventh Amendment Can Teach the Sixth"
3187:
2265:
2086:
2011:
1738:
1412:
1404:
1251:
264:
123:
5015:
1998:. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict.
1981:
Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is picked at random by the
1954:
set out that a jury has the right to reach a not guilty verdict even in direct contradiction of the evidence.
4914:
3191:
2070:
Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to
1966:. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the
1850:
state of emergency, abolished the jury system and replaced it with a mixed system including bench trials and
5176:
5142:
5118:
5090:
5049:
5007:
3146:
2559:
2101:
1985:
1959:
1937:
1776:
1360:
better than plea bargaining and bench trials, which have displaced the jury from routine American practice.
1137:
732:
728:
491:
471:
42:
5963:"ESPAĂA | Juicio a Mikel Otegi por asesinar a dos ertzainas. Un jurado popular absuelve al joven de Jarrai"
5705:
5508:
1559:. There is a specific criminal offense for disclosing anything that takes place during jury deliberations.
1272:
in the 18th century and spread westward to other states that were influenced by Virginia-trained lawyers.
6236:
3880:
3416:
2511:
2411:
2117:
2074:
and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway's central government was in
1967:
1722:
1563:
1510:
1472:
1284:
1152:
1059:
cases, although a judge is now obliged to make a recommendation to the jury as to the appropriate amount.
1020:
314:
3032:
Floridia, Antonio (2018-09-06). BĂ€chtiger, Andre; Dryzek, John S; Mansbridge, Jane; Warren, Mark (eds.).
5277:
4950:
2401:
2168:
1772:
1643:). When the required number of jurors cannot agree on a verdict (a situation sometimes referred to as a
1525:
1321:
1213:
1161:
1029:
1008:
999:
758:
714:
673:
631:
31:
6331:
5557:
5066:
287:
277:
4982:
4769:
4738:
3930:
1524:
Juries do not make a recommendation as to the length of sentence, except for parole ineligibility for
6529:
6458:
6448:
4596:
2928:"The Promise and Limits of Citizens' Assemblies: Deliberation, Institutions and the Law of Democracy"
1963:
1893:, composed of 2 judges and 2 lay judges; severe felonies and other "special" crimes are tried by the
1356:
1305:
1117:
1097:
397:
5236:
3870:
3165:
Oxford History of England, 2nd ed 1955, vol III Domesday Book to Magna Carta, A l Poole, pp.397â398.
1779:
recommended their abolition in 1958 in its 14th Report. They were retained in a discreet manner for
122:. While juries are not used in most other countries, whose legal systems based upon either European
6519:
5789:
5661:
5475:
3215:
2710:
2199:
1982:
1936:
is historically based on English common law and had a similar jury system. Article 38 of the 1937
1744:
1125:
983:
The collective knowledge and deliberate nature of juries are also given as reasons in their favor:
751:
743:
664:
444:
430:
119:
2175:
to pass legislation allowing juries in criminal trials. The provision is arguably somewhat vague:
6453:
6425:
6410:
6388:
6295:
5895:
5794:
5562:
5535:
5530:
5480:
5457:
5449:
5414:
5406:
5371:
5363:
4872:
4811:
4135:
4077:
3811:
See, e.g., Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 (2011); Colorado Rule of Civil Procedure 52 (2011).
3759:
3508:
3469:
3255:
2891:
2837:
2790:
2416:
2365:
2325:
1946:
1759:(2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that âthere is no right to trial by jury in Hong Kong.â
1726:
1639:
1514:
1352:
1317:
1080:
977:
904:
452:
306:
300:
200:
5975:
3072:
Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave
3982:
1688:
may determine the extent to which the use of a jury is used. The use of a jury is optional for
895:
or the Internet) and not to conduct their own investigations (such as independently visiting a
720: (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six.
6368:
6336:
6267:
6214:
6204:
5921:
5911:
5826:
5738:
4616:
4572:
4549:
4539:
4514:
4504:
4479:
4469:
4444:
4434:
4407:
4384:
4374:
4315:
4277:
4267:
4240:
3720:
3710:
3683:
3396:
3368:
3345:
3335:
3287:
3277:
3247:
3080:
3049:
3008:
2981:
2971:
2829:
2780:
2677:
2654:
2610:
2538:
2257:
2015:
1325:
1197:
1121:
1056:
942:
934:
919:
705:
622:
529:
250:
166:
6120:
5251:
470:
provides an early reference to a jury-like group in England, wherein a decree issued by King
203:
to go forward. Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence presented to them by a
6468:
6420:
6373:
6071:
6047:
5441:
5398:
5355:
4864:
4803:
4608:
4185:
4127:
4069:
3751:
3500:
3461:
3239:
3045:
3041:
2883:
2821:
2772:
2644:
2600:
2528:
2520:
2439:
2313:
2105:
2055:
1476:
1289:
900:
411:
232:
in the United States federal government and legislative state auditors in many U.S. states.
61:
6170:
5158:
5134:
5106:
5082:
5031:
1629:
reason for the peremptory challenge was the race of the potential juror. Since the 1970s "
6598:
6443:
6102:
5999:
5981:
5432:
Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts".
5389:
Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts".
5346:
Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts".
5334:
5290:
4989:
4748:
3905:
K Crosby, 'Controlling Devlin's Jury: what the jury thinks, and what the jury sees online'
3877:
3787:
3666:
3153:
2582:
2563:
2380:
2234:
2187:
2133:
1951:
1941:
1843:
1654:
1556:
1333:
1313:
1209:
926:
911:
833:
540:
533:
483:
459:
419:
418:
system in medieval Germany. In Anglo-Saxon England, juries investigated crimes. After the
5110:
746:
regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the
5941:
4039:
2575:
2209:
jurors must find against the defendant, and may not be overruled in cases of acquittal.
389:
241:(one that described a crime and gave a plausible reason for accusing the named person).
6435:
6393:
6197:
5962:
5727:
4953:
4189:
4174:"Mixed Court and Jury Court: Could the Continental Alternative Fill the American Need?"
2396:
2355:
2317:
2059:
1785:
1585:
1531:
1342:
1293:
1220:
1032:
1011:
969:
950:
938:
860:
856:
789:
775:
717:
509:
141:
has been used to investigate potential crimes and render indictments against suspects.
103:
99:
80:
76:
4355:
2132:
Spain has no strong tradition of using juries. However, there is some mentions in the
1164:
676:
6587:
6488:
6405:
6288:
5874:
5848:
5758:"Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill 2013: Second Stage (Continued)"
5461:
5418:
5375:
4326:
The presence and growth of juries world-wide affirms some value for lay participation
4173:
3763:
3755:
3512:
3473:
3259:
2895:
2794:
2649:
2372:
1408:
1337:
1201:
1039:
994:
525:
178:
107:
3526:
Thomas, Cheryl; Lloyd-Bostock, Sally. "The Continuing Decline of the English Jury".
6483:
6378:
3589:
3129:
2574:
See, e.g., Inquest Schedule, Jury Findings and Vedicts (2013) of British Columbia.
2368:
2309:
1617:
1549:
1490:
1234:
1228:
1129:
1093:
820:
754:
which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors.
643:
467:
415:
174:
134:
65:
4612:
3561:
4202:
Simon, R. J. (1980). The jury: Its role in American society. Lexington, MA: Heath
2042:
judges and "lay judges" together at a special meeting behind closed doors, named
6478:
6415:
3871:
Nullifying the Jury: "The Judicial Oligarchy" Declares War on Jury Nullification
2384:
2321:
2285:
2261:
2252:
2124:
A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record.
1484:
1296:, soliciting a recommendation as to whether he should be granted clemency. When
1179:
915:
896:
879:
588:
216:
98:
system. They are commonly used in countries whose legal systems derive from the
91:
6096:
DECLINE OF THE "LITTLE PARLIAMENT": JURIES AND JURY REFORM IN ENGLAND AND WALES
6017:
3417:"An Act for consolidating and amending the Laws' relative to Jurors and Juries"
2300:, constructed in 2008, fewer than 10 of the 48 courtrooms had jury facilities.
1185:
The standard justification of jury equity is taken from the final few pages of
812:
and are obligated to appear in a specified jury pool room on a specified date.
642:
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for
37:
17:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6326:
3504:
3465:
3243:
2985:
2887:
2555:
See, e.g., Section 1245.1 of Pennsylvania's codified laws regarding coroners.
2524:
2362:
2277:
2097:
2075:
1975:
1815:
a majority of the 12 jurors and the 3 professional judges. As a result of the
1436:
1403:
Jurors, like most individuals, are not free from holding social and cognitive
1224:
892:
426:
405:
313:, theorists and politicians have used citizens' assemblies and other forms of
208:
204:
194:
138:
95:
5742:
4620:
4553:
4518:
4483:
4448:
4388:
4297:
Kalven, H. & Zeisel, H. (1966). The American Jury. Boston: Little, Brown.
4281:
4096:
3724:
3349:
3251:
3012:
2833:
2732:
Clarke, Robin; Rennie, Ruth; Delap, Clare; Coombe, Vicki (30 November 2000).
2658:
2542:
6398:
6383:
6363:
6358:
6218:
6138:
4921:. The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy (ACS). Archived from
3291:
2051:
1851:
1748:
1648:
1581:
1231:
930:
793:
626:
564:
358:
310:
296:
237:
182:
162:
158:
115:
6036:"The advantages and disadvantages of lay judges from a Swedish perspective"
4965:
4533:
4498:
4463:
4428:
4368:
4261:
3916:
3704:
2676:. Theories of institutional design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1407:. People may negatively judge individuals who do not adhere to established
6051:
3740:"A Norms Approach to Jury "Nullification:" Interests, Values, and Scripts"
2605:
797:
612:
5917:
4118:
Iontcheva, Jenia (April 2003). "Jury Sentencing as Democratic Practice".
3959:. U.K. Parliament, House of Commons, Home Affairs Section. Archived from
2674:
Designing deliberative democracy: the British Columbia Citizens' Assembly
1707:
1480:
1279:
1269:
903:. Rarely, such as in very high-profile cases, the court may order a jury
739:
502:
150:
57:
6280:
5218:
2776:
1710:
offence could be tried not 'on indictment,' or conversely that a simple
4966:
Unanimous Jury Votes for Life Sentence, but Alabama Judge Imposes Death
4876:
4815:
4139:
4081:
2079:
2071:
2039:
1863:
1711:
1689:
1518:
1348:
1109:
1052:
946:
809:
684:
662:
The size of the jury is to provide a "cross-section" of the public. In
556:
544:
495:
475:
429:
evolved out of this custom in the mid-12th century during the reign of
260:
256:
87:
68:
5790:"Courts and Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013, Section 23"
5453:
5410:
5367:
3540:
See, e.g., Sections 13-71-112 and 30-10-607, Colorado Revised Statutes
3230:
Carey, Christopher (October 1994). "Legal Space in Classical Athens".
2841:
2809:
2533:
2436:"CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS â Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney"
1204:, on a charge of revealing secret information, under section 2 of the
780:
508:
One of the earliest antecedents of modern jury systems is the jury in
2556:
1905:; felonies resulting in the death of a human being are tried by the
1502:
1275:
1216:
to convict. Nevertheless, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty.
517:
149:
The "petit jury" (or "trial jury", sometimes "petty jury") hears the
127:
111:
5269:
4868:
4807:
4131:
4073:
3839:
3332:
Sorted : civic lotteries and the future of public participation
2284:, made English legal history by ruling that a criminal trial in the
1666:
follow the recommendations of the jury when deciding on a sentence.
5445:
5402:
5359:
4597:"Ghana's jury crisis: implications for constitutional human rights"
2825:
2734:"People's Juries in Social Inclusion Partnerships: A Pilot Project"
1885:, composed of 1 judge and 2 lay judges; some felonies are heard by
4922:
2968:
The digital republic: on freedom and democracy in the 21st century
2595:
Reuchamps, Min; Vrydagh, Julien; Welp, Yanina, eds. (2023-05-31).
2205:
2007:
1974:(DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for
1940:
mandates trial by jury for criminal offences, with exceptions for
1780:
1455:
779:
611:
513:
487:
479:
440:
410:
The modern jury evolved out of the ancient custom of many ancient
388:
212:
170:
154:
137:", and usually consist of twelve people. A larger jury known as a
72:
36:
1729:
people in the jury system to create a more "fair, just" system."
1278:
juries have long had the option to recommend mercy, leniency, or
1208:
in 1985. Mr Ponting's defence was that the revelation was in the
559:, Grand Juries also functioned as local government authorities.
181:. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a
3076:
2855:
2769:
Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions
1300:
was abolished in 1976, as part of the same raft of reforms, the
616:
Notice mailed to summon a potential juror to a US court in 2007.
318:
6284:
6266:. Oxford Socio-Legal Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5558:"Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008; PART 6: Juries"
2379:). A trial without a jury (in which both questions of fact and
2030:(junior high school) level, while said level is raised for the
1505:, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For
1475:
provides that only willful crimes against life, namely full or
5849:"Lov om rettergangsmÄten i straffesaker (Straffeprosessloven)"
4314:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232â234.
2631:
Dryzek, John S.; BÀchtiger, André; Milewicz, Karolina (2011).
2018:, where two career magistrates are supported by six so-called
521:
329:
5942:"Ley OrgĂĄnica 5/1995, de 22 de mayo, del Tribunal del Jurado"
5822:"Anglo criminal trial: Larger 15 strong jury panel appointed"
3102:"2023 Trends in Deliberative Democracy: OECD Database Update"
2288:
could take place without a jury, under the provisions of the
1958:
Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the
910:
Jurors are generally required to keep their deliberations in
629:
went to each juror's home to show him the summons paperwork (
478:, c. 997) provided that in every Hundred "the twelve leading
3983:"The Origins of Felony Jury Sentencing in the United States"
3489:"Restricting the Juror Franchise in 1920s England and Wales"
3450:"Restricting the Juror Franchise in 1920s England and Wales"
3367:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15â16.
1178:
In the United Kingdom, a similar power exists, often called
4538:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 117, 133.
2857:
PLA Notes 40 Deliberative Democracy and Citizen Empowerment
2740:. Development Department Research Programme. Archived from
1369:
risk of criminal retribution if they do serve on the jury.
4571:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 117â118.
4503:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 126â127.
3709:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 116â118.
3682:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 118â119.
3220:, in Law and History Review, Vol. 17 No 3, 1999, pp. 6â18.
2810:"Citizens Panels: A New Approach to Citizen Participation"
2316:, jury trials were suspended and trials took place before
1227:, who confessed in open court to charges of springing the
882:
jury discussions, and announcing the verdict of the jury.
3001:"Citizens' assemblies: are they the future of democracy?"
1355:
countries have a system in which professional judges and
1264:
Juries in the United States § Jury-imposed sentences
4213:"Human Genome Project Information Site Has Been Updated"
4060:"Statutory Structures for Sentencing Felons to Prison".
3853:
jury nullification definition â Dictionary â MSN Encarta
3829:
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 37.07 Sec. 1(b)
3574:
Scotland's unique 15-strong juries will not be abolished
3395:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
2507:""The Terror of their Lives": Irish Jurors' Experiences"
1913:; and serious crimes against the state are tried by the
1909:, composed of 3 judges and 2 lay judges, located at the
1901:, with specially assigned courts for some crimes called
1767:
Jury trials were abolished in most Indian courts by the
859:
than the typical Irish person. In the past, England had
494:
formally recognized legal customs that were part of the
5585:"Courts Service to notify gardaĂ of jury non-reporting"
2014:
jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the
1877:; felonies and more severe misdemeanors are tried by a
1725:
law expert Pattie Lees called for greater inclusion of
354:
3217:
Vicinage and the Antecedents of the Jury â I. Theories
1196:
Perhaps the best example of modern-day jury equity in
5503:
5501:
5499:
4639:, RSC 1985 c C-46, s 785, "summary conviction court""
4468:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 118.
4433:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 120.
4406:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 116.
4373:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 174.
4266:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 132.
3308:. Waterford City & County Council. Archived from
2808:
Crosby, Ned; Kelly, Janet M.; Schaefer, Paul (1986).
2576:
http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/coroners/schedule/index.htm
1345:
through intimidation by defendants were also raised.
968:
The role of the jury is often described as that of a
5587:. Irish Legal News. 16 February 2016. Archived from
5103:
R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy; Ex parte Lowenstein
3069:ÄesnulaitytÄ, Ieva (2020). "Chapter 3: Key Trends".
907:
for the deliberation phase or for the entire trial.
6565:
6497:
6434:
6319:
851:jurors were much wealthier, much less likely to be
784:
About 50 prospective jurors awaiting jury selection
345:deal primarily with England and do not represent a
6196:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5012:Supreme Court (general civil procedure) rules 2015
3790:eJournal USA, Anatomy of a Jury Trial, 1 July 2009
3629:
2260:as expensive and time-consuming. In contrast, the
5784:
5782:
2854:Pimbert, M. (eds) and Wakeford, T. (eds) (2001).
2765:"Models of representative deliberative processes"
2633:"Toward a Deliberative Global Citizens' Assembly"
1978:; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests.
1441:Overall, jury use has been increasing worldwide.
1038:Many U.S. jurisdictions permit the seating of an
400:of a British jury, all of whom then had to be men
6121:"Jury trials 'intolerable' in major fraud cases"
5112:
4981:". In April 2008, the U.S. District Court, in a
1775:, and it was ignored in many Indian states. The
1292:, following a verdict convicting a defendant of
945:) is a serious crime, whether attempted through
520:, where records of jury courts date back to 500
5993:Tryckfrihetsförordning (1949:105-SFS 2010:1409)
5891:"ĐĄŃĐŽŃ ĐżŃĐžŃŃĐ¶ĐœŃŃ
ĐżĐŸŃĐČОлОŃŃ ĐČ 55 ŃĐ”ĐłĐžĐŸĐœĐ°Ń
Đ ĐŸŃŃОО"
5815:
5813:
5686:. Citizens Information Bureau. 9 September 2010
5270:"After Nanavati: The Last Jury Trial in India?"
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
3156:Southern California Law Review 77: (2003), 123.
1897:, composed of 3 judges and 2 lay judges at the
528:and were eventually granted the power to annul
5664:. Citizens Information Board. 5 September 2012
4155:"Keep juries away from sentencing, say judges"
1996:the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives
501:The testimonial concept can also be traced to
41:An empty jury box at an American courtroom in
27:Group of people to render a verdict in a court
6296:
5613:. Citizens Information Bureau. 29 August 2012
5223:RIGHT TO RECALL AGAINST CORRUPTION â Facebook
4904:. New Haven, CT: Yale University. pp. 81â118.
4688:
4686:
4684:
3631:"Juries are 'too large for correct verdicts'"
3038:The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy
2375:, while judges act as triers of law (but see
1100:who in 1728 accidentally killed the Scottish
343:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
6023:The International Constitutional Law Project
5708:. Irish Law Reform Commission. 29 March 2010
5511:. Citizens Information Board. 2 October 2012
5476:"CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND: TRIAL OF OFFENCES"
5117:at p 582 per Dixon and Evatt JJ dissenting,
3528:N Vidmar (Ed), World Jury Systems (OUP 2000)
2164:with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
2034:(appeal level of the Corte d'Assise) to the
1219:Another example is the acquittal in 1989 of
5635:. Citizens Information Board. 6 August 2009
5219:"Jury system in Parsi Matrimonial Disputes"
3931:"The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict"
2912:The principles of representative government
2672:Pearse, Hilary; Warren, Mark, eds. (2008).
2597:De Gruyter Handbook of Citizens' Assemblies
1509:or offences found under section 553 of the
6303:
6289:
6281:
6155:Glendon MA, Carozza PG, Picker CB. (2008)
4601:Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal
4231:
4229:
361:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
321:has found their use increasing since 2010.
4919:2008 National Convention Breakout Session
4293:
4291:
4002:
4000:
2648:
2604:
2532:
2116:The right to a jury trial is provided by
855:, and much less likely to speak only the
377:Learn how and when to remove this message
5913:World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey
4977:This power is often used in drug cases "
4178:American Bar Foundation Research Journal
2697:Crosby, Ned; Hottinger, John C. (2011).
2361:("to swear"). Juries are most common in
1869:Today, most misdemeanors are tried by a
925:Because of the importance of preventing
221:Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
6464:Racial discrimination in jury selection
5820:McDonald, Dearbhail (1 November 2013).
4729:(2004), 189 C.C.C. (3d) 152 (Ont. C.A.)
3820:Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-20-104, 40-20-107
2427:
2376:
2324:before judges only. This was to combat
1555:The names of jurors are protected by a
1545:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
532:laws, thus introducing the practice of
439:(an administrative sub-division of the
5286:
5275:
5213:
5211:
5063:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution
4915:"Plea Bargains and the Role of Judges"
4305:
4303:
3953:"The "not proven" verdict in Scotland"
3604:"Juries 'swayed by dominant speakers'"
3136:, University of California Press, 1973
3034:"The Origins of the Deliberative Turn"
2966:Susskind, Jamie (2022). "Chapter 20".
2383:are decided by a judge) is known as a
2371:. In the modern system, juries act as
1437:Jury trial § In various countries
6018:"The Freedom of the Press Act/Sweden"
4590:
4588:
4255:
4253:
3602:Verkaik, Robert (September 3, 2001).
3386:
3384:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3046:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198747369.013.25
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
1423:between black and white defendants.
832:
317:in a variety of modern contexts. The
309:as the most famous government to use
7:
6233:"Why Was I Picked For Jury Service?"
6094:Lloyd-Bostock S, Thomas C. (1999).
5706:"Consultation Paper on Jury Service"
5305:"NZ's first majority guilty verdict"
4153:Pearlman, Jonathan (27 April 2007).
4097:"Jury Sentencing â Grab-Bag Justice"
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
1757:Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice
1598:Article III of the U.S. Constitution
555:From the 17th century until 1898 in
6139:"First trial without jury approved"
6040:Revue Internationale de Droit PĂ©nal
4595:Ayetey, Julia Selman (2020-01-02).
3738:Sanders, Joseph (16 January 2008).
3628:Uhlig, Robert (September 4, 2001).
3147:"Was the Jury Every Self-Informing"
2763:ÄesnulaitytÄ, Ieva (23 July 2020).
2136:of 1808. Later, Article 307 of the
1336:, a 2007 proposal by Chief Justice
6235:. Courtroom Advice. Archived from
5004:Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005
4239:. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
4190:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1981.tb00426.x
4172:Langbein, John H. (January 1981).
3951:Broadbridge, Sally (15 May 2009).
2557:http://www.pacoroners.org/Laws.php
2118:Constitution of Russian Federation
1141:, 417 F.2d 1002 (4th. Cir. 1969),
993:This practice was required in all
681:Supreme Court of the United States
94:and are a hallmark of the English
71:officially submitted to them by a
25:
4698:, RSC 1985, Part XX: Jury Trials"
4068:(8): 1134â1172. 1 December 1960.
3929:Luckhurst, Tim (March 20, 2005).
3840:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1673994
3638:. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
2200:Judiciary of Sweden § Juries
6119:Freeman, Simon (June 21, 2005).
4968:Death Penalty Information Center
3756:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00268.x
3562:Review could reduce jury numbers
2650:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00052.x
2328:and the intimidation of juries.
827:the courtroom to participate in
819:In the United States jurors for
762:
659:as Scotland, use larger juries.
334:
276:This section is an excerpt from
230:Government Accountability Office
6573:Fully Informed Jury Association
5889:Petrov, Ivan (9 January 2019).
5878:(in Russian). 18 December 2008.
4675:, RSC 1985, c C-46, ss 471â473"
4569:The death of the American trial
4535:The death of the American trial
4500:The death of the American trial
4465:The death of the American trial
4430:The death of the American trial
4404:The death of the American trial
4370:The death of the American trial
4263:The death of the American trial
3933:. The Sunday Times, TimesOnline
3893:Patrick Devlin, 'Trial by Jury'
3706:The death of the American trial
3680:The death of the American trial
3642:from the original on 2022-01-12
3592:, NovemberâDecember 2011, p. 74
2298:Manchester Civil Justice Centre
1972:Director of Public Prosecutions
1873:, meaning a single judge at an
1769:1973 Code of Criminal Procedure
1148:Fully Informed Jury Association
4742:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 631(2.1)
3100:Mejia, Mauricio (2023-12-15).
2935:Queen's University at Kingston
2438:. Miamisao.com. Archived from
2186:justice by jury trial was the
1917:, composed of 5 judges, at an
1846:of January 4, 1924, during an
1143:Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal
823:are selected from jury pools.
486:shall go out and swear on the
211:, or by investigating alleged
130:, their use has been growing.
1:
6199:Dimensions of Irish terrorism
6107:Law and Contemporary Problems
5756:Shatter, Alan (9 July 2013).
4857:Law and Contemporary Problems
4796:Law and Contemporary Problems
4613:10.1080/14729342.2020.1763595
2915:. Cambridge University Press.
2505:Howlin, NĂamh (August 2011).
748:Cabinet Secretary for Justice
6157:Comparative Legal Traditions
5910:Terrill, Richard J. (2009).
4792:"The American Criminal Jury"
4095:Webster, Charles W. (1960).
3282:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.).
2999:Talmadge, Eva (2023-02-01).
2814:Public Administration Review
2707:Council of State Governments
2156:would need to indict, and a
2149:Spanish Constitution of 1837
2138:Spanish Constitution of 1812
1298:capital punishment in Canada
625:. Normally the sheriff or a
4853:"The Civil Jury in America"
4237:Group Dynamics, 4th Edition
2970:. New York: Pegasus Books.
2703:The Book of the States 2011
2699:"The Citizens Jury Process"
2407:Fourth branch of government
2246:Juries in England and Wales
1887:Erweitertes Schöffengericht
1576:Juries in the United States
1507:summary conviction offences
1431:Trial procedures by country
866:A head juror is called the
357:, discuss the issue on the
52:is a sworn body of people (
6625:
6260:Vidmar, Neil, ed. (2000).
6034:Diesen, Christian (2001).
5980:December 22, 2011, at the
4766:, RSC 1985, c c-46, s 644"
4657:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 536"
3586:Is "The More the Merrier?"
3274:Holdsworth, William Searle
2335:
2243:
2232:
2197:
1736:
1573:
1434:
1421:statistical discrimination
1288:required judges to give a
1261:
1114:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1078:
773:
699:to the States through the
403:
275:
248:
192:
29:
6474:Scientific jury selection
5735:The Law Reform Commission
4567:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4532:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4497:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4462:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4427:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4402:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4367:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
4260:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
3895:(Stevens & Sons 1956)
3703:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
3678:Burns, Robert P. (2009).
3576:The Scotsman, 11 May 2009
3505:10.1017/S0738248018000639
3466:10.1017/S0738248018000639
3244:10.1017/s001738350002338x
2941:: 259â294. Archived from
2888:10.1177/14767503030012004
2709:: 321â325. Archived from
2585:(retrieved March 8, 2013)
2525:10.1017/S0738248011000319
2338:Trial by jury in Scotland
2320:. These were essentially
2290:Criminal Justice Act 2003
1703:Constitution of Australia
1631:scientific jury selection
1206:Official Secrets Act 1911
406:Jury trial § History
157:as presented by both the
5737:(107â2013). April 2013.
5633:"Special Criminal Court"
5434:Journal of Legal Studies
5391:Journal of Legal Studies
5348:Journal of Legal Studies
5248:Ăcole Normale SupĂ©rieure
4310:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
4026:Kirgis, Paul F. (2005).
3957:Standard Note SN/HA/2710
3391:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
3363:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
3334:. MASS LBP. p. 38.
3279:A History of English Law
3188:Vale and Downland Museum
3177:"Wantage Church History"
2032:Corte d'Assise d'Appello
1970:, on application by the
1739:Jury system in Hong Kong
1413:statistical significance
1252:presumption of innocence
727:(2001) 207 CLR 278, the
524:. These juries voted by
173:, the group retires for
6159:, p. 251. Thomson-West.
3981:King, Nancy J. (2003).
3665:April 27, 2012, at the
3564:BBC News, 26 April 2008
3330:Dowlen, Oliver (2008).
3306:"Grand Jury Collection"
2909:Manin, Bernard (1997).
2738:The Scottish Government
2160:would need to convict.
1938:Constitution of Ireland
1138:United States v. Moylan
1014: (2004), where the
733:Australian Constitution
729:High Court of Australia
133:Most trial juries are "
43:Pershing County, Nevada
6498:Specific jurisdictions
5285:Cite journal requires
5241:"Lay Justice in India"
4215:. Ornl.gov. 2013-07-23
3907:Criminal Law Review 15
3493:Law and History Review
3454:Law and History Review
2512:Law and History Review
2188:Wanninkhof murder case
1968:Special Criminal Court
1964:Central Criminal Court
1881:, also located at the
1786:Panchayat legal system
1697:Commonwealth (Federal)
1633:" has become popular.
1473:Constitution of Brazil
1239:Wormwood Scrubs Prison
1153:Sparf v. United States
1021:Apprendi v. New Jersey
990:
785:
617:
401:
396:, an 1861 painting by
315:deliberative democracy
291:citizens' convention.
45:
6052:10.3917/ridp.721.0355
5159:[2016] HCA 24
5137: at , (1993) 177
5135:[1993] HCA 44
5107:[1938] HCA 10
5083:[2000] HCA 53
5032:[2015] HCA 27
4159:Sydney Morning Herald
4038:(897). Archived from
3781:Jury Trials: In Favor
3175:Garnish, Lis (1995).
2926:Pal, Michael (2012).
2606:10.1515/9783110758269
2402:Blue-ribbon committee
2198:Further information:
1991:Law Reform Commission
1829:In the Cour d'assises
1828:
1723:Indigenous Australian
1322:sentencing guidelines
1241:and smuggling him to
1214:direction to the jury
1200:was the acquittal of
1000:Blakely v. Washington
985:
783:
759:University of Glasgow
632:venire facias de novo
615:
392:
161:(petitioner) and the
40:
32:Jury (disambiguation)
6459:Peremptory challenge
6449:Death-qualified jury
6195:O'Day, Alan (1994).
6175:Cambridge Dictionary
5762:DĂĄil Ăireann debates
4851:Landsman S. (1999).
4235:Forsyth, D.R. 2006.
3881:Washburn Law Journal
3312:on November 30, 2022
3286:. pp. 268â269.
3184:Local History Series
2744:on February 12, 2012
2272:On 18 June 2009 the
2169:Constitution of 1978
1526:second-degree murder
1386:Judge-jury agreement
1364:Experience of jurors
1353:continental European
1306:second-degree murder
1118:freedom of the press
1098:Carnegie of Finhaven
725:Brownlee v The Queen
472:Ăthelred the Unready
355:improve this section
244:
86:Juries developed in
30:For other uses, see
6604:Deliberative groups
6076:www.blinamndeman.se
6046:. Cairn.info: 355.
5591:on 25 February 2016
5237:Jean-Louis Halpérin
5155:Alqudsi v The Queen
5131:Cheatle v The Queen
4900:Amar, A.R. (1998).
4120:Virginia Law Review
4062:Columbia Law Review
4009:Queen's Law Journal
2777:10.1787/36f3f279-en
2044:Camera di Consiglio
1773:Indian Constitution
1745:Hong Kong Basic Law
1515:indictable offences
1318:presentence reports
1126:freedom of religion
752:Republic of Ireland
744:Scottish Government
665:Williams v. Florida
445:Assize of Clarendon
56:) convened to hear
6454:Jury questionnaire
6426:Summary jury trial
6411:Jury sequestration
6389:Jury nullification
6332:Citizens' assembly
6263:World Jury Systems
6101:2012-04-02 at the
5998:2016-04-07 at the
5944:(in Spanish). 1995
5896:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
5795:Irish Statute Book
5662:"Role of the jury"
5563:Irish Statute Book
5536:Irish Statute Book
5531:"Juries Act, 1976"
5481:Irish Statute Book
5333:2012-05-31 at the
5225:. August 30, 2016.
4988:2008-05-18 at the
4902:The Bill of Rights
4747:2019-03-26 at the
3963:on 17 January 2012
3876:2013-04-02 at the
3786:2010-11-28 at the
3770:on 5 January 2013.
3487:Crosby, K (2019).
3448:Crosby, K (2019).
3152:2011-07-19 at the
2581:2016-02-13 at the
2562:2013-11-27 at the
2417:Juried competition
2366:adversarial-system
2326:jury nullification
2274:Lord Chief Justice
1866:and inconsistent.
1788:and jury process.
1743:Article 86 of the
1721:In November 2023,
1640:Ramos v. Louisiana
1377:Jury effectiveness
1102:Earl of Strathmore
1086:Jury nullification
1081:Jury nullification
1075:Jury nullification
978:jury nullification
951:threat of violence
786:
618:
482:together with the
453:English Common Law
402:
307:Athenian democracy
301:ballot initiatives
288:citizens' assembly
278:Citizens' assembly
46:
6581:
6580:
6510:England and Wales
6369:Jury instructions
6314:-related articles
6273:978-0-19-829856-4
5927:978-1-59345-612-2
5827:Irish Independent
5611:"Criminal trials"
5326:Taxquet v Belgium
5239:(25 March 2011).
5169:judgement summary
5079:Cheng v The Queen
5042:judgement summary
5028:Smith v The Queen
4578:978-0-226-08126-7
4545:978-0-226-08126-7
4510:978-0-226-08126-7
4475:978-0-226-08126-7
4440:978-0-226-08126-7
4413:978-0-226-08126-7
4380:978-0-226-08126-7
4321:978-1-107-05565-0
4273:978-0-226-08126-7
3716:978-0-226-08126-7
3689:978-0-226-08126-7
3402:978-1-107-05565-0
3374:978-1-107-05565-0
3341:978-0-9811005-0-0
2977:978-1-64313-901-2
2683:978-0-521-88507-2
2616:978-3-11-075826-9
2280:, sitting in the
2240:England and Wales
2147:Article 2 of the
1919:Oberlandesgericht
1903:Sonderstrafkammer
1895:groĂe Strafkammer
1607:Seventh Amendment
1399:Buffering effects
1326:faint hope clause
1198:England and Wales
1122:John Peter Zenger
943:witness tampering
935:jury intimidation
920:contempt of court
912:strict confidence
834:[vwaÊdiÊ]
761:suggested that a
706:Ballew v. Georgia
679: (1970), the
551:17th-18th century
539:In juries of the
387:
386:
379:
167:jury instructions
16:(Redirected from
6616:
6609:Direct democracy
6469:Strike for cause
6421:Juror misconduct
6374:Specific finding
6320:Primary articles
6305:
6298:
6291:
6282:
6277:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6202:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6166:
6160:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6125:The Sunday Times
6116:
6110:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5990:
5984:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5916:(7th ed.).
5907:
5901:
5900:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5845:
5839:
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5808:
5807:
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5786:
5777:
5776:
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5753:
5747:
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5732:
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5718:
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5702:
5696:
5695:
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5680:
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5658:
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5489:
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5379:
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5337:
5322:
5316:
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5312:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5250:. Archived from
5245:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5152:
5146:
5128:
5122:
5114:
5100:
5094:
5076:
5070:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5025:
5019:
5000:
4994:
4983:236 page opinion
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4911:
4905:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4879:. Archived from
4848:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4818:. Archived from
4790:King NJ (1999).
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4768:. Archived from
4758:
4752:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4690:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4661:
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4649:
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4625:
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4583:
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4295:
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4285:
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4169:
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4144:
4143:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3987:Chi.-Kent L. Rev
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3856:. Archived from
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3766:. Archived from
3744:Law & Policy
3735:
3729:
3728:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3675:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3633:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3593:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3422:. June 22, 1825.
3421:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3190:. Archived from
3181:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3145:Daniel Klerman,
3143:
3137:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2608:
2592:
2586:
2572:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2502:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2381:questions of law
2314:Northern Ireland
2304:Northern Ireland
2173:Cortes Generales
2056:assisted suicide
2036:Scuola Superiore
1859:Social Democrats
1670:Asia and Oceania
1477:attempted murder
1290:jury instruction
901:reversible error
836:
608:Summoning jurors
541:Justices in Eyre
530:unconstitutional
512:, including the
382:
375:
371:
368:
362:
338:
337:
330:
326:Historical roots
64:, and render an
62:findings of fact
21:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6594:Legal procedure
6584:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6561:
6493:
6444:Change of venue
6430:
6315:
6309:
6274:
6259:
6256:
6254:Further reading
6251:
6242:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6211:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6154:
6150:
6145:. 18 June 2009.
6137:
6136:
6132:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:Wayback Machine
6093:
6089:
6080:
6078:
6072:"Bli nÀmndeman"
6070:
6069:
6065:
6056:
6054:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6000:Wayback Machine
5991:
5987:
5982:Wayback Machine
5974:
5970:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5947:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5920:. p. 439.
5909:
5908:
5904:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5854:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5842:
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5788:
5787:
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5699:
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5614:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5594:
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5583:
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5556:
5555:
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5539:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5440:(1): 135â191 .
5431:
5430:
5426:
5397:(1): 135â191 .
5388:
5387:
5383:
5354:(1): 135â191 .
5345:
5344:
5340:
5335:Wayback Machine
5323:
5319:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5284:
5274:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5153:
5149:
5129:
5125:
5101:
5097:
5077:
5073:
5061:
5057:
5045:
5039:
5026:
5022:
5001:
4997:
4993:nullification).
4990:Wayback Machine
4976:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4943:Ring v. Arizona
4941:
4937:
4928:
4926:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4899:
4895:
4886:
4884:
4869:10.2307/1192260
4850:
4849:
4834:
4825:
4823:
4808:10.2307/1192252
4789:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4749:Wayback Machine
4737:
4733:
4723:
4719:
4715:, 1 S.C.R. 652
4709:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4682:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4546:
4531:
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4526:
4511:
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4495:
4491:
4476:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4441:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4381:
4366:
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4361:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4274:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4132:10.2307/3202435
4117:
4116:
4112:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4074:10.2307/1120351
4059:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3878:Wayback Machine
3869:
3865:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3788:Wayback Machine
3779:
3775:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3717:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3667:Wayback Machine
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3232:Greece and Rome
3229:
3228:
3224:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3154:Wayback Machine
3144:
3140:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3015:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2876:Action Research
2873:
2872:
2868:
2853:
2849:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2787:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2713:on May 27, 2018
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2583:Wayback Machine
2573:
2569:
2564:Wayback Machine
2554:
2550:
2504:
2503:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2393:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2306:
2282:Court of Appeal
2248:
2242:
2237:
2235:Jury of matrons
2231:
2202:
2196:
2134:Bayonne Statute
2130:
2114:
2106:trained lawyers
2068:
2004:
1930:
1891:Schöffengericht
1879:Schöffengericht
1844:Emminger Reform
1840:
1831:
1826:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1699:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1655:Ring v. Arizona
1602:Sixth Amendment
1578:
1572:
1557:publication ban
1499:
1469:
1464:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1401:
1388:
1379:
1366:
1351:and many other
1334:New South Wales
1314:original intent
1282:, and the 1961
1266:
1260:
1258:Jury sentencing
1210:public interest
1176:
1083:
1077:
1055:in English law
966:
927:undue influence
888:
876:presiding juror
848:
778:
772:
757:A study by the
693:Sixth Amendment
656:
654:Trial jury size
610:
601:
580:
553:
534:judicial review
460:Catholic Church
420:Norman Conquest
408:
383:
372:
366:
363:
352:
339:
335:
328:
323:
322:
281:
273:
265:Jeffrey Epstein
253:
247:
197:
191:
147:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Jury foreperson
15:
12:
11:
5:
6622:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6545:Jury selection
6542:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6436:Jury selection
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6394:Jury tampering
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6339:
6337:Coroner's jury
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6224:
6209:
6187:
6161:
6148:
6130:
6111:
6087:
6063:
6026:
6009:
5985:
5968:
5954:
5933:
5926:
5902:
5881:
5861:
5840:
5809:
5798:. 24 July 2013
5778:
5748:
5728:"JURY SERVICE"
5719:
5697:
5675:
5646:
5624:
5602:
5576:
5549:
5522:
5509:"Jury service"
5495:
5467:
5446:10.1086/467481
5424:
5403:10.1086/467481
5381:
5360:10.1086/467481
5338:
5317:
5296:
5287:|journal=
5268:Jaffe, James.
5260:
5257:on 2014-05-03.
5228:
5207:
5182:
5147:
5123:
5095:
5071:
5069:Trial by jury.
5055:
5020:
4995:
4970:
4958:
4935:
4906:
4893:
4863:(2): 285â304.
4832:
4782:
4753:
4731:
4726:R. v. Robinson
4717:
4712:R. v. Thatcher
4703:
4680:
4662:
4644:
4626:
4584:
4577:
4559:
4544:
4524:
4509:
4489:
4474:
4454:
4439:
4419:
4412:
4394:
4379:
4359:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4320:
4299:
4287:
4272:
4249:
4225:
4204:
4195:
4164:
4145:
4126:(2): 311â383.
4110:
4087:
4052:
4018:
3996:
3973:
3943:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3863:
3860:on 2010-12-07.
3843:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3792:
3773:
3730:
3715:
3695:
3688:
3670:
3653:
3620:
3594:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3533:
3518:
3479:
3440:
3425:
3408:
3401:
3380:
3373:
3355:
3340:
3322:
3297:
3265:
3238:(2): 172â186.
3222:
3207:
3167:
3158:
3138:
3117:
3092:
3085:
3061:
3054:
3024:
2991:
2976:
2958:
2918:
2901:
2882:(2): 184â207.
2866:
2847:
2826:10.2307/976169
2820:(2): 170â178.
2800:
2785:
2755:
2724:
2689:
2682:
2664:
2623:
2621:. Section 1.2.
2615:
2599:. De Gruyter.
2587:
2567:
2548:
2519:(3): 703â761.
2452:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Blank pad rule
2392:
2389:
2373:triers of fact
2347:
2344:
2336:Main article:
2333:
2330:
2318:Diplock Courts
2305:
2302:
2244:Main article:
2241:
2238:
2230:
2229:United Kingdom
2227:
2195:
2192:
2129:
2126:
2113:
2110:
2087:Lagmannsretten
2067:
2064:
2060:life sentences
2048:Corte d'Assise
2024:Corte d'Assise
2016:Corte d'Assise
2003:
2000:
1942:minor offences
1934:law in Ireland
1929:
1926:
1889:, or extended
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1777:Law Commission
1764:
1761:
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1698:
1695:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1574:Main article:
1571:
1568:
1532:Jury selection
1498:
1495:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1343:jury tampering
1294:capital murder
1259:
1256:
1221:Michael Randle
1175:
1172:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
970:finder of fact
965:
962:
939:jury tampering
887:
884:
861:special juries
857:Irish language
853:Roman Catholic
847:
844:
790:Jury selection
776:Jury selection
774:Main article:
771:
770:Jury selection
768:
655:
652:
609:
606:
600:
597:
579:
576:
552:
549:
510:ancient Greece
466:The so-called
385:
384:
349:of the subject
347:worldwide view
342:
340:
333:
327:
324:
282:
274:
272:
269:
251:Coroner's jury
249:Main article:
246:
245:Coroner's jury
243:
201:criminal trial
193:Main article:
190:
187:
146:
143:
104:United Kingdom
102:, such as the
100:British Empire
75:, or to set a
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6621:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Nullification
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:U.S. military
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:United States
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6489:Stealth juror
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6406:Jury research
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6239:on 2010-10-03
6238:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:. G.K. Hall.
6201:
6200:
6191:
6188:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5903:
5899:(in Russian).
5898:
5897:
5892:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:Novaya Gazeta
5871:
5865:
5862:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5484:. August 2012
5483:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5279:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5161:, (2016) 258
5160:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:, (2000) 203
5084:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5034:, (2015) 255
5033:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4925:on 2009-10-07
4924:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4883:on 2011-03-06
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4822:on 2011-03-06
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4772:on 2019-12-22
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:Criminal Code
4757:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Criminal Code
4735:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4696:Criminal Code
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4673:Criminal Code
4666:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4655:Criminal Code
4648:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4637:Criminal Code
4630:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:0-534-36822-0
4242:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
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4156:
4149:
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4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4042:on 2019-09-06
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3919:, 2000-10-09.
3918:
3917:New Statesman
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3901:
3898:
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3808:
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3685:
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3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3641:
3637:
3636:The Telegraph
3632:
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3609:
3605:
3598:
3595:
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3587:
3582:
3579:
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3404:
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3347:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:Little, Brown
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3197:on 2007-09-25
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3086:9789264563186
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3055:9780198747369
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2948:on 2017-11-02
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
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2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2786:9789264837621
2782:
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2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2712:
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2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:Global Policy
2634:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
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2552:
2549:
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2535:
2530:
2526:
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2518:
2514:
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2508:
2501:
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2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2442:on 2014-01-06
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
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2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:nullification
2374:
2370:
2369:jurisdictions
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:derives from
2353:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
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2201:
2193:
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2179:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:Supreme Court
2099:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:Circuit Court
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:Schwurgericht
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1857:In 1925, the
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1798:
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1774:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1727:First Nations
1724:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1696:
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1691:
1687:
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1674:
1669:
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1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1583:
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1570:United States
1569:
1567:
1565:
1564:Federal Court
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:Criminal Code
1508:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:Jim Spigelman
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:Criminal Code
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:Criminal Code
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Clive Ponting
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:Trial by Jury
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:advisory jury
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:Supreme Court
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:death penalty
989:
984:
981:
979:
973:
971:
963:
961:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:, pronounced
830:
824:
822:
817:
813:
811:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
782:
777:
769:
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
698:
694:
689:
686:
683:ruled that a
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
666:
660:
653:
651:
647:
645:
640:
636:
634:
633:
628:
624:
614:
607:
605:
598:
596:
592:
590:
584:
577:
575:
572:
568:
566:
560:
558:
550:
548:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:secret ballot
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
461:
456:
454:
449:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
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399:
395:
391:
381:
378:
370:
360:
356:
350:
348:
341:
332:
331:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
292:
289:
284:
279:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
252:
242:
240:
239:
233:
231:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
179:supermajority
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
145:Types of jury
144:
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:United States
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6484:Special jury
6379:Deliberation
6311:
6262:
6241:. Retrieved
6237:the original
6227:
6198:
6190:
6178:. Retrieved
6174:
6164:
6156:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6114:
6106:
6090:
6079:. Retrieved
6075:
6066:
6055:. Retrieved
6043:
6039:
6029:
6022:
6012:
6006:(in Swedish)
6002:
5988:
5971:
5957:
5946:. Retrieved
5936:
5912:
5905:
5894:
5884:
5873:
5864:
5853:. Retrieved
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5825:
5800:. Retrieved
5793:
5772:
5765:. Retrieved
5761:
5751:
5734:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5700:
5688:. Retrieved
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5637:. Retrieved
5627:
5615:. Retrieved
5605:
5593:. Retrieved
5589:the original
5579:
5567:. Retrieved
5561:
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5534:
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5486:. Retrieved
5479:
5470:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5328:, 13-01-2009
5325:
5320:
5309:. Retrieved
5299:
5278:cite journal
5263:
5252:the original
5231:
5222:
5199:. Retrieved
5197:. 2023-11-07
5194:
5185:
5168:
5154:
5150:
5145:(Australia).
5130:
5126:
5121:(Australia).
5102:
5098:
5093:(Australia).
5078:
5074:
5062:
5058:
5041:
5027:
5023:
5016:r 47.02
5011:
5003:
5002:For example
4998:
4978:
4973:
4961:
4942:
4938:
4927:. Retrieved
4923:the original
4918:
4909:
4901:
4896:
4885:. Retrieved
4881:the original
4860:
4856:
4824:. Retrieved
4820:the original
4802:(2): 41â67.
4799:
4795:
4785:
4774:. Retrieved
4770:the original
4763:
4756:
4739:
4734:
4725:
4720:
4711:
4706:
4695:
4672:
4665:
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4429:
4422:
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4397:
4369:
4362:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4325:
4311:
4262:
4217:. Retrieved
4207:
4198:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4158:
4148:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4044:. Retrieved
4040:the original
4035:
4031:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3965:. Retrieved
3961:the original
3956:
3946:
3935:. Retrieved
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3883:May 2, 2007,
3866:
3858:the original
3852:
3846:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3776:
3768:the original
3750:(1): 12â45.
3747:
3743:
3733:
3705:
3698:
3679:
3673:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3635:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:
3597:
3590:Mental Floss
3585:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3411:
3392:
3364:
3358:
3331:
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:the original
3300:
3278:
3268:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3199:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3183:
3170:
3161:
3141:
3133:
3130:W. L. Warren
3109:. Retrieved
3105:
3095:
3071:
3064:
3037:
3027:
3016:. Retrieved
3005:The Guardian
3004:
2994:
2967:
2961:
2950:. Retrieved
2943:the original
2938:
2934:
2921:
2911:
2904:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2850:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2768:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2702:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2643:(1): 33â42.
2640:
2636:
2626:
2596:
2590:
2570:
2551:
2516:
2510:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:the original
2430:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2322:bench trials
2310:the Troubles
2307:
2294:
2271:
2258:Labour Party
2249:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:permits the
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2140:allowed the
2131:
2123:
2115:
2108:are seated.
2095:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2028:Scuola Media
2027:
2023:
2019:
2005:
1980:
1956:
1945:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:Strafrichter
1870:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1832:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1795:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1720:
1716:
1700:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1625:
1622:
1618:plea bargain
1615:
1611:state courts
1595:
1590:
1579:
1561:
1554:
1550:military law
1544:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1500:
1491:Manslaughter
1489:
1470:
1453:
1440:
1425:
1409:social norms
1402:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1347:
1330:
1311:
1301:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1248:
1243:East Germany
1235:George Blake
1218:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1151:
1136:
1134:
1130:William Penn
1106:
1094:William Penn
1091:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1019:
998:
991:
986:
982:
974:
967:
959:
955:
924:
909:
889:
880:facilitating
875:
871:
867:
865:
849:
840:
828:
825:
821:grand juries
818:
814:
806:
802:
787:
756:
737:
724:
722:
704:
663:
661:
657:
648:
644:jury service
641:
637:
630:
619:
602:
599:20th century
593:
585:
581:
578:19th century
573:
569:
561:
554:
538:
507:
500:
492:Wantage Code
468:Wantage Code
465:
458:In 1215 the
457:
450:
434:
424:
416:vehmic court
409:
393:
373:
364:
344:
293:
285:
283:
254:
236:
234:
226:
217:presentments
215:and issuing
207:and issuing
198:
175:deliberation
148:
135:petit juries
132:
85:
53:
49:
47:
6479:Struck jury
6416:Jury stress
5595:17 February
5179:(Australia)
5052:(Australia)
5008:r 29.2
4956: (2002)
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2748:28 December
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2385:bench trial
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2253:Magna Carta
2167:The actual
2093:judgement.
2040:stipendiary
1947:DPP v Nally
1911:Landgericht
1899:Landgericht
1883:Amtsgericht
1875:Amtsgericht
1792:New Zealand
1485:infanticide
1417:taste-based
1187:Lord Devlin
1180:jury equity
1174:Jury equity
929:on a jury,
916:English law
905:sequestered
897:crime scene
846:Composition
589:poor relief
425:The modern
398:John Morgan
271:Policy jury
209:indictments
126:or Islamic
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6588:Categories
6354:Petit jury
6347:Indictment
6342:Grand jury
6327:Jury trial
6243:2010-09-21
6210:0816173389
6081:2021-04-06
6057:2014-01-05
5948:2019-04-03
5855:2008-08-22
5833:1 November
5802:1 November
5767:1 November
5712:1 November
5690:1 November
5684:"Inquests"
5668:1 November
5639:1 November
5617:1 November
5569:1 November
5542:1 November
5515:1 November
5488:1 November
5311:2009-06-03
5201:2023-11-08
5177:High Court
5143:High Court
5119:High Court
5111:(1938) 59
5091:High Court
5050:High Court
4929:2009-09-24
4887:2009-06-04
4826:2009-06-04
4776:2015-10-05
4247:p. 240-244
4219:2014-01-05
4046:2019-02-26
4032:Ga. L. Rev
3967:2009-09-24
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3201:2009-09-24
3111:2024-06-12
3018:2023-07-04
2986:1259049405
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2717:11 October
2534:10197/4259
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2363:common law
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2158:petit jury
2154:grand jury
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2076:Copenhagen
2020:lay judges
1976:defamation
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1852:lay judges
1848:Article 48
1435:See also:
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1225:Pat Pottle
868:foreperson
763:civil jury
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514:city-state
427:jury trial
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297:trade-offs
205:prosecutor
195:Grand jury
189:Grand jury
139:grand jury
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6515:Hong Kong
6399:Embracery
6384:Hung jury
6364:Jury fees
6359:Jury duty
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2052:terrorism
2012:civil law
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1733:Hong Kong
1675:Australia
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1626:voir dire
1582:testimony
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886:Integrity
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