569:
610:
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282:, has been contested by some findings in archaeology. One alternative hypothesis to the foundation legend suggests, because previously inhabited sites on the Frisian and north German coasts had been rendered uninhabitable by flooding, that the migration was due to displacement. Under this alternative hypothesis, the British provided land for the refugees to settle on in return for peaceful coexistence and military cooperation.
549:
147:
526:
40:
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from northern
Francia or from Frisia. Historians have posited that Jutland was the homeland of the Jutes, but when the Danes invaded the Jutland Peninsula in about AD 200, some of the Jutes would have been absorbed by the Danish culture and others may have migrated to northern Francia and Frisia. In Scandinavian sources from the Middle Ages, the Jutes are only sporadically mentioned, now as subgroup of the Danes.
286:
along the coastal regions of Lower Saxony and the
Netherlands before crossing the English Channel. This was because navigation techniques of the time required the ship to be moored up overnight. Marine archaeology has suggested that migrating ships would have sheltered in various river estuaries on the route. Artefacts and parts of ships, of the period, have been found that support this theory.
274:, and it is not certain that these two territories formed a continuous coastal block. Towards the end of the Roman occupation of England, raids on the east coast became more intense and the expedient adopted by Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of mercenaries to whom they ceded territory. It is thought that mercenaries may have started arriving in Sussex as early as the 5th century.
293:). J E A Jolliffe compared agricultural and farming practices across 5th century Sussex to that of 5th century Kent. He suggested that the Kentish system underlaid the 5th century farming practices of Sussex. He hypothesised that Sussex was probably settled by Jutes before the arrival of the Saxons, with Jutish territory stretching from Kent to the New Forest. The north
480:
archaeological sites of Kent). Suggestions include crafts people who had been trained in the Roman workshops of northern Gaul or the
Rhineland. It is also possible that those artisans went on to develop their own individual style. By the late 6th century grave goods indicate that west Kent had adopted the distinctive east Kent material culture.
191:), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany asking for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated
741:
Bede inferred that the Jutish homeland was on the
Jutland peninsula. However, analysis of grave goods of the time have provided a link between East Kent, south Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, but little evidence of any link with Jutland. There is evidence that the Jutes who migrated to England came
305:
would have provided access to the Jutish settlements in
Hampshire. Therefore, it is possible that the German folk arriving in the 5th century that landed in the Selsey area would have been directed north to Southampton Water. From there into the mouth of the Meon valley and would have been allowed to
479:
found in east Kent, the Isle of Wight and southern
Hampshire showed a strong Frankish and North Sea influence from the mid-fifth century to the late sixth century compared to north German styles found elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England. There is discussion about who crafted the jewellery (found in the
285:
Ship construction in the 2nd or 3rd century adopted the use of iron fastenings, instead of the old sewn fastenings, to hold together the plank built boats of the
Jutland peninsula. This enabled them to build stronger sea going vessels. Vessels going from Jutland to Britain probably would have sailed
880:
is thought to have originated in the
Germanic homelands that were in contact with the Roman Empire, and as such was a response to the Latin alphabet. In fact some of the runes emulated their Latin counterpart. The runic alphabet crossed the sea with the Anglo-Saxons and there have been examples, of
131:
There is no consensus amongst historians on the origins of the Jutes. One hypothesis is that they originated from the
Jutland Peninsula but after a Danish invasion of that area, migrated to the Frisian coast. From the Frisian coast they went on to settle southern Britain in the later fifth century
474:
Although not all historians accept Bede's scheme for the settlement of
Britain into Anglian, Jutish and Saxon areas as perfectly accurate, the archaeological evidence indicates that the peoples of west Kent were culturally distinct from those in the east of Kent, with west Kent sharing the 'Saxon'
117:
Those who came over were of the three most powerful nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the Isle of Wight, and those also in the province of the West Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated opposite to the Isle of
1228:. An analysis of the Kentish dialect by linguists indicates that there was a similarity between Kentish and Frisian. Whether the two can be classed as the same dialect or whether Kentish was a version of Jutish, heavily influenced by Frisian and other dialects, is open to conjecture.
403:. Bede describes how Cædwalla brutally suppressed the South Saxons and attempted to slaughter the Jutes of the Isle of Wight and replace them with people from "his own province", but maintained that he was unable to do so, and Jutes remained a majority on the island.
277:
Before the 7th century, there is a dearth of contemporary written material about the Anglo-Saxons' arrival. Most material that does exist was written several hundred years after the events. The earlier dates for the beginnings of settlement, provided by the
597:. Before abolition in 1925, all land in Kent was presumed to be held by gavelkind until the contrary was proved. The popular reason given for the practice remaining so long, is due to the "Swanscombe Legend", according to this, Kent made a deal with
350:
In the year of our Lord's incarnation 676, when Ethelred, king of the Mercians, ravaged Kent with a powerful army, and profaned churches and monasteries, without regard to religion, or the fear of God, he among the rest destroyed the city of
507:
to Kent, on a mission to convert the Anglo-Saxons, There are suggestions that Æthelberht had already been baptised when he "courteously received" the popes mission. Æthelberht was the first of the Anglo-Saxon rulers to be baptised.
511:
The simplified Christian burial was introduced at this time. Christian graves were usually aligned East to West, whereas with some exceptions pagan burial sites were not. The lack of archaeological grave evidence in the land of the
516:
is seen as supporting the hypothesis that the peoples there would have been Christian Jutes who had migrated from Kent. In contrast to Kent, the Isle of Wight was the last area of Anglo-Saxon England to be evangelised in 686.
889:. However, they ran into problems when they were unable to find a Latin equivalent to some of the Anglo-Saxon phonetics. They overcame this by modifying the Latin alphabet to include some runic characters. This became the
440:
was integrated into Wessex. Cædwalla also invaded Kent and installed his brother Mul as leader. However, it was not long before Mul and twelve others were burnt to death by the Kentishmen. After Cædwalla was superseded by
411:, he also took the Isle of Wight, which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and by cruel slaughter endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof, and to place in their stead people from his own province.."
1224:. It has not been possible to prove whether Jutish has always been a Scandinavian dialect which later became heavily influenced by West Germanic dialects, or whether Jutland was originally part of the West Germanic
613:
The early migrations of Germanic peoples from coastal regions of northern Europe to areas of modern-day England. The settlement regions correspond roughly to later dialect divisions of Old English.
1467:
Keynes and Lapidge posited that Asser incorrectly suggested that the Goths were ethnically the same as the Jutes, when in fact they were not. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described the Jutes as
379:
being issued in their names. Ultimately, Eadric revolted against his uncle and with help from a South Saxon army in about 685, was able to kill Hlothhere, and replace him as ruler of Kent.
3080:
Lavelle, Ryan; Stoodley, Nick (2020). "Costume Groups in Hampshire and Their Bearing on the Question of Jutish Settlement in the Later 5th and 6th Centuries AD". In Alex Langlands (ed.).
1380:
There is no certain evidence for Eadric ruling with his uncle. There is a charter where they are both jointly named but it may just have been a conflation of two earlier separate codes
593:
and this was practised in Kent until the 20th century. The custom of gavelkind was also found in other areas of Jutish settlement. In England and Wales gavelkind was abolished by the
1216:. However, historians are divided on what dialect it would have been and where it originated from. The Jutish peninsula has been seen by historians as a pivotal region between the
289:
It is likely that the Jutes initially inhabited Kent and from there they occupied the Isle of Wight, southern Hampshire and also possibly the area around Hastings in East Sussex (
306:
settle near the existing Romano-British people. The Jutish kingdom in Hampshire that Bede describes has various placenames that identify the locations as Jutish. These include
568:
399:, probably concerned about Mercian and South Saxon influence in Southern England, conquered the land of the South Saxons and took over the Jutish areas in Hampshire and the
1428:
The historian Barbara Yorke, suggests that the Jutish identity may have originated in England, rather than in a specific, identifiable community in continental Europe.
2504:
2701:
2691:
3519:
2297:
2580:
Braunmüller, Kurt (2013). Lars Bisgaard; Lars Bøje Mortensen; Tom Pettitt (eds.). "How Middle Low German entered the Mainland Scandinavian languages".
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provide the names of tribes who settled Britain during the mid-fifth century, and in their combined testimony, the four tribes mentioned are the
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3242:
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3196:
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Hawkins, Jillian (2020). "Words and Swords: People and Power along the Solent in the 5th Century". In Langlands, Alex; Lavelle, Ryan (eds.).
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was founded, around the middle of the 5th century, Roman ways and influences must have still had a strong presence. The Roman settlement of
1393:
was cited in the BBC Radio 4 "Who were the Jutes". Making History Programme 11 (2008), as being the principal advocate for this assertion.
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2467:
Andrzejowski, J. (2019). Cieśliński, A.; Kontny, B. (eds.). "The Gothic migration through Eastern Poland – archaeological evidences".
1345:
The local population of Friesland were subject to flooding from 500BC onwards. Their response was to build artificial mounds known as
594:
3099:
Martin, Kevin M. (1971). "Some Textual Evidence Concerning the Continental Origins of the Invaders of Britain in the Fifth Century".
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were Jutes. According to this hypothesis the Geats resided in southern Sweden and also in Jutland (where Beowulf would have lived).
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The hypothesis resulted in a debate that lasted for over 50 years. However, the current consensus is that Fahlbeck was wrong.
3225:
Smith, R.J. (1998). Utz, Richard; Shippey, Tom (eds.). "The Swanscombe Legend and the Historiography of Kentish Gavelkind".
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Although historians are confident of where the Jutes settled in England, they are divided on where they actually came from.
428:. Aruald's two younger brothers, who were heirs to the throne, escaped from the island but were hunted down and found at
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1200:. Based on Bede's description of where the Jutes settled, Kentish was spoken in what are now the modern-day counties of
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436:. They were killed on Cædwalla's orders. The Isle of Wight was then permanently under West Saxon control and the
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advanced into southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Shortly after he gave the Isle of Wight and Meonwara to
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3632:
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886:
1351:. During the 5th century the population in these areas increased, probably due to people migrating to England.
862:, which comes from the word "juutti", is speculated by some to have had a connection to Jutland or the Jutes.
718:. The Eucii are thought to have been Jutes and may have been the same as a little-documented tribe called the
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The Land of the English Kin. Studies in Wessex and Anglo-Saxon England in Honour of Professor Barbara Yorke
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The Land of the English Kin. Studies in Wessex and Anglo-Saxon England in Honour of Professor Barbara Yorke
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1479:(‘people of the Jutes’) whereas the Old English translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History the Latin
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3537:
2919:. Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 26. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
1309:
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1185:
598:
559:
445:, Kent agreed to pay compensation to Wessex for the death of Mul, but they retained their independence.
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and the Mercians and their control of southern England, put the West Saxons under pressure. Their king
339:
811: (Gotland law) written in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. It says that some inhabitants of
495:, with her across the Channel. Æthelberht rebuilt an old Romano-British structure and dedicated it to
266:(southern Hampshire). In 686 Bede tells us that Jutish Hampshire extended to the western edge of the
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Some ancient sources have suggested that the Franks may have had overlordship of Kent at some point.
893:. The runic characters were eventually replaced by Latin characters by the end of the 14th century.
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starting at min 21:30 of this video. Robin Bush discusses ethnic cleansing issue with Helen Geake
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Hills, Catherine (1979). "The archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England in the pagan period: a review".
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Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole (1990). Sean McGrail (ed.). "Boats and ships of the Angles and Jutes".
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is a saga that charts the history of Gotland prior to Christianity. It is an appendix to the
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during the Migration Period, as part of a larger wave of Germanic migration into Britain.
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In "Interacting Barbarians. Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD"
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Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick (1982). "Anglo-Saxon Kent c 425-725". In Leach, Peter E. (ed.).
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its use, found in Kent. As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were evangelised the script of the
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146:
106:
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East Beach Pond, Selsey, West Sussex An Archaeological Watching Brief for J.A. Pye Ltd
1487:(or "Geats" - the Scandinavian people to whom Beowulf was said to belong) rather than
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DeCamp, David (1958). "The Genesis of the Old English Dialects: A New Hypothesis".
531:
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and before the Norman conquest, people of Germanic descent arrived in England. The
3400:
3061:
Knol, Egge (2010). "Frisia in Carolingian times". In Klasoe, Iben Skibsted (ed.).
168:
provides what historians regard as foundation legends for Anglo-Saxon settlement.
3234:
2856:
2663:
Short Oxford History of the British Isles: After Rome: Conversion to Christianity
1360:
It is likely that the Chichester to Sidlesham Roman Road extended to Selsey Bill.
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4168:
4036:
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2900:. Vol. Research Report Number 48. London: Council for British Archaeology.
2898:
Archaeology in Kent to AD 1500: in memory of Stuart Eborall CBA Research Reports
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The Barbarian North in Medieval Imagination: Ethnicity, Legend, and Literature
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However, the tribal names possibly were confused in the above sources in both
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Campbell, James; John, John; Wormald, Patrick (1991). Campbell, James (ed.).
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characteristics of its neighbours in the south east of England. Brooches and
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coast had been a trading area since Roman times. The old Roman roads between
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Alfred the Great, Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources
2546:. Rearch Report. Vol. 29. London: The Council for British Archaeology.
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807:
786:(Chapter 2) identifies the Jutes with the Goths (in a passage claiming that
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476:
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In Kent, Eadric was for a time co-ruler alongside his uncle Hlothhere with
331:
212:
180:
105:, they were one of the three most powerful Germanic nations, along with the
31:
3398:
Welch, Martin (1978). "Early Anglo-Saxon Sussex". In Brandon, Peter (ed.).
3328:. Translated by Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson – via
2873:
2507:. Making History Programme 11. (10 June 2008). BBC Radio 4. Archived from
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Welch, M. (2007). "Anglo-Saxon Kent to AD 800". In Williams, J.H. (ed.).
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2695:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 609.
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and in the letter claimed that he had lordship over a nation called the
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whereby he would allow them to keep local customs in return for peace.
24:
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Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman
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allowing Bertha to continue practising her Christian faith. In 597
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3364:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 53.
3298:
Stuhmiller, Jacqueline (1999). "On the Identity of the "Eotenas"".
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3141:, Report 02/91, Reading: Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd
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Some have described this act as "ethnic cleansing". The historian
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had been ruler since 673/4. He must have come into conflict with
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3084:. Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 26. Brill.
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of the Franks. The Euthiones were located somewhere in northern
343:
204:
102:
20:
3501:
2582:
Guilds, Towns, and Cultural Transmission in the North 1300–1500
2661:
Charles-Edwards, Thomas (2003). Thomas Charles-Edwards (ed.).
2544:
Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 : essays for Eric Holden
2542:
Bell, Martin (1978). "Saxon Sussex". In Drewett, P. L. (ed.).
1653:
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The language that the Anglo-Saxon settlers spoke is known as
64:
2684:
1316:
was slain in the New Forest and that in the English tongue (
407:"After Cædwalla had possessed himself of the kingdom of the
270:; however, that seems to include another Jutish people, the
16:
North Sea Germanic ethnic group from the Jutlandic peninsula
1755:
1753:
491:. Bertha was already a Christian and had brought a bishop,
23:. For the modern inhabitants of the Jutland Peninsula, see
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For example, in the area of East Sussex that became the
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were found in the 19th century near Willenberg, Prussia.
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became Canterbury. The people of Kent were described as
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1994:
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2702:"On the alleged Frankish origin of the Hastings tribe"
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1953:
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Old English Heroic Poems and the Social Life of Texts
2533:. Translated by Jane, L.C.; Sellar, A.M. – via
819:. Large burial sites attributable to either Goths or
738:, an area of the European mainland opposite to Kent.
179:
in the year 449 were invited to Sub-Roman Britain by
79:
70:
67:
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3808:
3598:
3552:
3252:Smith, R. A. (1937). "Jutish Ornaments From Kent".
1969:
1570:
794:, from the ruling dynasty of the Jutish kingdom of
756:The evidence adduced for this hypothesis includes:
3399:
1911:
1909:
749:, suggested by Pontus Fahlbeck in 1884, that the
2584:. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
1732:
3464:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
3165:Niles, John D.; Bjork, Robert E., eds. (1997).
2884:. Maidstone, Kent: Kent Archaeological Society.
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681:a tribe who possibly developed into the Jutes.
405:
391:was in the ascendant, the alliance between the
348:
115:
30:"Jutish" redirects here. For the language, see
1618:
1184:. There are four main dialectal forms, namely
3513:
2646:Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend
2321:
2309:
2151:
684:The Jutes have also been identified with the
487:arrived in Kent around 580 to marry the king
8:
2863:. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. – via
2781:(2). Linguistic Society of America: 232–44.
2700:Coates, Richard (1979). Bedwin, Owen (ed.).
2528:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2336:
1415:and was occupied by the people known as the
845:passage) are clearly distinguished from the
692:) involved in the Frisian conflict with the
3544:origin primarily identified as speakers of
2438:
1252:
902:(also called uppercase or capital letters)
722:. The Euthiones are mentioned in a poem by
3520:
3506:
3498:
2269:
2218:
710:, king of the Franks wrote to the Emperor
1040:(also called lowercase or small letters)
3001:History of the Vikings and Norse Culture
2984:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2399:
2293:
2163:
1786:
1657:
895:
760:primary sources referring to the Geats (
4585:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
3065:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
3046:(Revised ed.). London: Routledge.
2942:. Cambridge University Press: 297–329.
2426:
2387:
2348:
2206:
1822:
1810:
1642:
1558:
1521:
1237:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
726:(583) as being under the suzerainty of
150:A map of Jutish settlements in Britain
3124:. Vol. 1. London: Phoenix House.
2737:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
2450:
2182:
1981:
1744:
1696:
1539:
2360:
2281:
2194:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2010:
1998:
1957:
1900:
1888:
1873:
1861:
1837:
1798:
1774:
1759:
1708:
1669:
1630:
1606:
1594:
1582:
426:Aruald, the king of the Isle of Wight
183:to assist his forces in fighting the
7:
3306:(1). Modern Language Society: 7–14.
2874:"Notes on the Runic Moments of Kent"
2411:
2230:
2091:
2076:
1942:
1927:
1849:
1720:
1681:
1300:meaning "Jute", i.e. "of the Jutes".
416:
356:
123:
3258:. 11 (#2) (2). The British Museum.
3027:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
2967:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2835:Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1990).
2756:Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons
2490:. Bognor Regis: The Arundel Press.
2257:
1915:
790:was descended, through his mother,
1320:) the term for the New Forest was
595:Administration of Estates Act 1925
338:, because in 676 the Mercian king
227:(leaving their original homeland,
14:
3423:The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800
2709:Sussex Archaeological Collections
2644:Chambers, Raymond Wilson (1912).
2563:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
1970:Campbell, John & Wormald 1991
1571:Campbell, John & Wormald 1991
1333:One notable exception is that of
467:, a Germanised form of the Latin
142:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
4608:
4607:
3169:. Exeter: University of Exeter.
2887:
2726:
1318:Nova Foresta que lingua Anglorum
605:Homeland and historical accounts
567:
547:
524:
326:Mercian and South Saxon takeover
250:(Isle of Wight) and a man named
57:
47:, possible homeland of the Jutes
4590:Christianization of Scandinavia
3445:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages
3281:Anglo-Saxon England 3rd edition
2980:Jones, Michael E. (1998).
837:(late 7th – 10th century). The
764:) by alternative names such as
187:. They landed at Wippidsfleet (
4639:Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England
4580:Christianization of the Franks
3653:Continental Germanic mythology
2739:. Cambridge University Press.
2648:. Cambridge University Press.
677:refers to a people called the
342:invaded Kent and according to
136:Settlement in southern Britain
1:
3300:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen
2804:"Cross-Channel language ties"
3383:. London: English Heritage.
3279:Stenton, F. M. (1971).
3255:The British Museum Quarterly
3235:10.1484/M.MMAGES-EB.4.000057
3229:. Turnhout: Brooks: 85–103.
2965:Pre-Feudal England:the Jutes
2758:. CBA Research Report (71).
2486:Barr-Hamilton, Alex (1953).
887:Irish Christian missionaries
158:During the period after the
4595:Christianization of Iceland
3063:Viking trade and Settlement
3021:; Lapidge, Michael (1983).
2837:The ending of Roman Britain
2243:Lavelle & Stoodley 2020
831:(8th – 11th centuries) and
585:The Jutes used a system of
175:describes how the brothers
160:Roman occupation of Britain
4667:
3406:. Chichester: Phillimore.
3339:Uusi suomalainen nimikirja
3044:The Earliest English Kings
3003:. Spangenhelm Publishing.
2715:. Lewes, Sussex: 263–264.
1573:, p. 20 & p. 240.
1036:
898:
891:Old English Latin alphabet
869:
139:
29:
19:For the coarse fibre, see
18:
4603:
3535:
2948:10.1017/S0263675100003112
2872:Haigh, Daniel H. (1872).
2858:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2820:10.1017/S0263675100000545
2322:Keynes & Lapidge 1983
2310:Keynes & Lapidge 1983
1222:Western Germanic dialects
558:to Kent's agreement with
3833:North Germanic languages
3818:Germanic parent language
3362:Society and Legal Change
3337:Vilkuna, Kustaa (1988).
3120:Margary, Ivan D (1955).
2982:The End of Roman Britain
2963:Jolliffe, J E A (1933).
2471:. University of Warsaw.
798:, on the Isle of Wight).
700:in the Old English poem
303:Chichester to Winchester
299:Sidlesham and Chichester
3838:West Germanic languages
3828:East Germanic languages
3823:Proto-Germanic language
3643:Proto-Germanic folklore
3580:Romano-Germanic culture
3462:Yorke, Barbara (1990).
3425:. Kent County Council.
3148:The English Settlements
2735:Crystal, David (1987).
2692:Encyclopædia Britannica
2608:Oxford University Press
2312:, pp. 229–230 n.8.
1278:
1270:
872:Anglo-Frisian languages
4644:Early Germanic peoples
3492:, season 9, episode 13
3379:Welch, Martin (1992).
3210:. Taylor and Francis.
3146:Myers, J.N.L. (1989).
3122:Roman roads in Britain
2270:Niles & Bjork 1997
1504:in Poland, after 1945.
1262:
1253:
1248:
614:
483:The Frankish princess
460:Durovernum Cantiacorum
449:Influences and culture
422:
362:
155:
129:
89:tribes who settled in
48:
3648:Anglo-Saxon mythology
3538:Ethnolinguistic group
3447:. London: Routledge.
3360:Watson, Alan (2001).
3137:Moore, Helen (2002),
3042:Kirby, D. H. (2000).
2878:Archaeologia Cantiana
2839:. London: Routledge.
1733:Crumlin-Pedersen 1990
1310:Florence of Worcester
638:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
612:
599:William the Conqueror
574:Augustine's grave at
560:William the Conqueror
280:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
236:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
173:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
165:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
149:
42:
3206:Rix, Robert (2015).
2999:Kane, Njord (2019).
2854:Giles, J.A. (1914).
2802:Derolez, R. (1974).
2561:Blair, John (2006).
2505:"Who were the Jutes"
2376:Charles-Edwards 2003
2104:Charles-Edwards 2003
1475:(dative plural) and
866:Language and writing
724:Venantius Fortunatus
696:as described in the
673:The Roman historian
587:partible inheritance
576:St Augustine's Abbey
538:, Kent. Part of the
370:Æthelwealh of Sussex
4575:Gothic Christianity
3381:Anglo-Saxon England
2936:Anglo-Saxon England
2808:Anglo-Saxon England
2629:. London: Penguin.
2604:Old English Grammar
2363:, pp. 164–270.
2339:, pp. 227–239.
2272:, pp. 213–214.
2260:, pp. 197–199.
2154:, pp. 130–135.
2052:, pp. 297–329.
1762:, pp. 144–149.
1747:, pp. 263–264.
1660:, pp. 231–241.
1619:Esmonde Cleary 1990
1226:dialectal continuum
626:Constantius of Lyon
383:West Saxon invasion
262:as founders of the
246:as founders of the
3958:Germani cisrhenani
3666:Funerary practices
3570:Pre-Roman Iron Age
3546:Germanic languages
3167:A Beowulf Handbook
2600:Campbell, Alistair
2453:, pp. 232–44.
2197:, pp. 85–103.
2152:Barr-Hamilton 1953
2106:, pp. 128–29.
1735:, pp. 98–116.
1542:, pp. 83–104.
1500:Willenberg became
885:was introduced by
698:Finnesburg episode
615:
489:Æthelberht of Kent
366:Wulfhere of Mercia
156:
85:) were one of the
49:
4621:
4620:
3793:Gothic and Vandal
3585:Germanic Iron Age
3560:Nordic Bronze Age
3542:Northern European
3466:. London: Seaby.
3432:978-0-85115-580-7
3352:978-951-1-08948-3
3290:978-0-19-280139-5
3244:978-2-503-50166-6
3217:978-1-138-82086-9
3198:978-2-503-52080-3
3176:978-0-85989-543-9
3091:978-90-04-42189-9
3072:978-87-635-0531-4
3053:978-0-415-24211-0
3010:978-1-943066-29-2
2991:978-0-8014-8530-5
2926:978-90-04-42189-9
2672:978-0-19-924982-4
2591:978-87-7674-557-8
2572:978-0-19-921117-3
2478:978-83-66210-06-6
2441:, pp. 52–72.
2337:Andrzejowski 2019
2130:, pp. 74–76.
2064:, pp. 70–71.
2040:, pp. 51–52.
2028:, pp. 26–27.
2013:, pp. 39–41.
1972:, pp. 38–44.
1903:, pp. 97–99.
1891:, pp. 29–30.
1840:, pp. 37–39.
1825:, pp. 67–69.
1813:, pp. 72–76.
1789:, pp. 90–97.
1723:, pp. 43–45.
1684:, pp. 64–69.
1178:
1177:
620:The chroniclers,
389:Kingdom of Wessex
387:In the 680s, the
254:and his two sons
215:; and the Angles
177:Hengist and Horsa
45:Jutland Peninsula
4656:
4611:
4610:
4567:Christianization
4157:Ripuarian Franks
3529:Germanic peoples
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3477:
3458:
3436:
3417:
3405:
3402:The South Saxons
3394:
3375:
3356:
3333:
3327:
3319:Tacitus (1876).
3315:
3294:
3275:
3248:
3221:
3202:
3180:
3161:
3142:
3133:
3116:
3095:
3076:
3057:
3038:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2959:
2930:
2911:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2868:
2862:
2850:
2831:
2798:
2769:
2750:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2706:
2696:
2688:
2676:
2657:
2640:
2627:The Anglo-Saxons
2621:
2595:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2499:
2482:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2439:Braunmüller 2013
2436:
2430:
2429:, pp. 1–14.
2424:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2298:English Language
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2245:, p. 70-94.
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:, pp. 7–14.
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1633:, AD 514 to 534.
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1537:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1413:Rape of Hastings
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1312:talks about how
1307:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1256:
1242:
896:
788:Alfred the Great
642:Alfred the Great
571:
551:
528:
453:When the Jutish
424:Cædwalla killed
420:
360:
127:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4599:
4561:
3842:
3804:
3766:Gothic alphabet
3658:Norse mythology
3594:
3548:
3531:
3526:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3461:
3455:
3439:
3433:
3420:
3414:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3372:
3359:
3353:
3336:
3318:
3297:
3291:
3283:. Oxford: OUP.
3278:
3264:10.2307/4421928
3251:
3245:
3224:
3218:
3205:
3199:
3191:. Brepols N.V.
3183:
3177:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3136:
3119:
3098:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3060:
3054:
3041:
3035:
3017:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2979:
2962:
2933:
2927:
2914:
2908:
2895:
2886:
2871:
2853:
2847:
2834:
2801:
2772:
2766:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2725:
2704:
2699:
2679:
2673:
2665:. Oxford: OUP.
2660:
2643:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2565:. Oxford: OUP.
2560:
2554:
2541:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2511:on 13 June 2020
2502:
2488:In Saxon Sussex
2485:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2219:Stuhmiller 1999
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1546:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1483:is rendered as
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1294:genitive plural
1288:
1284:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1038:Minuscule forms
900:Majuscule forms
874:
868:
817:mainland Europe
636:, and also the
607:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
572:
564:
563:
552:
544:
543:
529:
455:kingdom of Kent
451:
421:
415:
385:
361:
355:
328:
144:
138:
128:
122:
101:. According to
80:
60:
56:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4224:Thracian Goths
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Roman Iron Age
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3484:
3483:External links
3481:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3459:
3453:
3441:Yorke, Barbara
3437:
3431:
3418:
3412:
3395:
3389:
3376:
3370:
3357:
3351:
3341:(in Finnish).
3334:
3316:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3249:
3243:
3222:
3216:
3203:
3197:
3185:Niles, John D.
3181:
3175:
3162:
3156:
3143:
3134:
3117:
3096:
3090:
3077:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3039:
3033:
3015:
3009:
2996:
2990:
2977:
2960:
2931:
2925:
2912:
2906:
2893:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2832:
2799:
2787:10.2307/410826
2770:
2764:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2697:
2683:, ed. (1911).
2681:Chisholm, Hugh
2677:
2671:
2658:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2521:
2500:
2483:
2477:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2390:, p. 203.
2380:
2378:, p. 193.
2365:
2353:
2351:, Juutilainen.
2341:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2286:
2284:, p. 135.
2274:
2262:
2247:
2235:
2233:, p. 441.
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2172:
2156:
2144:
2142:, p. 167.
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 209.
1986:
1974:
1962:
1947:
1932:
1920:
1905:
1893:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1764:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1686:
1674:
1672:, p. 132.
1662:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1621:, p. 171.
1611:
1599:
1597:, p. 190.
1587:
1575:
1563:
1544:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1460:
1451:
1430:
1421:
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1382:
1373:
1362:
1353:
1338:
1326:
1302:
1282:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1146:
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1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
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1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
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1048:
1042:
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1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
903:
883:Latin alphabet
878:runic alphabet
867:
864:
825:
824:
799:
784:Life of Alfred
777:
606:
603:
573:
566:
565:
553:
546:
545:
540:British Museum
530:
523:
522:
521:
520:
519:
501:Pope Gregory I
450:
447:
413:
384:
381:
353:
327:
324:
137:
134:
120:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4662:
4661:
4650:
4647:
4645:
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4640:
4637:
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4629:
4614:
4606:
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4309:
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4299:
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4294:
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4264:
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4239:
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4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Crimean Goths
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
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4162:Salian Franks
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
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4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
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4018:
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4010:
4008:
4005:
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3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
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3874:
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3869:
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3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
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3631:
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3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3600:Early culture
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3473:1-85264-027-8
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3454:0-415-16639-X
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3413:0-85033-240-0
3409:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3390:0-7134-6566-2
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3371:1-56639-919-X
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3157:0-19-282235-7
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:(1): 83–104.
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3034:0-14-044409-2
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:Keynes, Simon
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2907:0-906780-18-7
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2846:0-389-20893-0
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2765:0-906780-93-4
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2746:0-521-26438-3
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2686:"Jutes"
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2636:0-14-014395-5
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2617:0-19-811943-7
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2553:0-900312-67-X
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:Bede (1910).
2522:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:Campbell 1959
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:, p. 68 Ch 2.
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:Chisholm 1911
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 53.
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:Chisholm 1911
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:, p. 28.
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:, p. 67.
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:, p. 66.
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:, p. 99.
1875:
1870:
1867:
1864:, p. 97.
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Jolliffe 1933
1783:
1780:
1777:, p. 34.
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1699:, p. 65.
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:Chambers 1912
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:, p. 23.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1585:, p. 71.
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1561:, p. 14.
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:Iutarum natio
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:William Rufus
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Isle of Wight
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
873:
865:
863:
861:
860:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
757:
754:
752:
748:
743:
739:
737:
734:, modern day
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Saxones Eucii
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
577:
570:
561:
557:
550:
541:
537:
533:
527:
518:
515:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:
456:
448:
446:
444:
443:Ine of Wessex
439:
435:
431:
427:
418:
412:
410:
404:
402:
401:Isle of Wight
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
373:
371:
367:
358:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
231:, deserted).
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Isle of Wight
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
166:
161:
153:
148:
143:
135:
133:
125:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:Great Britain
88:
84:
83:
75:
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
4275:
3893:Anglo-Saxons
3883:Adrabaecampi
3866:Bucinobantes
3608:Architecture
3489:
3463:
3444:
3422:
3401:
3380:
3361:
3338:
3322:
3303:
3299:
3280:
3253:
3226:
3207:
3188:
3166:
3147:
3138:
3121:
3104:
3100:
3081:
3062:
3043:
3023:
3000:
2981:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2916:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2857:
2836:
2811:
2807:
2778:
2774:
2755:
2736:
2712:
2708:
2690:
2662:
2645:
2626:
2603:
2581:
2562:
2543:
2527:
2515:12 September
2513:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2503:BBC (2008).
2487:
2468:
2446:
2434:
2427:Derolez 1974
2407:
2402:, p. 4.
2395:
2388:Crystal 1987
2383:
2356:
2349:Vilkuna 1988
2344:
2317:
2305:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2207:Tacitus 1876
2202:
2190:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2006:
1977:
1965:
1923:
1896:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1823:Hawkins 2020
1818:
1811:Margary 1955
1806:
1801:, p. 2.
1794:
1782:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1711:, p. 5.
1704:
1677:
1665:
1643:Stenton 1971
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1559:Stenton 1971
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1433:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1240:
1190:Northumbrian
1179:
875:
857:
851:
846:
838:
832:
828:
826:
806:
783:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
744:
740:
719:
715:
701:
689:
685:
683:
678:
672:
665:
661:
655:
649:
637:
619:
616:
584:
554:Monument in
532:Quoit brooch
513:
510:
482:
473:
468:
464:
458:
452:
437:
423:
406:
393:South Saxons
386:
374:
363:
349:
329:
319:
311:
288:
284:
279:
276:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
203:; the Jutes
172:
170:
163:
157:
151:
130:
116:
52:
50:
36:
4333:Nahanarvali
4256:Hilleviones
4169:Frisiavones
4037:Cananefates
4027:Burgundians
3938:Banochaemae
3788:Anglo-Saxon
3739:Anglo-Saxon
3705:Anglo-Saxon
3688:Anglo-Saxon
3671:Anglo-Saxon
2451:DeCamp 1958
2183:Watson 2001
1982:Hawkes 1982
1745:Coates 1979
1697:Hawkes 1982
1540:Martin 1971
1417:Haestingas
1275:Old English
1208:, southern
1182:Old English
859:Juutilainen
745:There is a
728:Chilperic I
542:collection.
316:Meon Valley
308:Bishopstoke
238:also lists
225:Northumbria
217:East Anglia
4649:Ingaevones
4628:Categories
4552:Vinoviloth
4340:Marcomanni
4323:Helveconae
4301:Heaðobards
4271:Istvaeones
4261:Ingaevones
4246:Hermunduri
4214:Ostrogoths
4204:Greuthungi
4082:Chattuarii
3908:Angrivarii
3903:Ampsivarii
3871:Lentienses
3700:Literature
3590:Viking Age
3330:Wikisource
2865:Wikisource
2606:. Oxford:
2535:Wikisource
2361:Haigh 1872
2282:Niles 2007
2195:Smith 1998
2140:Blair 2006
2128:Welch 1992
2116:Kirby 2000
2062:Blair 2006
2050:Hills 1979
2038:Smith 1937
2026:Yorke 1990
2011:Blair 2006
1999:Welch 2007
1958:Yorke 1995
1901:Kirby 2000
1889:Yorke 1990
1874:Kirby 2000
1862:Kirby 2000
1838:Yorke 1995
1799:Moore 2002
1775:Welch 1978
1760:Myers 1989
1709:Myers 1989
1670:Yorke 1990
1631:Giles 1914
1607:Giles 1914
1595:Welch 2007
1583:Jones 1998
1512:References
1391:Robin Bush
1194:West Saxon
870:See also:
747:hypothesis
708:Theudebert
556:Swanscombe
514:Haestingas
477:bracteates
377:a law code
314:) and the
291:Haestingas
268:New Forest
140:See also:
93:after the
4547:Vidivarii
4542:Victohali
4532:Vangiones
4465:Thuringii
4370:Nuithones
4266:Irminones
4229:Visigoths
4219:Thervingi
4179:Gambrivii
4132:Dulgubnii
4127:Dauciones
4077:Chasuarii
4017:Brondings
3943:Bastarnae
3933:Baiuvarii
3913:Armalausi
3876:Raetovari
3810:Languages
3778:Symbology
3638:Folklore
3633:Festivals
3490:Time Team
3130:635211506
2973:463240172
2721:0143-8204
2654:459182809
2496:560026643
2412:Bede 1910
2231:Kane 2019
2209:, Ch. XL.
2092:Bede 1910
2077:Bede 1910
1943:Bede 1910
1928:Bede 1910
1850:Bede 1910
1721:Knol 2010
1682:Bell 1978
1609:, AD 449.
1517:Citations
1477:Iutna cyn
1445:, Jutes,
1437:English:
1267:Old Norse
1210:Hampshire
815:left for
720:Euthiones
712:Justinian
622:Procopius
591:gavelkind
589:known as
534:found in
505:Augustine
497:St Martin
465:Cantawara
434:Hampshire
417:Bede 1910
357:Bede 1910
351:Rochester
332:Hlothhere
330:In Kent,
312:Ytingstoc
213:Hampshire
189:Ebbsfleet
181:Vortigern
124:Bede 1910
95:departure
32:Jutlandic
4613:Category
4520:Hasdingi
4505:Usipetes
4485:Tubantes
4470:Toxandri
4450:Tencteri
4425:Suarines
4410:Sicambri
4405:Semnones
4385:Reudigni
4355:Mattiaci
4345:Marsacii
4296:Lombards
4286:Lacringi
4281:Juthungi
4112:Corconti
4097:Cherusci
4072:Charudes
4052:Chaedini
4022:Bructeri
4007:Bateinoi
3978:Eburones
3973:Condrusi
3968:Caeroesi
3963:Atuatuci
3898:Ambrones
3861:Brisgavi
3856:Alemanni
3734:Paganism
3623:Clothing
3618:Calendar
3565:Germania
3443:(1995).
3323:Germania
3312:43315276
3187:(2007).
3113:41527856
2956:44510725
2828:44510645
2814:: 1–14.
2775:Language
2602:(1959).
2258:Rix 2015
2094:, 1.XXV.
1916:BBC 2008
1502:Wielbark
1491:"Jutes".
1447:Frisians
1220:and the
1218:Northern
1212:and the
856:surname
841:(in the
808:Guta Lag
803:Gutasaga
796:Wihtwara
736:Flanders
679:Eudoses,
632:, Bede,
493:Liudhard
469:Cantiaci
438:Meonwara
430:Stoneham
414:—
409:Gewissae
397:Cædwalla
354:—
340:Æthelred
264:Meonwara
260:Maeglaof
248:Wihtwara
121:—
109:and the
87:Germanic
4537:Varisci
4525:Silingi
4515:Vandals
4490:Tulingi
4480:Triboci
4475:Treveri
4455:Teutons
4445:Taifals
4420:Sitones
4360:Nemetes
4318:Helisii
4291:Lemovii
4209:Gutones
4142:Firaesi
4137:Favonae
4117:Cugerni
4107:Cobandi
4062:Chamavi
4057:Chaemae
4047:Casuari
4042:Caritni
4012:Betasii
3983:Paemani
3918:Auiones
3783:Warfare
3761:Scripts
3729:Numbers
3553:History
3272:4421928
3101:Latomus
2460:Sources
1945:, 4.16.
1930:, 4.15.
1852:, 4.13.
1292:is the
1198:Kentish
1186:Mercian
854:Finnish
834:Widsith
829:Beowulf
813:Gotland
792:Osburga
782:in his
732:Francia
703:Beowulf
690:ēotenas
686:Eotenas
675:Tacitus
657:Saxones
634:Nennius
364:In 681
320:Ytedene
240:Wihtgar
97:of the
25:Jutland
4557:Warini
4510:Vagoth
4495:Tungri
4460:Thelir
4440:Swedes
4435:Sunici
4400:Saxons
4395:Rugini
4328:Manimi
4313:Diduni
4251:Heruli
4189:Gepids
4174:Frisii
4152:Franks
4102:Cimbri
4092:Chauci
4087:Chatti
4000:Nervii
3995:Morini
3953:Belgae
3948:Batavi
3923:Avarpi
3888:Angles
3848:Groups
3798:Viking
3744:Gothic
3722:Gothic
3628:Family
3470:
3451:
3429:
3410:
3387:
3368:
3349:
3325:
3310:
3287:
3270:
3241:
3214:
3195:
3173:
3154:
3128:
3111:
3088:
3069:
3050:
3031:
3007:
2988:
2971:
2954:
2923:
2904:
2860:
2843:
2826:
2795:410826
2793:
2762:
2743:
2719:
2669:
2652:
2633:
2614:
2588:
2569:
2550:
2530:
2494:
2475:
2414:, 2.5.
2168:Sussex
2079:, 2.2.
1485:Gēatas
1443:Saxons
1439:Angles
1348:terpen
1335:Gildas
1259:Danish
1206:Surrey
847:Geatas
821:Gepids
772:, and
762:Geátas
667:Frisii
630:Gildas
485:Bertha
419:, 4.16
359:, 1.15
336:Mercia
295:Solent
229:Angeln
221:Mercia
207:, the
201:Wessex
197:Sussex
126:, 1.15
118:Wight.
111:Saxons
107:Angles
99:Romans
4634:Jutes
4430:Suebi
4415:Sciri
4390:Rugii
4380:Quadi
4365:Njars
4350:Marsi
4308:Lugii
4276:Jutes
4241:Harii
4236:Gutes
4194:Goths
4184:Geats
4122:Danes
4067:Chali
3988:Segni
3928:Baemi
3771:Runes
3756:Rings
3749:Norse
3717:Names
3710:Norse
3693:Norse
3676:Norse
3343:Otava
3308:JSTOR
3268:JSTOR
3109:JSTOR
2952:JSTOR
2824:JSTOR
2791:JSTOR
2705:(PDF)
1481:Iutis
1473:Iutum
1469:Iotum
1322:Ytene
1290:Ytene
1279:Ēotas
1271:Jótar
1263:Jyder
1245:Latin
1232:Notes
839:Eoten
780:Asser
774:Eotas
770:Iótas
766:Iútan
751:Geats
694:Danes
662:Iutae
651:Angli
646:Asser
536:Sarre
503:sent
272:Ytene
256:Bieda
193:Essex
185:Picts
152:circa
81:JOOTS
53:Jutes
4500:Ubii
4147:Fosi
4032:Buri
3468:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3171:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3126:OCLC
3086:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3029:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2969:OCLC
2921:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2717:ISSN
2667:ISBN
2650:OCLC
2631:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2517:2020
2492:OCLC
2473:ISBN
1489:Ēote
1254:Iutæ
1249:Iuti
1202:Kent
1196:and
876:The
852:The
843:Finn
801:the
664:and
644:and
344:Bede
301:and
258:and
252:Port
244:Stuf
242:and
234:The
223:and
211:and
205:Kent
199:and
171:The
103:Bede
51:The
43:The
21:Jute
4375:Osi
3683:Law
3613:Art
3540:of
3304:100
3260:doi
3231:doi
2944:doi
2816:doi
2783:doi
2713:117
1471:or
1296:of
1251:or
322:).
154:575
4630::
3345:.
3302:.
3266:.
3237:.
3150:.
3105:30
3103:.
2950:.
2938:.
2880:.
2876:.
2822:.
2810:.
2806:.
2789:.
2779:34
2777:.
2711:.
2707:.
2689:.
2610:.
2419:^
2368:^
2329:^
2296:,
2250:^
2175:^
2166:,
2084:^
2069:^
2018:^
1989:^
1950:^
1935:^
1908:^
1881:^
1830:^
1767:^
1752:^
1689:^
1650:^
1547:^
1524:^
1441:,
1324:.
1298:Yt
1277::
1273:;
1269::
1265:;
1261::
1257:;
1247::
1204:,
1192:,
1188:,
849:.
768:,
706:.
670:.
660:,
654:,
640:,
628:,
624:,
471:.
432:,
372:.
346::
219:,
195:,
113::
65:uː
62:dʒ
3660:)
3521:e
3514:t
3507:v
3476:.
3457:.
3435:.
3416:.
3393:.
3374:.
3355:.
3332:.
3314:.
3293:.
3274:.
3262::
3247:.
3233::
3220:.
3201:.
3179:.
3160:.
3132:.
3115:.
3094:.
3075:.
3056:.
3037:.
3013:.
2994:.
2975:.
2958:.
2946::
2940:8
2929:.
2910:.
2882:8
2867:.
2849:.
2830:.
2818::
2812:3
2797:.
2785::
2768:.
2749:.
2723:.
2675:.
2656:.
2639:.
2620:.
2594:.
2575:.
2556:.
2537:.
2519:.
2498:.
2481:.
2300:.
2170:.
1918:.
1449:.
1419:.
1173:y
1168:x
1163:w
1161:/
1159:ƿ
1154:u
1149:þ
1144:t
1139:ſ
1137:/
1135:s
1130:r
1125:p
1120:o
1115:n
1110:m
1105:l
1100:i
1095:h
1090:g
1088:/
1086:ᵹ
1081:f
1076:e
1071:ð
1066:d
1061:c
1056:b
1051:æ
1046:a
1031:Y
1026:X
1021:W
1019:/
1017:Ƿ
1012:U
1007:Þ
1002:T
997:S
992:R
987:P
982:O
977:N
972:M
967:L
962:I
957:H
952:G
950:/
948:Ᵹ
943:F
938:E
933:Ð
928:D
923:C
918:B
913:Æ
908:A
776:.
688:(
578:.
562:.
318:(
310:(
74:/
71:s
68:t
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27:.
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