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419:. Adapting to these challenges, Shantz rebuilt his father's water-powered sawmill completely shortly after taking it over. When the rebuilding was complete, the mill was valued at C£150 and was said to produce 200,000 board feet (470 m) of lumber per year, while employing two workmen. The older Schneider mill, in contrast, was valued at C£200, but produced only 100,000 board feet (240 m) of lumber per year, and only employed one workman. Shantz also purchased several
279:), where he held a succession of civic roles over a period of almost three decades, culminating in a term as mayor in 1882. Over the span of his life, Berlin was transformed from a rural agricultural settlement known as Ebytown into a bustling manufacturing centre; this was a change mirrored by Shantz, who began his adult life as a farmer and sawmiller, and ended it as a prominent local industrialist.
694:. In 1871, the company had a workforce of twenty-seven people, who were mostly women and children. Shantz's original seven-year contract with Vogelsang expired in 1875, and Shantz took the factory for himself, with Vogelsang having a new button factory built on Queen Street South. Shantz, now around sixty years old, involved his sons in the management of the business, especially
690:. This was the first button factory in Canada. Vogelsang soon formed another partnership to help with the construction of a new factory, this time with John Jacob Woelfle, and the two partners awarded Shantz a $ 20,000 contract for the construction of their factory. Only seven months later, Shantz purchased Woelfle's share of the company, marking his entry into the
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at a time during the winter, when less labour was required on farms. As his brothers reached adulthood, they dispersed to carve out their own farms from the heavily forested wilderness of the German
Company Tract. Jacob's eldest brother, Isaac, was married at eighteen to Catharine Clemens and started his own farm across the
802:
634:. As early as 1859, Shantz had been a supporter of a central farmers' market in Berlin, but the village council at the time was not ready to act. Soon after it was constructed, the building was quickly outgrown, with the market relocating to a new dedicated building in 1872; it would gradually evolve into the
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Little was recorded about Shantz's childhood, but it was likely typical for the children of pioneer families in the area at the time. Pioneer youths were usually kept busy with farm duties such as carrying water, caring for animals, and chopping wood. Shantz received a basic education several months
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which was located on the corner of the first floor. It soon spread to other parts of the first floor, as well as the upper floors. By the time the fire was discovered and firefighting equipment had arrived, the building was lost, and all efforts were focused on preventing the fire from spreading to
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similar to one he had operated in his homeland. Shantz offered
Rickermann relatively generous terms for the construction of the windmill, and only took a minimal upfront payment. This began a short-lived venture in grist milling, a first for Berlin, as well as the construction of its first and only
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which would direct factory discharge water away from Shantz's own
Canadian Block, whose major tenant at the time was a village councillor. The newspaper article argued that the drain would primarily be for Shantz' benefit, and "'suspicious transactions' were implied." Little came of this, however.
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As Jacob's older brothers left home and cleared their land for farming, he accompanied them to help maintain their camps and assist in clearing; by fifteen, he was highly skilled at the felling of timber. On his twenty-first birthday, Jacob married his cousin, Barbara Biehn, and soon took over his
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Also in 1861, Shantz took a major step in developing his own real estate projects when he bought property at the corner of King Street and
Foundry Street near the centre of Berlin's growing downtown. On this site, he constructed the Canadian Block. While it was not Berlin's first large commercial
526:
recalled eating bread baked from the first flour produced by the mill, and that the quality of flour was claimed to be particularly fine. In
October 1861, Rickermann purchased the windmill and the land it sat upon outright from Shantz, but later sold it to a man named August or Augustus Boehm in
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per year for his work and the value of his lumber. This was significant in helping to create a unified settlement out of the initial cluster of farmsteads and businesses strung out along King Street and in the surrounding area. During the 1850s, Shantz also periodically acted as the village
447:, and Frederick Street. The sidewalks were constructed out of pine lumber to a standard width of 6 feet (1.8 m) for secondary streets and 7 feet (2.1 m) on King Street. Shantz spent the next several years building numerous additional sidewalks in the village, receiving hundreds of
30:
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was permitted as a means for the community to help bear the burdens of the individual. Ontario
Mennonites had generally discussed provisions for fire assistance in the past, but no concrete actions had been taken. However, within a month of the fire, the Mennonite ministers and
410:
Soon, Shantz became involved in the transformation of
Ebytown, a rural village, into "Busy Berlin", a growing industrial town. Timber sources around the town became scarce as it developed, weakening the local lumber business. Local sawmills also began to be out-competed by
591:
nearby buildings, such as Jacob
Hoffman's factory on the other side of Foundry Street. Notable losses from the fire included Heinrich Bachmann's photography studio, J. Webster Hancock's law office on the second floor (including all books and documents), and the
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parents' farm. He later took over the management of his father's sawmill, likely sometime between 1845 and 1851, which "launched entrepreneurial and civic career." The legal transfer of ownership of the mill did not occur until the senior Jacob died in 1867.
572:" debut. As he became increasingly more involved in the business and governance of the village, Shantz was criticized in the local press for his close association with the village council and his role as a perennial municipal contractor. In particular, the
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775, which was "no small sum." In exchange for the workshop, the partners received two properties along King Street in Berlin, marking the beginning of Shantz' involvement in the real estate business. These properties contained three
884:
posts, and it allowed for easier travel along the stretch of King Street between its modern-day intersections with
Ontario Street and Queen Street. During the pioneer era, that area was a "spongy swamp" lined with
423:
in the early 1850s, but needed customers. Luckily for him, Berlin's urban development accelerated through the 1850s, especially after the arrival of the Grand Trunk
Railway to Berlin in 1856, whose wood-burning
763:. When published and translated into various languages, this narrative became promotional literature for European immigration to Canada. After a delegation of Mennonites visited Manitoba in 1873 they signed a
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as the Jacob Y. Shantz & Son Company Limited. Its workforce ballooned to over 140 workers in 1880, and by 1910, it was the largest employer in Berlin. The company originally used natural materials such as
855:, which were harvested slowly and thus continued to provide timber for Shantz's sawmill for many years. Some of the pines had trunks up to 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter, and stood 150 feet (46 m) tall.
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614:
The building was soon rebuilt in brick, and was later sold to the Breithaupt family in 1888. Today, it is one of the oldest surviving commercial buildings along King Street West in downtown Kitchener.
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in the Waterloo district passed a resolution encouraging deacons to conduct appraisals of damage in the case of fires, and to encourage church members to contribute to support the victim of the fire.
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trees. The street front was rapidly developed during the mid- to late 1850s, with the Victoria Block, Spiers Block, and other commercial buildings all constructed during a span of only a few years.
739:, which was introduced in the 1940s after the company was taken over by the Gross family and renamed to the Dominion Button Manufacturers Limited. The company shut down completely in 1964.
759:, Shantz sent a report of his findings to the government. Immigration officials liked the report and requested a more detailed account. The results of this request was a report called
498:. The windmill was constructed on the top of Berlin's highest hill, which was soon known as the Mecklenburg Hill. When complete, it was 60 feet (18 m) tall, and its three sets of
1973:
1353:
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Shantz became involved in numerous other development projects in the town, one of the most notable being the 1869 construction of a multi-use civic building designed to serve as a
331:
and emigrated to Montgomery County by the mid-18th century. Jacob and Mary purchased land in the Ebytown area in 1810 as a part of the original wave of Mennonite settlement in the
339:. They established a 448-acre (181-hectare) farm, which would later be subdivided amongst their sons, following Mennonite custom. In 1829, the senior Jacob began operating a
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made the Grand Trunk an obvious customer for Shantz' business. He also sold building materials to recently-arrived immigrants who were building homes in the settlement.
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443:-building. Shantz successfully bid on the construction contract and was subsequently paid C£300 for building sidewalks along portions of King Street, Foundry Street,
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1930:
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Around the time he took over management of the sawmill, Shantz began a partnership with two of Benjamin Eby's sons, Christian and Elias. The three partners owned a
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1460:
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1966:
1286:: "The pioneer wood-burning locomotives required great amounts of fuel, and "wooding-up" stations were required at regular intervals along the line."
1861:
522:) per hour. Its operations were initially run by a company composed of Shantz and other local businessmen. Many years later, the local historian
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on Queen Street in 1904, with the library soon relocating to the new building. In 1924, a newer grand city hall (the predecessor of the current
2306:
1959:
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1982:
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was also opened and there were plans for a village, but this never materialized and both the post office and railway station later closed.
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Several years later, disaster struck for Shantz and for his Canadian Block. Early in the morning of 22 March 1865, a fire began in the
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1920:
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603:
1774:
Adventures in Civilization: Record of the Development of the Canadian Wilderness into the "Greatest Golden Granary" in the World
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698:, who would ultimately succeed him in running the company. Through the 1870s and 1880s, the company was known variously as the
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In 1872, Shantz accompanied Bernhard Warkentin, a Russian Mennonite, on an exploratory trip to the newly formed province of
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779:, temporary homes for the new immigrants. A cairn and plaque at this location was placed in 2020. A community in Manitoba,
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enterprise called the Farmers' Manufactory. It was sold in 1851 to a series of businessmen, and eventually was used for
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with the Canadian government, and 21,000 Mennonites immigrated to Manitoba beginning in 1874 with the formation of the
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and was soon demolished. Control of the mill property reverted to Shantz, who was only able to salvage a $ 9 rebate on
1940:
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1712:
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as Frederick Rickerman in records and histories, a common pattern among German settlers who were assimilating to the
359:. One of Jacob's younger brothers, Samuel, joined him there around a decade later with his own wife, Esther Erb. The
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494:. For a generation, farmers in the area had brought their grain to the mill in Waterloo which had been founded by
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851:, which was purchased from Henry Erb in November 1850 for a price of C£841. This area had a number of very large
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shop, and another workshop. Shantz was the active partner and was therefore the one who managed these assets.
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and to engage in municipal self-governance. Public offices were created, with Shantz being elected to be a
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327:. His paternal great-grandfather was an earlier Jacob Shantz, who had been born around 1710 in modern-day
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Fonds 962.016 & 971.032 & 972.050 & 973.022 - Dominion Button Manufacturers Limited fonds
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The year 1861 saw Shantz diversifying his business further, and becoming more directly involved in
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1354:"Is it Weeber or Webber? Getting to the bottom of alternative pronunciations of local landmarks"
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The rebuilt Canadian Block is visible in the background of this 1905 photo of men posing with a
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650:) was constructed directly behind the old town hall, and the latter was finally demolished.
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One early elevated sidewalk was recalled decades later in reminiscences published by the
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mainline was later routed through Samuel's land, which became the site of a short-lived
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1850:
Tracy, Myles A. (March 1966). "Insurance and Theology: The Background and the Issues".
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Near the modern-day intersection of Charles Street East and Borden Street in Kitchener.
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602:. Private insurance was traditionally discouraged within Mennonite communities, though
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Located at the southwest corner of modern-day Church Street and Madison Street South.
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challenged the payment of $ 120.23 to Shantz by the village council to build an open
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One of the most notable of Shantz's land acquisitions was a 200-acre (81-hectare)
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and John Jacob Woelfle. Vogelsang was a young immigrant who had been born in
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of Schneider Creek called Shantz Creek. The mill was an early competitor for
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building, but it was the most prestigious, and symbolized Shantz's upbeat "
485:(now a part of modern-day Germany), and wanted to construct a wind-powered
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named Friedrich Ludwig Rickermann had recently immigrated to the area from
319:. He was the sixth son of Jacob Shantz and Mary (or Maria) Yost, who were
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638:. The original 1869 building continued to house the Berlin Town Hall and
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In 1854, Berlin reached 1,000 inhabitants; thus, it was able to become a
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Shantz was faced with the loss of a $ 6000 building on which he had no
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sawmills located in more rural areas, which had more direct access to
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in what is now modern-day Germany. He arrived in Berlin in 1867. A
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manufacturing. At the time it was sold, the property was valued at
271:, Canada. He played a significant role in the urban development of
1830:(March 1933). "Reminiscences of Berlin (Now Kitchener), Part II".
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Late in his life, he travelled to the newly-colonized province of
719:(harvested within the wider region from freshwater shells in the
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400:
1955:
1450:
Heritage Impact Assessment: City Centre Development, Kitchener
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or the Shantz Button Manufacturing Company; in 1891, it was
1832:
Nineteenth Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society
1813:
Eighteenth Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society
1811:(1930). "Reminiscences of Berlin (Now Kitchener), Part I".
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and Shantz and Charles Boehmer each received a half-share.
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near his farmstead which was powered by a now-disappeared
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775:. Shantz helped erect immigration sheds near what is now
1629:"Welcome to The Rural Municipality of Stanley, Manitoba"
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Burials at First Mennonite Cemetery, Kitchener, Ontario
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1112:"Flash From the Past: Early mills of Berlin/Kitchener"
1709:"Memorable Manitobans: Jacob Yost Shantz (1822-1909)"
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S. Huber and began his own button company, named the
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for the mill and absconded in 1864. The mill became
439:. The village council soon engaged in a campaign of
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First Mennonite Cemetery, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
1937:
Memorable Manitobans: Jacob Yost Shantz (1822-1909)
1679:Braun, Ernest N.; Klassen, Glen R. (October 2015).
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Foundry Street was later renamed to Ontario Street.
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1681:Historical Atlas of the East Reserve, Illustrated
880:. It was 6 feet (1.8 m) wide and built upon
1737:. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.).
1490:"Demolition of the original Kitchener City Hall"
1448:The Landplan Collaborative Ltd. (2 April 2012).
755:to oversee this exploration. After his visit to
1948:in the Mennonite Archival Image Database (MAID)
1931:Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
1772:Shantz, Moses B. (2004). Sabin, John R. (ed.).
1700:In Search of Utopia: The Mennonites in Manitoba
286:, and subsequently helped tens of thousands of
1898:Vicarious Pioneer: The Life of Jacob Y. Shantz
1967:
8:
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543:for the mill in 1865. In 1874, the land was
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674:by trade, he formed a partnership with the
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1960:
1952:
1707:Goldsborough, Gordon (27 September 2019).
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861:
786:Shantz also founded a Mennonite colony at
28:
17:
1731:. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.).
1683:. Manitoba Mennonite Historical Society.
1324:"Friedrich Ludwig "Frederick" Rickermann"
307:Jacob Yost Shantz was born and raised in
1786:"Jacob Y. Shantz: Mennonite businessman"
2312:Canadian people of Swiss-German descent
1862:American Risk and Insurance Association
1801:Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario
1603:
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1103:
1101:
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315:, which later evolved into the city of
2292:Businesspeople from Kitchener, Ontario
1586:
1576:
1137:
1084:
906:systems which were in place in Canada.
2327:Canadian manufacturing businesspeople
1435:
1373:
1307:
1295:
1283:
7:
816:List of mayors of Kitchener, Ontario
727:), but this was later supplanted by
761:Narrative of a journey to Manitoba
662:factory for the business partners
561:Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway
277:which is now the city of Kitchener
14:
2322:Canadian businesspeople in timber
1746:Marsh, James H. (25 March 2009).
1921:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1734:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1110:mills, rych (22 February 2019).
800:
783:, was also named in his honour.
231:
1727:Klippenstein, Lawrence (1994).
1564:Archives Association of Ontario
1352:Jackson, Adam (16 April 2019).
898:Rickermann's name is sometimes
686:, using a room leased from the
325:Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1927:Shantz, Jacob Yost (1822-1909)
1:
2307:History of Kitchener, Ontario
1853:Journal of Risk and Insurance
1637:Rural Municipality of Stanley
1416:"Kitchener Street Name Index"
514:, and twenty-five bushels of
35:
1983:Mayors of Kitchener, Ontario
1698:Francis, Emerich K. (1955).
642:until the construction of a
595:library on the third floor.
290:to immigrate there from the
248:May 1822 – 28
1941:Manitoba Historical Society
1843:Waterloo Historical Society
1748:"Railway History in Canada"
1739:University of Toronto Press
1713:Manitoba Historical Society
1522:Waterloo Region Generations
1486:Waterloo Historical Society
1391:Waterloo Region Generations
1328:Waterloo Region Generations
1184:Waterloo Region Generations
1155:Waterloo Region Generations
1054:Waterloo Region Generations
1025:Waterloo Region Generations
996:Waterloo Region Generations
878:Waterloo Historical Society
847:situated along the road to
751:. He had been asked by the
2358:
1946:Shantz, J. Y. (Jacob Yost)
1503:– via OurOntario.ca.
1989:
1753:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1702:. D.W. Friesens and Sons.
992:"Mayor Jacob Yost Shantz"
688:Simpson Furniture Company
636:Kitchener Farmer's Market
230:
221:
217:
213:
178:
167:
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27:
1616:Braun & Klassen 2015
1494:Kitchener Public Library
1459:(Report). Archived from
1423:Kitchener Public Library
658:In 1870, Shantz built a
468:
173:Mayor of Berlin, Ontario
527:early 1863. Boehm soon
475:real estate development
303:Early life and business
1213:Waterloo Region Museum
1117:Waterloo Region Record
692:manufacturing industry
564:
128:Anna "Nancy" Brubacher
700:Dominion Button Works
640:Berlin Public Library
558:
153:Jacob Shantz (father)
2317:Farmers from Ontario
1729:"Shantz, Jacob Yost"
777:Niverville, Manitoba
684:Pioneer Button Works
593:Mechanics' Institute
333:German Company Tract
252:October 1909) was a
2297:Canadian Mennonites
1828:Stroh, Jacob Gaukel
1809:Stroh, Jacob Gaukel
1209:"Waterloo Township"
753:Canadian government
743:Travels to Manitoba
648:Kitchener City Hall
502:could produce four
361:Grand Trunk Railway
1916:SHANTZ, JACOB YOST
1902:Winnipeg, Manitoba
1894:Steiner, Samuel J.
1839:Kitchener, Ontario
1822:: Chronicle Press.
1633:www.rmofstanley.ca
1526:Region of Waterloo
1466:on 7 November 2019
1395:Region of Waterloo
1360:Waterloo Chronicle
1332:Region of Waterloo
1188:Region of Waterloo
1180:"Samuel Y. Shantz"
1159:Region of Waterloo
1058:Region of Waterloo
1029:Region of Waterloo
1000:Region of Waterloo
735:, and ultimately,
565:
524:Jacob Gaukel Stroh
518:(crushed grain or
317:Kitchener, Ontario
288:Russian Mennonites
156:Mary Yost (mother)
2302:Mennonite writers
2269:
2268:
1904:: Hyperion Books.
1820:Waterloo, Ontario
1776:. JRS Publishing.
1690:978-0-9736877-5-0
1662:Goldsborough 2019
1151:"Isaac Y. Shantz"
972:Klippenstein 1994
788:Didsbury, Alberta
510:, two bushels of
469:Berlin's windmill
426:steam locomotives
242:Jacob Yost Shantz
239:
238:
94:Jakob Yost Shantz
22:Jacob Yost Shantz
2349:
2144:L. O. Breithaupt
2082:J. C. Breithaupt
2055:L. J. Breithaupt
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1758:Historica Canada
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1643:on 26 March 2016
1639:. Archived from
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808:Biography portal
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696:Dilman B. Shantz
681:
644:Carnegie library
575:Berlin Telegraph
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1910:External links
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655:
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628:public library
619:
618:Other projects
616:
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1782:Steiner, Sam
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1751:
1732:
1716:. Retrieved
1699:
1680:
1657:
1647:28 September
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1632:
1623:
1611:
1604:Francis 1955
1599:
1567:. Retrieved
1558:
1529:. Retrieved
1521:
1497:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1457:Kitchener.ca
1456:
1443:
1431:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1327:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1272:Steiner 1987
1216:. Retrieved
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1115:
1061:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
995:
943:, p. 4.
941:Steiner 1987
936:
911:
894:
872:
839:
830:
785:
781:Schanzenfeld
773:West Reserve
769:East Reserve
760:
746:
704:incorporated
657:
621:
613:
597:
585:
573:
570:white collar
566:
515:
472:
458:tax assessor
445:Weber Street
430:
409:
381:
377:
353:
351:'s sawmill.
337:Benjamin Eby
313:Upper Canada
306:
281:
241:
240:
203:Succeeded by
180:
83:Burial place
76:(1909-10-28)
64:Upper Canada
15:
2287:1909 deaths
2282:1822 births
1138:Shantz 2004
1085:Shantz 2004
1021:"Mary Yost"
765:Privilegium
496:Abraham Erb
483:Mecklenburg
373:post office
357:Grand River
329:Switzerland
261:businessman
191:Preceded by
108:Businessman
99:Occupations
39: 1880
2342:Sawmillers
2276:Categories
2221:Meinzinger
2213:Meinzinger
2178:Meinzinger
1837:(Report).
1818:(Report).
1436:Tracy 1966
1374:Stroh 1933
1308:Stroh 1930
1296:Stroh 1930
1284:Marsh 2009
923:References
900:Anglicized
849:Bridgeport
604:mutual aid
500:millstones
405:blacksmith
321:Mennonites
131:Sarah Shuh
56:2 May 1822
52:1822-05-02
2261:Vrbanovic
2243:Rosenberg
2196:D. Wieber
2193:B. Wieber
2096:G. Bowlby
2006:W. Bowlby
1864:: 85–93.
1589:ignored (
1579:cite book
928:Citations
624:town hall
600:insurance
545:auctioned
529:defaulted
487:gristmill
464:Developer
397:dwellings
388:furniture
345:tributary
298:Biography
254:Mennonite
226:Signature
196:John Motz
181:In office
2248:Cardillo
2239:McIntosh
2236:McLennan
2185:Washburn
2149:Asmussen
2111:A. Huber
2105:C. Kranz
2065:Staebler
2022:H. Kranz
2011:H. Kranz
1996:H. Huber
1896:(1988).
1218:12 March
1193:12 March
1164:12 March
845:woodland
794:See also
757:Manitoba
749:Manitoba
733:Bakelite
676:merchant
588:pharmacy
537:derelict
533:mortgage
492:windmill
441:sidewalk
421:woodlots
399:, three
384:workshop
284:Manitoba
139:Children
34:Shantz,
2252:Christy
2217:Wambold
2203:Leavine
2189:Leavine
2157:Clement
2118:Schmalz
2108:Bricker
2075:Lackner
2050:Lackner
2042:Jaffray
2032:J. Motz
2018:Hoffman
1939:at the
1933:(GAMEO)
1929:in the
1918:in the
1763:6 March
1718:8 March
1672:Sources
1569:8 March
1531:8 March
1499:8 March
1470:8 March
1400:8 March
1337:6 March
1123:6 March
1063:6 March
1034:8 March
1005:4 March
904:English
737:plastic
609:deacons
531:on the
504:bushels
433:village
367:called
341:sawmill
335:led by
309:Ebytown
269:Ontario
147:Parents
119:Spouses
60:Ebytown
2233:Butler
2229:Hymmen
2208:Hymmen
2199:Dreger
2174:Gordon
2161:Bezeau
2086:Rumpel
2079:Hibner
2070:Bitzer
2060:Janzen
2046:Millar
2037:Shantz
1999:Bowman
1878:250965
1876:
1687:
887:willow
729:casein
715:) and
680:
660:button
632:market
630:, and
516:schrot
512:barley
479:miller
449:pounds
417:timber
263:, and
257:farmer
250:
246:
105:Farmer
2182:Brown
2170:Smith
2165:Sturm
2130:Gross
2123:Euler
2002:Huber
1993:Scott
1874:JSTOR
1860:(1).
1835:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1799:(1).
1789:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
882:cedar
853:pines
822:Notes
721:Grand
668:Baden
580:drain
520:grist
508:flour
401:barns
323:from
267:from
2256:Zehr
2225:Gray
2153:Ratz
2139:Greb
2134:Eden
2127:Hett
2114:Hahn
2101:Eden
2091:Eden
2015:Pipe
1765:2021
1720:2021
1685:ISBN
1649:2017
1591:help
1571:2021
1533:2021
1501:2021
1472:2021
1402:2021
1358:The
1339:2021
1220:2021
1195:2021
1166:2021
1125:2021
1065:2021
1036:2021
1007:2021
723:and
563:car.
477:. A
456:and
403:, a
371:. A
185:1882
71:Died
46:Born
1866:doi
506:of
2278::
1900:.
1872:.
1858:33
1856:.
1841::
1795:.
1791:.
1756:.
1750:.
1711:.
1635:.
1631:.
1583::
1581:}}
1577:{{
1562:.
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1356:.
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1326:.
1315:^
1228:^
1211:.
1186:.
1182:.
1157:.
1153:.
1114:.
1092:^
1073:^
1056:.
1052:.
1027:.
1023:.
998:.
994:.
979:^
948:^
860:^
790:.
731:,
678:H.
626:,
460:.
392:C£
311:,
294:.
259:,
244:(2
142:15
62:,
36:c.
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1880:.
1868::
1845:.
1803:.
1797:5
1767:.
1741:.
1722:.
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1664:.
1651:.
1618:.
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1573:.
1535:.
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1438:.
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1363:.
1341:.
1274:.
1222:.
1197:.
1168:.
1127:.
1087:.
1067:.
1038:.
1009:.
974:.
275:(
54:)
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
