530:. However, this was disputed by Minawi and Ladjal, arguing relations were improving between the Senussis and the Ottomans. Miwawi further elaborated on this situation by explaining that Mahdi Al-Senussi wanted to escape the challenge to authority he had over the Bedouin tribes presented by the kaymakamlik created in Jaghbub, which was operated by Tripoli administrators. Other sources have insisted that this escape was done to flee the conflicts that Senussi faced over his heretical views. Everd-Pritchard argued that the move to Jaghbub may have occurred since the Senussis did not consider the Ottomans to be the Caliphs of Islam. Vandewalle stands out among other sources for asserting that Jaghbub became a capital for Senussi operations beginning in 1855, and for asserting that the location was chosen to avoid French confrontation. Zalewski insisted that the initial move was done to avoid Ottoman, French, and Egyptian involvement in their affairs.
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Egypt, but under what treaty is unclear. A dissertation by
Donnarumma argues this occurs within the context of Italy and Britain sharing the Mediterranean sea. Eventually, a treaty was signed between Italy and Egypt which transferred Jaghbub to Italy on December 6, 1925. This treaty was sometimes referred to as the treaty of Jaghbub. To avoid Bedouin arrest, the Egyptian government asked the Italians to respect the religion of the locals and to protect the grand Senussi's tomb. After the treaty was signed, debate persisted on whether the locals of Jaghbub would be able to choose their nationality. In their historical analysis, Rappas argues that the deal was agreed to by Britain to improve relations with Italy in an effort to check French power in Europe. Around the same year the treaty was signed, the capital for Senussi operations was moved from Jaghbub to
405:
possible without controlling the city. Egypt repeatedly emphasized their concerns for not wanting to cede
Jaghbub to Italy, citing multiple issues over potential Arab unrest in Egypt, concerns that they would be losing a strategic location, that the promise was made by the British during the first world war, and that the desire to quell the Senussis could be an excuse to demand other Egyptian oasis towns. From the British perspective, people like Fathi considered Jaghbub to be Egyptian lands from a French and a German map. However, Fathi was willing to trade Jaghbub for a piece of territory. As the diplomatic conflict persisted, Italy made their intentions to occupy Jaghbub through force clear.
420:, which was a 270 km long wall that stretched from the Mediterranean coastline all the way to Jaghbub. This wall was made in part from barbed wire. The construction of the wall allowed the Italians to control cross border movement supporting Alwad Ali and prevent rebel leaders, particularly Omar Mukhtar, from escaping into Egypt. Around early 1926, with the help of the Frontier Wire, the Italians were able to successfully occupy Jaghbub, quelling the Senussi armed movement. In 1928, Senussis flocked from Kufra as the Italians had managed to occupy the region, moving back to Jaghbub. By 1932, Jaghbub began to lose its prominence as a trading center.
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important for the
Senussi movement because its location and nomads in the region that were attracted to the Senussi message. Running Senussi operations from Jaghbub also allowed their work to be disentangled from that of any particular tribe. Moreover, the town was along a pilgrimage route to Mecca, and additional sources point to Jaghbub being founded along a trade route. The Senussi's would actively work there to spread their religious influence.
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large dome and was described by Cresti as being the iconic focus of the city. The tomb of the grand
Senussi in particular was housed in gold-like covering. A minaret also used to be part of the religious complex. Cresti points to the source of the architectural design of the Qabba to being associated with revivalist-religious Egyptian architecture.
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There was even variation between sources on the length of the fence. Vandewalle claimed that the fence was 300 km long. However, the majority of others point to the fence being 270 km long. One source that supports this assertion written by
Michael Ebner claims the length of the fence to be
538:
One source claims that the
British directed the Italians to negotiate the border issue with the Egyptians themselves. However, seeing that British officials like Fathi also had an interest in the issue, more research and secondary sources are needed to clarify what is meant. Alternatively, this could
512:
The Zawiya in
Jaghbub underwent significant redesign circa the 1870s, which changed its size, shape, and added a wall to the city. This wall had a distinct trapezoidal shape from an aerial view. The Qabba there, which housed the tombs of the grand Senussi and his family members, was ornamented with a
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reign, the graves of historical figures in
Jaghbub were targeted. The Senussi college and mosque there were ordered to be demolished in 1984. As a part of the demolition process, the bodies of Senussi and his brother in law were either excavated and dumped in the desert or were stolen. A news article
348:
Both the
Ottoman and British Empires laid claim on Jaghbub in the years before the First World War. Through the duration of the Italo-Turkish war, the British Empire considered Jaghbub to be British territory. By 1912, Jaghbub had reemerged as a center of Senussi power. This began diplomatic disputes
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was able to make a deal with Italy to make himself Amir of
Cyrenacia and which would give autonomy to Jaghbub along with other towns. In return, they agreed to the Legge Fondamentale of Italy, to not tax locals beyond what was normal, and to disband their armies. However, they never followed through
555:
The question of who or what made the transition of moving the Senussi capital from Jaghbub to Kufra in 1895 also remains disputed. Some sources credit the move to Sheikh al-Mahdi. However, Minawi stands out for implying the date of the move was 1896, and that mosque members incentivized the move to
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It appears to be a critical and repeatedly mentioned narrative within secondary sources, and particularly in a dissertation by Ahmida that Senussi moved over to Jaghbub in 1856 in order to escape Ottoman surveillance or interference. However, Osman disputes this, arguing that Jaghbub's location in
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Initially, the British were completely hostile to the idea of transferring Jaghbub to Italy, though they promised to not "encroach" on Italian lands. Complicating the situation was how the British had promised to transfer Jaghbub to Italian control in exchange for Italy ceding the Sallum region to
363:
had been acting on behalf of the Italians in secret negotiations between the Khedive of Egypt and Italy to transfer Jaghbub to Italy. More specifically, the Khedive was discovered to have been bribed for doing this. Rodd would later note to the Italian government to stop using the Khedive for the
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There appears to be agreement that Jaghbub was promised to the Italians by the British, but under what treaty has been disputed. Donnarumma claims this promise was made under the treaty of London in return for transferring the Sallum area to Egypt. However, Ammann clarifies the town was promised
372:
Sayyid arrested Al-Baruni and Hilal in a prison in Jaghbub after Hilal agreed to a plot rejected by Ahmad al-Sharif to get the Senussis to fight the British. However, in 1916 Sayyid Ahmad al-Sharif agreed to open an Ottoman front against the British, sending 500 troops through Jaghbub to occupy
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movement, and remained so from 1856 to 1895. The role of Jaghbub as a capital was demonstrated through how regional Senussi sheiks would meet annually in Jaghbub to report and discuss the situation at the zawiyas they ran. Senussi ended up dying in Jaghbub in 1859. Jaghbub became a particularly
404:
As a result, a diplomatic situation arose between Italy and Egypt, with Italy claiming that Egypt was not supposed to own Jaghbub according to a map made around 1841. Amman has argued that Italian desire to control Jaghbub came from the desire to quell the Senussi movement, which would not be
321:
The Zawiya founded by Senussi became a site of Islamic intellectual learning and Senussi military training, including horseback training. It would draw in students all across North Africa. Notable figures, such as the poet Rajab Hamad Buhwaish al-Minifi, were educated in Jaghbub. In addition,
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of the Italian empire postwar. Though some suggestions were made to transfer Jaghbub back into Egyptian control as an autonomous province, an Egyptian ambassador to Britain and a British North African military leader were hesitant to do this out of fear of angering Arab populations and being
551:
Some sources claim that the move away from Jaghbub was done to avoid disputes and situations with the Ottomans. However, other sources particularly stress this move was more the Senussis seeing greater opportunity to expand their influence from making this move. Klaus suggests part of this
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In 1926, an Italian geographer and geologist Desai went to Jaghbub to learn more about geology and geography there. James Holland was the first documented American to have traveled to Jaghbub, where he took pictures of famous Senussi figures.
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Cresti points to all of the religious historical sites in Jaghbub being destroyed in concert with the grave desecration of the Senussis ordered by Gaddafi. They also note that photos of these religious sites however can be obtained at the
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that extends below sea level. This depression, an area lower than the surrounding region, reaches to about -10 m. The basin of the region is made up of a thin layer of sandy clay. The sand here has the ability to accumulate into waves.
516:
Old photos of the city show the presence of the existence of old windmills no longer in use. In addition, one of the structures in Jaghbub that utilized an arch was given a stucco decoration after Italy asserted control over the city.
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The Italians were concerned by the possibility that British corporations might start building infrastructure in Jaghbub, which could counter Italian influence. In response, debates would begin to ensue over what to do about Jaghbub.
364:
negotiations. Robert Vansittart warned the Khedive that he would be removed from power if something like that were to happen again. Grey would note to an ambassador in London that Britain would not cede Jaghbub as a part of a deal.
333:. During this time, the Turkish governor of Awjala grew angry with how tribespeople were sending massive quantities of grain to Jaghbub as tribute to the Senussis when they often resisted to paying the Ottoman Empire taxes.
401:, Jahgbub became a target for being known to be a major center of rebel organization. Jaghbub had been known to be a conduit for cross border supply transfers for the Senussis from Egyptian sources.
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the path of camel caravan mecca pilgrimage route is why the Senussis chose it as a base of their operations. Yet Shibeika claimed this move was done in light of worsening relations with the
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624:
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resisted a siege by mostly Australian troops for three months before being forced to surrender on 23 March 1941. The resistance of the Italian troops was celebrated by the
356:, Sayyid Ahmad, and other Ottoman officers at Jaghbub, the Ottoman officers decided to continue resistance against Italian forces, though they could only do so up to 1913.
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1543:
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829:
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2732:
1843:
Fauri, Francesca; Strangio, Donatella (3 May 2020). "The economic bases of migration from Italy: the distinct cases of Tunisia and Libya (1880s–1960s)".
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Through the latter part of the 19th century, Jaghbub began to attract a small population of migrants escaping Ottoman expropriation of their property in
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written by Michel Cousins asserted that this move failed, as around 2011 pro-Senussi sentiment was likely the highest it had been since the 1960s.
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made in 1942 depicted the conquest of an Italian fort in Libya. Also, Giarabub is the subject of an Italian WW2 war song "La Sagra di Giarabub".
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Jaghbub has grown from roughly 466 people in 1950, 884 in 1970, 2,220 people in 2000, to around 2,960 people with a median age of 29 as of 2023.
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268:. The town remains highly obscure, in spite of the substantial colonial history the city holds. The town was the birthplace of
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1365:
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opportunity came from the desire to strengthen critical trade routes, which would have been difficult to do from Jaghbub.
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was provided with military training in Jaghbub as well. Moreover, Abd al-Mut'al would also stay in Jaghbub for some time.
2132:
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with disbanding their armies. These events occurred within the context of the background towards the start of the
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under the Milner Scialoia agreement of 1920, with Milner and Sciaola agreeing to it because of the London pact.
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between Britain and Italy over control of the town as the Senussis were actively resisting Italy from the town.
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398:
386:
144:
1624:
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acquired a grant to purchase vast swaths of Libyan land southwest of Jaghbub, where it eventually struck oil.
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2517:
2507:
2338:
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Worsley, Peter M. (1961). "The Analysis of Rebellion and Revolution in Modern British Social Anthropology".
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1798:"Desert Conquests: Early British Planning on the Future of the Italian Colonies, June 1940–September 1943"
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points to him being the founder of Jaghbub. As a result, Jaghbub became the metaphorical capital for the
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In the 1880s Jaghbub was receiving smuggled weapons shipments from the Ottoman Empire through the
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Jad'on, Kelly (14 August 2009). "Award-Winning Photojournalist, James Holland Publishes Memoir".
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Jaghbub was an oasis associated with providing dates to caravan travelers.
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The Origin and Spread of a Religious Order: The Makashfiya of the Sudan
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be an outright contradiction in which one of the sources is incorrect.
492:
488:, Jaghbub was the site of a prominent battle which killed 2000 people.
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After Italy retained control over Jaghbub, they began to construct the
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Across the Sahara: Tracks, Trade, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Libya
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In 1913, it was uncovered that Dr. Izzet-el-Gindi, sent by the
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During Italy's suppression campaign and in the context of the
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27:"Giarabub" redirects here. For the 1942 Italian film, see
603:
The construction of the fence was dramatized in the film
260:
than to any Libyan town of note. The oasis is located in
1071:
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2256:
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List of North African airfields during World War II
472:Italian oil company CORI, which was partnered with
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464:During WWII, questions arose over how to assign
382:Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi
264:and was the administrative seat of the Jaghbub
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2315:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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452:and used to minimize the military defeat in
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713:NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics
797:. Benghazi: Dar as Saqia. p. 122.
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707:Salem, Zenhom El-Said (December 2016).
280:The Jaghbub oasis is located in a deep
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192:
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958:(Thesis). pp. 61–64, 69, 71, 77.
293:Jaghbub was founded in the year 1856.
2109:"Al Jaghbūb, Libya – statistics 2023"
197:
172:
162:
7:
1845:The Journal of North African Studies
1724:"Cyrenaica: Culture and Antiquities"
1486:The Anglo-Italian Entente, 1923-1929
795:Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia
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2733:Populated places in Butnan District
521:Historical controversy and disputes
233:
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1432:(Thesis). pp. 274, 331, 334.
956:Italo-Egyptian relations 1922-1937
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500:Historical sites and architecture
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671:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00845.x
507:National Central Library of Rome
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1925:McClatchy-Tribune Business News
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2564:New Hiesha Natural Reserve
1545:European History Quarterly
1367:Diplomacy & Statecraft
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752:Diplomacy & Statecraft
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2523:El Naggaza National Park
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399:Second Italo-Senussi War
387:Second Italo-Senussi War
189:−30 ft (−10 m)
2518:Karabolli National Park
2508:Abughilan National Park
2231:Sorlin, Pierre (1996).
1682:Hüsken, Thomas (2019).
1451:Anderson, Lisa (2014).
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556:Kufra by moving there.
266:Basic People's Congress
2533:Sabratha National Park
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1802:Middle Eastern Studies
1099:Forum on Public Policy
547:Move away from Jaghbub
311:Encyclopedia of Africa
241:
2590:Ain Elshakika Wetland
2583:Other protected areas
2513:El-Kouf National Park
2296:World War II Database
1777:World War II Database
1302:10.1515/9780804799294
1122:Science & Society
659:International Affairs
352:In a meeting between
128:29.74250°N 24.51694°E
2538:Surman National Park
2292:"Battle of Giarabub"
2235:. Psychology Press.
1796:Kelly, Saul (2014).
1773:"Battle of Giarabub"
1628:. pp. 197–218.
833:. 139–140: 242–257.
651:Recommended readings
469:perceived as harsh.
2595:Ain Elzarga Wetland
2528:Rajma National Park
2151:10.3390/land8050082
1891:The Annual Register
1740:1941Natur.147..223.
1156:. pp. 93–163.
839:2012Geomo.139..242G
725:2016JAsGe...5..451S
560:Length of the Fence
534:Senussi suppression
432:was fought between
393:Senussi Suppression
124: /
2748:Baladiyat of Libya
2671:Ouau en Namu lakes
2559:Bier Ayyad Reserve
2400:Towns and villages
2187:10.1017/lis.2019.9
1210:10.1002/johs.12348
692:10.1017/lis.2017.3
635:Districts of Libya
606:Lion of the Desert
565:270 km long.
466:colonial territory
446:Salvatore Castagna
344:Before World War I
272:on 12 March 1890.
199: • Total
133:29.74250; 24.51694
2720:
2719:
2681:Rajma plantations
2460:
2459:
2282:978-3-030-00144-5
2242:978-0-415-11697-8
2094:978-1-107-01939-3
1901:978-0-582-50225-3
1701:978-3-319-92341-3
1668:978-1-78743-003-7
1643:978-3-319-62922-3
1462:978-0-691-05462-9
1311:978-0-8047-9929-4
1245:978-1-136-78442-2
1171:978-3-030-00144-5
1154:Across the Sahara
1080:978-1-5036-0557-2
914:(1): 37–66, 129.
804:978-9959-854-10-0
430:Siege of Giarabub
223:
222:
100:Location in Libya
16:(Redirected from
2755:
2611:Al Jaghbub Oasis
2554:Benghazi Reserve
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2394:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2290:Chen, Peter, C.
2286:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1808:(6): 1006–1026.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1771:Chen, C. Peter.
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1749:10.1038/147223a0
1720:
1714:
1713:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
974:
968:
967:
951:
932:
931:
903:
868:
867:
857:
851:
850:
826:
820:
815:
809:
808:
790:
775:
746:
736:
703:
674:
665:(5): 1031–1044.
640:Al Jaghbub Oasis
361:Egyptian Khedive
246:Al Jaghbub Oasis
235:
156:
154:
153:
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
90:
89:
83:
70:
53:
52:
51:
40:
21:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2706:Taoulga islands
2686:Sebkha el Sahel
2646:Harouj Mountain
2578:
2569:Tripoli Reserve
2542:
2496:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2395:
2386:
2368:
2362:Butnan District
2354:
2352:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2270:
2267:
2265:Further reading
2262:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2041:10.2307/1156202
2026:
2025:
2021:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1902:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1592:10.2307/1157070
1577:
1576:
1572:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1172:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1046:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1003:
993:
986:
984:
976:
975:
971:
953:
952:
935:
905:
904:
871:
859:
858:
854:
828:
827:
823:
816:
812:
805:
792:
791:
787:
782:
749:
706:
677:
656:
653:
630:Butnan District
621:
601:
592:
584:
576:
571:
562:
549:
536:
523:
502:
486:Egypt and Libya
482:
462:
426:
395:
373:several oases.
370:
346:
324:Omar al-Mukhtar
299:
297:Senussi origins
291:
278:
262:Butnan District
248:in the eastern
151:
149:
132:
130:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
91:
61:
54:
47:
45:
38:
35:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Oases of Libya
2735:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Grotto de Lete
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Fezzan valleys
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2605:Ajdabiya Marsh
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2574:Zellaf Reserve
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2501:National parks
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Zawiyat Janzur
2439:
2437:Bi'r al Ashhab
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2241:
2223:
2200:
2175:Libyan Studies
2165:
2124:
2113:zhujiworld.com
2100:
2093:
2062:
2019:
1996:
1975:(1): 1183278.
1955:
1938:
1915:
1900:
1880:
1851:(3): 447–471.
1835:
1788:
1763:
1715:
1700:
1674:
1667:
1649:
1642:
1613:
1586:(4): 183–187.
1570:
1551:(3): 467–505.
1535:
1492:
1468:
1461:
1443:
1415:
1392:
1373:(2): 297–314.
1352:
1317:
1310:
1277:
1251:
1244:
1223:
1204:(3): 466–478.
1185:
1170:
1139:
1112:
1086:
1079:
1044:
1014:
969:
933:
869:
852:
821:
810:
803:
784:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
747:
719:(2): 451–462.
704:
680:Libyan Studies
675:
652:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
620:
617:
600:
597:
591:
588:
583:
580:
575:
572:
570:
567:
561:
558:
548:
545:
535:
532:
528:Ottoman Empire
522:
519:
501:
498:
481:
478:
461:
458:
450:fascist regime
440:forces during
425:
422:
394:
391:
369:
366:
345:
342:
331:Bedouin tribes
298:
295:
290:
287:
277:
274:
270:Idris of Libya
221:
220:
210:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
141:
140:
106:
105:
99:
93:
92:
85:
84:
78:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
46:
43:
36:
24:
18:Jaghbub, Libya
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Oasis of Ghat
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Berjuj Valley
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:(1): 89–105.
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
998:
982:
981:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
934:
929:
925:
921:
920:10.23744/4436
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
864:
856:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Geomorphology
825:
822:
819:
814:
811:
806:
800:
796:
789:
786:
779:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
654:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
614:
613:
608:
607:
598:
596:
589:
587:
581:
579:
573:
569:Miscellaneous
568:
566:
559:
557:
553:
546:
544:
540:
533:
531:
529:
520:
518:
514:
510:
508:
499:
497:
494:
489:
487:
479:
477:
475:
470:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
418:Frontier Wire
414:
412:
406:
402:
400:
392:
390:
388:
383:
378:
374:
367:
365:
362:
357:
355:
350:
343:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
294:
288:
286:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Libyan Desert
247:
243:
239:
231:
227:
218:
214:
211:
209:
201:
188:
181:
178:
176:
169:
166:
159:
148:
146:
137:
109:Coordinates:
82:
69:
57:
41:
33:
31:
19:
2656:Kufrah Oasis
2452:Gasr el Jadi
2379:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2272:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2209:
2203:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2076:
2035:(2): 61–79.
2032:
2028:
2022:
2005:
1999:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1941:
1924:
1918:
1894:. Longmans.
1890:
1883:
1866:11585/685740
1848:
1844:
1838:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1766:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1683:
1677:
1658:
1652:
1625:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1508:(1): 23–45.
1505:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1452:
1446:
1429:
1401:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1293:
1263:
1235:
1201:
1197:
1153:
1128:(1): 26–37.
1125:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1070:
1030:
985:. Retrieved
979:
972:
955:
911:
907:
862:
855:
830:
824:
813:
794:
788:
758:(1): 30–49.
755:
751:
716:
712:
683:
679:
662:
658:
610:
604:
602:
593:
585:
577:
574:Demographics
563:
554:
550:
541:
537:
524:
515:
511:
503:
490:
483:
471:
463:
442:World War II
434:Commonwealth
427:
424:World War II
415:
407:
403:
396:
379:
375:
371:
358:
351:
347:
335:
328:
320:
310:
300:
292:
279:
225:
224:
29:
2621:Bombah Gulf
2600:Ain Zayanah
1005:|work=
686:: 135–147.
590:Exploration
309:there. The
131: /
2727:Categories
2708:(Thaouara)
2651:Jalo Oasis
2160:2582830724
2118:2023-05-03
2008:(Thesis).
1782:2017-01-03
1530:A622907113
1410:1294644257
1272:2238626999
1266:(Thesis).
1107:A218606471
1033:(Thesis).
964:10938/1404
928:2682862482
282:depression
194:Population
119:24°31′01″E
116:29°44′33″N
2712:Wadi Kham
2631:Garabulli
2301:April 19,
2218:457712746
2195:210632464
2181:: 59–62.
2144:(5): 82.
2057:162744794
1952:(Thesis).
1933:870394803
1910:872989720
1875:155740296
1830:144849154
1710:158911242
1608:144408685
1565:152185863
1522:216402748
1489:(Thesis).
1438:865835536
1387:154006320
1347:232349800
1218:238737906
1180:226690578
1039:303968030
1007:ignored (
997:cite book
866:(Thesis).
772:153670593
743:132919496
700:133939683
493:Gaddafi's
454:Cyrenaica
380:In 1920,
354:Enver Bey
338:Cyrenacia
276:Geography
208:Time zone
186:Elevation
168:Cyrenaica
2701:Taizerbo
2636:Giarabub
2547:Reserves
2311:cite web
2214:ProQuest
2156:ProQuest
2014:61546047
1991:55852902
1929:ProQuest
1822:24585703
1434:ProQuest
1406:ProQuest
1268:ProQuest
1134:40400713
1035:ProQuest
987:31 March
924:ProQuest
619:See also
612:Giarabub
256:town of
254:Egyptian
242:Giarabub
175:District
30:Giarabub
2696:Shahaat
2661:Nefhusa
2407:Jaghbub
2373:Capital
2049:1156202
1758:4140166
1736:Bibcode
1600:1157070
835:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
645:Bedouin
491:During
460:Postwar
438:Italian
315:Senussi
289:History
238:Italian
234:الجغبوب
226:Jaghbub
145:Country
94:Jaghbub
60:Village
50:الجغبوب
44:Jaghbub
2447:Kambut
2432:Al Adm
2427:Acroma
2422:Musaid
2417:Gazala
2412:Bardia
2381:Tobruk
2279:
2239:
2216:
2193:
2158:
2091:
2055:
2047:
2029:Africa
2012:
1989:
1931:
1908:
1898:
1873:
1828:
1820:
1756:
1728:Nature
1708:
1698:
1665:
1640:
1606:
1598:
1580:Africa
1563:
1528:
1520:
1459:
1436:
1408:
1385:
1345:
1308:
1270:
1242:
1216:
1178:
1168:
1132:
1105:
1077:
1037:
926:
908:Africa
801:
770:
741:
698:
307:Zawiya
230:Arabic
180:Butnan
164:Region
155:
32:(film)
2691:Sarir
2366:Libya
2191:S2CID
2053:S2CID
2045:JSTOR
1987:S2CID
1871:S2CID
1826:S2CID
1818:JSTOR
1754:S2CID
1706:S2CID
1604:S2CID
1596:JSTOR
1561:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1343:S2CID
1214:S2CID
1176:S2CID
1130:JSTOR
780:Notes
768:S2CID
739:S2CID
696:S2CID
411:Kufra
213:UTC+2
202:2,960
158:Libya
2317:link
2303:2023
2277:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2138:Land
2089:ISBN
2010:OCLC
1906:OCLC
1896:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1526:Gale
1457:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1103:Gale
1075:ISBN
1009:help
989:2023
799:ISBN
582:Food
474:AGIP
436:and
428:The
258:Siwa
2183:doi
2146:doi
2081:doi
2037:doi
1977:doi
1861:hdl
1853:doi
1810:doi
1744:doi
1732:147
1688:doi
1630:doi
1588:doi
1553:doi
1510:doi
1375:doi
1335:doi
1298:doi
1206:doi
1158:doi
960:hdl
916:doi
843:doi
760:doi
729:doi
688:doi
667:doi
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