1173:
273:
431:
1804:
130:
411:
407:(Stomatopoda: Gonodactyloidea) that possess a club-like distally inflated dactyl used to strike prey and other shrimps. Among birds, this adaption seems unique. In birds, adaptations of the wing that are advantageous in the context of fighting represent an example of contingency in which species find different solutions to the same problem as a result of random variations.
486:
470:
438:
454:
813:
904:
384:
have been modified as well. From its maximum femur diameter of 8.7 mm, it has been estimated that the
Jamaican Ibis weighed about 2 kg (70 oz).
547:
Olson, Storrs L; Steadman, David W (1977). "A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in
Jamaica".
1867:
1951:
1941:
418:(left) and Jamaican ibis (right). Bones are scaled such that the humeri are the same size to enable easier comparison of morphological changes.
710:
584:
510:
The
Jamaican ibis was endemic to Jamaica. Bones have been excavated from several caves, including the Long Mile Cave, the Swansea Cave, the
501:
430:
1926:
897:
1946:
1172:
826:
890:
1803:
1921:
522:. Jamaica and Cuba have never been linked, so it is improbable that a flightless species could reach a different island.
1931:
129:
843:
760:
Patek, S. N.; Korff, W. L.; Caldwell, R. L. (2004). "Biomechanics: Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp".
868:
Arredondo, Oscar (1984). "Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depósitos fosilíferos pleisto-holocénicos de Cuba".
666:"Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands"
665:
882:
576:
1825:
340:
The species was first described in 1977 based on postcranial bone elements excavated in a cave deposit at
1893:
617:"The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation"
239:
511:
272:
769:
348:, by H. E. Anthony in 1919–20. At the time, it was presumed to be flightless based on the incomplete
1230:
1736:
415:
1497:
703:
793:
124:
1898:
1768:
1551:
1215:
1562:
1534:
1514:
1363:
1302:
1250:
1034:
914:
822:
818:
785:
646:
580:
361:
307:
191:
1524:
1281:
1043:
777:
636:
628:
1936:
1756:
714:
365:
315:
258:
211:
773:
17:
974:
959:
641:
616:
400:
341:
262:
215:
181:
844:"A late Quaternary paleoecological record from caves of southern Jamaica, West Indies"
1915:
1417:
1132:
797:
404:
396:
392:
381:
76:
410:
1591:
1466:
1312:
1105:
953:
357:
310:
uniquely characterized by its club-like wings. It is the only species in the genus
1880:
1745:
1647:
1504:
1459:
1452:
1343:
1239:
1095:
1083:
1052:
1013:
922:
51:
1848:
1775:
1708:
1692:
1681:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1410:
1403:
1382:
1271:
1072:
369:
303:
96:
61:
1782:
1674:
1612:
1541:
1445:
1396:
1375:
1332:
1322:
1112:
1062:
998:
320:
141:
101:
45:
789:
650:
632:
571:
Tyrberg, Tommy (2009). "Holocene avian extinctions". In Turvey, Sam (ed.).
1859:
1842:
1725:
1718:
1701:
1657:
1605:
1582:
1481:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1389:
1352:
1291:
1123:
941:
918:
373:
349:
329:
161:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
39:
1872:
1664:
1619:
1598:
1023:
519:
353:
345:
106:
81:
1885:
1571:
935:
325:
151:
1819:
781:
1191:
1147:
947:
409:
395:
speculate that the wings were used as weapons, in the manner of a
518:
claimed to be of this genus were later identified as those of a
515:
377:
171:
1823:
1189:
972:
886:
360:, Jamaica. New fossil finds from two locations, including the
814:
Wonderful Life: The
Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
737:
Olson, Storrs L; Steadman, David W (1979). "The humerus of
842:
McFarlane, D A; Lundberg, J; Fincham, A G (August 2002).
621:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
364:, show that the bird has a unique modification of the
1764:
1714:
1670:
1653:
1547:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1493:
1371:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1227:
1211:
1101:
1091:
1068:
1058:
1010:
994:
1832:
1755:
1735:
1691:
1581:
1561:
1480:
1362:
1342:
1258:
1249:
1226:
1202:
1146:
1122:
1082:
1042:
1033:
1009:
985:
743:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
673:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
549:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
870:Reporte de Investigación del Instituto de Zoología
485:
898:
664:Olson, Storrs L.; Wetmore, Alexander (1976).
8:
741:, the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica".
732:
730:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
403:, similar to the adaptations found in some
352:; its flightlessness was confirmed after a
1820:
1486:
1255:
1199:
1186:
1039:
982:
969:
905:
891:
883:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
271:
31:
640:
469:
566:
564:
562:
530:
318:ibis genera, the other being the genus
698:
696:
694:
615:Longrich, N. R.; Olson, S. L. (2011).
514:and the Red Hills Fissure. Bones from
437:
356:of the same species was found in the
7:
453:
817:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp.
25:
851:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
704:"Deletion of the flightless ibis
1802:
1171:
484:
468:
452:
436:
429:
414:Drawing of the wing bones of an
376:with thickened walls, while the
128:
708:from the fossil record of Cuba"
1952:Extinct birds of the Caribbean
368:, rendering it club-like. The
1:
1942:Fossil taxa described in 1977
719:Caribbean Journal of Science
1968:
1927:Extinct animals of Jamaica
724:(1–2): 109–110
1798:
1489:
1198:
1185:
1168:
981:
968:
930:
811:Gould, Stephen J (1989).
279:
270:
245:
238:
125:Scientific classification
123:
34:
1947:Extinct flightless birds
925:and their extinct allies
702:Suárez, William (2001)
292:Jamaican flightless ibis
18:Jamaican flightless ibis
577:Oxford University Press
27:Extinct species of bird
633:10.1098/rspb.2010.2117
419:
372:is enlarged and bowed
314:, and one of only two
280:Former range (in red)
38:Temporal range: Early
1894:Paleobiology Database
1834:Xenicibis xympithecus
413:
388:Clubbed wing function
324:which was endemic to
300:Xenicibis xympithecus
252:Xenicibis xympithecus
1922:Holocene extinctions
573:Holocene Extinctions
502:class=notpageimage|
306:bird species of the
774:2004Natur.428..819P
627:(1716): 2333–2337.
579:. pp. 63–106.
416:American white ibis
231:X. xympithecus
713:2011-10-01 at the
512:Jackson's Bay Cave
493:Jackson's Bay Cave
420:
1932:Threskiornithidae
1909:
1908:
1826:Taxon identifiers
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1476:
1475:
1364:Threskiornithinae
1251:Threskiornithidae
1181:
1180:
1166:
1165:
1142:
1141:
586:978-0-19-953509-5
477:Red Hills Fissure
362:Red Hills Fissure
296:clubbed-wing ibis
284:
283:
219:
192:Threskiornithidae
16:(Redirected from
1959:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1821:
1808:
1806:
1766:
1716:
1672:
1655:
1549:
1532:
1522:
1512:
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1487:
1373:
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1320:
1310:
1300:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1256:
1229:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1103:
1093:
1070:
1060:
1044:Balaenicipitidae
1040:
1012:
996:
983:
970:
907:
900:
893:
884:
878:
877:
865:
859:
858:
848:
839:
833:
832:
808:
802:
801:
768:(6985): 819–20.
757:
751:
750:
734:
725:
700:
689:
688:
686:
684:
670:
661:
655:
654:
644:
612:
591:
590:
568:
557:
556:
544:
505:Excavation sites
488:
487:
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456:
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440:
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275:
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133:
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1866:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1788:
1757:Tigriornithinae
1751:
1731:
1687:
1577:
1557:
1472:
1358:
1338:
1245:
1222:
1194:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1138:
1118:
1078:
1029:
1005:
977:
964:
926:
911:
881:
867:
866:
862:
846:
841:
840:
836:
829:
810:
809:
805:
782:10.1038/428819a
759:
758:
754:
736:
735:
728:
715:Wayback Machine
701:
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495:
489:
481:
480:
479:
473:
465:
464:
463:
457:
449:
448:
447:
441:
425:
390:
366:carpometacarpus
338:
266:
256:
248:
247:
234:
209:
201:
127:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
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94:
89:
84:
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74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1854:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
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1786:
1779:
1772:
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1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1712:
1705:
1697:
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1689:
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1685:
1678:
1668:
1661:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
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1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
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1579:
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1567:
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1558:
1556:
1555:
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1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1501:
1490:
1484:
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1474:
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1471:
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1463:
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1400:
1393:
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1360:
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1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1285:
1275:
1264:
1262:
1260:incertae sedis
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:Xenerodiopidae
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1206:
1204:incertae sedis
1196:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
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1128:
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1079:
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1056:
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1046:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
991:
989:
987:incertae sedis
979:
978:
975:Pelecaniformes
973:
966:
965:
963:
962:
960:Pelecaniformes
956:
950:
944:
938:
931:
928:
927:
912:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
880:
879:
872:(in Spanish).
860:
834:
827:
803:
752:
726:
690:
656:
592:
585:
558:
529:
527:
524:
500:
499:
491:
490:
483:
482:
475:
474:
467:
466:
459:
458:
451:
450:
445:Long Mile Cave
443:
442:
435:
434:
428:
427:
426:
424:
421:
405:mantis shrimps
393:Ornithologists
389:
386:
342:Long Mile Cave
337:
334:
328:'s islands of
308:ibis subfamily
282:
281:
277:
276:
268:
267:
257:
243:
242:
236:
235:
227:
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221:
220:
199:
195:
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185:
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182:Pelecaniformes
179:
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159:
155:
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149:
145:
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139:
135:
134:
121:
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60:
55:
50:
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37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1964:
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1925:
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1895:
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1874:
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1831:
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1822:
1807:
1805:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:Cochleariinae
1734:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
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1669:
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1666:
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1659:
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1650:
1649:
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1642:
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1635:
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1628:
1624:
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1615:
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1610:
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1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
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1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
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1560:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:Mesembrinibis
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
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1075:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1001:
1000:
993:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
961:
957:
955:
951:
949:
945:
943:
939:
937:
933:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
875:
871:
864:
861:
857:(2): 117–125.
856:
852:
845:
838:
835:
830:
828:0-393-02705-8
824:
820:
816:
815:
807:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
753:
748:
744:
740:
733:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
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709:
707:
699:
697:
695:
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678:
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660:
657:
652:
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643:
638:
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630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
593:
588:
582:
578:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:(2): 447–457.
554:
550:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
531:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
503:
494:
478:
462:
446:
432:
422:
417:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
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387:
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367:
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343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Jamaican ibis
278:
274:
269:
264:
260:
255:
253:
244:
241:
240:Binomial name
237:
233:
232:
226:
223:
222:
217:
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108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
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73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
41:
35:Jamaican ibis
33:
30:
19:
1833:
1801:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1744:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1700:
1680:
1673:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1570:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1498:Ardeagrandis
1496:
1467:Threskiornis
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1351:
1331:
1321:
1313:Rhynchaeites
1311:
1301:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1259:
1238:
1214:
1203:
1131:
1111:
1106:Miopelecanus
1104:
1094:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1022:
997:
986:
954:Aequornithes
873:
869:
863:
854:
850:
837:
812:
806:
765:
761:
755:
746:
742:
738:
721:
718:
705:
681:. Retrieved
676:
672:
659:
624:
620:
572:
552:
548:
509:
492:
476:
461:Swansea Cave
460:
444:
423:Distribution
391:
358:Swansea Cave
339:
319:
311:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
251:
246:
230:
229:
205:
204:
29:
1881:iNaturalist
1746:Cochlearius
1648:Pilherodius
1505:Calherodius
1460:Theristicus
1453:Thaumatibis
1344:Plataleinae
1240:Xenerodiops
1157:See below ↓
1096:Eopelecanus
1084:Pelecanidae
1053:Balaeniceps
1014:Torotigidae
336:Description
1916:Categories
1776:Tigriornis
1769:Taphophoyx
1709:Ixobrychus
1693:Botaurinae
1682:Zonerodius
1641:Nyctanassa
1634:Nycticorax
1627:Gorsachius
1552:Proardeola
1411:Lophotibis
1404:Geronticus
1383:Bostrychia
1272:Gerandibis
1216:Ardeacites
1073:Paludiavis
913:Genera of
683:January 7,
526:References
370:metacarpal
316:flightless
44:0.01
1783:Tigrisoma
1675:Zeltornis
1613:Butorides
1563:Agamiinae
1542:Oroanassa
1535:Nyctisoma
1515:Eoceornis
1446:Pseudibis
1397:Eudocimus
1376:Apteribis
1333:Xenicibis
1323:Vadaravis
1113:Pelecanus
1063:Goliathia
999:Cladornis
934:Kingdom:
798:263603633
739:Xenicibis
706:Xenicibis
679:: 247–258
321:Apteribis
312:Xenicibis
224:Species:
206:Xenicibis
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
1873:11184319
1857:BioLib:
1849:Q2521346
1843:Wikidata
1726:Zebrilus
1719:Pikaihao
1702:Botaurus
1658:Proardea
1606:Bubulcus
1583:Ardeinae
1482:Ardeidae
1439:Plegadis
1432:Phimosus
1425:Nipponia
1390:Cercibis
1353:Platalea
1303:Protibis
1292:Mopsitta
1124:Scopidae
1035:Pelecani
942:Chordata
940:Phylum:
936:Animalia
923:pelicans
790:15103366
749:: 23–27.
711:Archived
651:21208965
374:distally
350:coracoid
330:Maui Nui
302:) is an
263:Steadman
216:Steadman
188:Family:
162:Chordata
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
40:Holocene
1665:Syrigma
1620:Egretta
1599:Ardeola
1024:Torotix
958:Order:
952:Clade:
946:Class:
770:Bibcode
642:3119002
520:limpkin
354:humerus
346:Jamaica
304:extinct
249:†
228:†
198:Genus:
178:Order:
168:Class:
113:↓
1937:Ibises
1899:371548
1886:774291
1860:467171
1572:Agamia
1525:Matuku
1282:Milnea
1133:Scopus
919:herons
876:: 1–3.
825:
796:
788:
762:Nature
649:
639:
583:
382:radius
326:Hawaii
265:, 1977
261:&
218:, 1977
214:&
1592:Ardea
1192:Ardei
1148:Ardei
847:(PDF)
794:S2CID
669:(PDF)
401:flail
259:Olson
212:Olson
1868:GBIF
948:Aves
915:ibis
823:ISBN
786:PMID
685:2011
647:PMID
581:ISBN
516:Cuba
397:club
380:and
378:ulna
286:The
172:Aves
52:PreꞒ
819:347
778:doi
766:428
637:PMC
629:doi
625:278
399:or
294:or
1918::
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874:17
855:64
853:.
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784:.
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764:.
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745:.
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645:.
635:.
623:.
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595:^
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561:^
553:90
551:.
533:^
344:,
332:.
290:,
102:Pg
46:Ma
1765:†
1715:†
1671:†
1654:†
1548:†
1531:†
1521:†
1511:†
1494:†
1372:†
1329:†
1319:†
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1295:?
1288:†
1278:†
1268:†
1228:†
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1212:†
1102:†
1092:†
1069:†
1059:†
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1011:†
1002:?
995:†
906:e
899:t
892:v
831:.
800:.
780::
772::
687:.
653:.
631::
589:.
298:(
202:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
20:)
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