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in 1807, supplying it for government work. He began experimenting with formulations for "artificial" cements that would provide a cheaper alternative to Roman cement. He appears to have produced a prototype cement at
Harwich in 1810. However, it was not until 1822 that he was granted a patent for
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communicated frequently with Frost, and gave a detailed description of his techniques based on a visit to
Swanscombe in December 1828. In 1832, he sold the Swanscombe plant to John Bazely White's, and migrated to
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to produce a thin slurry from which coarse particles could be removed by settling. The fine, homogenous mixture of chalk and clay particles was dried to a stiff plastic consistency before being burned in a
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The key innovation in his work was the "wet" grinding of raw materials, which became fundamental to the early development of
Portland cement. He ground the soft local
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19:(1780?-1840?) was an English businessman and inventor who invented processes that led to the eventual development of
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103:. He contributed several papers on calcareous cements to the Journal of the
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what he called "British Cement". In
October 1825, he leased land at
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His
Swanscombe plant became in the 1840s, under the management of
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118:. It closed in 1990, after 165 years of continuous operation.
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159:Observations on Lime, Calcareous Cements etc
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197:English manufacturing businesspeople
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137:, David & Charles, 1977,
135:The Cement Industry 1796-1914
75:estuary and added water in a
43:. He set up a plant making
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187:Businesspeople in cement
161:, 1838, appendices 14-16
99:, where he set up as a
67:together with alluvial
207:People from Swanscombe
116:Blue Circle Industries
202:People from Finchley
105:Franklin Institute
31:Frost was born in
192:English inventors
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45:Roman cement
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112:I C Johnson
17:James Frost
171:Categories
122:References
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71:from the
37:Middlesex
27:Biography
77:washmill
33:Finchley
49:Harwich
41:England
145:, pp61
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73:Medway
65:chalk
139:ISBN
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82:kiln
69:clay
58:Kent
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