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laughter and cheers.’ Greenwood laid out his policies beyond education. He said he stood for (in today’s terms) good governance and criticised those who clung to place without power (such as Parkes) and those who collided with the Crown (such as
Robertson for his clashes with the Governor). He wanted to expand the franchise beyond the owners of freehold property. He did not support salaries for elected members. (Only Ministers were paid at this time and both Parkes and Robertson sought to hold office to remain solvent.) He favoured reform of the land auctions and land laws that applied to the competing squatters and free selectors. He was in favour of free trade and against incentives for new industries. He said he would support the construction of a railway to the Illawarra if the projected revenues were sufficient.
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150:‘Statistical returns of any kind had meanings for him that few other eyes discerned. Ministers and heads of departments feared the consummate skill and untiring energy which he brought to bear upon their reports. The banking corporations had in him the most competent critic they had yet encountered. Some of his statistical articles were revelations to many of those who read them. So he helped to educate many of our politicians. Protectionists, land monopolists, surplus-treasurers, and other jugglers with figures, had their carefully constructed balloons fatally pricked by his sharp and watchful pen.’
246:. Greenwood, the main speaker, proposed the establishment of what became the New South Wales Public School League, for the advocacy of a national system of education – secular, compulsory, and free. Greenwood called the current system a ‘cumbrous, uncertain, compromising, and controversy-creating system’ and said ‘what was wanted was a system of education which should reach every home in the country, a system at the lowest cost which should be fair and just to the school teachers, a system which should be impartially just to all sections of the community.'
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the State to secure a system of education for its people that shall be adequate, equitable, and available for all the children in the land.' He took his seat to prolonged and enthusiastic cheering. The motion was seconded by Rev Dr Barry who said we look to
Greenwood as our leader in this matter. ‘The manner, in which he has mastered every detail, the labour with which he has got up his figures and his facts, and the admirable skill with which he has so disciplined and arrayed them are worthy of all praise.’
266:
salary of £800 a-year, if he stood for
Parliament. Greenwood declined as his church had told him that he would need to resign his ministry if he entered Parliament. Not all impressions were positive. One observer described Greenwood as a fluent speaker, but weak in voice, and lacking animation and the faculty of emphasising and pressing home his arguments.
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our sons ? There is no need to make them rivals in the avocations of life, because nature has given them certain distinctive adaptations^; but, whatever a woman can do as well as a man, there is no reason in nature, and there ought to be no reason in social life, why she should not be as free as a man to do it.
249:
There was a further preliminary meeting on 9 July again at the
Temperance Hall. Of the 42 attendees whose names were recorded at that meeting, 3 held local government office, several were JPs or doctors and 15 were clergy. Greenwood spoke again, providing data on the schools systems in Queensland and
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asserted 'Mr. Greenwood is intimately connected with the Sydney
Morning Herald, if not at the very head of its editorial staff. On all occasions, and in every possible way, the Herald has opposed the Illawarra Railway, and will probably do so to the end, and if it should transpire that Mr. Greenwood
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Government fell. Earlier on 11 March 1877, a meeting of the League was held in
Newcastle. A telegram from Mr. Greenwood, was read, and cheered. 'Cannot come to night. Parkes likely to form a strong Government. He will consent to some education system, but not ours. We shall have to keep on for some
250:
the USA. He said in NSW ‘ 25,000 children beyond the reach of our present educational appliances. Whoever had studied the matter must be convinced that this was the class most needing to be reached, and yet the class which would never be touched unless our system was made both compulsory and free’
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Must we for ever go on educating our daughters with no other hope but that in time somebody will come to marry them ? What a degradation of woman to make that her only prospect in life 1 Why not multiply the avenues of feminine industry and give our daughters as good chances of independence as
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The Mail described him as an expert in all social and political subjects that could be represented by figures with no rival in the
Colonies. They said he had a special gift for statistics and for getting the meaning out of figures. He watched eagerly for the appearance of public documents, which he
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Obituary writers recognised that as in MP he was very active, and perhaps more than any other member, went minutely into the subjects to which he gave his attention but judged his political career to be far from a success and disappointing. Wisely, one said he declined to seek re-election in 1880.
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Fun was made of
Greenwood's self-importance and his calls to purify political life. 'Great things are expected from the Rev. Mr. Greenwood MP for the S M Herald no I mean for East Sydney. He is a hard worker and a long-headed thinker, and possesses undeniably the gift of the gab – but he 'blows'
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On 17 August 1874 The League was formally established at a meeting at the
Masonic Hall, 102 York Street. (The Masonic Hall occupied the old Town Hall opposite what today is the Queen Victoria Building). Greenwood spoke at length moving the first motion. 'That this meeting regards it as the duty of
138:
This article ranged across the capital expenditure of the
Victorian Government on State school buildings, the cost of some schools, the cost per pupil served (£5 per head), the school population, the transition from leased to owned schools, the number of acceptable quality school buildings in NSW,
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The Sydney congregation became uncomfortable with their pastor's involvement in the emerging campaign over State education and requested he choose the campaign or the ministry. Greenwood was also uncomfortable. After his death, the papers reported that he had begun to doubt his calling and he left
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where ten thousand people gathered in front of the hustings. Greenwood was nominated by John Woods and seconded by Walter Buzacott. In his nomination speech, Greenwood restated his ‘good governance’ position, said he was in favour of subsidising immigration through the proceeds of land sales, of
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Although he was ‘the life and soul of the Public Schools League’, Greenwood did not stand as a single-issue candidate which surprised some. In a three-hour address at the Temperance Hall on 17 October in which ‘some of the speaker's remarks were somewhat humorous and were greeted with continuous
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In the words of the Argus, Greenwood burst into political life as the great platform speaker and champion of the League. Greenwood's leadership was recognised by Joseph Paxton a wealthy gold miner turned philanthropist led a group that offered to fund his election campaign and provide him with a
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In 1875, returning to Sydney overland from his month at the Albert Street Baptist Church in Melbourne, Greenwood spoke at a public meeting at Fry's Hotel in Gundagai. Reports of this lecture prompted a self-described Catholic to write ‘As well expect that persons should pay attention to the mad
222:
Government introduced a Public Schools Act that placed denominational schools under State oversight. The 1866 Act sought through other measures, to stimulate the extension of government schooling to unserved areas. In this system, attendance was at the parent's discretion and government schools
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On 12 February 1878, when Greenwood (who one observer said received, and deserved, the most attention of any new member) brought forward a resolution that schools should be free, secular and compulsory he was received with cheers from all sides of the house. The resolution aimed to replace the
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stood in for Greenwood as first speaker. The paper reported Pigott called Greenwood the champion of the League (Cheers), described him as someone who had fought well for its principles (hear, hear) and regretted that Greenwood was not there to move the first resolution and to lay before them a
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In 1876, he published his 3 valedictory sermons at sixpence each – The damned City's last warning, All for the best, and Commercial morality – under the title Sermons for the People. His aim he wrote was to impress the leading Christian truths and duties on the minds of his fellow citizens. He
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and Charles Bright. Clark was a popular pastor at the Baptist church in Albert Street East Melbourne. Clark would go on to resign his ministry for a lucrative career as a public speaker, establishing that profession in Australia. Bright, the sometime editor of Melbourne Punch, moved on to be
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charged fees and were required to be self-supporting. The less well wealthy denominations such as Congregationalists and Baptists could not afford to establish their own denominational schools and the poor could not afford the fees. Nor did all parents permit their children to attend school.
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and Greenwood over the seat of Mudgee, Robertson claimed that it was Greenwood's patrons at the SMH who had promised to bankroll Greenwood's campaign and that it was because the paper had withdrawn the promise of funding that Greenwood had to withdraw from the campaign ignominiously.
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In 1876 the Government brought forward an amendment to the 1866 Act. The League responded at a public meeting on 2 March 1876 at the Masonic Hall chaired by Paxton. Greenwood was on the bill but did not attend as he had not yet fulfilled his notice at his parish.
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The alternative model for which Greenwood and others campaigned was in operation in other parts of the world including Queensland and Victoria which in 1872, established a centralised model based on the principles of free, secular, and compulsory education.
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In NSW at that time many young people did not receive an education and most of those who were eduacated passed through the denominational schools (Anglican and Catholic). Fee-paying Government schools had been introduced in 1848. In 1866,
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Parliamentary politics in NSW in the 1870s had ‘drifted into chaos’. This was a time before formal political parties, and MPs formed and reformed fluid short-term coalitions that elevated to Premier, either the devious faction leaders
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Slocum – Walker – January 31, by the Rev. James Greenwood, Captain Joshua Slocum, ship Constitution, Boston, Mass. U.S., to Virginia Albertina, daughter of William H. Walker, Survey Department. The Sydney Morning Herald Friday 24 Feb
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It was also said that many of the statistical returns issued by the Government had been greatly improved following his suggestions and that the inaugural role of Government statist would have been offered to him if he had wanted it.
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This was, in hindsight, the peak of Greenwood's Parliamentary career and as an advocate for public education. At the end of 1878, the old foes Parkes and Robertson formed a coalition that replaced the Farnell Government. The new
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replied that the Government had received £60,000 in fees, paid without complaint and that denominational schools were equally effective as public schools. Parkes headed off the confrontation by sending the issue to a committee.
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comparative attendance as a proportion of population, the amount that NSW would need to set aside to emulate Victoria, and the slow release of funds for schools in NSW (as opposed to the funding made available for roads).
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will support the project while he is connected with that paper, it will be a matter for general surprise, and will greatly add to the high estimation in which he is now held by the people of this colony as a public man.'
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From 1836 to 1938, the Bathurst Street Baptist church was on the northeast corner of Kent and Bathurst Street, where today stands Council House. In 1938, the church moved to its current location at 619 George Street.
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And so it was that one of Greenwood's 'most conspicuous opponents and merciless critics was the distinguished person who is now, by the very irony of fate, looked up to as the author of our educational system'.
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The Robertson government fell in October and a general election was held. It was for this election and in this inflamed context that Greenwood announced his candidacy for the multi-member electorate of
1817:
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At that time elections took place over several days and were held at different times in different electorates allowing a candidate defeated in one electorate to run for another seat.)
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The Argus in Melbourne called him the most interesting among the new candidates and predicted he would be troublesome to those who disagreed with him including Sir John Robertson, Mr.
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On 18 June 1874, the educational reformers held their first meeting in the New Temperance Hall, on Pitt Street. (The Hall was directly opposite the Independent chapel, today the
51:
the Baptist Nonconformist minister and politician was a contemporary. On 26 June 1866 he married Mary Anne Wallis Ward; they had seven children, of whom four survived to adulthood.
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Following the election, Parkes sought to form a Government and sounded out Stuart, before asking Davies, then Greenwood if they would serve as Treasurer. All declined. Eventually
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At least one article appeared under Greenwood's name – The Equality of the Sexes. In which he argued for greater (though not complete) equality, opposing the views in Sir
202:
In the words of the Sydney Morning Herald. 'He was a man of great breadth and variety of knowledge, of extensive reading and patient research, and of scholarly tastes.'
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The content of the 3 May article matches the newspaper reports of Greenwood's education campaign speeches and is consistent with the assessment of his obituary writers.
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aspirant politician, campaigning journalist, education reformer and Free thinker. In several ways, Greenwood's own career would, with less success, follow these paths.
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on 25 July 1870. He succeeded the Rev James Voller in the parish, as director of the Baptist Training College (1871) and in the residency of the Baptist Union of NSW.
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As it turned out the Parkes Government only lasted a few months and elections were held in August of that year, elections at which Greenwood was himself a candidate.
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Later in the year Parkes spoke in support of the 1866 Education Act and was rebutted by Greenwood in a 3,500 word article in the Sydney Morning Herald.
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While pastor Greenwood became a prominent campaigner for National, Secular, Compulsory and Free education under the banner of the Public School League.
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the ministry with the intention of studying for the Bar, but was diverted from that course by the education campaign and his election to Parliament.
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1270:. 'Buzacott always affirmed that the hairy old opportunist obstructed the work of the League until he found that public opinion had jumped its way'
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That there might be something to these claims is suggested by the presence in the small group at Greenwood's funeral of the editor of the SMH Dr.
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In 1875, Greenwood returned to Melbourne to preach at the Albert Street Baptist church where his sermons were listened to with 'great attention'.
135:
in Lismore referenced an article in the Sydney Morning Herald on Victorian educational progress ‘which some would at once attribute to his pen’.
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Walter Sewell Buzacott was the Secretary of the Public School League. He was a ship chandler and then ran an engineering works that later made
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and the Ministry who will ‘do the utmost to defeat him’. (Garrett was Minister for Lands and had been accused of bribery and insobriety.)
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studied with patient enthusiasm, and compelled them to yield fresh and valuable results to the political thought of the country.
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ravings of a Socialist, or Communist, or common Highwayman as listen to the twaddle of the Rev. Mr. Greenwood’
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Greenwood's public opponents claimed he was more than just a journalist on the staff of the SMH. The proposed
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The show of hands for the nominated candidates at the hustings endorsed Parkes, Greenwood, Davies, and
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to take up the position of pastor at the Bathurst Street Baptist Church in Sydney, arriving on the
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While still a pastor, Greenwood had begun to write for the Sydney Morning Herald and the Echo.
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holds records of his writing and speeches mostly related to his campaign to reform education.
466:
357:
163:
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1466:. Vol. LXXVII, no. 12, 399. New South Wales, Australia. 13 February 1878. p. 2
1438:. Vol. LXXVII, no. 12, 398. New South Wales, Australia. 12 February 1878. p. 7
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State subsidies to the city of Sydney and the railways and the sewerage and water schemes of
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1410:. Vol. LXXVII, no. 12, 392. New South Wales, Australia. 5 February 1878. p. 5
1382:. Vol. LXXVI, no. 12, 345. New South Wales, Australia. 12 December 1877. p. 4
539:
414:
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credited the journalist, so it is difficult to identify articles by Greenwood. However, the
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time longer. We shall win finally, for no system is preferable that falls short of ours.'
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1880 which contained most if not all the education campaigners and Greenwood had sought.
1631:. Vol. XXVI, no. 670. New South Wales, Australia. 11 November 1882. p. 17
928:
Illustrated Sydney News and New South Wales Agriculturalist and Grazier 19 December 1874
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690:
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1170:. Vol. XVI, no. 401. New South Wales, Australia. 27 October 1877. p. 11
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Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser 30 January 1875
878:
761:
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182:, (Editor 1873–1885) and Mr. E. Lewis Scott, the paper's dramatic and musical critic.
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1659:. Vol. IX, no. 3435. New South Wales, Australia. 7 November 1882. p. 3
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24:(25 August 1838 – 6 November 1882) was an English-born Australian politician.
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965:. Vol. XVI, no. 1182. New South Wales, Australia. 25 July 1874. p. 2
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The Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser
1686:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
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more 'blowingly' than a dozen native-born Australians rolled into one.'
1604:. No. 4752. New South Wales, Australia. 6 November 1882. p. 2
1576:. No. 436. New South Wales, Australia. 17 November 1882. p. 3
1548:. No. 4754. New South Wales, Australia. 8 November 1882. p. 4
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1142:. No. 3210. New South Wales, Australia. 16 October 1877. p. 2
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was a campaign issue when Greenwood stood in the election of 1877. The
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79:
365:(which included the Bondi sewer outfall, and the Nepean Reservoir.)
1494:. No. 9, 884. Victoria, Australia. 19 February 1878. p. 6
1114:. No. 9, 785. Victoria, Australia. 25 October 1877. p. 10
799:"New South Wales 'secular' education and the Public Schools League"
814:"Free, compulsory and secular Education Acts Australia, 1850-1910"
256:
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53:
841:
Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser 25 June 1874
724:
The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser 11 Nov 1882
1513:
Evaluation, Centre for Education Statistics and (6 March 2023).
1349:"1856 to 1889 – Responsible Government and Colonial Development"
1312:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
1066:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
1048:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
1030:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
885:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
768:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
636:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
618:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
393:
were returned, shutting out Parkes. Robertson lost his seat in
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on 6 November 1882, survived by his wife and three children.
356:
Nominations for the election were held on 22 October 1877 in
733:
The Argus 14 Nov 1882, The Sydney Morning Herald 30 Nov 1882
787:
Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser 10 January 1880
1198:. New South Wales, Australia. 18 February 1865. p. 4
1086:. New South Wales, Australia. 3 November 1877. p. 10
397:(Parkes was returned to Parliament by the electorate of
261:
Gundagai meeting of Public School League 3 February 1875
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formed a Ministry that lasted until the end of 1878.
1818:
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
116:retired from his ministry at the end of July 1876.
93:In this role he celebrated the marriage of Captain
634:Charles Bright, Australian Dictionary of Biography
39:to Richard and Betty Greenwood. He studied at the
766:Andrew Garran, Australian Dictionary of Biography
616:Charles Clark, Australian Dictionary of Biography
517:The Sydney Morning Herald Wed 27 Jul 1870
282:general case on behalf of the League.(Cheers.)
47:in theology, philosophy and economics in 1866.
1162:"The General Election. East Sydney Nomination"
1656:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
1281:"The Bulletin Vol. 37 No. 1896 (15 Jun 1916)"
1011:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
668:
666:
8:
681:The Sydney Morning Herald 17 Jun 1876
601:The Sydney Morning Herald 19 Oct 1881
532:"The Australian Baptist Heritage Collection"
310:or a compromise candidate. Interventions by
170:In the 1882 electoral confrontation between
234:The New Temperance Hall Pitt Street, Sydney
1731:
1667:– via National Library of Australia.
1639:– via National Library of Australia.
1612:– via National Library of Australia.
1584:– via National Library of Australia.
1556:– via National Library of Australia.
1502:– via National Library of Australia.
1474:– via National Library of Australia.
1446:– via National Library of Australia.
1418:– via National Library of Australia.
1390:– via National Library of Australia.
1206:– via National Library of Australia.
1178:– via National Library of Australia.
1150:– via National Library of Australia.
1122:– via National Library of Australia.
1094:– via National Library of Australia.
1060:"Sir Hercules George Robinson (1824–1897)"
973:– via National Library of Australia.
778:The Sydney Morning Herald 2 October 1909
543:
1243:"Woods, John | The Dictionary of Sydney"
525:
523:
242:.) The meeting was chaired by the Mayor
100:In 1874, on a trip to Melbourne, he met
97:and Virginia Walker on 31 January 1871.
1828:English emigrants to colonial Australia
485:
314:the Governor also triggered elections.
67:In 1867 Greenwood became pastor at the
58:Notice of Greenwood's arrival in Sydney
1001:Sydney Morning Herald 23 February 1876
206:Secular education campaigner 1874–1877
1083:The Albury Banner and Wodonga Express
751:Sydney Morning Herald 14 January 1882
672:The Sydney Morning Herald 30 Nov 1882
7:
1736:New South Wales Legislative Assembly
895:Sydney Morning Herald 18 August 1874
742:Illawarra Mercury 16 Nov 1877
318:1877 began with Robertson as Premier
1823:19th-century Australian politicians
1628:Australian Town and Country Journal
1167:Australian Town and Country Journal
1684:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1310:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1306:"Sir Alexander Stuart (1824–1886)"
1064:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1046:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1028:Australian Dictionary of Biography
992:Sydney Morning Herald 25 June 1875
883:Australian Dictionary of Biography
850:Sydney Morning Herald, 9 July 1874
14:
797:Cooper, Paul (13 December 2015).
454:Greenwood died of an overdose of
423:Leary, the Minister for Education
421:incumbent denominational system.
16:Australian politician (1838–1882)
1705:"Mr James Greenwood (1838-1882)"
1024:"Sir John Robertson (1816–1891)"
862:"Laying of the foundation stone"
812:Campbell, Craig (1 March 2014).
715:Sydney Morning Herald 3 May 1876
706:Northern Star 20 May 1876
1680:"Greenwood, James (1839–1882)"
1624:"The Late Mr. Greenwood, M.A."
1596:"Death of Mr. James Greenwood"
1540:"The Late Mr. James Greenwood"
1324:"NSW Elections – 1877 Results"
1042:"Sir Henry Parkes (1815–1896)"
983:Freeman's Journal 6 March 1875
297:Candidate in the 1877 election
1:
1711:Parliament of New South Wales
1568:"The late Mr James Greenwood"
1515:"Public Instruction Act 1880"
648:"Former Baptist Church House"
530:Burn, Kerrie (1 April 2006).
401:. Robertson was returned for
937:The Queenslander 27 Oct 1877
914:Cooper, Paul (9 July 2015).
630:"Charles Bright (1832–1903)"
189:Metaphysics and referencing
127:This was the era before the
69:Stoney Street Baptist Church
1402:"Impressions in Parliament"
1374:"The Sydney Morning Herald"
916:"Joseph Paxton (1828-1882)"
879:"Zachary Barry (1827–1898)"
762:"Andrew Garran (1825–1901)"
612:"Charles Clark (1838–1903)"
120:Journalist & researcher
1844:
829:"Education Act 1872 (Vic)"
827:Macintyre, Stuart (1991).
545:10.31046/anztla.v0i58.1308
240:Pitt Street Uniting Church
1778:
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1463:The Sydney Morning Herald
1435:The Sydney Morning Herald
1407:The Sydney Morning Herald
1379:The Sydney Morning Herald
1353:www.parliament.nsw.gov.au
1328:www.parliament.nsw.gov.au
1134:"Notes on current events"
218:, then a Minister in the
860:Davis, D (22 May 2006).
660:The Age, 25 January 1875
568:"Central Baptist Church"
63:Baptist pastor 1867–1876
1430:"Legislative Asssembly"
1709:Former members of the
1247:dictionaryofsydney.org
957:"Fry's Gundagai Hotel"
904:Argus 14 November 1882
436:Public Instruction Act
324:, who was replaced by
285:On 21 March 1877, the
262:
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78:Greenwood migrated to
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27:Greenwood was born at
1491:The Argus (Melbourne)
1190:"The hustings (1865)"
1111:The Argus (Melbourne)
498:Spartacus Educational
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57:
1519:education.nsw.gov.au
458:at the age of 44 at
409:Member of Parliament
326:Robertson in August.
41:University of London
1268:Cyclone wire fences
572:www.sydneyorgan.com
322:succeeded by Parkes
1759:Served alongside:
697:title (1875-1893).
320:. In March he was
263:
236:
187:William Hamilton's
172:Sir John Robertson
60:
1796:
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1779:Succeeded by
1757:1877–1880
1486:"New South Wales"
1222:Sydney's Aldermen
1106:"New South Wales"
467:Rookwood Cemetery
432:Parkes Government
389:, Greenwood, and
381:some days later,
164:Illawarra Mercury
160:Illawarra Railway
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1742:Preceded by
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1458:"NSW Parliament"
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1782:Henry Dangar
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1601:Evening News
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1808:1838 births
1790:George Reid
1753:East Sydney
1751:Member for
434:passed the
352:Nominations
331:East Sydney
1802:Categories
1651:"Obituary"
480:References
460:Paddington
456:chlorodyne
399:Canterbury
73:Nottingham
29:Stansfield
1766:Macintosh
554:1839-8758
383:Macintosh
377:. At the
358:Hyde Park
308:Robertson
287:Robertson
33:Todmorden
1078:"Sydney"
369:Election
312:Robinson
1774:Renwick
1729:
695:Fairfax
415:Farnell
403:Mudgee.
342:Garrett
1770:Stuart
1762:Davies
1717:8 June
1663:11 May
1635:11 May
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552:
391:Stuart
387:Davies
304:Parkes
220:Martin
129:byline
80:Sydney
1333:9 May
1290:9 May
1285:Trove
1252:9 May
1227:9 May
1174:9 May
1146:9 May
1118:9 May
1090:9 May
969:9 May
865:(PDF)
450:Death
375:Dixon
84:Jason
31:near
1719:2019
1692:2023
1665:2024
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592:1871
579:2023
550:ISSN
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379:poll
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