1518:, the detected signal will increase in proportion to the bandwidth of the detector (as opposed to signals with bandwidth narrower than the detector bandpass). To calculate the flux density in janskys, the total power detected (in watts) is divided by the receiver collecting area (in square meters), and then divided by the detector bandwidth (in hertz). The flux density of astronomical sources is many orders of magnitude below 1 W·m·Hz, so the result is multiplied by 10 to get a more appropriate unit for natural astrophysical phenomena.
3068:
940:
3078:
723:
498:
545:
Jansky units are not a standard SI unit, so it may be necessary to convert the measurements made in the unit to the SI equivalent in terms of watts per square metre per hertz (W·m·Hz). However, other unit conversions are possible with respect to measuring this unit.
696:
935:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P_{{\text{dBW}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{-2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1}}&=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\text{Jy}}\right)-260,\\P_{{\text{dBm}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{-2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1}}&=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\text{Jy}}\right)-230.\end{aligned}}}
1510:
also carry energy, so their flux density can also be expressed in terms of janskys. Typical signals on Earth are expected to be 10 Jy or more. However, because of the poor coupling of gravitational waves to matter, such signals are difficult to detect.
1323:
365:
1179:
257:
1070:
2758:
561:
376:
1402:
1473:
728:
1220:
2416:
2308:
1075:
272:
199:
1211:
528:
Although extended sources at all wavelengths can be reported with these units, for radio-frequency maps, extended sources have traditionally been described in terms of a
971:
2190:
2406:
2396:
3117:
2331:
1871:
1497:
510:
1500:
lists some 300 to 400 radio sources in the
Northern Hemisphere brighter than 9 Jy at 159 MHz. This range makes the jansky a suitable unit for
2097:
517:
For extended sources, the surface brightness is often described with units of janskys per solid angle; for example, far-infrared (FIR) maps from the
3036:
2787:
2510:
2347:
509:
Since the jansky is obtained by integrating over the whole source solid angle, it is most simply used to describe point sources; for example, the
1330:
501:
2748:
2470:
1749:
1410:
554:
The flux density in janskys can be converted to a magnitude basis, for suitable assumptions about the spectrum. For instance, converting an
2724:
2618:
1489:
It was created for and is still most frequently used in reference to electromagnetic energy, especially in the context of radio astronomy.
1849:
2716:
2550:
2386:
2208:
2151:
493:{\displaystyle 1~\mathrm {Jy} =10^{-23}~\mathrm {erg} {\cdot }\mathrm {s^{-1}} {\cdot }\mathrm {cm^{-2}} {\cdot }\mathrm {Hz^{-1}} }
2947:
2316:
2218:
2041:
2822:
2440:
2803:
2540:
2376:
2051:
36:
691:{\displaystyle S_{v}~=10^{6}\cdot 10^{23}\cdot 10^{-{\tfrac {{\text{AB}}+48.6}{2.5}}}=10^{\tfrac {23.9-{\text{AB}}}{2.5}}.}
3107:
2226:
2090:
1515:
532:; for example the Haslam et al. 408 MHz all-sky continuum survey is reported in terms of a brightness temperature in
3112:
2990:
2668:
2568:
1551:
3011:
2902:
2768:
2676:
2490:
2292:
2145:
2141:
2732:
3081:
2242:
1741:
2530:
2450:
2167:
2157:
1514:
When measuring broadband continuum emissions, where the energy is roughly evenly distributed across the detector
1493:
3102:
3071:
2740:
2708:
2608:
2284:
2172:
2083:
1521:
The millijansky, mJy, was sometimes referred to as a milli-flux unit (mfu) in older astronomical literature.
2980:
2970:
2434:
2300:
20:
1405:
2692:
2578:
958:
529:
2985:
2952:
2872:
2480:
2426:
2366:
2266:
1318:{\displaystyle T\sim {\frac {h\nu }{k}}\left({\frac {B_{\nu }c^{2}}{2h\nu ^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\right).}
1214:
360:{\displaystyle 1~\mathrm {Jy} =10^{-26}~\mathrm {W} {\cdot }\mathrm {m^{-2}} {\cdot }\mathrm {Hz^{-1}} }
3053:
2842:
2700:
2258:
2234:
1990:
1908:
1817:
1778:
3026:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2684:
2588:
2460:
2018:
1507:
154:
3006:
2975:
2922:
2882:
2852:
2795:
2560:
2339:
1898:
1184:
1845:
3031:
2877:
2200:
2047:
1936:
1865:
1786:
1745:
1590:
950:
262:
71:
3021:
2917:
2912:
2847:
2598:
2250:
1998:
1926:
1916:
1825:
1718:
1174:{\displaystyle T={\frac {h\nu }{k\ln \left(1+{\frac {2h\nu ^{3}}{B_{\nu }c^{2}}}\right)}}.}
2942:
2887:
2131:
2106:
1661:
1501:
158:
965:
1994:
1912:
1821:
1782:
3016:
2897:
1931:
1886:
1483:
2057:
252:{\displaystyle S=\iint \limits _{\text{source}}B(\theta ,\phi )\,\mathrm {d} \Omega .}
3096:
2937:
2892:
2867:
1626:
42:
1766:
2862:
2135:
713:
555:
166:
150:
53:
3041:
2932:
2927:
2857:
1065:{\displaystyle B_{\nu }={\frac {2h\nu ^{3}}{c^{2}}}{\frac {1}{e^{h\nu /kT}-1}}.}
193:
709:
basis, suitable for use in fields of telecommunication and radio engineering.
1955:
1790:
3046:
2274:
1676:
1644:
954:
522:
1940:
2907:
2649:
1692:
1586:
1921:
2500:
706:
2046:. Cygnus-Quasar Books. Table: Radio spectrum of astronomical sources.
1979:"Variable radio source structure on a scale of several minutes of arc"
2520:
1701:
Note: Unless noted, all values are as seen from the Earth's surface.
533:
1496:
have flux densities of the order of 1–100 janskys. For example, the
2759:
Special
Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
2003:
1978:
1830:
1805:
2639:
2075:
1903:
170:
2121:
1563:
518:
162:
2079:
1887:"Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology with Gravitational Waves"
1567:
1555:
717:
368:
146:
1482:
The flux to which the jansky refers can be in any form of
1397:{\displaystyle T_{b}={\frac {B_{\nu }c^{2}}{2k\nu ^{2}}},}
1885:
Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Schutz, Bernard F. (4 March 2009).
705:
The linear flux density in janskys can be converted to a
2417:
Combined Array for
Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
188:, of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance,
1810:
261:
The unit is named after pioneering US radio astronomer
1771:
Bulletin d'Information du Centre de
Donnees Stellaires
1468:{\displaystyle B_{\nu }={\frac {2\nu ^{2}kT}{c^{2}}}.}
663:
632:
558:
to a flux density in microjanskys is straightforward:
1413:
1333:
1223:
1187:
1078:
974:
726:
564:
379:
275:
202:
1181:
In the low-frequency, high-temperature regime, when
2999:
2961:
2815:
2780:
2667:
2632:
2359:
2181:
2166:
2113:
1806:"Galaxy Colors in Various Photometric Band Systems"
115:
99:
77:
67:
59:
49:
35:
30:
1804:Fukugita, M.; Shimasaku, K.; Ichikawa, T. (1995).
1467:
1396:
1317:
1205:
1173:
1064:
934:
690:
492:
359:
251:
2521:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
1736:Burke, Bernard F.; Graham-Smith, Francis (2009).
2407:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
2091:
1719:"International Astronomical Union | IAU"
8:
2397:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
961:, useful in radio and microwave astronomy.
2191:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1072:This can be solved for temperature, giving
2178:
2098:
2084:
2076:
1498:Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources
511:Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources
27:
2002:
1930:
1920:
1902:
1829:
1593:'s initial discovery, published in 1933)
1454:
1437:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1382:
1364:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1297:
1285:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1230:
1222:
1186:
1151:
1141:
1129:
1116:
1085:
1077:
1037:
1030:
1020:
1012:
1001:
988:
979:
973:
912:
895:
870:
865:
852:
847:
838:
837:
810:
793:
768:
763:
750:
745:
736:
735:
727:
725:
672:
662:
635:
631:
627:
614:
601:
586:
581:
569:
563:
480:
472:
467:
457:
449:
444:
434:
429:
424:
413:
401:
386:
378:
347:
339:
334:
324:
319:
314:
309:
297:
282:
274:
238:
237:
213:
201:
2511:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
2348:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
1528:
1710:
1870:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1863:
1767:"The 408 MHz all-sky continuum survey"
3012:Cosmic microwave background radiation
2749:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
2471:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
1558:telephone transmitting 0.5 W at
7:
3077:
2725:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
2619:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
1956:"Research: Understanding the Jansky"
2717:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
2551:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
1738:An Introduction to Radio Astronomy
477:
473:
454:
450:
431:
420:
417:
414:
390:
387:
344:
340:
321:
310:
286:
283:
243:
239:
14:
3118:Units of measurement in astronomy
2387:Australia Telescope Compact Array
2209:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
2152:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
1852:from the original on 3 March 2016
1765:Haslam, C. G. T. (1 March 1985).
521:satellite are in megajanskys per
513:(3C) reports results in janskys.
81:
3076:
3067:
3066:
2441:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
2309:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
712:1 jansky is equal to −260
2541:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
2377:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1404:which can be derived from the
591:
578:
234:
222:
1:
16:Unit of spectral flux density
2991:Gravitational-wave astronomy
2569:Primeval Structure Telescope
1954:Ask SETI (4 December 2004).
1891:Living Reviews in Relativity
1562:at a distance of 1 km (
1552:Radio-frequency interference
2903:Christiaan Alexander Muller
2769:Vermilion River Observatory
2677:Algonquin Radio Observatory
2142:Astronomical interferometer
2040:Kraus, John Daniel (1986).
1683:
1667:
1651:
1632:
1613:
1597:
1574:
1539:
1206:{\displaystyle h\nu \ll kT}
3134:
2243:Large Millimeter Telescope
1742:Cambridge University Press
1494:astronomical radio sources
18:
3062:
2531:Murchison Widefield Array
2451:Green Bank Interferometer
2275:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
2158:Astronomical radio source
1983:The Astrophysical Journal
161:. It is equivalent to 10
95:
2741:Onsala Space Observatory
2733:Nançay Radio Observatory
2709:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2609:Very Long Baseline Array
2285:Sardinia Radio Telescope
1327:A less accurate form is
2971:Submillimetre astronomy
2583:Australia, South Africa
2435:Event Horizon Telescope
21:Jansky (disambiguation)
2693:Green Bank Observatory
2579:Square Kilometre Array
1469:
1398:
1319:
1207:
1175:
1066:
959:brightness temperature
957:can be converted to a
936:
692:
530:brightness temperature
494:
361:
253:
2986:High-energy astronomy
2873:Sebastian von Hoerner
2481:Long Wavelength Array
2427:European VLBI Network
2367:Allen Telescope Array
2267:Qitai Radio Telescope
1470:
1399:
1320:
1215:asymptotic expression
1208:
1176:
1067:
937:
693:
495:
362:
254:
157:, used especially in
3108:Units of measurement
3054:Solar radio emission
2843:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
2701:Haystack Observatory
2235:Green Bank Telescope
2219:Effelsberg Telescope
1411:
1331:
1221:
1185:
1076:
972:
724:
716:·m·Hz, or −230
562:
377:
273:
200:
19:For other uses, see
3113:Non-SI metric units
3027:Pulsar timing array
2833:Edward George Bowen
2823:Elizabeth Alexander
2685:Arecibo Observatory
2589:Submillimeter Array
2491:Low-Frequency Array
2461:Korean VLBI Network
2327:Southern Hemisphere
2238:(West Virginia, US)
1995:1975ApJ...200..790R
1977:Ross, H.N. (1975).
1922:10.12942/lrr-2009-2
1913:2009LRR....12....2S
1822:1995PASP..107..945F
1783:1985BICDS..28...49H
1609:Sun at 10 GHz
1525:Orders of magnitude
1508:Gravitational waves
155:spectral irradiance
126:10 erg⋅s⋅cm⋅Hz
90:... is equal to ...
3007:Aperture synthesis
2976:Infrared astronomy
2913:Joseph Lade Pawsey
2883:Kenneth Kellermann
2853:Nan Dieter-Conklin
2561:One-Mile Telescope
2340:Parkes Observatory
1465:
1406:Rayleigh–Jeans law
1394:
1315:
1203:
1171:
1062:
932:
930:
688:
682:
651:
490:
357:
265:and is defined as
249:
218:
192:, over the source
182:monochromatic flux
123:
117:
107:
101:
3090:
3089:
3032:Radio propagation
2981:Optical astronomy
2878:Karl Guthe Jansky
2688:(Puerto Rico, US)
2663:
2662:
2455:West Virginia, US
2204:(Puerto Rico, US)
2201:Arecibo Telescope
1751:978-0-521-87808-1
1699:
1698:
1591:Karl Guthe Jansky
1460:
1389:
1305:
1292:
1243:
1213:, we can use the
1166:
1158:
1057:
1018:
951:spectral radiance
945:Temperature units
915:
868:
850:
841:
813:
766:
748:
739:
681:
675:
650:
638:
589:
577:
412:
385:
308:
281:
263:Karl Guthe Jansky
216:
209:
149:unit of spectral
131:
130:
78:Conversions
72:Karl Guthe Jansky
3125:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3047:HD 164595 signal
3022:Odd radio circle
3000:Related articles
2918:Ruby Payne-Scott
2848:Arthur Covington
2838:Ronald Bracewell
2808:
2800:
2792:
2773:
2764:
2754:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2655:
2645:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2599:Very Large Array
2594:
2584:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2475:Argentina/Brazil
2466:
2456:
2446:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2317:Yevpatoria RT-70
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2251:Lovell Telescope
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2179:
2168:Radio telescopes
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:. Archived from
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1906:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1740:(3rd ed.).
1733:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1589:at 20 MHz (
1583:
1582:
1579:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1529:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1117:
1094:
1086:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1005:
989:
984:
983:
941:
939:
938:
933:
931:
921:
917:
916:
913:
900:
899:
880:
879:
878:
877:
869:
866:
860:
859:
851:
848:
842:
839:
819:
815:
814:
811:
798:
797:
778:
777:
776:
775:
767:
764:
758:
757:
749:
746:
740:
737:
697:
695:
694:
689:
684:
683:
677:
676:
673:
664:
654:
653:
652:
646:
639:
636:
633:
619:
618:
606:
605:
590:
587:
585:
575:
574:
573:
541:Unit conversions
499:
497:
496:
491:
489:
488:
487:
471:
466:
465:
464:
448:
443:
442:
441:
428:
423:
410:
409:
408:
393:
383:
366:
364:
363:
358:
356:
355:
354:
338:
333:
332:
331:
318:
313:
306:
305:
304:
289:
279:
258:
256:
255:
250:
242:
217:
214:
191:
187:
127:
124:
118:
111:
108:
102:
28:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3103:Radio astronomy
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3058:
2995:
2963:
2957:
2943:Gart Westerhout
2811:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2776:
2771:
2762:
2752:
2751:(PRAO ASC LPI,
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2429:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2370:
2360:Interferometers
2355:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2301:Usuda Telescope
2295:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2183:
2170:
2162:
2132:Radio telescope
2109:
2107:Radio astronomy
2104:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2043:Radio Astronomy
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1846:"Archived copy"
1844:
1843:
1839:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1695:at 20 MHz
1686:
1684:
1679:at 10 GHz
1670:
1668:
1662:solar flux unit
1654:
1652:
1647:at 20 MHz
1638:
1635:
1633:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1527:
1502:radio astronomy
1480:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1378:
1371:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1183:
1182:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1026:
1025:
1008:
997:
990:
975:
970:
969:
953:in janskys per
947:
929:
928:
908:
904:
891:
881:
864:
846:
833:
830:
829:
806:
802:
789:
779:
762:
744:
731:
722:
721:
703:
665:
658:
634:
623:
610:
597:
565:
560:
559:
552:
543:
507:
476:
453:
430:
397:
375:
374:
343:
320:
293:
271:
270:
198:
197:
189:
185:
159:radio astronomy
125:
122:
116:
109:
106:
100:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Interferometry
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Bernard Lovell
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:John G. Bolton
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2796:ESA New Norcia
2793:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2603:New Mexico, US
2596:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2485:New Mexico, US
2478:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2421:California, US
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2371:California, US
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2335:(South Africa)
2329:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2272:
2264:
2259:Ooty Telescope
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2206:
2198:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2060:on 16 May 2013
2052:
2032:
2010:
2004:10.1086/153851
1969:
1946:
1877:
1837:
1831:10.1086/133643
1796:
1757:
1750:
1728:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1492:The brightest
1484:radiant energy
1479:
1476:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
987:
982:
978:
964:Starting with
946:
943:
927:
924:
920:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
882:
876:
873:
863:
858:
855:
845:
836:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
818:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
780:
774:
771:
761:
756:
753:
743:
734:
730:
729:
702:
699:
687:
680:
671:
668:
661:
657:
649:
645:
642:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
593:
584:
580:
572:
568:
551:
548:
542:
539:
538:
537:
526:
506:
505:
486:
483:
479:
475:
470:
463:
460:
456:
452:
447:
440:
437:
433:
427:
422:
419:
416:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
382:
372:
353:
350:
346:
342:
337:
330:
327:
323:
317:
312:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
278:
267:
248:
245:
241:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
212:
208:
205:
129:
128:
120:
113:
112:
110:10 W⋅m⋅Hz
104:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
80:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
39:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3130:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2953:Robert Wilson
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Govind Swarup
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:John D. Kraus
2891:
2889:
2888:Frank J. Kerr
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Antony Hewish
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2669:Observatories
2666:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2227:Galenki RT-70
2225:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1958:. SETI League
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1744:. p. 9.
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Disturbed Sun
1585:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1216:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
985:
980:
976:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
925:
922:
918:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
885:
883:
874:
871:
861:
856:
853:
843:
834:
826:
823:
820:
816:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
783:
781:
772:
769:
759:
754:
751:
741:
732:
719:
715:
710:
708:
700:
698:
685:
678:
669:
666:
659:
655:
647:
643:
640:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
582:
570:
566:
557:
549:
547:
540:
535:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
515:
514:
512:
503:
484:
481:
468:
461:
458:
445:
438:
435:
425:
405:
402:
398:
394:
380:
373:
370:
351:
348:
335:
328:
325:
315:
301:
298:
294:
290:
276:
269:
268:
266:
264:
259:
246:
231:
228:
225:
219:
210:
206:
203:
195:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
121:
114:
105:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2962:Astronomy by
2923:Arno Penzias
2863:Cyril Hazard
2505:South Africa
2296:(Uzbekistan)
2136:Radio window
2125:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2042:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2013:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1949:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1854:. Retrieved
1840:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1700:
1627:1.4 GHz
1566:of −70
1560:1.8 GHz
1520:
1513:
1506:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1326:
966:Planck's law
963:
948:
711:
704:
556:AB magnitude
553:
550:AB magnitude
544:
508:
260:
181:
178:flux density
177:
175:
167:square metre
151:flux density
142:
138:
134:
132:
89:
84:
54:Flux density
50:Unit of
25:
3042:Wow! signal
2933:Martin Ryle
2928:Grote Reber
2858:Frank Drake
2799:(Australia)
2633:Space-based
2623:Netherlands
2495:Netherlands
2465:South Korea
2343:(Australia)
2293:Suffa RT-70
2025:14 November
2021:. iucaf.org
1816:: 945–958.
1723:www.iau.org
1532:Value (Jy)
194:solid angle
145:) is a non-
68:Named after
37:Unit system
3097:Categories
2964:EM methods
2184:telescopes
2182:Individual
2053:1882484002
1705:References
83:1 Jy
2948:Paul Wild
2781:Multi-use
2761:(SAORAS,
2535:Australia
2523:(MERLIN,
2515:Australia
2401:Australia
2391:Australia
2320:(Ukraine)
2312:(Ukraine)
2222:(Germany)
2064:24 August
1904:0903.0338
1856:24 August
1791:1169-8837
1693:Quiet Sun
1677:Milky Way
1645:Milky Way
1516:bandwidth
1435:ν
1420:ν
1380:ν
1356:ν
1283:ν
1259:ν
1237:ν
1228:∼
1195:≪
1192:ν
1143:ν
1127:ν
1103:
1092:ν
1051:−
1035:ν
999:ν
981:ν
968:, we see
955:steradian
923:−
902:
872:−
862:⋅
854:−
844:⋅
821:−
800:
770:−
760:⋅
752:−
742:⋅
670:−
629:−
621:⋅
608:⋅
583:μ
525:(MJy⋅sr).
523:steradian
482:−
469:⋅
459:−
446:⋅
436:−
426:⋅
403:−
349:−
336:⋅
326:−
316:⋅
299:−
244:Ω
232:ϕ
226:θ
211:∬
141:, plural
119:CGS units
3072:Category
2908:Jan Oort
2807:(Canada)
2791:(Canada)
2744:(Sweden)
2736:(France)
2680:(Canada)
2650:Spektr-R
2493:(LOFAR,
2473:(LLAMA,
2430:(Europe)
2419:(CARMA,
2409:(CHIME,
2399:(ASKAP,
2246:(Mexico)
2230:(Russia)
2114:Concepts
1941:28163611
1897:(1): 2.
1866:cite web
1850:Archived
701:dBW·m·Hz
137:(symbol
103:SI units
3082:Commons
2621:(WSRT,
2611:(VLBA,
2571:(PaST,
2513:(MOST,
2501:MeerKAT
2443:(GMRT,
2389:(ATCA,
2379:(ALMA,
2332:HartRAO
2304:(Japan)
2288:(Italy)
2270:(China)
2262:(India)
2193:(FAST,
2146:History
2120:Units (
1991:Bibcode
1989:: 790.
1962:13 June
1932:5255530
1909:Bibcode
1818:Bibcode
1779:Bibcode
1625:Sun at
1554:from a
1535:Source
720:·m·Hz:
707:decibel
143:janskys
41:Non-SI
2816:People
2763:Russia
2753:Russia
2654:Russia
2601:(VLA,
2591:(SMA,
2581:(SKA,
2555:France
2533:(MWA,
2483:(LWA,
2463:(KVN,
2453:(GBI,
2411:Canada
2369:(ATA,
2279:Russia
2211:(CSO,
2154:(VLBI)
2126:jansky
2050:
2019:"Data"
1939:
1929:
1789:
1777:: 49.
1748:
576:
534:kelvin
411:
384:
307:
280:
215:source
135:jansky
85:in ...
60:Symbol
43:metric
31:jansky
2644:Japan
2640:HALCA
2573:China
2545:Italy
2445:India
2437:(EHT)
2381:Chile
2195:China
1899:arXiv
1478:Usage
171:hertz
163:watts
153:, or
3037:SETI
2804:PARL
2788:DRAO
2772:(US)
2728:(US)
2720:(UK)
2712:(UK)
2704:(US)
2696:(US)
2564:(UK)
2351:(NZ)
2254:(UK)
2173:List
2124:and
2122:watt
2066:2013
2048:ISBN
2027:2019
1964:2007
1937:PMID
1872:link
1858:2013
1787:ISSN
1746:ISBN
1564:RSSI
949:The
926:230.
667:23.9
644:48.6
519:IRAS
176:The
169:per
165:per
133:The
45:unit
1999:doi
1987:200
1927:PMC
1917:doi
1826:doi
1814:107
1687:000
1671:000
1655:000
1639:000
1636:000
1620:000
1617:600
1604:000
1601:000
1581:000
1578:000
1568:dBm
1556:GSM
1546:000
1543:000
1541:110
893:log
840:dBm
824:260
791:log
738:dBW
718:dBm
714:dBW
679:2.5
648:2.5
502:cgs
180:or
3099::
2613:US
2593:US
2525:UK
2213:US
1997:.
1985:.
1981:.
1935:.
1925:.
1915:.
1907:.
1895:12
1893:.
1889:.
1868:}}
1864:{{
1848:.
1824:.
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