165:
31:
42:
189:. The process for acquiring land in the early years was informal. In some cases, the company simply occupied the land and their title was later recognized by the government. Sometimes they paid the local chiefs for the land. In other cases, the government declared an area to be crown land, and sold it to the company. Eventually, through various mergers, Jantzen & Thormählen created the largest plantation area in
210:
118:
280:. Canoe transport was more efficient than steam vessels. The Bells had well-established contacts along the river and were backed by British traders who were excluded from the river by the Jantzen & Thormählen monopoly. In 1892, Jantzen & Thormählen closed the factory, partly for financial reasons and partly because von Soden's successor
108:
The shift toward favoring permanent colonies was driven by two factors: a fall in the prices of
African products created a demand to bypass the local African traders and establish direct routes to the interior; and once firms such as Jantzen & Thormählen had established bases and plantations they
200:
Johannes Thormälen considered that it was inconceivable that
Cameroon could ever be developed through the work of the natives, thinking they were incapable of the organization required and too lazy. He believed that they had to be forced to work the large plantations by more civilized people. The
172:
Jantzen & Thormählen entered the plantation business in 1885, but development was slow, with more interest being shown in railways by investors. At first, the firm had to depend on imported labor for their tobacco and cocoa operations. By 1898, Jantzen & Thormählen had their headquarters in
104:
The traders were mainly interested in selling goods including guns and liquor in return for palm products, and had no interest in permanent colonization. In fact, they preferred to operate informally and without interference from German civil servants, and opposed annexation. Many felt that
African
84:
Until the later part of the 19th century, most German trade with Africa passed through
Hamburg. The Carl and Adolf Woermann Firm, established in 1837 by the Hamburg merchant Carl Woermann, entered the West African market in 1849 and came to dominate the trade of the region. Jantzen and Thormahlen
147:
and King Akwa signed a treaty in which they assigned sovereign rights, legislation and administration of their country in full to the firms of Carl
Woermann and Jantzen & Thormählen, represented by the merchants Edward Schmidt and Johann Voss. The treaty included conditions that existing
155:
over the territory of the
Cameroons. The legal grounds were that the German Emperor automatically assumed any sovereign powers that were assigned to his subjects, but later the Duala leaders were to make many complaints about violations of the treaty intent by the colonial administration.
299:. Although this failed, the firm was one of eleven merchant firms that purchased land at Yabassi between 1898 and 1900. The move was probably due to growing competition among Douala traders, who could not afford to be cut off from efficient access to the sources of goods in the interior.
148:
contracts and property rights be maintained, existing customs respected and the German administration continue to make "comey", or trading tax, payments to the kings as before. King Bell received 27,000 marks in exchange for signing the treaty, a very large sum at that time.
101:. After they established their own firm in 1875, they maintained contact with Woermann. Woermann, Jantzen & Thormählen and other German firms controlled a network of trading posts in different parts of West Africa. About half the trade with Kamerun was German-controlled.
253:. By 1892 they had built a wooden house and a corrugated iron barracks at Mundame, and were building a store house. They had made a clearing planted with palms, cocoyam, manioc, maize and rice, as well as potatoes and other European vegetables.
201:
population naturally resisted, and the army assisted in hunting for workers, Those with children were preferred. It was common for them to be fed poorly, forced to work 18-hour days and whipped if they slacked off.
140:. They were led by two "kings" representing the Bell and Akwa factions. The rival Duala groups were plagued by disputes. Their leaders sought European protection to support their authority and stabilize trade.
307:
In the early years of the 20th century, the firm expanded their production of cocoa, for which there was growing
European demand, in competition with the Liverpool firms of
245:
on the Mungo in 1889 as a trading post for palm products, ivory and rubber. They also agreed to support a trading expedition further into the interior to
917:
151:
On the basis of this treaty between the kings and the representatives of the trading firms, the next day the German Consul assumed the suzerainty of the
922:
932:
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traders working on credit produced better results at lower cost than
European agents, who were hard to recruit and were prone to sickness.
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888:
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666:
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164:
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In 1885, it was reported that
Jantzen & Thormählen had established a company with capital of £500,000 to trade on the
144:
45:
Document in which 12 African Chiefs from
Cameroon confirm the 12 July 1884 German-Duala "Protection" Treaty between
880:
Mpundu Akwa: the case of the Prince from Cameroon ; the newly discovered speech for the defense by Dr. M. Levi
30:
315:. They made major plantings, which were later to lead to a glut on the market. Business was suspended when
72:. The firm's commercial and political influence was a major factor in the establishment of the colony of
269:
230:
41:
238:
319:
broke out in 1914, and after the war the plantations were taken over by the British colony of the
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197:, with 90,000 hectares (220,000 acres) of cocoa, coffee, and later rubber, oil palm and bananas.
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The colonial contest for the Nigerian region, 1884-1900: a history of the German participation
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249:, in the grassfields. At first, they were supported in this enterprise by the governor
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90:
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In the mid-1890s, Jantzen & Thormählen made a first attempt to start a station at
17:
911:
308:
152:
121:
61:
819:
209:
781:
285:
273:
129:
50:
117:
637:
Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast 1500-1970
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Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960
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296:
257:
222:
218:
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Two white settlers and local children and men on the Mungo River, Christmas 1901
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742:
African crossroads: intersections between history and anthropology in Cameroon
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34:
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312:
46:
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539:
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Zintgraff-S Explorations in Bamenda, Adamawa and the Benue Lands 1889-1892
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53:) and Eduard Schmidt for Woermann Co and Johannes Voss for Thormälen Co.
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265:
261:
242:
98:
73:
65:
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137:
869:
Proceedings of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, Volume 16
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German explorer Eugen Zintgraff and Galega I, fon of Bali, Cameroon.
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route, and in part from local competition from the Bell faction of
256:
However, the enterprise failed in part because of competition from
208:
116:
94:
568:
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had decided to support the Bells on the Mungo and focus on the
721:
Cameroon's tycoon: Max Esser's expedition and its consequences
241:, Jantzen & Thormählen decided to establish a factory at
391:
389:
857:
Pollack, Wilhelm; Marcus, Eli; Westhoff, Friedrich (1886).
545:
514:
512:
479:
467:
352:
350:
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Esser, Max; Chilver, E. M.; Röschenthaler, Ute (2001).
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128:
Trade with the interior of Cameroon was handled by the
900:
Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches
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337:
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861:(in German). Münster: Plattdeutsches Fastnachtspiel.
68:that was established to exploit the resources of
455:
431:
97:, and Wilhelm Jantzen was the Woermann agent in
866:Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (1885).
229:tried to create a caravan route from the upper
93:. Johannes Thormählen was the firm’s agent in
596:
584:
572:
419:
288:as a route for direct trade to the interior.
8:
824:House Flags of German Shipping Companies (j)
655:Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999).
395:
380:
518:
368:
177:, in the Victoria District, and lands in
859:King Bell oder die Münsteraner in Afrika
697:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2003).
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163:
40:
29:
760:Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1975).
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546:Esser, Chilver & Röschenthaler 2001
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480:Esser, Chilver & Röschenthaler 2001
468:Esser, Chilver & Röschenthaler 2001
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341:
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136:in the area now covered by the city of
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835:
807:
797:
124:showing Duala settlements around 1850
7:
739:Fowler, Ian; Zeitlyn, David (1996).
444:Pollack, Marcus & Westhoff 1886
902:. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag.
25:
918:Agriculture companies of Cameroon
877:von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa (2002).
763:Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960
923:Palm oil production in Cameroon
700:Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765-1914
661:. Cambridge University Press.
109:required military protection.
1:
933:Defunct companies of Germany
682:. African Books Collective.
132:settled at the mouth of the
49:and King Akwa (kings of the
531:Royal Philosophical Society
221:, a major tributary of the
37:of Jantzen & Thormählen
949:
928:Companies based in Hamburg
898:Washausen, Helmut (1968).
820:"Jantzen & Thormählen"
613:Akinwumi, Olayemi (2002).
782:"Jantzen & Thormälen"
585:Austen & Derrick 1999
573:Austen & Derrick 1999
420:Fowler & Zeitlyn 1996
85:were initially agents of
58:Jantzen & Thormählen
676:Chilver, E. M. (2010).
634:Ardener, Edwin (2003).
396:Gann & Duignan 1975
381:Gann & Duignan 1975
883:. LIT Verlag Münster.
619:. LIT Verlag Münster.
456:von Joeden-Forgey 2002
432:von Joeden-Forgey 2002
214:
169:
125:
54:
38:
18:Jantzen und Thormählen
212:
167:
145:King Ndumbé Lobé Bell
120:
113:Annexation of Kamerun
44:
33:
225:. When the explorer
597:Clarence-Smith 2003
239:Bamenda grassfields
745:. Berghahn Books.
724:. Berghahn Books.
640:. Berghahn Books.
282:Eugen von Zimmerer
215:
170:
126:
55:
39:
689:978-9956-616-71-8
607:Reference sources
494:, pp. xviii.
143:On 12 July 1884,
16:(Redirected from
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276:traders led by
235:Adamawa Plateau
227:Eugen Zintgraff
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87:Adolph Woermann
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786:Global Players
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519:Global Players
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434:, pp. 59.
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422:, pp. 66.
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383:, pp. 61.
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371:, pp. 68.
369:Washausen 1968
361:
359:, pp. 51.
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205:Interior trade
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195:Mount Cameroon
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91:Woermann-Linie
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64:firm based in
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703:. Routledge.
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558:Chilver 2010
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286:Sanaga River
268:, using the
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130:Duala people
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51:Duala people
846:|work=
808:|work=
342:House Flags
317:World War I
303:Later years
297:Wouri River
270:Cross River
231:Mungo River
223:Niger River
219:Benue River
191:West Africa
183:Isongo Udje
160:Plantations
134:Wouri River
27:German firm
912:Categories
829:2011-02-24
791:2011-02-24
327:References
187:Mokundange
179:Debundscha
35:House flag
848:ignored (
838:cite book
810:ignored (
800:cite book
321:Cameroons
313:Ambas Bay
309:John Holt
295:, on the
76:in 1884.
47:King Bell
237:via the
70:Cameroon
293:Yabassi
266:Nigeria
262:Calabar
243:Mundame
233:to the
193:around
99:Liberia
74:Kamerun
66:Hamburg
887:
770:
749:
728:
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686:
665:
644:
623:
175:Bimbia
138:Douala
62:German
60:was a
274:Duala
95:Gabon
885:ISBN
850:help
812:help
768:ISBN
747:ISBN
726:ISBN
705:ISBN
684:ISBN
663:ISBN
642:ISBN
621:ISBN
311:and
258:Efik
247:Bali
185:and
264:in
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