386:
291:
Bonapriso attacked and burned Bell Town. Newspaper reports said that
English traders had incited the sub-chiefs of Joss Town (Bonapriso) and Hickory Town (Bonaberi) against King Bell, saying he had failed to pass on their fair share of the money he was given by the Germans. The German representative, Max Buchner, called on a small naval squadron to restore the peace, which they did by destroying both Bonaberi and Bonapriso. 25 Africans and one German died during the fighting. The Admiral of the naval squadron assumed authority until the first Governor,
374:
395:
271:
49:
214:
134:
362:
267:, represented by the merchants Edward Schmidt and Johann Voss. The treaty included conditions that existing contracts and property rights be maintained, existing customs respected and the German administration continue to make "comey", or trading tax, payments to the kings as before. King Bell received 27,000 marks in exchange for signing the treaty, a very large sum at that time.
202:
227:
187:" of Rio de Janeiro after it had given its trade goods to the then King Bell for the purpose of obtaining slaves. On 7 March 1841, King Bell's predecessor signed a formal treaty with William Simpson Blount, commanding the British ship Pluto, in which he agreed to suppress the sale or transport of slaves in his territory.
234:
The Duala leaders, whom the
Europeans called "kings", came from the two lineages of Bell and Akwa. In practice, both Bell and Akwa suffered from internal divisions and did not have strong control over their subordinate communities, who rivalled them in trade and at times took independent action. King
286:
dated 30 September 1884, King Bell explained his reasons for accepting the German offer. He said "Having written to you, through the
English Consuls on the West Coast, several times, covering the space of over five years, in which letters I anxiously inquired to know if the English Government would
209:
An 1880 guide said the towns of King Bell and King Aqua, "separated only by a little brook, are apparently of great extent and considerable population. The houses are neatly built of bamboo, in wide and regular streets, with numerous plantain and cocoa-nut trees, and even large fields of maize... A
315:
Relations improved when von
Zimmerer replaced von Soden as governor of the Kamerun colony in 1890. Manga took care to cultivate the friendship of all the senior German officials in Douala, which helped in gaining support the Bell interests, while the Akwa leader failed to gain effective supporters
238:
Between 1872 and 1874 there was a conflict between the Akwa and Bell factions over an attempt by
Bonapriso to secede to Akwa. King Bell was supported by Deido, which had become independent of Akwa, in this struggle. In the late 1870s, King Bell managed to exploit a quarrel between the Akwa faction
332:
Europeans who described the situation at Douala during the period before and after the formal colonial annexation praised King Bell and his son and heir, Manga, while they thought little of his rival, King Dika Mpondo Akwa. King Bell was described as a man of natural dignity and decency. Although
303:
King Bell's relations with the first
Governor were poor. This was in part because of complaints to the central authorities by his nephew Alfred Bell, who was being educated in Germany. Also, von Soden was committed to eliminating Bell dominance of the trade in the Mungo valley to the northwest of
259:
By the later part of the 19th century the
British were active in the Wouri estuary both as traders and missionaries and outnumbered the Germans, but accepted that the region fell within the German sphere of colonial authority. King Bell sought European protection to support his authority, prevent
290:
The rulers of
Bonaberi and Bonapriso refused to sign the German protectorate treaty in July 1884. King Bell told the British Vice-Consul, Buchan, that the sub-chiefs would prefer British rule, but were waiting to see what the Germans would offer. In December 1884, the forces of Bonaberi and
252:
325:
194:, palm kernels and ivory from the interior in exchange for European goods. The practice of domestic slavery continued long after abolition of the overseas slave trade. Slaves were not necessarily mistreated. For example, David Mandessi Bell was brought as a slave from the
333:
there were more people in the Akwa faction, the Bells were more successful commercially and received higher payments than the Akwas after annexation. King Bell had managed to eliminate the middlemen in the Mungo trade, greatly increasing his profits.
316:
among the colonialists. Under
Zimmerer, the Germans abandoned attempts to enter the principal Bell trading region in the Mungo River valley and turned instead to the Sanaga, which they closed to all native traders, further damaging Akwa interests.
210:
considerable trade has been carried on for many years with the natives, who from their activity in collecting palm oil, and their intercourse with
Europeans, have become a large and important community, possessing a high degree of civilization".
336:
Despite his astute and highly successful commercial and political dealings during a period of social upheaval, King Bell was the target of racist prejudices common among Europeans of that time. A typical verse in a German paper ran:
243:. Between 1882 and 1883, just before the German annexation, a violent dispute broke out between King Bell and three of his brothers, supported by Akwa and Bonaberi. These struggles were all harmful to the Bell trade.
263:
On 12 July 1884, King Ndumbé Lobé Bell and King Akwa signed a treaty in which they assigned sovereign rights, legislation and administration of their country in full to the firms of C. Woerman and
304:
Douala, assisting the firm of Jantzen and Thormählen to expand into this region to start plantations and establish a trading station. King Bell's English-educated son, Manga, was even exiled to
287:
take by annexation my country, I at last despaired, having not received any answer… I hence concluded that neither the Consuls nor yet the English Government cared anything about my country…"
235:
Ndumbé Lobé Bell succeeded his father Lobé Bebe Bell in 1858, when he was aged about twenty. He was to lead the Bell faction for almost forty years until his death in 1897.
355:
inherited his position and salary, and a few months later was given appeals jurisdiction over all non-Duala peoples of the Littoral, a highly lucrative appointment.
172:, with the subordinate Bonapriso to the south and Bonaberi in the opposite shore of the river, and Akwa Town with the subordinate Deido to the north.
934:
198:
region into King Bell's household in the 1870s and became a rich and powerful member of the Bells, although he was not eligible to become chief.
863:
373:
152:
noted that they were engaged in fishing and agriculture to some extent, but primarily were traders with the people of the interior via the
283:
914:
884:
811:
768:
727:
706:
385:
361:
264:
274:
Document in which 12 African Chiefs from Cameroon confirm 12 July 1884 German-Duala "Protection" Treaty between
394:
906:
Mpundu Akwa: the case of the Prince from Cameroon; the newly discovered speech for the defense by Dr M Levi
939:
161:
270:
179:. The British became active in suppressing the trade in the 1820s. In November 1829 the British ship "
944:
195:
176:
780:
Das Staatsarchiv: Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur Aussenpolitik der Gegenwart, volumes 44–5
831:
821:
737:
309:
260:
further attempts to defect by segments of his people such as the Bonaberi, and stabilise trade.
169:
48:
910:
880:
874:
859:
853:
807:
788:
778:
764:
758:
723:
717:
702:
685:
352:
78:
904:
801:
351:
When King Ndumbé Lobé Bell died in December 1897, he was said to have left 90 wives. His son
239:
and the Kwa Kwa River traders to begin trading on this river, which leads to the much larger
696:
292:
844:
749:
324:
251:
213:
928:
157:
149:
137:
118:
240:
201:
165:
110:
698:
Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c. 1600–c. 1960
278:
and King Akwa, Eduard Schmidt for Woermann Co. and Johannes Voss for Thormälen Co.
133:
153:
190:
With the abolition of slavery, the Duala people expanded their barter trade in
803:
African crossroads: intersections between history and anthropology in Cameroon
275:
191:
114:
17:
622:
620:
122:
719:
Le peuple du fleuve : sociologie de la conversion chez les Douala
226:
308:
for two years, where he became friendly with the German commissioner
145:
529:
527:
525:
523:
125:. He was an astute politician and a highly successful businessman.
323:
269:
250:
225:
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132:
305:
652:
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637:
635:
571:
569:
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205:
Bell royal house in 1841, when Ndumbé Lobé Bell was an infant.
510:
508:
506:
457:
455:
442:
440:
793:
American annual cyclopaedia and register of important events
427:
425:
423:
894:
Pollack, Wilhelm; Marcus, Eli; Westhoff, Friedrich (1886).
795:. Vol. 25. D. Appleton and company. 1886. p. 121.
175:
Douala was a dependable if minor source of slaves for the
626:
855:
Cameroun, du protectorat vers la démocratie, 1884–1992
533:
898:(in German). MĂĽnster: Plattdeutsches Fastnachtspiel.
783:(in German). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 1885.
92:
84:
74:
66:
58:
34:
611:
599:
587:
473:
168:communities at the mouth of the Wouri River were
144:The first European records of the people of the
109:(c. 1839 – December 1897) was a leader of the
656:
641:
575:
556:
514:
446:
431:
8:
695:Austen, Ralph A; Derrick, Jonathan (1999).
461:
47:
31:
873:Miers, Suzanne; Klein, Martin A. (1999).
896:King Bell oder die MĂĽnsteraner in Afrika
690:. Great Britain Hydrographic Dept. 1880.
497:
200:
407:
357:
840:
829:
745:
735:
668:
485:
367:Front view of the King Bells' Palace
183:" seized the Brazilian slave trader "
140:showing Duala settlements around 1850
7:
800:Fowler, Ian; Zeitlyn, David (1996).
414:
113:in what is now the southern part of
876:Slavery and colonial rule in Africa
858:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan.
789:"The Disturbances in the Cameroons"
534:Pollack, Marcus & Westhoff 1886
25:
903:von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa (2002).
156:and its tributaries, and via the
722:(in French). Karthala Editions.
393:
384:
372:
360:
935:Cameroonian traditional rulers
701:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
852:Kamé, Bouopda Pierre (2008).
627:Disturbances in the Cameroons
347:And gave their whole kingdom.
345:They took six measures of rum
247:German assumption of control
121:established their colony of
826:. Vol. 19. HMSO. 1831.
117:during the period when the
961:
757:Cochin, Augustin (1863).
657:Austen & Derrick 1999
642:Austen & Derrick 1999
576:Fowler & Zeitlyn 1996
557:Fowler & Zeitlyn 1996
515:Austen & Derrick 1999
447:Austen & Derrick 1999
432:Austen & Derrick 1999
46:
39:
343:Said lately: "Very well"
295:, arrived in July 1885.
265:Jantzen & Thormählen
823:House of Commons papers
341:King Akwa and King Bell
328:King Bell in later life
909:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster.
588:von Joeden-Forgey 2002
462:Miers & Klein 1999
329:
279:
256:
231:
218:
206:
141:
41:Bell King of the Duala
29:Bell King of the Duala
716:Bureau, René (1996).
612:Das Staatsarchiv 1885
600:Das Staatsarchiv 1885
474:House of Commons 1831
379:King Bell,s Monument
327:
273:
254:
229:
216:
204:
136:
53:King Bell around 1874
687:Africa pilot, Part 1
177:Atlantic Slave Trade
763:. Ayer Publishing.
299:German protectorate
282:In a letter to the
839:Unknown parameter
806:. Berghahn Books.
760:Results of slavery
748:has generic name (
330:
310:Eugen von Zimmerer
280:
257:
232:
219:
207:
164:rivers. The main
148:region around the
142:
865:978-2-296-05445-5
500:, pp. 328–9.
464:, pp. 134–5.
353:Manga Ndumbe Bell
255:King Bell in 1886
230:King Bell in 1881
100:
99:
79:Manga Ndumbe Bell
16:(Redirected from
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293:Julius von Soden
222:Independent rule
217:King Bell Palace
103:Ndumbé Lobé Bell
51:
35:Ndumbé Lobé Bell
32:
21:
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614:, pp. 66.
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592:
590:, pp. 59.
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578:, pp. 66.
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559:, pp. 74.
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517:, pp. 86.
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160:, Kwa Kwa and
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916:3-8258-7354-4
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886:0-7146-4436-6
882:
879:. Routledge.
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150:Wouri estuary
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138:Wouri estuary
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96:December 1897
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940:1830s births
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498:Africa pilot
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241:Sanaga River
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111:Duala people
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102:
101:
40:
26:
945:1897 deaths
746:|last=
679:Cited books
669:Bureau 1996
486:Cochin 1863
196:Grassfields
154:Wouri River
70:Lobe a Bebe
67:Predecessor
929:Categories
403:References
129:Background
843:ignored (
832:cite book
738:cite book
415:Kamé 2008
320:Character
276:King Bell
170:Bell Town
107:King Bell
75:Successor
18:King Bell
192:palm oil
115:Cameroon
185:Ismenia
158:Dibamba
123:Kamerun
119:Germans
88:c. 1839
62:1858–97
913:
883:
862:
810:
767:
726:
705:
146:Douala
166:Duala
162:Mungo
59:Reign
911:ISBN
881:ISBN
860:ISBN
845:help
808:ISBN
765:ISBN
750:help
724:ISBN
703:ISBN
306:Togo
181:Eden
93:Died
85:Born
105:or
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