418:. Preceding mating is courtship which is based on tactile and visual senses. The release of sperms from males is a result of the luteinizing hormone increasing in production and this whole process is induced by amplexus as the males clasp to the females.The size of the males is actually vital in deciding which competitor pairs with the female. The bigger males can always replace the smaller ones especially because amplexus is involved and the eggs need to be fertilized to suit the female's preferences. This is known as size-assortative mating which leads to male-biased operational sex ratio and in turn highly affects the male-male competition. Population density and operarional sex ratio are the two factors that contribute to how the males will compete for mating female partners. If the population of males in a specific breeding area is high, females are left with no other options but to practice polyandry.
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31:
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and this process is tracked by the production levels of the oscillatory potential changes (OSC). OSC levels are highest during the breeding month when the toads have reached their breeding destinations. Other hormones like luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone also spiral up when the
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319:
is elliptical and about as far behind the eye as its longest diameter. The body is robust and the stout forelimbs are about half as long as the hind limbs. The second finger on the hand is the shortest and the third the longest. On the hind foot, the first toe is the shortest and the fourth the
735:
396:
underground in the winter when the temperature falls below about 6 °C (43 °F). Breeding takes place in the spring when the toads congregate in shallow water bodies and long strings of eggs are laid and become tangled in underwater plants. The dark-coloured
792:
314:
length of up to about 17.5 cm (7 in), with females being a little larger than males, and toads living in warmer habitats growing larger than those in colder places. The head has a pointed snout and is roughly triangular. The
434:
The
Japanese common toad has a wide range and is tolerant of many different types of habitats including human-made ones. It is presumed to have a large total population and no significant decline in numbers has been observed so the
368:
409:
The
Japanese common toad is known for their intense male-male competition hence the type of breeding associated to this species is explosive breeding. The mating pattern of these toads is not conclusive but the major one is
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species reach the breeding site. In conclusion, the four processes that take place during the breeding season are emerging from hibernation, migration, amplexing, and ovulation in females or spermiation in males.
370:
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Oyake, Narumi; Sasaki, Nayuta; Yamaguchi, Aya; Fujita, Hiroyuki; Tagami, Masataka; Ikeya, Koki; Takagi, Masaki; Kobayashi, Makoto; Abe, Harue; Kishida, Osamu (2020).
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1008:
1072:
561:
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1087:
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and its colouring is variable, being greenish-brown, yellowish-brown or darker brown. It is often paler and smoother in the breeding season.
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298:
in 1826. However, the specimen that is used to name it is lost, and since this name is used by only a few authors, it is considered that
647:"Comparison of susceptibility to a toxic alien toad ( Bufo japonicus formosus ) between predators in its native and invaded ranges"
891:
987:
586:
286:, and irrigated land. Amplexus is the mating behaviour involved in the Japanese common toad during the breeding season.
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grow to 30 or 40 mm (1.2 or 1.6 in) in length before emerging from the pond as juvenile toads in June.
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818:
909:
169:
930:
865:
411:
271:
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The
Japanese common toad lives mainly on land, feeding on earthworms and small arthropods including
856:
356:. It is present in a wide variety of types of habitats including in lowland and mountainous areas.
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587:"Morphometric variation analyses and revision of the Japanese toads (Genus Bufo, Bufonidae)"
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525:"日本産爬虫両生類標準和名リスト 日本爬虫両棲類学会 (List of Japanese names of reptiles and amphibians in Japan)"
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689:"Amplexus induces surge of luteinizing hormone in male toads, Bufo japonicus"
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The
Japanese common toad is native to Japan and is present on the islands of
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longest. There is little webbing between the toes. The skin has small
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439:has assessed its conservation status as being of "
502:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T54673A177177294.en
294:This species was originally first described as
523:Herpetological Society of Japan (2024-03-11).
437:International Union for Conservation of Nature
310:The Japanese common toad can reach a snout–to–
270:, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater
736:"Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login"
611:
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607:
562:"Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login"
8:
687:Ishii, Susumu; Itoh, Masanori (1992-04-01).
477:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021).
421:Migration to breeding ponds is important in
392:that are lamentable to other predators. It
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734:Nakazawa, H.; Kaji, S.; Ishii, S. (2000).
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693:General and Comparative Endocrinology
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1073:IUCN Red List least concern species
488:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
73:
594:Contrib. Biol. Lab., Kyoto Univ
258:, temperate forests, temperate
1:
616:Asako Miyakawa (2004-10-05).
1088:Amphibians described in 1838
705:10.1016/0016-6480(92)90123-2
1083:Endemic amphibians of Japan
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793:"Elsevier Enhanced Reader"
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70:Scientific classification
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566:login.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca
495:: e.T54673A177177294.
381:
380:filmed in Tokyo, Japan
250:to Japan. Its natural
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24:Japanese common toad
388:and some species of
222:Japanese common toad
16:Species of amphibian
797:reader.elsevier.com
344:. It has also been
302:is valid instead.
226:Japanese warty toad
40:Conservation status
753:10.2108/jsz.17.293
740:Zoological Science
651:Freshwater Biology
585:M, Matsui (1984).
382:
238:) is a species of
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1035:Open Tree of Life
819:Taxon identifiers
663:10.1111/fwb.13417
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296:Bufo praetextatus
278:, rural gardens,
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208:Bufo praetextatus
161:B. japonicus
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423:Bufos japonicus
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857:Bufo japonicus
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827:Bufo japonicus
823:
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781:
746:(3): 293–300.
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657:(2): 240–252.
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481:Bufo japonicus
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254:are subarctic
242:in the family
235:Bufo japonicus
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600:(3): 209–428.
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55:Least Concern
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800:. Retrieved
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699:(1): 34–41.
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405:Reproduction
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328:Distribution
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957:iNaturalist
879:AmphibiaWeb
851:Wikispecies
626:AmphibiaWeb
508:16 November
354:Sado Island
306:Description
280:urban areas
276:arable land
1067:Categories
802:2021-11-15
775:2021-11-15
631:2014-09-19
571:2021-11-15
534:2024-06-21
459:References
394:hibernates
346:introduced
211:Boie, 1826
713:0016-6480
671:0046-5070
412:polyandry
260:shrubland
244:Bufonidae
155:Species:
137:Bufonidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
975:10457082
842:Q2669893
836:Wikidata
762:18494581
447:See also
416:amplexus
414:through
399:tadpoles
350:Hokkaido
317:tympanum
290:Taxonomy
252:habitats
246:. It is
199:Synonyms
190:Schlegel
186:Temminck
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1050:4801467
949:5217143
770:5657024
721:1505728
360:Biology
342:Shikoku
272:springs
268:marshes
256:forests
248:endemic
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1047:uBio:
1040:889333
1027:202098
988:661793
936:130062
910:152623
768:
760:
719:
711:
669:
430:Status
390:beetle
338:Kyushu
334:Honshu
264:swamps
192:, 1838
188:&
1001:54673
970:IRMNG
962:21500
766:S2CID
590:(PDF)
284:ponds
127:Anura
1078:Bufo
1014:8387
1009:NCBI
996:IUCN
983:ITIS
944:GBIF
923:NP7S
905:BOLD
758:PMID
717:PMID
709:ISSN
667:ISSN
510:2021
493:2021
386:ants
352:and
340:and
312:vent
240:toad
220:The
148:Bufo
931:EoL
918:CoL
892:ASW
884:204
866:ADW
748:doi
701:doi
659:doi
497:doi
443:".
348:to
228:or
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232:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
