1185:, which said that the increasingly restrictive penalties in the copyright law violate Article 37(1) of the Penal Code, which states that "An act unavoidably performed to avert a present danger to the life, body, liberty or property of oneself or any other person is not punishable only when the harm produced by such act does not exceed the harm to be averted". The limitation of short excerpts and unintentional downloading has been unclear and the penalties for "leech sites" have been criticized as disproportionate for merely linking to copyrighted material.
2182:
2192:
1177:
author's permission effective from 2010. However, no criminal penalties were defined until
October 2012, when starting from then, illegally downloading music and movies can be punished by a fine of 2 million yen and imprisonment of 2 years. An emergency statement made by academics, lawyers, and experts and severe concern over an "Internet atrophy", causing the amendment to be shelved.
2397:
736:). The users of this equipment and media have to pay a fee, or "compensation", so that they can use the described materials for copying the copyright-protected works. The public domain is not directly threatened, but in an indirect way, it becomes more difficult (expensive) to reproduce works for personal use.
1776:- As part of "Transparency of Japanese Law Project", overviews and explanation of Japanese copyright and patent are provided in English. The website of this project also contains information on corporate law, contract law, finance law, insolvency law, arbitration law and civil litigation law in Japan.
1148:
proposed to ban illegal downloading, because Makoto Kawase, the head of the agency's
Copyrighted Work Circulation Promotion Department, said that despite the mass opposition, the change was inevitable. The prohibition came into effect in 2010 after heavy lobbying by the RIAJ, one of JASRAC's members.
608:
appended that for films released in 1970 or earlier, copyright protection is extended until 38 years after the original copyright holder's (i.e. the director's) death, thus bringing hundreds of public domain films back into copyright. As
Kurosawa died in 1998, his copyrights are expected to expire at
421:
Teachers at non-profit educational institutions are permitted to reproduce copyrighted works for the purpose of teaching, as long as such reproduction does not infringe on the interests of the author. For example, a teacher may duplicate a television program or audio recording, but may not distribute
883:
provides that the "author shall have the exclusive right to make the public transmission of his or her work (including the making transmittable of his or her work in the case of the interactive transmission)". This can be considered an expansion of the right of public transmission of authors to the
574:
Works authored by an individual, under their own name or a known pseudonym, are protected for 70 years following the individual's death. Works authored anonymously or pseudonymously, as well as works authored by corporations, where the individual author or authors are unknown, are protected for 70
1180:
However, an amendment in June 2020 criminalized the illegal downloading of manga, magazines and academic texts, despite copying short excerpts and accidentally copying from illegal sources being allowed as a compromise, effective on
January 1, 2021. Operating a "leech site", which links or index
412:
Artistic works permanently installed in public places can be reproduced freely by photograph, film, etc. However, except for architecture, the author's permission must be obtained before publicly exhibiting their work, and commercial reproductions of artistic works are not permitted without the
1176:
The
Japanese copyright law has been accused of being increasingly harsh and restrictive on consumers in recent years, with disproportionate penalties for downloading. Following lobbying by the RIAJ in June 2009, an amendment made it illegal to download copyrighted material uploaded without the
53:
in 1899, so its copyright law is in sync with most international regulations. The 1899 law protected copyrighted works for 30 years after the author's death. Law changes promulgated in 1970 extended the duration to 50 years (or 50 years after publication for unknown authors and corporations).
1066:
The "regulation of the alteration etc. of the rights management information" section strengthens the first regulation by saying that it is forbidden to remove rights management information attached to the work. However, it is to be said that this provision, and such, does not seem to limit
668:
In 1992, the "Compensation System for
Digital Private Recording" was introduced. According to this system, those who make digital sound or visual recordings for personal use should pay compensation to the copyright owners. This compensation is added in advance to the prices of specified
1079:, the "right of transfer of ownership" was established in 1999, in order to enrich the rights of authors. This means that authors, performers and phonogram producers can exercise their right concerning the transfer of the ownership of the original, or copies of the work, at the
581:
works are protected for 70 years following publication (or 70 years following creation if unpublished). This update was made in 2004 to be more consistent with some other nations, notably the United States and most of Europe, as the previous term was fifty years.
655:). For works published between December 8, 1941 to the date when the San Francisco Peace Treaty became effective, the prolongation is the number of days between the publication of the work and when the San Francisco Peace Treaty became effective for the country.
438:
article specifically states that it cannot be reproduced, free reproduction is permitted. Normally, copyrighted materials can also be reproduced to the extent necessary for reporting of current events (this extends to printed matter, film, and photographs).
856:"Public transmission" means "the transmission of radio communication or wire-telecommunication intended for direct reception by the public". In order to deal with the new context of the Internet, the (already existing) concept of interactive transmission (
565:
is sometimes used instead. Many pre-1953 Japanese and non-Japanese films are considered to be in the public domain in Japan. An author's work may be put into the public domain 70 years after the individual dies, unless the publisher re-publishes the work.
1035:
of technological measures such as copy protection, etc.", it is stated that "transfer to the public (of) the ownership of, and manufacture, etc. of, the devices to circumvent technological measures (e.g., copy protection), which prevent copying of
2684:
2271:
2854:
2367:
1167:
and private copying of works in 2019 caused concerns that Abe would lose an election. There is a consensus that excessive attention has been made on the manga industry on the decision to criminalize illegal downloading of manga.
65:., the 70 year term was applied to all works. This new term was not applied retroactively; works that had entered the public domain between 1999 and 29 December 2018 (inclusive) due to expiration remained in the public domain.
2876:
2610:
1024:, 32). This shows clearly that the Japanese government considers software to be a tool for enforcing copyright legislation. Not mentioned, however, is the possible negative side-effects concerning fair use (limitation on
2842:
2556:
790:
on the original genius of the creator of this or that audio file has to be educated, and forced to participate in a trusted system in order to obtain the desired audio files. No one has so far mentioned about either
1739:
Japan, by which you can search for
Japanese laws and their English translation. Intellectual Property laws such as Patent Act, Copyright Act, Trademark Act, Design Act, Unfair Competition Prevention Act etc. are
2765:
2593:
798:
The above examples show that if trusted systems (and look-alikes) intend to play an important role in the future without intruding on anonymity, etc., one will have to incorporate these values as gaps in the
1282:
The term of protection for rights of an author of a literary or artistic work within the meaning of
Article 2 of the Berne Convention shall run for the life of the author and for 70 years after the author's
1144:, has been accused of pushing for the criminalization of illegal downloading since September 2007. Although most of the comments received by the government were in opposition to the law, on December 18, the
2777:
969:
concerning intellectual property rights—in Japan and in other countries—is moving very fast, and do not seem to take into account all facets of the story, nor remember the very basic goal of
276:
can be freely transferred or relinquished. If the author transfers their economic rights to another, the holder of the economic rights becomes the "copyright holder", but the author retains authorship.
1005:) was enacted. Its main purpose is to facilitate the establishment of new copyright management businesses, in order to "respond to the development of digital technologies and communication networks" (
1059:. This means that when a CD, etc. is copyright-protected, there is not only technically no space for fair use, but also from the legislative side, there is no support for copying in the context of
54:
However, in 2004 Japan further extended the copyright term to 70 years for cinematographic works; for films released before 1971, the copyright term also spans 38 years after the director's death.
1181:
sites that provide links to infringing content, also became punishable with 5 years imprisonment or a fine of 5 million yen. These restrictive amendments have spawned outcry from internet blog
422:
copies of educational software without express permission. Works can also be reproduced in examinations at educational institutions, but the author must be remunerated if the exam is performed
1156:
ruled in
February 2020 that JASRAC could collect fees from both teachers and students because the music schools were the primary actirs for music played by teachers and students in lessons.
1152:
In 2017, the JASRAC also demanded copyright fees from private music schools as a loophole of an exception for non-profit educational use. After a lawsuit by private music schools, the
1009:, 27). In general, we can say that this law will facilitate the rise of copyright management businesses, and possibly create a further limitation to the reach of the public domain.
2266:
627:, and varies with the country of the author or the copyright holder in the wartime. For copyrights before December 8, 1941, the prolongation is normally 3,794 days (including
1274:"Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, of the Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and Japan, Article 14.13"
871:
Interactive transmission stands for "the public transmission made automatically in response to a request from the public" (read: in response to a click with the mouse on a
2228:
946:(i.e., "uploading of content to a server that is accessible by the public"). But on the other hand, when we look at it from the viewpoint of the public domain, the wider
486:
Software can be reproduced for personal use. If one of the above exceptions to reproduce a work publicly is used, the person reproducing the work must cite its source.
930:
At first sight, one should say that the law was adapted to the new possibilities, the
Internet provides—uploading content to a server, and accessing context via
593:
said that the 2004 law cannot be applied retroactively, so that all cinematographic works published (or created, if unpublished) before 1953 are now public domain.
289:) refer to the rights of performers, broadcasters, and other individuals who do not author works, but play an important role in communicating them to the public.
1661:
1615:
721:
62:
1492:
1427:
978:". While copyright protection is an urgent task, excessive protection that allows for no copying "may damage the functioning of society that thrives on
45:
consist of two parts: "Author's Rights" and "Neighbouring Rights". As such, "copyright" is a convenient collective term rather than a single concept in
537:) in order to extract statistics and information, and come up with new ideas. Japan was the first country in the world to introduce an exception for
2355:
2898:
2096:
1141:
912:
2256:
1638:
919:
was also granted to performers and phonogram producers. The scope here is especially to regulate the internet broadcasting of live performances (
85:
has a website called "Japanese Law Translation" where one can search for Japanese laws and their unofficial English translation. IP laws such as
2672:
2221:
1504:
1768:- Presentation and theses on IP in English by Japanese judges, and the record of visitors to Intellectual High Court from all over the world.
1684:
1823:
1555:
2147:
1137:
2925:
2703:
2441:
2331:
864:, etc.) made a theoretical move, and is now considered as residing under public transmission (besides wire diffusion and broadcasting) (
1067:
immediately the reach of the public domain. Mentioning the source, etc. of the quoted material is generally considered as appropriate.
2478:
1906:
1754:
1749:
1249:
2984:
2963:
2893:
2214:
1707:
1578:
455:
Political speeches and government proceedings can be freely reproduced, except when the intent of the reproduction is to create an
2157:
447:
Works can be performed or exhibited freely if the performer is not remunerated, and the audience is not charged an admission fee.
2796:
2637:
2511:
2261:
2016:
1773:
1367:
1159:
Furthermore, Abe has been accused of promoting restrictive and harsh copyright policies in Japan, putting excessive attention to
821:
was updated to expand the coverage of the author's "right of communication to the public" (established in 1986 under the name of
561:
Even when particular materials are said to be "in the public domain" there can be some use restrictions. In such cases, the term
105:
965:
seems to work as a system, and creates an incentive to produce. We only should be aware that the current transformations in the
513:, an in-copyright work whose owner cannot be found, on the internet, subject to approval from the Japanese Ministry of Culture.
2994:
2071:
782:. We have to teach them that you should not use other people's assets for free, by opening up a legal window for them to use" (
1450:
1296:
204:) are non-transferable; they remain with the author until they expire. Although moral rights themselves cannot be waived, the
2116:
1600:
1103:
was the so called extension of the "right of presentation". Previously, this right was only granted to cinematographic work (
755:
that allows a user to download a certain number of audio files for a fixed payment. This kind of system is in fact a kind of
1519:
2667:
1785:
1384:
575:
years following publication. Prior term lengths were set at 30 years until 6 May 1970 and 50 years until 30 December 2018.
112:, and Copyright Research and Information Center (CRIC). For more details, see "External links" at the bottom of this page.
2642:
2386:
2343:
2031:
1321:
2379:
1273:
2950:
2910:
2583:
2578:
2458:
1956:
1951:
1789:
2152:
1477:
2866:
2657:
2573:
2521:
2516:
2111:
2051:
1946:
1866:
1856:
812:
82:
1411:
2121:
1051:, 32). It is quite clear that with this regulation, it becomes impossible to circumvent the copyright-protection of
623:, are given some prolonged protection by an exemption law. This extension compensates for the unprotected period in
2945:
2728:
2647:
2541:
2531:
2495:
2411:
2251:
2162:
2066:
2041:
1986:
1916:
1145:
1107:, 32). After the amendment, it was extended to all kinds of works, reaffirming at the same time, exactly as in the
620:
2299:
1846:
470:
and audio versions of printed materials may be reproduced for the purpose of lending, but not for commercial use.
2662:
2632:
2600:
2463:
2311:
2076:
2056:
2011:
1981:
1966:
1896:
489:
In 2009, Japanese copyright law was updated to allow the following digitally focused limitations and exceptions.
156:." The laws automatically provide the following rights, without the need for formal declaration or registration.
58:
2716:
2036:
2883:
2861:
2832:
2806:
2750:
2740:
2617:
2488:
2451:
2421:
2374:
2306:
2278:
2106:
1996:
1991:
1881:
1838:
1816:
678:
310:, or control over the alteration of a performance, in a manner that would prejudice the performer's reputation.
2711:
2326:
2081:
1976:
1861:
1851:
2871:
2784:
2679:
2362:
2338:
2126:
1961:
1931:
1891:
1876:
1871:
2915:
2905:
2888:
2816:
2801:
2772:
2745:
2735:
2568:
2468:
2431:
2426:
2294:
2167:
2086:
2061:
2026:
2021:
1941:
2605:
1971:
1926:
942:, 198)), it seems to make sense to expand the right of public transmission of authors also to the stage of
2849:
2837:
2811:
2755:
2723:
2652:
2622:
2588:
2536:
2526:
2483:
2446:
2436:
2350:
2321:
2316:
2246:
2046:
2001:
1911:
1901:
1886:
1199:
1160:
616:
109:
94:
2789:
2760:
2551:
1232:
Copyright Protection Throughout the World Part VII Near East, Far East, Africa, Asia, Surinam and Curacao
2989:
2627:
2473:
2006:
1921:
1164:
1052:
901:
478:
Works may be quoted freely, as long as the quotation does not exceed what is justified for its purpose.
236:: The author can control the reproduction of a work, including photography, recording, and downloading.
2920:
2416:
1153:
605:
590:
1542:
525:, the use of an image of an in-copyright work, on the internet when advertising something for sale.
2136:
1809:
1736:
1277:
1204:
1194:
407:
2191:
1563:
830:
787:
674:
586:
221:
1616:"Japanese Music Collection Society Demands Copyright Fees From Music Schools For Teaching Music"
612:
Neighboring rights apply for 70 years after the work is performed, transmitted, or put on sale.
2546:
1594:
670:
261:
208:
of moral rights is waived by contract, when, for example, an employee or contractor creates a
104:
Reliable information on Japanese copyright law in English is also provided by the websites of
78:
1662:"Japanese Academics Issue The Tamest 'Emergency' Statement Over Proposed Copyright Amendment"
834:
767:
702:
50:
729:
220:
would technically remain with the creator, but the creator would be potentially liable for
81:
text. An official English-language translation of the law does not exist, but the Japanese
1481:
1415:
1371:
1087:, 32). This new ruling can be considered as a contribution to the recent strengthening of
988:
861:
694:
578:
209:
1016:", the title of this section is to "secure the effectiveness of rights by utilizing new
934:. Indeed, as the difference between simultaneous and non-simultaneous receptions fades (
1044:
756:
640:
601:
562:
153:
1765:
1364:
17:
2978:
2185:
1032:
644:
498:
246:, performed, exhibited, etc., including how copies of the work are to be distributed.
178:: The author can choose how their authorship is represented in the work (e.g., under
349:. They can also demand remuneration if their work is broadcast or diffused by wire.
1209:
1041:
979:
800:
745:
648:
624:
435:
243:
197:
74:
1732:
1341:
1230:
2195:
1798:
in English - containing a wide range of information on "copyright" law of japan.
1692:
1685:"Japan Passes New Copyright Law to Criminalize Manga Piracy & Linking Sites"
1646:
1388:
966:
542:
538:
510:
257:
1163:
of manga, and a proposal by the Agency for Cultural Affairs to criminalize all
1759:
1017:
931:
749:
390:
253:
213:
142:
134:
1743:
1586:
1474:
1352:
1037:
1031:
Under the section (in the same book) pertaining to the "(r)egulation of the
983:
950:
of the concept of communication to the public means a big limitation of the
872:
744:
The only way to get these downloadable audio files is by creating a sort of
628:
456:
183:
179:
90:
2206:
1795:
1639:"Digital dilemma: Japan flirts with overly aggressive online copyright law"
393:
broadcasters also have a right to control photography of their broadcasts.
1408:
770:
after having set new fees for downloadable audio (in cooperation with the
1715:
1669:
1623:
1493:
Paramount Pictures: Japanese Court Rules Pre-1953 Movies in Public Domain
1182:
792:
779:
775:
752:
682:
373:
Broadcasters and wire diffusers have the transferable economic rights of
323:
146:
138:
126:
1801:
1762:- You can search for English summaries of IP cases in all the instances.
1428:"Paramount — Japanese court rules pre-1953 movies in public domain"
242:: The author can control how a work is to be transmitted, communicated,
975:
857:
734:
Society for the Administration of Remuneration for Video Home Recording
726:
Society for the Administration of Remuneration for Audio Home Recording
710:
652:
467:
130:
1506:
Intellectual Property High Court rules Kurosawa still under copyright
1129:
1025:
1001:
In November 2000, the "Copyright Management Business Law" (著作権等管理事業法
803:
of these systems. It is, however, doubtful whether this will happen.
763:
706:
636:
632:
304:, or control over how they are named in connection with the work; and
169:
98:
86:
1040:(sic) or music CD without authorization, are regulated by the (sic)
172:
can choose when and how a work will be made available to the public.
1556:"Japanese Panel Pushes Ban on Illegal Downloads Forward (Updated)"
1133:
698:
690:
150:
46:
1543:
https://wipolex-res.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/jp/jp043en.pdf
848:, Article 2, paragraph 1 (7-2)), and "interactive transmission" (
1708:"Japan Approves New Law To Make Manga Piracy A Criminal Offense"
786:, 18 August 2000). In other words, the clever user who tries to
778:
users, many of whom believe music can freely be copied from the
686:
597:
522:
333:
Fixed aural performers have the transferable economic rights of
265:
2210:
1805:
844:
The Copyright Law defines the concepts, "public transmission" (
825:) to the stage of making it transmittable. The objects of the
651:
later, and have longer wartime (the longest is 4,413 days for
101:
Act and Unfair Competition Prevention Act are included there.
497:
Copying on servers of in-copyright works in order to provide
297:
Performers generally have two non-transferable moral rights:
533:
The analysis of in-copyright works using computers (Art.47
322:(control over publication in interactive media such as the
1779:
521:
Reflecting the popularity of online auction websites like
314:
Live performers have the transferable economic rights of
1132:, an umbrella group or copyright organizations such as
1244:
1242:
879:
Besides these two definitions, Article 23 (1) of the
774:), that "the(se) new agreements will help enlighten
192:: The author can control the modification of a work.
125:
Japanese copyright law protects all works "in which
2938:
2825:
2702:
2695:
2504:
2404:
2287:
2135:
2095:
1837:
961:"copyright protection". Indeed, in a lot of cases,
615:Works authored by, or transferred to, residents of
617:countries which were Allied Powers in World War II
268:, and the creation of derivative works in general.
1780:Institute of Intellectual Property (IIP) of Japan
911:Apart from this, and in order to comply with the
720:The compensation is collected and distributed by
664:Compensation system for digital private recording
61:negotiations and a requirement stemming from the
1796:Copyright Research and Information Center (CRIC)
1409:Copyright Research and Information Center (CRIC)
974:, which is "to contribute to the development of
361:as fixed aural performers, but do not have any
330:(control over diffusion by wire or broadcast).
38:
1774:Japanese Copyright Law and Japanese Patent Law
1365:Japanese Copyright Law and Japanese Patent Law
1083:. After this, the right will be extinguished (
32:
2222:
1817:
748:on a provider's website, and agreeing with a
8:
1099:Another aspect of the 1999 amendment to the
823:Rights of Broadcasting and Wire Transmission
2699:
2229:
2215:
2207:
1824:
1810:
1802:
1456:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
1324:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
1302:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
1138:Japan Commercial Broadcasters Organization
224:if they attempt to exercise those rights.
108:, "Transparency of Japanese Law Project",
1475:http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/clj.html
368:
1235:. US Department of Commerce. p. 13.
369:Broadcasters' and wire diffusers' rights
1250:"Outline of the Japanese Copyright Law"
1221:
1142:Recording Industry Association of Japan
913:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
63:EU–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement
57:At the end of 2018, as a result of the
1592:
1172:Criminalization of illegal downloading
1028:), or the reach of the public domain.
837:, and the activities of transmission (
759:, although we may not be aware of it.
1520:"Tokyo court clarifies copyright law"
517:Use of artistic works on the internet
7:
1473:Copyright Law of Japan, Article 54,
827:right of communication to the public
807:Right of communication to the public
740:Downloadable audio for mobile phones
49:. Japan was a party to the original
829:are the activities of connecting a
795:or the reach of the public domain.
77:regarding copyright exists only in
693:), and specified recording media (
596:In 2007, following a lawsuit from
585:In 2006, following a lawsuit from
357:Phonogram producers have the same
216:product. In such a situation, the
25:
2964:Category:Copyright law by country
1579:"Japan Strengthens Copyright Law"
997:Copyright management business law
852:, Article 2, paragraph 1 (9-4)):
619:, before the effectuation of the
2395:
2262:International copyright treaties
2190:
2181:
2180:
1744:Intellectual Property High Court
1353:Intellectual Property High Court
408:Freedom of panorama § Japan
137:way, and which falls within the
106:Intellectual Property High Court
1706:Geigner, Timothy (2020-03-11).
1660:Geigner, Timothy (2019-02-21).
1614:Geigner, Timothy (2019-02-21).
1385:"Patent information from Japan"
1003:Chosakuken-tou kanri jigyou hou
772:Network Music Rights Conference
553:Caching, storing, copying etc.
2148:British Indian Ocean Territory
1518:Schilling, Mark (2007-09-16).
1451:"環太平洋パートナーシップ協定の法律の概要（著作権法関係）"
1109:right of transfer of ownership
1071:Right of transfer of ownership
936:The Japanese Multimedia Report
896:, 31), and even of a right of
1:
2252:Copyright case law by country
1786:Patent information from Japan
1449:Agency for Cultural Affairs.
1320:Agency for Cultural Affairs.
1295:Agency for Cultural Affairs.
1229:Koepfle, Leo (January 1937).
1115:of the notion of the author.
252:: The author can control the
2257:Copyright lengths by country
1683:Maxwell, Andy (2020-06-06).
1577:Schwartz, Rob (2009-06-16).
1637:Jordan, Alec (2019-04-15).
1105:Japan Copyright Office 2001
1085:Japan Copyright Office 2001
1049:Japan Copyright Office 2001
1022:Japan Copyright Office 2001
1007:Japan Copyright Office 2001
900:that goes further than the
894:Japan Copyright Office 2001
813:Right to Make Transmittable
715:Japan Copyright Office 2001
353:Phonogram producers' rights
39:
3011:
1599:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1146:Agency of Cultural Affairs
810:
621:San Francisco Peace Treaty
405:
397:Limitations and exceptions
318:(control over recording),
285:"Neighboring rights" (隣接権
73:The definitive version of
2959:
2393:
2247:Copyright acts by country
2242:
2176:
1322:"著作物等の保護期間の延長に関するQ&A"
1014:Copyright System in Japan
766:executive, said during a
609:the end of 2036 or 2068.
493:Copying by search engines
463:Publication for the blind
59:Trans-Pacific Partnership
33:
2985:Copyright law by country
2279:Rule of the shorter term
2237:Copyright law by country
1897:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1733:Japanese Law Translation
1554:Loo, Egan (2007-12-20).
1342:Japanese Law Translation
957:This is not a discourse
2158:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1089:author-centered regimes
954:of this public domain.
459:of the author's works.
212:of their employer's or
28:Japanese copyright laws
2995:Japanese copyright law
1832:Copyright law of Asia
1790:European Patent Office
1414:March 7, 2008, at the
1200:Japanese trademark law
1161:copyright infringement
1101:Japanese Copyright Law
1077:Japan Copyright Office
925:Japan Copyright Office
866:Japan Copyright Office
819:Japanese Copyright Law
784:The Japan Times Online
647:), but some countries
443:Non-profit performance
434:Unless a newspaper or
115:
110:European Patent Office
18:Japanese copyright law
1255:. Japan Patent Office
1095:Right of presentation
1053:intellectual property
993:, 21 February 2002).
902:WIPO Copyright Treaty
413:author's permission.
352:
343:transfer of ownership
292:
272:Unlike moral rights,
2668:United Arab Emirates
2072:United Arab Emirates
1154:Tokyo District Court
1081:first legal transfer
963:copyright protection
944:making transmittable
917:making transmittable
898:making transmittable
886:making transmittable
606:Tokyo District Court
591:Tokyo District Court
570:Length of protection
529:Text and data mining
2099:limited recognition
1737:Ministry of Justice
1278:European Commission
1205:Japanese design law
1195:Japanese patent law
1165:illegal downloading
884:preceding stage of
659:Recent developments
600:over the rights to
133:are expressed in a
83:Ministry of Justice
69:English translation
2899:Russian Federation
2442:Dominican Republic
1564:Anime News Network
1480:2013-01-23 at the
1430:. December 7, 2006
1370:2012-08-16 at the
1297:"環太平洋パートナーシップ協定の法"
1055:in the context of
587:Paramount Pictures
451:Political speeches
293:Performers' rights
281:Neighboring rights
256:of a work through
222:breach of contract
2972:
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2141:other territories
1735:- the website of
1075:As stated by the
717:, 17; ibid. 24).
671:digital recording
549:Temporary copying
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