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Pornography in Japan

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year after the public release of their films without condition. The bill also states that a one-month period must pass between contract-signing and filming, and a four-month period must pass between filming and public release of the film, in order to give actors and actresses time to reconsider their decision. Additionally, the bill highlights a greater need for transparency around the types of sexual acts involved in a film by requiring producers to provide a written explanation of the nature of the content and details of sexual acts involved. Misrepresentation or intimidation to prevent withdrawal of contracts is liable to up to 3 years of imprisonment or 3 million yen for individuals, or 100 million yen for corporations.
430:, which lasted until 1952, all forms of sexually explicit material were prohibited in the country. American forces occupying Japan imposed Western ideas of morality and law. The Japanese public slowly came to adopt some of these ideas and practices. Negative views foreign to Japanese culture about pornography were accepted and applied to visual depictions as they were the ones most likely recognized and thereby criticized by Westerners. As a result, once the occupation forces left, the Japanese government kept the ban on sexually explicit material in place until the late 1980s; images or depictions of frontal nudity were banned, as well as pictures of pubic hair or genitals. No sex act could be depicted graphically. 1039:, commonly found in websites, is not limited to fictitious characters and often uses real live people as well, though these works would make little sense to those who do not see Japanese TV programs. Dōjinshi writers typically use the Internet to market their products by offering previews of new works, a secret address where buyers can find additional works, and a sample of their games. They also recruit new writers and artists online. Several exclusively adult oriented search engines exist to let someone find a site they are looking for, without having to search through commercial websites that list all keywords. Many works of dōjinshi are featured in websites that collect the art and let people look for free. 134: 156: 145: 3961: 1625: 3971: 35: 1611: 746:, with a belief that supernatural beings dwell in nature. The gods and goddesses of Shinto are not repositories of morality or perfection; instead, they exist within nature and thus, sexuality is an innate part of life itself. Therefore, religious attitudes are no obstacle to the presence of pornographic material in Japan's society. 1200:("Boy's Love"): Featuring two boys or men in a homosexual/gay relationship. Target audience is mainly (but not limited to) young adult women. It typically features a feminine 'uke' or submissive/bottom, and a masculine 'seme' or dominant/top, however this is not always the case as 'uke' is often portrayed as masculine as well. 1059:
Magazines are, along with videos, popular media for pornographic materials. Magazines that contain pornographic manga or pictures are controlled, and feature age requirements for purchase. Many localities in Japan require pornographic magazines to be sealed when sold outside of adult bookstores, but
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that she was tricked into appearing in pornography. She had signed a deal with an agency believing she would be modelling. At the time of the first shoot, she was asked to take off her clothes and have sex in front of the camera. She was surrounded by 20 men and could not say "no" and had to perform
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In June 2022, the Japanese government passed a bill that aims to protect the rights of actors and actresses coerced into the pornography industry. The new set of laws gives people who have agreed to appear in pornographic films the right to terminate their contract at any time prior to and up to one
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With the Japanese pornography industry growing, increasing numbers of women in the country have become victims of sexual exploitation. Many were tricked into believing they were signing up for "modelling contracts", only to be coerced into becoming pornographic actresses. These continued occurrences
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One oft-recalled explanation for the failure of Sony's (SNE) Betamax videocassette format in the 1980s was the Japanese company's ambivalence towards producers of pornographic videos. By contrast, proponents of VHS, Betamax's rival, welcomed adult content with open arms and, the legend goes, caused
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In Tokyo, three people were arrested for allegedly forcing a woman to appear in more than 100 pornographic films. Pornography agencies use intimidating tactics when women try to refuse to perform sex acts, such as demanding huge fines, citing vaguely worded contracts, and telling them they will not
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was banned from Japan due to its nudity and erotic content. Despite quickly becoming a sensation at film festivals in New York and Cannes, in October 1976 the film was seized by Japanese authorities. While the film was based on a true story well known in Japan, its content, involving the vivid
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the act in front of camera unwillingly. The agency also convinced her to cut herself off from her family to focus on work. Another woman from the pornography industry said that she was tricked into working in pornography by an agency on the pretense of becoming a singer.
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Many websites feature seasonal greeting pictures, often pornographic, from linked sites and friends who frequent their sites. A typical Christmas greeting picture on such sites features a Santa-girl in various stages of undressing. The twelve zodiac animals of
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reported allegations that some women appearing in pornographic films had been forced to do so against their will. The group called for the introduction of legislation to regulate production companies and for help for any performers who had experienced abuse.
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market expanded. It is estimated that about half of this market consists of pornography. Copyright problems plague the market, yet the dōjinshi market was a common place for creators to start before making a debut in a professional magazine.
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Due to the large amount of videos produced, JAV films are typically assigned a code by the studio as a unique identifier. JAV codes usually consist of letters which identify the producer or type of content, followed by a sequential number.
518:, was considered too obscene for public viewing. The producer and script writer for the film were taken to court and charged with obscenity but were found not guilty. Frontal nudity was not permitted to appear on film in Japan until 1986. 1095:. The drama received worldwide recognition, with a second season released in 2021. Today, Toru Muranishi is known as the "Emperor of Porn" and "the dirtiest of the industry’s dirty old men" for being one of the pioneers in the industry. 526:
The proliferation of pornographic videos in the 1980s commonly called A/V (short for adult video) arose as most Japanese families now had at least two television sets and VCRs. It is rumored, but not substantiated, that the
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has risen in popularity in recent years, largely propelled by the pornography industry. Since the start of 2020, virtual reality use for Japanese adult videos has greatly increased, and this is largely attributed to the
281:, but also to cater to particular fetishes, actors and producers often feature subject matter that in western pornography had historically been unseen or rarely depicted, and even now is less frequently featured; 352:
or pornographic wood-block pictures were printed with all imaginable situations. The actual uses of shunga in the period are still debated, but probably resembled modern uses of pornographic materials, including
919:(often transliterated as doujinshi), or self-published works that are often manga, are frequently (but not always) pornographic, either as original works or as imitations of popular anime, games and manga. 937:
but in Japan as "adult anime", "ero anime" or "erotic animation") is a popular genre in Japan and generally maintains the same style of animation seen in other popular forms of Japanese animation (
660:(literally 'front patch') is a Japanese slang term used in the pornography industry to mean "hiding the pubic hair". Initially this was done by sticking adhesive tape over the crotch, and the term 215: 2314: 332:
manga, video games, and anime. Up until the mid-1990s, any depiction of pubic hair was also censored. Anuses are only censored at contact or penetration. Breasts and nipples are not censored.
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people who sell or distribute obscene materials can be punished by fines or imprisonment. Article 175 was included in the original document in 1907 and remains relatively unchanged. Showing
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evolved into self-adhesive bandage-like coverings that were discarded after use. They were often skin-coloured and triangular. Once the removal of pubic hair by shaving became popular,
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girls featured in many western tabloids. So long as these images do not depict sexual organs or sex acts, they are not considered pornographic and, hence, are freely sold in public.
2539: 1220:("Girl's Love"): Featuring two grown adult women in a homosexual/lesbian relationship. The target audience are mostly men or lesbians, but it is much less popular than Yaoi. 1206:(sometimes "Bara"): Manga made by and for gay men that are often pornographic. Typically features adult men with varying degrees of muscle, body fat, and body hair, akin to 664:
was used for this tape. This technique allowed the film makers to conform with Japanese censorship requirements and avoid the risk of expensive re-shooting. In Japanese
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Adult-oriented games are a genre for video games in Japan. Because of the language barrier and cultural differences, the genre is less popular outside Japan. Known as
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can also mean "metamorphosis"/"transformation", although this denotation does not inform the meaning of the word as it would be commonly used in conversation.)
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During the COVID-19 lockdowns, global viewership for Japanese pornography rose significantly as more people were forced to stay home. The sale of videos,
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from before the 20th century, Japanese pornography evolved into distinct subcategories. Partly under attempts to circumvent Japanese laws regarding
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and Ayako Uchiyama postulated that the rise of pornographic material in Japan from the 1970s onwards creates a decrease in reported violence.
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where it was brought before the Diet in September, but failed to pass. On 15 July 2014 penalties were added to the simple possession of
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find a job outside of the pornography industry. Many such women have committed suicide under the high pressure and coercion they face.
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believes that many child pornography producers have simply turned to producing anime or films featuring adults dressed as children.
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Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (2002). "Eroticism for the Masses: Japanese Manga Comics and Their Assimilation into the U.S.".
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into English for the fledgling market outside Japan. For adult video games in Japan, the rating of "18+" was coined by the
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Kaoru Kuroki Japanese Adult Videos (JAV) and Full Length Films. Download and Watch Free Trailers online today | JAV Films
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amount of lewdness is considered "perverted", rather than making a distinction between "normal" and "perverted" erotica.
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Complex"): Similar to lolicon, this genre involves young (or young-looking) boy characters in fiction (anime and manga).
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According to John Carr, a United Kingdom government adviser on Internet safety policy for children, two-thirds of all
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in the second half of the 19th century, the publication of pornographic materials declined under government pressure.
85: 2909: 3931: 802:, or Japanese convenience stores. Prosecutions have been made under the new law by prosecutors under Japan's unique 426:, the law against 'obscenity', Article 175, was the only official censorship law that remained in force. During the 3776: 3771: 1223:
Pornography for women: a new subgenre targeting women, portraying "eromen" (erotic men) who cater to women's needs.
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has unique characteristics that readily distinguish it from western pornography. Pornographic films are known as "
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In June 2008, a bill that proposed the imposition of a ban on child-pornography possession was submitted to the
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with no limitation on content except for censorship laws was sometimes viewed as being synonymous with playing
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depicting real children has been illegal in Japan since June 2014. Distribution of child pornography was made
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Itasaka, Gen (1996). "Why are pornographic newspapers and magazines read on trains?". In Itasaka Gen (ed.).
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has shot up during this period, mainly due to the increase in available content and faster internet speeds.
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and shared viewing with a lover. Several notable woodblock artists to produce this and their creations were
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in Japanese, the games are known under several names used by English fans, including PC dating-sim game,
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A common ploy is to have a part of a title replaced with a character, or to use a phonetically similar
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it is not uncommon to find non-pornographic magazines that feature nudity. Many magazines, especially
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Confessional writings by both men and women are a popular topic in men's and pornographic magazines.
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Video pornography routinely depicts explicit sex scenes with the participants' genitalia obscured by
3074: 3791: 3741: 3650: 3627: 3440: 3150:"Obscenity and Article 175 of the Japanese Penal Code: A Short Introduction to Japanese Censorship" 2433: 1771:"Obscenity and Article 175 of the Japanese Penal Code: A Short Introduction to Japanese Censorship" 638: 632: 580: 515: 427: 321: 278: 3970: 595:, and even subtitles rose significantly in sales during this period. At the same time, the use of 92: 3553: 3373: 3358: 3278: 3123: 3056: 3002: 2743: 2361: 2188: 1954:"These are some of the most popular virtual reality (VR) porn websites in 2022 - News Asia Today" 1715: 1670: 1534: 1464: 1271: 1211: 1084: 607: 548: 246: 2379: 3032: 3608: 3478: 3283: 3127: 3036: 3022: 3010: 2994: 2835: 2825: 2729: 2509: 2293: 2287: 2243: 2237: 2216: 2210: 1816: 1723: 1469: 1234: 1158: 1044: 818: 761: 729: 576: 540: 490: 466: 391: 575:
images on the Internet in the late 1990s may have originated in Japan. Since the law against
3528: 3508: 3308: 3293: 2986: 2501: 2353: 2180: 1808: 1494: 1479: 1296: 1276: 1184:: This genre involves young (or young-looking) girl characters in fiction (anime and manga). 841: 694: 510: 496: 310: 294: 266: 250: 210: 2171:
Zanghellini, A. (2009). "Underage Sex and Romance in Japanese Homoerotic Manga and Anime".
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with pornographic content targets both male and female audiences, and both male and female
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and other international organizations, although the law made a distinction between
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In September 2022, one of the largest Japanese adult video distribution websites,
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Many Japanese-made pornographic films (JAV), have titles that suggest that they
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because large numbers of A/V were released in VHS format. Few A/Vs were sold in
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is commonly used to follow the censorship guidelines without being too obvious.
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Starting in 1971, homosexually-oriented magazines began to appear, including
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Sex Every Afternoon: Pink Film and the Body of Pornographic Cinema in Japan
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Sex Every Afternoon: Pink Film and the Body of Pornographic Cinema in Japan
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Used in everyday conversational Japanese, the default meaning of the term
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and softcore pornography, which is widely available in Japan, such as at
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Among the various subgenres of Japanese pornography are the following:
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write pornographic works. Male-oriented pornographic manga is known as
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An overview of the Japanese pornographic film and video industry.
1976:"Virtual Reality (VR) Japanese Adult Videos List | JAV Subtitled" 422:
but a strict control was applied on photographs and films. After
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Perversion and Modern Japan: Psychoanalysis, Literature, Culture
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Japan's Sex Trade: A Journey Through Japan's Erotic Subcultures
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Virtual Reality (VR) Japanese Adult Videos List | JAV Subtitled
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One of the most well-known collection of Shunga can be seen in
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in 1999, the proportion is now believed to be less than 2%.
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Anti-Pornography-&-Prostitution Research Group (APP-JP)
2975:: The Interpretation of Sexual Imagery of the Edo Period". 461:
In the early 1960s, several movie studios began producing "
2942:(in Japanese and English). 30 January 2014. Archived from 2027:"More Japanese women being forced into porn, report finds" 1652: – Slang for playful sexual actions in Japanese (エッチ) 1132:
In Western contexts, this is more commonly referred to as
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The current status of live-action Japanese pornography.
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In 2016, Japanese pornographic actress Saki Kozai told
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illegal in 1999 after international pressure from the
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is "weird" implying "perverted", i.e., implying that
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Erotic Comics in Japan: An Introduction to Eromanga
2617:"Apology after Japan porn industry coercion claims" 1064:, include nude images and photo spreads similar to 324:from the early 20th century has provisions against 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2691: 2689: 2204: 2202: 307:regulation of cartoon pornography depicting minors 2884:Virtual Reality (VR) 日本AV影片和免费预览。立刻在线观看和下载 | AV短片 2434:"Japan police crack down on 300 child porn cases" 2082:R18.com is closing down for good | JAV Films Blog 645:and adult genitalia was once considered obscene. 386:A Bedside Guide to the Colours of Love in Spring. 1745:"Ero guro nansensu (erotic-grotesque-nonsense)" 697:was likely the first publication that featured 297:are a few uniquely Japanese genres of erotica. 3118:Weisser, Thomas; Mihara Weisser, Yuko (1998). 2933:女の子のためのポルノ - JAPORN: Porn That Makes Girls Wet 2906:"Japanese women: The new demographic for porn" 1646: – Movie regulating organization in Japan 1178: 1024:. Rating of adult video games has not gone in 3635: 3178: 2908:. Rocketnews. 3 February 2014. Archived from 882:, or that they show the recording of another 8: 1797:"Pornography, Rape, and Sex Crimes in Japan" 981:or "pretty girl games" (alternately spelled 192:industry. Animated films are referred to as 3120:Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films 2493:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2488:"Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan" 1801:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 3642: 3628: 3620: 3185: 3171: 3163: 2236:Cornyetz, Nina; Vincent, J. Keith (2010). 1559:Category:Japanese pornographic film actors 1026:Computer Entertainment Rating Organization 720:are three examples of such organizations. 603:have led to calls for greater regulation. 2261: 2259: 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 3559:Nihon Ethics of Video Association (NEVA) 2985:. Brepols, for the Asian Society: 7–22. 1011:Ethics Organization of Computer Software 821:as a result of the revision of the law. 707:Ethics Organization of Computer Software 132: 2209:Kasschau, Anne; Eguchi, Susumu (2015). 1706: 1687: 933:Animated erotica (known in the West as 3457:List of Japanese erotic computer games 3052:"Meet the Hardest Working Man in Porn" 2751: 2741: 2659:. Agence France-Presse. 5 October 2016 2292:. University of Chester. p. 146. 1790: 1788: 1694:animated depictions of sexual activity 993:/H game, and so on. Companies such as 7: 3206:List of Japanese sexploitation films 955:(Used as a technical term, the word 236:), and pornographic computer games ( 198:in English, but in Japan the terms " 57:adding citations to reliable sources 3484:Chronology of adult videos in Japan 3148:da Silva, Joaquín (29 March 2016). 1795:Diamond, Milton (22 January 1999). 1769:da Silva, Joaquín (21 April 2009). 1639:Chronology of adult videos in Japan 273:. Starting with erotic stories and 3211:List of Nikkatsu Roman Porno films 2215:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 241. 2078:"R18.com is closing down for good" 309:has been a major issue concerning 265:sexual acts in addition to unique 242:; for both PC and game consoles). 25: 2410:. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Archived from 2407:児童買春、児童ポルノに係る行為等の処罰及び児童の保護等に関する法律 2275:(Thesis). University of Michigan. 2158:, translated into English by the 1807:(1). University of Hawaii: 1–22. 1720:Pornography and Sexual Aggression 815:House of Representatives of Japan 703:Nihon Ethics of Video Association 364:The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife 3969: 3960: 3959: 3099:"Why is Japanese Porn Censored?" 2971:Berry, Paul (2004). "Rethinking 1931:Anne, Melissa (2 January 2022). 1850:(Ph.D.). University of Michigan. 1661:Pornography in the United States 1623: 1609: 437:Influenced by magazines such as 378:Client Lubricating a Prostitute. 189: 33: 2632:Adelstein, Jake (2 July 2016). 2596:Kazuaki Nagata (8 March 2016). 2464:. Asahi shimbun. 3 October 2016 1898:McNicol, Tony (27 April 2004). 1861:Rowley, Ian (22 January 2007). 756:Child pornography laws in Japan 434:was outlawed in Japan in 1958. 317:both inside and outside Japan. 140:in a Japanese rental shop, 2008 44:needs additional citations for 3462:List of Japanese gravure idols 3073:Fornander, Kjell (July 1992). 2672:Justin McCurry (15 May 2017). 1900:"Does Comic Relief Hurt Kids?" 1863:"Next-Gen DVD's Porn Struggle" 1777:. Cine Japonés. Archived from 1722:. Elsevier. pp. 173–183. 1631:Erotica and pornography portal 563:began in the dōjinshi market. 458:(literally "Western things"). 410:, an artistic movement called 1: 3101:. Japan Probe. Archived from 3050:Ferrari, Paige (March 2015). 2726:100 Tough Questions for Japan 2506:10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00035-1 2266:Arnold, Michael John (2015). 1841:Arnold, Michael John (2015). 1813:10.1016/s0160-2527(98)00035-1 1176:(short for "Lolita complex") 874:Depiction of illegal activity 734:Japan's indigenous religion, 473:entered the pink film genre. 3534:Japan Contents Review Center 2705:. AFP, Tokyo. 5 October 2016 2286:Harrison, Katherine (2018). 2160:Japanese Cabinet Secretariat 1091:and one of his first casts, 503:The 1976 Japanese love film 469:. In 1971, the major studio 245:Reflecting Japan's views on 3431:Japanese Adult Video Awards 2571:Keiko Sato (4 March 2016). 1161:and the industry maturing. 4037: 2486:; Uchiyama, Ayako (1999). 2173:Social & Legal Studies 1556: 1102: 966: 926: 909: 753: 727: 630: 506:In the Realm of the Senses 428:Allied occupation of Japan 293:(needing to urinate), and 3955: 3426:Adult Broadcasting Awards 3097:James (31 January 2006). 2657:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2358:10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4 1179: 1015:Contents Soft Association 711:Contents Soft Association 637:Under Article 175 of the 539:format. Playing games on 151:on shelves in Japan, 2009 3717:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2932: 2820:Nagayama, Kaoru (2020). 2461:児童ポルノ単純所持、摘発37件 罰則適用から1年 2460: 2406: 2185:10.1177/0964663909103623 1047:allow for variations on 724:Religion and pornography 2345:Sexuality & Culture 2315:"Shrieking in the Rain" 554:In the late 1980s, the 488:(younger adult males), 450:s articles being about 345:Before the 20th century 3193:Japanese erotic cinema 1868:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 1743:Geerinck, Jan Willem. 1342:(GOT Corp.)—big seller 639:Criminal Code of Japan 166: 152: 149:Pornographic magazines 141: 68:"Pornography in Japan" 4016:LGBT history in Japan 3364:Try-Heart Corporation 2991:10.1484/aaa.2004.0002 2978:Archives of Asian Art 1666:Prostitution in Japan 1656:Pornography in Europe 1451:Dreamroom Productions 285:(group ejaculation), 158: 147: 136: 18:Japanese pornographic 4006:Pornography in Japan 3892:United Arab Emirates 3651:Pornography in Asia 3584:Pornography in Japan 2212:Using Japanese Slang 1326:Companies and people 1149:Virtual reality (VR) 780:hardcore pornography 190:Japanese Adult Video 53:improve this article 3919:limited recognition 3441:Pinky Ribbon Awards 2859:Scientific American 2619:. BBC. 23 June 2016 2520:on 16 February 2007 1912:on 7 September 2011 1716:Donnerstein, Edward 790:media centers like 633:Censorship in Japan 549:video game consoles 494:, (chubby men) and 398:In the 20th century 322:Japanese Penal Code 313:, free speech, and 289:(consuming semen), 4021:Sexuality in Japan 3374:Waap Entertainment 3279:Hokuto Corporation 3023:Constantine, Peter 2949:on 7 February 2014 1671:Sexuality in Japan 1535:Total Media Agency 1465:Hokuto Corporation 906:Dōjin and parodies 541:personal computers 531:format vanquished 500:, (muscular men). 452:American lifestyle 167: 153: 142: 3983: 3982: 3617: 3616: 3609:Ushiro Takatekote 3393:Pink film studios 3284:Hot Entertainment 3133:978-1-889288-52-9 3042:978-4-900737-00-6 2831:978-94-6372-712-9 2735:978-4-7700-2091-8 2577:The Asahi Shimbun 2414:on 27 August 2016 2322:Belmont Filmhouse 1956:. 15 October 2021 1886:Betamax's demise. 1729:978-0-12-466280-3 1470:Hot Entertainment 1159:COVID-19 pandemic 1075:Movie adaptations 1045:Chinese astrology 819:child pornography 762:child pornography 750:Child pornography 730:Religion in Japan 676:fell out of use. 577:child pornography 392:Meiji Restoration 326:indecent material 275:wood block prints 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 4028: 4011:Society of Japan 3996:Culture of Japan 3973: 3963: 3962: 3659:Sovereign states 3644: 3637: 3630: 3621: 3529:Japanese bondage 3509:Ganari Takahashi 3450:Related articles 3369:V&R Planning 3294:Japan Home Video 3220:Adult video (AV) 3187: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3159:(pro-censorship) 3153: 3137: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3075:"A Star is Porn" 3068: 3066: 3064: 3046: 3018: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2948: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2912:on 10 March 2017 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2693: 2684: 2681: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2579:. 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Archived from 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1781:on 15 July 2011. 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1714:Malamuth, Neil; 1711: 1695: 1692: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1540:V&R Planning 1480:Japan Home Video 1362:(Mirion Shuppan) 1297:Sexual fetishism 1277:Japanese bondage 1183: 1182: 1181: 1079:In August 2019, 1023: 1001:are translating 850: 842:Human Rights Now 719: 695:Kishin Shinoyama 658: 449: 374:Kitagawa Utamaro 311:child protection 295:tentacle erotica 219: 211:erotic animation 208: 187: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4025: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3951: 3932:Northern Cyprus 3918: 3911: 3653: 3648: 3618: 3613: 3445: 3436:Pink Grand Prix 3414: 3388: 3221: 3215: 3194: 3191: 3147: 3144: 3134: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3021: 2970: 2967: 2965:Further reading 2962: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 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