1386:. In trying to reverse engineer the Chinese method, the ancient smiths paid much attention to the various properties of steel and worked to combine them to produce a composite steel with an internal macro-structure that would provide a similar combination of hardness and toughness. Like all trial-and-error, each swordsmith often attempted to produce an internal structure that was superior to swords of their predecessors, or even ones that were better than their own previous designs. The harder metals provided strength, like "bones" within the steel, whereas the softer metal provided ductility, allowing the swords to bend before breaking. In ancient times, the Japanese smiths would often display these inhomogeneities in the steel, especially on fittings like the guard or pommel, creating rough, natural surfaces by letting the steel rust or by pickling it in acid, making the internal structure part of the entire aesthetic of the weapon. In later times, this effect was often imitated by partially mixing various metals like copper together with the steel, forming
1849:
marking the surface, without any difference in hardness or temper of the edge. The metal used to make low-quality blades is mostly cheap stainless steel, and typically is much harder and more brittle than true katana. Finally, cheap reproduction
Japanese swords usually have fancy designs on them since they are just for show. Better-quality reproduction katana typically range from $ 200 to about $ 1000 (though some can go easily above $ 2000 for quality production blades, folded and often traditionally constructed and with a proper polish), and high-quality or custom-made reproductions can go up to $ 15,000–$ 50,000. These blades are made to be used for cutting and are usually heat-treated. High-quality reproductions made from carbon steel will often have a differential hardness or temper similar to traditionally made swords, and will show a hamon; they will not show a hada (grain), since they are generally not made from folded steel.
1584:) whose job is to refine the shape of a blade and improve its aesthetic value. The entire process takes considerable time, in some cases easily up to several weeks. Early polishers used three types of stone, whereas a modern polisher generally uses seven. The modern high level of polish was not normally done before around 1600, since greater emphasis was placed on function over form. The polishing process almost always takes longer than even crafting, and a good polish can greatly improve the beauty of a blade, while a bad one can ruin the best of blades. More importantly, inexperienced polishers can permanently ruin a blade by badly disrupting its geometry or wearing down too much steel, both of which effectively destroy the sword's monetary, historic, artistic, and functional value.
1028:
hard edge. This process also has two side effects that have come to characterize
Japanese swords: 1.) It causes the blade to curve and 2.) It produces a visible boundary between the hard and soft steel. When quenched, the uninsulated edge contracts, causing the sword to first bend towards the edge. However, the edge cannot contract fully before the martensite forms, because the rest of the sword remains hot and in a thermally expanded state. Because of the insulation, the sword spine remains hot and pliable for several seconds but then contracts much more than the edge, causing the sword to bend away from the edge, which aids the smith in establishing the curvature of the blade. Also, the differentiated hardness and the methods of polishing the steel can result in the
732:(skin steel). The many different ways in which a sword can be assembled varies from smith to smith. Sometimes the edge-steel is "drawn out" (hammered into a bar), bent into a U-shaped trough, and the very soft core steel is inserted into the harder piece. Then they are forge welded together and hammered into the basic shape of the sword. By the end of the process, the two pieces of steel are fused together but retain their differences in hardness. The more complex types of construction are typically only found in antique weapons, with the vast majority of modern weapons being composed of a single section, or at most two or three sections.
1297:. Likewise, there will be no appreciable difference in the local hardness of the individual layers. A difference in slag inclusions generally appears as layers that are somewhat pitted while the adjacent layers are not. In one of the first metallurgical studies, Professor Kuni-ichi Tawara suggests that layers of high slag may have been added for practical as well as decorative reasons. Although slag has a weakening effect on the metal, layers of high slag may have been added to diffuse vibration and dampen recoil, allowing easier use without a significant loss in toughness.
1361:
the microscope. The ancient swordsmiths had no knowledge of metallurgy, nor did they understand the relationship between carbon and iron. Everything was typically learned by a process of trial-and-error, apprenticeship, and, as sword-making technology was often a closely guarded secret, some espionage. Prior to the 14th century, very little attention was paid to the patterns in the blade as an aesthetic quality. However, the
Japanese smiths often prided themselves on their understanding of the internal macro-structure of metals, including the layering, the
1345:
448:
983:
992:
602:, attracting impurities, and pulls out the impurities as it is squeezed from between the layers. This leaves a very pure surface which, in turn, helps facilitate the forge-welding process. Through the loss of impurities, slag, and iron in the form of sparks during the hammering, by the end of forging the steel may be reduced to as little as 1/10 of its initial weight. This practice became popular because of the use of highly impure metals, stemming from the low temperature yielded in the smelting process. The folding did several things:
1565:
1042:(hardened portion) and is used as a factor to judge both the quality and beauty of the finished blade. The various hamon patterns result from the manner in which the clay is applied. They can also act as an indicator of the style of sword-making and sometimes as a signature for the individual smith. The differences in the hardenability of steels may be enhanced near the hamon, revealing layers or even different parts of the blade, such as the intersection between an edge made from edge-steel and sides made from skin-steel.
1277:
1337:
1328:, without bringing the steel to a full polish, although sometimes chemical reactions with the polishing compounds may have also been used to provide a level of etching. The differences in hardness primarily appear as a difference in the microscopic scratches left on the surface. The harder metal produces shallower scratches, so it diffuses the reflected light, while the softer metal has deeper, longer scratches, appearing either shiny or dark depending on the viewing angle.
1867:
non-folded steel swords for several hundred. Some practicing martial artists prefer modern swords, whether of this type or made in Japan by
Japanese craftsmen, because many of them cater to martial arts demonstrations by designing "extra light" swords which can be maneuvered relatively faster for longer periods of time, or swords specifically designed to perform well at cutting practice targets, with thinner blades and either razor-like flat-ground or hollow ground edges.
1426:
302:
1075:
484:
469:
122:
1122:(containing 0.77–0.8% carbon). The edge steel will generally end up with a composition that ranges from eutectoid to slightly hypoeutectoid (containing a carbon content under the eutectoid composition), giving enough hardenability without sacrificing ductility. The skin steel generally has slightly less carbon, often in the range of 0.5%. The core steel, however, remains nearly pure iron, responding very little to heat treatment.
1020:, the sword is painted with layers of clay before heating, providing a thin layer or none at all on the edge of the sword, ensuring quick cooling to maximize the hardening for the edge. A thicker layer of clay is applied to the rest of the blade, causing slower cooling. This creates softer, more resilient steel, allowing the blade to absorb shock without breaking. This process is sometimes erroneously called
1414:
25:
1780:
563:, is repeated from 8 to as many as 16 times. After 20 foldings (2, or 1,048,576 individual layers), there is too much diffusion in the carbon content. The steel becomes almost homogeneous in this respect, and the act of folding no longer gives any benefit to the steel. Depending on the amount of carbon introduced, this process forms either the very hard steel for the edge (
1396:
artistic path and swords became regarded for their beauty as much as their suitability as a weapon. Decorative hamons began to emerge around that time consisting of various wavy or tooth-like shapes, by shaping the clay. Soon after, intentionally-decorative forging techniques were often employed, such as hammering dents in certain locations or drawing out the steel with
676:
435:
1683:(literally "sheath maker" but referring to those who make fittings in general). Sword mountings vary in their exact nature depending on the era but consist of the same general idea, with the variation being in the components used and in the wrapping style. The obvious part of the hilt consists of a metal or wooden grip called a
1858:
edge). Furthermore, cheap swords designed as wall-hanging or sword rack decorations often also have a "rat-tail" tang, which is a thin, usually threaded bolt of metal welded onto the blade at the hilt area. These are a major weak point and often break at the weld, resulting in a dangerous and unreliable sword.
1861:
Some modern swordsmiths have made high quality reproduction swords using the traditional method, including one
Japanese swordsmith who began manufacturing swords in Thailand using traditional methods, and various American and Chinese manufacturers. These however will always be different from Japanese
1395:
After the 14th century, the
Japanese technology had reached a pinnacle, and little more could be done to improve the mechanical properties even by modern standards, thus more attention began to be paid to the patterns in the blade as an aesthetic quality. From then on advancements progressed along an
1284:
According to Smith, the different layers of steel are made visible during the polishing because of one or both of two reasons: 1) the layers have a variation in carbon content, or 2) they have variation in the content of slag inclusions. When the variation is from slag inclusions by themselves, there
1272:
The steel in even the ancient swords may have sometimes come from whatever steel was available at the time. Because of its rarity in the ancient world, steel was usually recycled, so broken tools, nails and cookware often provided a supply of steel. Even steel looted from enemies in combat was valued
682:
In addition to folding the steel, high quality
Japanese swords are also composed of various distinct sections of different types of steel. This manufacturing technique uses different types of steel in different parts of the sword to accentuate the desired characteristics in various parts of the sword
1852:
A wide range of steels are used in reproductions, ranging from carbon steels such as 1020, 1040, 1060, 1070, 1095, and 5160, stainless steels such as 400, 420, 440, to high-end specialty steels such as L6 and S7. Most cheap reproductions are made from inexpensive stainless steels such as 440A (often
624:
It homogenized the metal within the layers, spreading the elements (such as carbon) evenly throughout the individual layers, increasing the effective strength by decreasing the number of potential weak points. Mathematically, the process by which the metal is homogenized through the folding is given
545:
In traditional
Japanese sword making, the low-carbon iron is folded several times by itself, to purify it. This produces the soft metal to be used for the core of the blade. The high-carbon steel and the higher-carbon cast-iron are then forged in alternating layers. The cast-iron is heated, quenched
1857:
of 56 and up to 60, stainless steel is much harder than the back of a differentially hardened katana (HR50), and is therefore much more prone to breaking, especially when used to make long blades. Stainless steel is also much softer at the edge (a traditional katana is usually more than HR60 at the
1404:
pattern when the sword was filed and polished into shape, or by intentionally forging in layers of high slag content. By the 17th century, hamons with trees, flowers, pill boxes, or other shapes became common during this era. By the 19th century, the decorative hamons were often being combined with
541:
The best known part of the manufacturing process is the folding of the steel, where the swords are made by repeatedly heating, hammering and folding the metal. The process of folding metal to improve strength and remove impurities is frequently attributed to specific
Japanese smiths in legends. The
1440:
Almost all blades are decorated, although not all blades are decorated on the visible part of the blade. Once the blade is cool and the mud is scraped off, the blade has designs and grooves cut into it. One of the most important markings on the sword is performed here: the file markings. These are
1360:
was the primary method used for studying metals. Metallography is the study of the patterns in metals, the nature of fractures, and the microscopic crystal formations. However, neither metallography as a science nor the crystal theory of metals emerged until nearly a century after the invention of
1045:
When quenching in water, carbon is rapidly removed from the surface of the steel, lowering its hardenability. To ensure the proper hardness of the cutting edge, help prevent cracking, and achieve the proper depth of the martensite, the sword is quenched prior to creating the bevel for the edge. If
735:
Another way is to assemble the different pieces into a block, forge weld it together, and then draw out the steel into a sword so that the correct steel ends up in the desired place. This method is often used for the complex models, which allow for parrying without fear of damaging the side of the
459:
religious rituals. As with many complex endeavors, several artists were involved. There was a smith to forge the rough shape, often a second smith (apprentice) to fold the metal, a specialist polisher, and even a specialist for the edge. Often, there were sheath, hilt, and handguard specialists as
1027:
To produce a difference in hardness, the steel is cooled at different rates by controlling the thickness of the insulating layer. By carefully controlling the heating and cooling speeds of different parts of the blade, Japanese swordsmiths were able to produce a blade that had a softer body and a
1848:
are available; their prices usually range between $ 10 and about $ 200. These cheap blades are
Japanese in shape only—they are usually machine made and machine sharpened and minimally hardened or heat-treated. The hamon pattern (if any) on the blade is applied by scuffing, etching, or otherwise
379:
in the sixth century and spread throughout Japan, using a unique Japanese low box-shaped furnace different from the Chinese and Korean styles. From the Middle Ages, as the size of furnaces became larger and the underground structure became more complicated, it became possible to produce a large
1101:
The various metals are also filled with slag, phosphorus and other impurities. Separation of the various metals from the bloom was traditionally performed by breaking it apart with small hammers dropped from a certain height, and then examining the fractures, in a process similar to the modern
986:
A katana, shown at a long angle to reveal the nioi, which is the bright, wavy line following the hamon. The inset shows a close-up of the nioi, appearing as the speckled area beside the bright hardened-edge. The nioi is made up of niye, which are single martensite crystals surrounded by darker
1866:
jewel steel as such without it having been made into value-added products first. Nevertheless, some manufacturers have made differentially tempered swords folded in the traditional method available for relatively little money (often one to three thousand dollars), and differentially tempered,
1836:
Traditional swords are still made in Japan and occasionally elsewhere; they are termed "shinsakuto" or "shinken" (true sword), and can be very expensive. These are not considered reproductions as they are made by traditional techniques and from traditional materials. Swordsmiths in Japan are
1089:
begins as an inhomogeneous mixture of wrought iron, steels, and pig iron. The pig iron contains more than 2% carbon. The high-carbon steel has about 1–1.5% carbon while the low-carbon iron contains about 0.2%. Steel that has a carbon content between the high and low carbon steel is called
574:
During the last few foldings, the steel may be forged into several thin plates, stacked, and forge welded into a brick. The grain of the steel is carefully positioned between adjacent layers, with the configuration dependent on the part of the blade for which the steel will be used.
558:
process. The billet is then elongated, cut, folded, and forge welded again. The steel can be folded transversely (from front to back), or longitudinally (from side to side). Often both folding directions are used to produce the desired grain pattern. This process, called the
1098:, containing roughly 0.7% carbon. Most of the intermediate-carbon steel, wrought iron and resmelted steel will be sold for making other items, like tools and knives, and only the best pieces of high-carbon steel, low-carbon iron, and pig iron are used for swordsmithing.
1109:
During the folding process, most of the impurities are removed from the steel, continuously refining the steel while forging. By the end of forging, the steel produced was among the purest steel alloys of the ancient world. Continuous heating causes the steel to
335:
and complete the iron conversion to steel. Because the charcoal cannot exceed the melting point of iron, the steel is not able to become fully molten, and this allows both high and low carbon material to be created and separated once cooled. When complete, the
1457:
later. The tang is never supposed to be cleaned: doing this can cut the value of the sword in half or more. The purpose is to show how well the blade steel ages. Different types of file markings are used, including horizontal, slanted, and checked, known as
1050:. However, in most cases, the edge will end up being too hard, so tempering the entire blade evenly for a short time is usually required to bring the hardness down to a more suitable point. The ideal hardness is usually between HRc58 and 60 on the
761:
999:
Having a single edge provides certain advantages; one being that the rest of the sword can be used to reinforce and support the edge. The Japanese style of sword-making takes full advantage of this. When forging is complete, the steel is not
1066:) to bevel the edge and give the sword a rough shape before sending the blade to a specialist for sharpening and polishing. The polisher, in turn, determines the final geometry and curvature of the blade and makes any necessary adjustments.
1837:
licensed; acquiring this license requires a long apprenticeship. Outside Japan there are a couple of smiths working by traditional or mostly traditional techniques, and occasional short courses taught in Japanese swordsmithing.
2967:
1503:. While ornamental, these file marks also serve the purpose of providing an uneven surface which bites well into the hilt which fits over it. It is this pressure fit for the most part that holds the hilt in place, while the
1016:, which bends easily and does not hold an edge. To maximize both the cutting edge and the resilience of the sword spine, a technique of differential heat-treatment is used. In this specific process, referred to as
2960:
1106:. The nature of the fractures are different for different types of steel. The high-carbon steel, in particular, contains pearlite, which produces a characteristic pearlescent-sheen on the crystals.
1524:
does not in actuality allow blood to flow more freely from cuts made with the sword but is to reduce the weight of the sword while keeping structural integrity and strength. Grooves come in wide (
1368:
In Japan, nearly all metals, including weapons, were imported from the mainland until the 5th or 6th century, when steel-making technology was imported from China, most likely through Korea. The
1734:, which is generally made of wood and considered the "resting" sheath, used as a storage sheath. The other sheath is the more decorative or battle-worthy sheath which is usually called either a
706:) which is the most basic, with the entire sword being composed of a single steel. However, with the use of modern steels, this does not cause the sword to be fragile, as in former days. The
331:. This will be layered in with more charcoal and more iron sand over the next 72 hours. Four or five people are needed to constantly work on this process. It takes about a week to build the
2953:
4085:
1054:
scale. Tempering is performed by heating the entire blade evenly to around 400 °F (204 °C), reducing the hardness in the martensite and turning it into a form of
635:
It created up to 65,000 layers, by continuously decarburizing the surface and bringing it into the blade's interior, which gives the swords their grain (for comparison see
1721:("peg hole") drilled in it. This anchors the blade securely into the hilt. To anchor the blade securely into the sheath it will soon have, the blade acquires a collar, or
1269:
type by cutting the sword in half and taking a cross section. The analysis revealed a carbon content ranging from 0.6 to 0.8% carbon at the surface and 0.2% at the core.
1058:. The pearlite, on the other hand, does not respond to tempering and does not change in hardness. After the blade is heat treated, the smith would traditionally use a
2898:
1971:
The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums, Volume 91 of Linguistic Insights. Studies in Language and Communication
542:
folding removes impurities and helps even out the carbon content, while the alternating layers combine hardness with ductility to greatly enhance the toughness.
1405:
decorative folding techniques to create entire landscapes, often portraying specific islands or scenery, crashing waves in the ocean, and misty mountain peaks.
840:, which was developed in the first half of the 10th century, has a three-dimensional cross-sectional shape of an elongated pentagonal or hexagonal blade called
2047:
317:
vessel about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall, 3 m (10 ft) long, and 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) wide is constructed. This is known as a
1046:
the thickness of the coating on the edge is balanced just right with the temperature of the water, the proper hardness can be produced without the need for
1691:, on Japanese swords (except for certain 20th century sabers which emulate Western navies') is small and round, made of metal, and often very ornate. (See
610:. During quenching, the high carbon layers achieve greater hardness than the medium carbon layers. The hardness of the high carbon steels combine with the
1280:
The different layers in this blade are evident by the difference in their carbon content, which is exaggerated at the hamon giving it a wispy appearance.
594:
layer, which is a type of iron oxide formed in the absence of oxygen. In this reducing environment, the silicon in the clay reacts with wustite to form
488:
477:
801:, and the swords of Japanese original style and Chinese style were mixed. The cross-sectional shape of the Japanese sword was an isosceles triangular
663:. The difference between the first three grains is that of cutting a tree along the grain, at an angle, and perpendicular to its direction of growth (
2073:
2059:
1879:
legendary swordsmith who supposedly created the first single-edged longsword with curvature along the edge in the Yamato Province around 700 AD
455:
The forging of a Japanese blade typically took many days or weeks and was considered a sacred art, traditionally accompanied by a large panoply of
42:
1990:
4116:
2608:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2384:
1127:
809:, with only the cutting edge side of a planar blade sharpened at an acute angle, gradually appeared. The swords until this period are called
327:. Then the smelter will wait for the fire to reach the correct temperature. At that point he will direct the addition of iron sand known as
4090:
2310:
1130:, performed an analysis of four different swords, each from a different century, determining the composition of the surface of the blades:
2930:
2411:
2341:
89:
3942:
1823:
1004:
in the conventional European fashion (i.e.: uniformly throughout the blade). Steel's exact flex and strength vary dramatically with
108:
1790:
61:
2479:
2494:
1568:
Japanese sword blade, sharpening stone, and water bucket at the 2008 Cherry Blossom Festival, Seattle Center, Seattle, Washington
405:
2935:
1324:
a wispy or misty appearance. The patterns were most likely revealed during the polishing operation by using a method similar to
2785:
68:
2526:
2504:
2320:
2000:
1978:
46:
2800:, Sword Forum online magazine, January, 1999 — Comparison of Westernized Interpretations against Traditional Japanese Blades
4111:
3372:
1300:
However, when the patterns occur from a difference in carbon content, there will be distinct indications of this near the
2315:, Volume 6 of Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, Author Ann Kumar, Publisher Taylor & Francis US, 2009,
1114:, so a good quantity of carbon is either extracted from the steel as carbon dioxide or redistributed more evenly through
2902:
368:
batch can typically be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, making it many times more expensive than modern steels.
75:
1968:
3096:
1344:
977:
901:
was adopted. As a result, a sword with three basic external elements of Japanese swords, the cross-sectional shape of
684:
2085:
1805:
550:. The steel is then forged into a single plate, and the pieces of cast-iron are piled on top, and the whole thing is
212:
Japanese sword blades were often forged with different profiles, different blade thicknesses, and varying amounts of
1612:, and the handguard piece, often intricately designed as an individual work of art—especially in later years of the
856:
contributes to lightening and toughening of the blade and high cutting ability. There is no wooden hilt attached to
447:
356:
and 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons) of charcoal leaving about 2.3 t (2.3 long tons; 2.5 short tons) of
3317:
982:
578:
Between each heating and folding, the steel is coated in a mixture of clay, water and straw-ash to protect it from
57:
2925:
1801:
991:
35:
4075:
4080:
4070:
3400:
3113:
3108:
2940:
2263:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1608:
1593:
1573:
1564:
2675:
872:
is derived from the fact that the central part of tang is hollowed out in the shape of a tool to pluck hair (
3365:
833:
1055:
1047:
1021:
1017:
2899:"School of Swords | Learn about real swords | Real Japanese Swords | Real European Swords"
2740:
by Tsunashirō Wada -- Director of Mining Bureau, Department of Agriculture and Commerce Japan 1893 Page 1
136:
process developed in Japan beginning in the sixth century for forging traditionally made bladed weapons (
3447:
2636:
1276:
1030:
1930:
1336:
2485:, Author Richard Cohen, Publisher Random House Digital, Inc., 2003ISBN 0812969669, 9780812969665 P.124
2048:
History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan ーMainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tataraー.
590:. At around 1,650 °F (900 °C), the heat and water from the clay promote the formation of a
587:
384:, the underground structure, the blowing method, and the building were further improved to complete
82:
3227:
2877:
2612:
2554:
1123:
1086:
598:
and, at around 2,190 °F (1,200 °C), the fayalite becomes a liquid. This liquid acts as a
427:
is only made three or four times a year by The Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords and
1425:
3760:
2811:"Sword for Sale! From Dragon Swords to Wood Swords, Asian Fans, Throwing Knives & Much More!"
2663:
The Sword and the Crucible: A History of the metallurgy of European swords up to the 16th century
2108:
Irvine, Gregory. The Japanese Sword: The Soul of the Samurai. London: V&A Publications, 2000.
1888:
1103:
1034:刃紋 (frequently translated as "tempering line" but better translated as "hardening pattern"). The
2483:
By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions
2097:
2027:
1312:, which appear as bright streaks or lines that follow the layers a short distance away from the
301:
2840:
1074:
323:. After the clay tub has set, it is fired until dry. A charcoal fire is started from soft pine
3994:
3843:
3812:
3466:
3344:
2765:
2522:
2516:
2500:
2407:
2380:
2337:
2316:
1996:
1974:
1936:
1854:
1051:
848:
sword is viewed from the side, there is a ridge line of the thickest part of the blade called
844:
and a gently curved single-edged blade, which are typical features of Japanese swords. When a
599:
483:
468:
2374:
1497:. Lastly, if the blade is very old, it may have been shaved instead of filed. This is called
659:
and concentric wavy grain (an uncommon feature seen almost exclusively in the Gassan school)
3921:
3697:
2521:
Authors Leon Kapp, Hiroko Kapp, Yoshindo Yoshihara, Publisher Kodansha International, 1987,
1918:
1308:
while the adjacent layers will turn into pearlite. This leaves a distinct pattern of bright
916:, battles were mostly fought on foot, and the samurai equipped with swords changed from the
913:
744:
types, pieces of hard steel are added to the outside of the blade in a similar fashion. The
318:
250:
3542:
3427:
3358:
3305:
3153:
3072:
2864:
2062:
1728:
There are two types of sheaths, both of which require exacting work to create. One is the
1521:
1397:
1377:
1085:, as a raw material, is a highly impure metal. Formed in a bloomery process, the bloom of
769:
636:
2945:
2797:
1900:
2810:
1489:. A grid of marks, from raking the file diagonally both ways across the tang, is called
647:) running down the blade like the grain on a plank of wood. Straight grains were called
3644:
3432:
3393:
3330:
3167:
2982:
2575:
2160:
1949:
1924:
1882:
1369:
926:
because many mobilized peasants were armed with spears and matchlock guns. In general,
821:
626:
137:
2298:
By Vagn Fabritius Buchwald -- Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 2005 Page 65
1578:
When the rough blade is completed, the swordsmith turns the blade over to a polisher (
121:
4105:
3861:
3822:
3584:
3437:
2205:
2012:
1725:, which extends an inch or so past the hand guard and keeps the blade from rattling.
1449:), or the hilt section of the blade, during shaping, where they will be covered by a
1357:
1119:
1111:
1005:
632:
It burned off many impurities, helping to overcome the poor quality of the raw steel.
551:
401:
376:
2050:
Mitsuru Tate (2005). Tetsu-to-Hagane Vol. 91. The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.
3928:
3637:
3556:
3452:
3442:
3422:
2118:
1510:
Some other marks on the blade are aesthetic: signatures and dedications written in
1442:
825:
503:
393:
3294:
1413:
2181:
1356:
Metallurgy did not arise as a science until the early 20th century. Before this,
4035:
3970:
3591:
3577:
3570:
3287:
3124:
3002:
1387:
1304:, because the steel with higher hardenability will become martensite beyond the
890:
861:
792:
664:
583:
510:. Three types of steel are chosen for the blade; a very low carbon steel called
431:
Metals during winter in a wood building and is only sold to master swordsmiths.
24:
4014:
3889:
3875:
3836:
3794:
3669:
3630:
3417:
3386:
3337:
3234:
3220:
3146:
3051:
3037:
2995:
2357:
1952:– highly breakage resistant, very good for pointed weapons, not good for edged
1613:
1362:
1009:
797:
760:
591:
473:
381:
258:
203:
133:
1995:, Authors Evans Lansing Smith, Nathan Robert Brown, Publisher Penguin, 2008,
1365:-like structure, and use of different steel in different parts of the blade.
1340:
Layered steel forms a wood-grain pattern when the blade is filed and polished
4056:
3963:
3882:
3773:
3651:
3616:
3482:
3379:
3199:
3192:
3079:
2376:
A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century
1730:
1115:
1059:
1001:
942:
868:) which is integrated with the blade is directly gripped and used. The term
615:
611:
523:
392:
steelmaking. With the introduction of Western steelmaking technology in the
285:
150:
3683:
3549:
3044:
1516:
and engravings depicting gods, dragons, or other acceptable beings, called
675:
192:
186:
2182:"Japanese Sword Terminology & Related Glossary ~ www.samuraisword.com"
2119:"Japanese Sword Terminology & Related Glossary ~ www.samuraisword.com"
4049:
4042:
4021:
4000:
3988:
3903:
3787:
3736:
3722:
3563:
3475:
3266:
3213:
3206:
3102:
3065:
3030:
3009:
2738:
The Mining Industry of Japan During the Last Twenty Five Years, 1867-1892
2231:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1693:
1687:, which can also be used to refer to the entire hilt. The hand guard, or
1599:
1013:
948:
777:
765:
607:
595:
507:
341:
324:
310:
174:
168:
156:
2576:"Hitachi Metals>Tale of tatara>Tama-hagone and the Japanese sword"
352:
will have consumed about 9.1 t (9.0 long tons; 10.0 short tons) of
4028:
3935:
3829:
3743:
3623:
3517:
3503:
3323:
3280:
3185:
3023:
2468:
2449:
2430:
1876:
1705:, and there is often a decoration under the braided wrappings called a
1325:
434:
428:
289:
198:
1993:
The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology, Complete Idiot's Guides
313:
process used is different from the modern mass production of steel. A
3956:
3949:
3868:
3766:
3690:
3598:
3524:
3496:
3489:
3351:
3273:
3259:
3016:
2313:
Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilization
1679:
After the blade is finished it is passed on to a mountings maker, or
1380:, and edges of it were often forge welded to a back of soft iron, or
922:
781:
456:
294:
144:
1973:, Author Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani, Publisher Peter Lang, 2008,
1808:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
960:, and these swords are often forged in the cross-sectional shape of
1024:
but this is actually an entirely different form of heat treatment.
502:
contains steel that varies greatly in carbon content, ranging from
4007:
3896:
3780:
3729:
3715:
3676:
3160:
3058:
1563:
1512:
1424:
1412:
1392:(wood-eye) patterns, although this was unsuitable for the blade.
1343:
1335:
1275:
1073:
990:
981:
881:
785:
759:
674:
579:
482:
467:
446:
433:
300:
213:
180:
120:
546:
in water, and then broken into small pieces to help free it from
3801:
3510:
3241:
1454:
547:
314:
162:
2949:
2596:
Metallography and Microstructure in Ancient and Historic Metals
2074:たたら」の発祥と発展 (Changes in Japanese Tatara Iron Making Technology).
1773:
18:
2766:"A. G. Russell: Your Source for Knives and Knife Accessories"
2752:
by Cyril Stanley Smith -- MIT Press 1960 Page 50--52, 57--61
2098:
Tatsuo Inoue; Science of tatara and Japanese sword ICBTT2002
1429:
A section of an antique Japanese katana showing two grooves
643:
Generally, swords were created with the grain of the blade (
1717:
and through the tang of the blade, using the hole called a
1520:. Some are more practical. The so-called "blood groove" or
905:, a gently curved single-edged blade, and the structure of
667:) respectively, the angle causing the "stretched" pattern.
828:(794–1185), samurai improved on the Warabitetō to develop
791:
The mainstream of the swords from the Kofun period to the
2713:
by Cyril Stanley Smith -- MIT Press 1960 Page xxi -- xxvi
1493:, whereas specialized "full dress" file marks are called
930:
has a cross-sectional shape of shinogizukuri, similar to
420:
steelmaking became available for making Japanese swords.
2598:
by David A. Scott -- The J Paul Getty Trust 1991 Page 29
2359:
The Review of the Study of History : Shigaku Kenkyu
1012:, which is very hard but brittle. Slower and it becomes
813:, and are often called separately from Japanese swords.
2155:
2153:
1797:
2499:, Author James Drewe, Publisher Singing Dragon, 2009,
1579:
1498:
1264:
1094:, which is often re-smelted with the pig iron to make
995:
The curving of a katana as it cools at different rates
852:
between the cutting edge side and the back side. This
816:
The predecessor of the Japanese sword has been called
707:
538:
produces steel that is suitable for sword production.
2161:"Hitachi Metals>Tale of tatara>Japanese Swords"
1862:
swords made in Japan, as it is illegal to export the
1381:
1259:
In 1993, Jerzy Piaskowski performed an analysis of a
764:
A range of Japanese blade types, from left to right:
530:), are combined to form the outer skin of the blade (
2701:
by Cyril Stanley Smith -- MIT Press 1960 Page 46--47
2264:"Japanse Swordmaking Process ~ www.samuraisword.com"
1754:(katana-style). Other types of mounting include the
400:
steelmaking declined and stopped for a while in the
388:
steelmaking process using the same method as modern
3980:
3913:
3853:
3811:
3753:
3707:
3661:
3608:
3534:
3465:
3410:
3304:
3251:
3177:
3138:
3089:
2981:
2658:
2656:
2306:
2304:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
1417:Antique Japanese wakizashi sword blade showing the
406:
The Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2637:"Chapter 11 Kinetics – Heat Treatment Lecture #14"
2206:"Hitachi Metals>Tale of tatara>About Tatara"
805:, and a sword with a cross-sectional shape called
571:) which is often used for the sides and the back.
2060:たたらの歴史 たたら製鉄の進歩 (Progress of Tatara Iron Making).
614:of the low carbon steels to form the property of
487:Blacksmith scene, print from an Edo period book,
2878:"A Beginners Guide to Authentic Japanese Swords"
2830:The Samurai Sword, Discovery Channel documentary
2760:
2758:
2728:by Cyril Stanley Smith -- MIT Press 1960 Page 41
2544:By Cyril Smith -- The MIT Press 1960 Page 40--57
2088:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World
1840:A very large number of low-quality reproduction
1018:differential hardening or differential quenching
889:, a structure in which the hilt is fixed to the
712:type is made using two steels, which are called
567:) or the slightly less hardenable spring steel (
288:, a source of iron ore, and mainly used to make
1507:pin serves as a secondary method and a safety.
752:types are quite rare but added a rear support.
256:
255:The steel used in sword production is known as
2631:
2629:
2286:by Cyril Smith - The MIT Press 1960 Page 53-54
1352:steel, showing knot-like patterns in the metal
380:amount of steel of higher quality, and in the
375:steelmaking process using ironsand started in
265:
232:) or other such forms which were very rare on
2961:
2926:Construction of the Shinken in the Modern Age
2694:
2692:
2537:
2535:
2200:
2198:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
8:
2147:"A History of Metallography", by Cyril Smith
1126:, a professor of metallurgical history from
606:It provided alternating layers of differing
2788:, Sword Forum online magazine, January 1999
2351:
2349:
795:was the straight single-edged sword called
3310:
2987:
2968:
2954:
2946:
2665:by Alan Williams -- Brill 2012 page 42--43
2555:"NOVA | Secrets of the Samurai Sword"
2398:
2396:
2232:"NOVA | Secrets of the Samurai Sword"
2226:
2224:
2222:
1766:types for the twentieth-century military.
554:into a single billet, which is called the
2867:, Sword Forum online magazine, March 1999
1824:Learn how and when to remove this message
1701:There is a pommel at the base known as a
1285:will not be a noticeable effect near the
472:Forge scenes, print from a book from the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2936:The Tale of the Tatara by Hitachi Metals
1676:), received similar levels of artistry.
1132:
2865:Is Stainless Steel Suitable for Swords?
1961:
228:but were often forged without a ridge (
125:Visual glossary of Japanese sword terms
2976:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment
2356:Shimomukai, Tatsuhiko (30 June 2000).
2022:
2020:
1672:(professional handle wrap, also named
2721:
2719:
1128:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
621:It eliminated any voids in the metal.
412:steelmaking in the Shōwa era and new
7:
2901:. schoolofswords.com. Archived from
1662:(decorative skewer-like implement),
1548:), twin long with irregular breaks (
1008:. If steel cools quickly it becomes
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2931:Japanese Sword Polishing Techniques
2404:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords
2334:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords
1638:(blade collar and scabbard wedge),
1372:used in the Chinese swords, called
514:is used for the core of the blade (
1853:just termed "440"). With a normal
1620:. Other aspects of the mountings (
728:types add the third steel, called
489:Museum of Ethnography of Neuchâtel
478:Museum of Ethnography of Neuchâtel
14:
2373:John T. Kuehn (15 January 2014).
1950:Maraging steel for fencing blades
1376:(combined steel), was similar to
16:Process of forging bladed weapons
2497:Tàijí Jiàn 32-Posture Sword Form
1778:
360:, from which less than a ton of
348:. At the end of the process the
23:
3754:Projectile and throwing weapons
2841:"Sword Steels – Complete Guide"
2519:The Craft of the Japanese Sword
2296:Iron and Steel in Ancient Times
1544:), twin long with joined tips (
938:and its blade curve is gentle.
305:Diagram of a tatara and bellows
34:needs additional citations for
1656:(small utility knife handle),
1273:for its use in swordsmithing.
1038:is the visible outline of the
586:. This clay provides a highly
522:), and the remelted pig iron (
340:is broken to remove the steel
1:
4117:Samurai weapons and equipment
2813:. twiggyssamuraitreasures.com
2611:. docstoc.com. Archived from
1750:sheath if thrust through the
3854:Improvised and other weapons
2798:Americanized Japanese Swords
2609:"Seminar on Japanese swords"
702:type (sometimes also called
690:The vast majority of modern
683:beyond the level offered by
224:were not simply scaled-down
4091:Military equipment of Japan
1804:the claims made and adding
1580:
1499:
1400:, which served to create a
1382:
1265:
978:Differential heat treatment
708:
685:differential heat treatment
257:
4133:
2750:A History of Metallography
2726:A History of Metallography
2711:A History of Metallography
2699:A History of Metallography
2542:A History of Metallography
2444:September 2020. pp.36–37.
2284:A History of Metallography
2028:"International Conference"
1632:(decorative grip swells),
1591:
1571:
975:
836:) -early Japanese sword-.
518:). The high carbon steel (
498:, that is produced in the
364:can be produced. A single
248:
4066:
3313:
2990:
1650:(handle collar and cap),
1532:), twin wide and narrow (
1135:
934:, but it is shorter than
756:Geometry (shape and form)
534:). Only about 1/3 of the
266:
4086:National Treasure swords
2880:. sword-buyers-guide.com
1738:, if suspended from the
1709:. A bamboo peg called a
1594:Japanese sword mountings
1574:Japanese sword polishing
952:are shorter swords than
824:). In the middle of the
132:is the labour-intensive
58:"Japanese swordsmithing"
2676:"BCIN Document Display"
2463:September 2020. pp.47.
2402:Kazuhiko Inada (2020),
2379:. Praeger. p. 34.
2332:Kazuhiko Inada (2020),
1713:is slipped through the
3609:Chain and rope weapons
2941:Japanese Sword History
2786:Basic Japanese Forging
2578:. hitachi-metals.co.jp
2425:September 2020. p.50.
2208:. hitachi-metals.co.jp
2163:. hitachi-metals.co.jp
2013:The Tale of the Tatara
1981:, 9783039117116 P.150]
1569:
1552:), and halberd-style (
1437:
1422:
1353:
1341:
1281:
1079:
1022:differential tempering
996:
988:
788:
679:
491:
480:
452:
439:
306:
130:Japanese swordsmithing
126:
3535:Samurai accoutrements
3448:Mail and plate armour
2845:Medieval Swords World
2003:, 9781592577644 P.144
1921:(c. 1597 – 1678)
1592:Further information:
1572:Further information:
1567:
1428:
1416:
1347:
1339:
1279:
1120:eutectoid composition
1077:
994:
985:
763:
678:
486:
471:
450:
437:
304:
124:
4112:Japanese swordsmiths
3662:Clubs and truncheons
2529:, 9780870117985 p.31
2507:, 9781848190115 P.10
2323:, 9780710313133 P.23
1770:Modern swordsmithing
1606:is referred to as a
1479:shinogi-kiri-sujikai
1433:and the temper line
897:) with a pin called
588:reducing environment
494:The steel bloom, or
292:swords, such as the
272:, or "jewel steel" (
43:improve this article
3178:Polearms and spears
1871:Notable swordsmiths
1124:Cyril Stanley Smith
1118:, leaving a nearly
1056:tempered martensite
451:The different steps
240:Traditional methods
3139:Knives and daggers
2642:. 28 February 2013
2266:. samuraisword.com
2184:. samuraisword.com
2121:. samuraisword.com
1931:Shintōgo Kunimitsu
1889:Hikoshiro Sadamune
1789:possibly contains
1742:(belt) by straps (
1570:
1438:
1423:
1421:of a chrysanthemum
1354:
1342:
1282:
1104:Charpy impact test
1080:
997:
989:
789:
680:
651:, wood-like grain
492:
481:
453:
440:
307:
298:, and some tools.
127:
4099:
4098:
3995:Edo period police
3461:
3460:
3318:Auxiliary armours
3134:
3133:
2386:978-1-59228-720-8
1937:Masamine Sumitani
1855:Rockwell hardness
1834:
1833:
1826:
1791:original research
1598:In Japanese, the
1534:bo-hi ni tsure-hi
1257:
1256:
1137:Blade composition
1052:Rockwell hardness
909:, was completed.
716:(edge steel) and
284:is produced from
276:– ball or jewel,
119:
118:
111:
93:
4124:
4076:Weapons of Japan
3311:
3252:Practice weapons
3228:Torimono sandōgu
2988:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2458:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2414:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2148:
2145:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1919:Nagasone Kotetsu
1909:(c. 1264 – 1343)
1829:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:inline citations
1782:
1781:
1774:
1616:—was called the
1583:
1528:), twin narrow (
1502:
1487:gyaku-taka-no-ha
1385:
1268:
1133:
914:Muromachi period
887:kenukigata-tachi
885:developed after
858:kenukigata-tachi
838:Kenukigata-tachi
830:Kenukigata-tachi
711:
655:wood-burl grain
271:
269:
268:
262:
251:Tatara (furnace)
245:Steel production
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4081:Japanese swords
4071:Japanese armour
4062:
3976:
3909:
3849:
3807:
3749:
3703:
3657:
3604:
3530:
3457:
3406:
3300:
3247:
3173:
3130:
3114:Sword polishing
3109:Sword mountings
3085:
2977:
2974:
2922:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2768:. agrussell.com
2764:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2515:
2511:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2440:
2436:
2421:
2417:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2331:
2327:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2007:
1989:
1985:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1873:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1736:jindachi-zukuri
1626:), such as the
1596:
1590:
1576:
1562:
1540:), twin short (
1411:
1378:pattern welding
1334:
1072:
980:
974:
758:
736:blade. To make
673:
637:pattern welding
466:
445:
263:
253:
247:
242:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3915:
3914:Signal devices
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3645:Kyoketsu-shoge
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2920:External links
2918:
2916:
2915:
2890:
2869:
2857:
2832:
2823:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2715:
2703:
2688:
2667:
2652:
2625:
2600:
2588:
2567:
2546:
2531:
2509:
2487:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2412:978-4651200408
2392:
2385:
2365:
2345:
2342:978-4651200408
2325:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2244:
2218:
2194:
2173:
2149:
2131:
2110:
2101:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2052:
2040:
2016:
2005:
1983:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:(13th century)
1928:
1925:Okubo Kazuhira
1922:
1916:
1915:(16th century)
1910:
1904:
1898:
1897:(17th century)
1892:
1886:
1883:Akitsugu Amata
1880:
1872:
1869:
1832:
1831:
1814:September 2007
1786:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1746:-style), or a
1589:
1586:
1561:
1558:
1410:
1407:
1370:crucible steel
1333:
1330:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:Carbon (body)
1147:
1146:Carbon (edge)
1144:
1140:
1139:
1071:
1068:
976:Main article:
973:
970:
903:shinogi-zukuri
846:shinogi-zukuri
842:shinogi-zukuri
757:
754:
720:(core steel).
672:
669:
641:
640:
633:
630:
622:
619:
465:
462:
444:
441:
404:, but in 1977
249:Main article:
246:
243:
241:
238:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4129:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:Staff weapons
3706:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:Swordsmithing
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2905:on 2012-12-11
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2615:on 2014-01-10
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:たたら製鉄の歴史と仕組み.
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1787:This article
1785:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:lacquer, and
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:cut into the
1436:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:metallography
1351:
1346:
1338:
1332:Metallography
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:, giving the
1319:
1316:and into the
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:heat treating
1003:
993:
984:
979:
972:Heat treating
971:
969:
967:
966:kiriha-zukuri
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
920:to the light
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
807:kiriha-zukuri
804:
800:
799:
794:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
634:
631:
628:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:carburization
581:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
485:
479:
476:(1603–1867),
475:
470:
463:
461:
458:
449:
442:
436:
432:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Taisho period
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
377:Kibi Province
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:, known as a
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
303:
299:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
261:
260:
252:
244:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
206:
201:
200:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
164:
159:
158:
153:
152:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
134:bladesmithing
131:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3987:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3929:Hata-jirushi
3927:
3920:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3650:
3643:
3638:Kusari-fundo
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3123:
3118:
3101:
3090:Construction
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2872:
2860:
2849:. Retrieved
2847:. 2019-07-20
2844:
2835:
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2805:
2793:
2781:
2770:. Retrieved
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2680:. Retrieved
2670:
2662:
2644:. Retrieved
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2603:
2595:
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2549:
2541:
2518:
2512:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2475:
2460:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2403:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2333:
2328:
2312:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2236:. Retrieved
2210:. Retrieved
2186:. Retrieved
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2123:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2055:
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2030:. jsme.or.jp
2008:
1992:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1901:Kenzō Kotani
1863:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1820:
1811:
1788:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1577:
1553:
1550:kuichigai-hi
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1495:kesho-yasuri
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1355:
1349:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:, where the
1286:
1283:
1271:
1260:
1258:
1136:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
998:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
941:
940:
935:
931:
927:
921:
917:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
880:
878:
873:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
826:Heian period
817:
815:
810:
806:
802:
796:
790:
773:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
703:
699:
695:
691:
689:
681:
661:ayasugi-hada
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
642:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:forge welded
544:
540:
535:
531:
527:
519:
515:
511:
504:wrought iron
499:
495:
493:
454:
443:Construction
424:
422:
417:
413:
409:
397:
394:Meiji period
389:
385:
372:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
332:
328:
319:
308:
293:
281:
277:
273:
254:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
211:
204:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
142:) including
138:
129:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4036:Shinsengumi
3971:Uma-jirushi
3844:Tanegashima
3592:Uchi-bukuro
3578:Kubi bukuro
3571:Kate-bukuro
3168:Yoroi-dōshi
3125:Tameshigiri
2406:. pp32-33.
2336:. pp30-31.
2076:Yasugi City
2063:Yasugi City
1939:(1921–1998)
1927:(1943–2003)
1903:(1909–2003)
1891:(1298–1349)
1885:(1927–2013)
1748:buke-zukuri
1554:naginata-hi
1530:futasuji-hi
1475:katte-agari
1158:Phosphorus
1112:decarburize
1096:saga-hagane
1087:sponge iron
962:hira-zukuri
803:hira-zukuri
793:Nara period
665:mokume-gane
649:masame-hada
627:baker's map
561:shita-kitae
512:hocho-tetsu
423:Currently,
416:refined by
230:hira-zukuri
4106:Categories
4015:Onna-musha
3876:Metsubushi
3823:Bajō-zutsu
3631:Kusarigama
3418:Brigandine
3221:Sodegarami
3147:Kabutowari
3052:Shikomizue
2909:2014-05-27
2884:2014-05-27
2851:2019-08-03
2817:2014-07-05
2772:2014-05-27
2682:2014-05-27
2646:2014-07-05
2619:2014-05-27
2582:2014-05-27
2561:2014-05-27
2527:087011798X
2505:1848190115
2469:B08DGRWN98
2450:B08DGRWN98
2431:B08DGRWN98
2362:. 広島史学研究会.
2321:0710313136
2270:2014-05-27
2238:2014-05-27
2212:2014-05-27
2188:2014-05-27
2167:2014-05-27
2125:2014-05-27
2034:2014-05-27
2001:1592577644
1979:3039117114
1957:References
1864:tamahagane
1798:improve it
1760:shin-guntō
1719:mekugi-ana
1614:Edo period
1536:), short (
1483:taka-no-ha
1464:ko-sujikai
1460:ichi-monji
1409:Decoration
1363:wood grain
1350:mokumegane
1293:meets the
1152:Manganese
1083:Tamahagane
1070:Metallurgy
1010:martensite
870:kenukigata
860:, and the
818:Warabitetō
520:tamahagane
474:Edo period
438:Tamahagane
425:tamahagane
414:tamahagane
382:Edo period
362:tamahagane
282:Tamahagane
280:– steel).
259:tamahagane
99:March 2011
69:newspapers
4057:Yamabushi
3964:Sashimono
3943:Kabura-ya
3774:Makibishi
3761:Artillery
3670:Hachiwari
3617:Chigiriki
3483:Hachimaki
3380:Men-yoroi
3295:Tanren bō
3200:Kama-yari
3193:Hoko yari
3080:Wakizashi
2678:. bcin.ca
2557:. pbs.org
2234:. pbs.org
1846:wakizashi
1802:verifying
1764:kai-guntō
1756:kyū-guntō
1731:shirasaya
1669:tsuka-ito
1588:Mountings
1560:Polishing
1542:gomabushi
1471:ō-sujikai
1383:jou thieh
1116:diffusion
1060:drawknife
1048:tempering
987:pearlite.
943:Wakizashi
746:shihozume
742:shihozume
738:honsanmai
726:shihozume
722:Honsanmai
696:wakizashi
616:toughness
612:ductility
580:oxidation
556:age-kitae
528:nabe-gane
524:cast iron
408:restored
371:Japanese
286:iron sand
218:Wakizashi
151:wakizashi
4050:Yabusame
4001:Kunoichi
3989:Ashigaru
3904:Suntetsu
3815:and guns
3813:Firearms
3788:Shuriken
3564:Kaginawa
3476:Fundoshi
3467:Clothing
3428:Lamellar
3345:Haramaki
3288:Suburitō
3214:Sasumata
3207:Naginata
3103:Horimono
3097:Glossary
3031:Nagamaki
3003:Dōtanuki
1944:See also
1913:Muramasa
1907:Masamune
1895:Kanenobu
1694:koshirae
1623:koshirae
1600:scabbard
1546:shobu-hi
1538:koshi-hi
1518:horimono
1468:sujikai,
1419:horimono
1374:chi-kang
1155:Silicon
1014:pearlite
1002:quenched
834:ja:毛抜形太刀
766:Naginata
730:kawagane
718:shingane
698:are the
671:Assembly
608:hardness
596:fayalite
569:kawagane
532:kawagane
516:shingane
508:pig iron
325:charcoal
311:smelting
267:玉鋼:たまはがね
175:nagamaki
169:naginata
4029:Samurai
3936:Horagai
3890:Ōtsuchi
3837:Ōdzutsu
3830:Bo-hiya
3744:Yubi-bo
3624:Kubotan
3518:Uwa-obi
3504:Shitagi
3433:Laminar
3387:Ō-yoroi
3338:Dō-maru
3281:Shinken
3235:Tsukubō
3186:Bisento
3073:Tsurugi
3038:Ninjatō
3024:Kodachi
2996:Chokutō
1877:Amakuni
1796:Please
1703:kashira
1681:sayashi
1647:kashira
1581:togishi
1500:sensuki
1398:fullers
1326:lapping
1263:of the
1250:0.034%
1244:0.005%
1227:0.075%
1221:0.005%
1204:0.046%
1181:0.015%
1161:Copper
1092:bu-kera
912:In the
879:In the
854:shinogi
850:shinogi
798:chokutō
770:Tsurugi
657:mokume,
625:by the
592:wustite
464:Forging
429:Hitachi
354:satetsu
329:satetsu
290:samurai
207:(arrow)
199:kodachi
187:nodachi
139:nihonto
83:scholar
3957:Saihai
3950:Nobori
3922:Gunbai
3869:Kiseru
3767:Fukiya
3698:Tessen
3691:Tekkan
3684:Kanabō
3599:Yebira
3550:Daishō
3525:Waraji
3497:Kyahan
3490:Hakama
3401:Tatami
3373:Kusari
3359:Karuta
3352:Kabuto
3306:Armour
3274:Shinai
3260:Bokken
3154:Kaiken
3045:Ōdachi
3017:Katana
2983:Swords
2525:
2503:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2383:
2340:
2319:
1999:
1977:
1842:katana
1762:, and
1723:habaki
1711:mekugi
1707:menuki
1653:kozuka
1635:habaki
1629:menuki
1604:katana
1602:for a
1522:fuller
1505:mekugi
1491:higaki
1485:, and
1447:nakago
1402:mokume
1389:mokume
1291:yakiba
1266:kobuse
1261:katana
1253:0.01%
1247:0.04%
1235:1500s
1230:0.01%
1224:0.02%
1218:0.43%
1215:0.69%
1212:1700s
1207:0.01%
1201:0.07%
1198:0.01%
1192:0.62%
1189:1800s
1184:0.21%
1178:0.18%
1175:0.37%
1172:1.02%
1169:1.02%
1166:1940s
1040:yakiba
958:katana
928:katana
923:katana
907:nakago
899:mekugi
895:nakago
874:kenuki
866:nakago
822:ja:蕨手刀
811:jōkotō
782:Katana
714:hagane
709:kobuse
692:katana
653:itame,
565:hagane
500:tatara
460:well.
457:Shinto
418:tatara
410:tatara
398:tatara
390:tatara
386:tatara
373:tatara
350:tatara
338:tatara
333:tatara
320:tatara
295:katana
278:hagane
234:katana
226:katana
202:, and
193:ōdachi
145:katana
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4043:Sōhei
4022:Rōnin
4008:Ninja
3981:Users
3897:Shobo
3781:Oyumi
3737:Tanbō
3723:Hanbō
3677:Jitte
3652:Jōhyō
3543:Abumi
3453:Scale
3443:Plate
3411:Types
3394:Sangu
3366:Kikko
3267:Iaitō
3161:Kunai
3066:Tantō
3059:Tachi
3010:Guntō
2640:(PDF)
1744:tachi
1715:tsuka
1689:tsuba
1685:tsuka
1674:emaki
1659:kogai
1641:fuchi
1618:tsuba
1526:bo-hi
1513:kanji
1451:tsuka
1435:hamon
1431:bo-hi
1348:Blue
1322:hamon
1314:hamon
1306:hamon
1302:hamon
1287:hamon
1241:0.5%
1238:0.5%
1195:1.0%
1078:Tanto
1036:hamon
1031:hamon
954:tachi
949:tantō
936:tachi
932:tachi
918:tachi
882:tachi
786:Tachi
778:Tantō
750:soshu
342:bloom
222:tantō
214:grind
181:tachi
157:tantō
90:JSTOR
76:books
3862:Kama
3802:Yumi
3585:Kura
3557:Horo
3511:Tabi
3438:Mail
3423:Lame
3324:Bōgu
3242:Yari
2523:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2465:ASIN
2446:ASIN
2427:ASIN
2408:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2317:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1844:and
1664:saya
1644:and
1609:saya
1455:hilt
1443:tang
1318:hira
1310:nioi
1295:hira
1143:Era
956:and
946:and
891:tang
862:tang
784:and
748:and
724:and
704:muku
700:maru
694:and
645:hada
600:flux
582:and
548:slag
536:kera
496:kera
366:kera
358:kera
346:kera
315:clay
309:The
274:tama
220:and
163:yari
62:news
3883:Ono
2461:歴史人
2442:歴史人
2423:歴史人
1800:by
1752:obi
1740:obi
1556:).
1453:or
1064:sen
964:or
876:).
774:ken
772:or
740:or
526:or
506:to
45:by
4108::
3795:Ya
3730:Jō
3716:Bō
3331:Dō
2843:.
2757:^
2718:^
2691:^
2655:^
2628:^
2534:^
2481:,
2395:^
2348:^
2303:^
2247:^
2221:^
2197:^
2152:^
2134:^
2019:^
1758:,
1698:)
1481:,
1477:,
1473:,
1466:,
1462:,
968:.
780:,
776:,
768:,
687:.
639:).
396:,
236:.
216:.
209:.
205:ya
196:,
190:,
184:,
178:,
172:,
166:,
160:,
154:,
148:,
2969:e
2962:t
2955:v
2912:.
2887:.
2854:.
2820:.
2775:.
2685:.
2649:.
2622:.
2585:.
2564:.
2389:.
2273:.
2241:.
2215:.
2191:.
2170:.
2128:.
2037:.
1827:)
1821:(
1816:)
1812:(
1794:.
1696:.
1445:(
1062:(
893:(
864:(
832:(
820:(
629:.
618:.
270:)
264:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
