819:
1375:
1433:
turret with a modified Type 92 105 mm cannon, and several smaller turrets on the hull in the front and rear. According to Akira
Takizawa (on the original plans), the tank was to have a 70 mm gun in each of the two forward sub-turrets and two Type 97 7.7 mm machine guns in the rear sub-turret. It has been reported that a prototype of the O-I without turrets was built, with the project ending after the tank proved to be "impractical". However, the complete development history of the O-I prototype is unknown and no photographs of the incomplete O-I are known to exist.
3209:
653:
360:
565:
1442:
717:
19:
490:
1557:
444:
1049:
1359:. However, the project was abandoned to free up manpower and critical resources to concentrate on the development and production of the more practical Type 4 Chi-To medium tank. As with many innovative weapons projects launched by Japan in the final months of World War II, production could not advance due to material shortages, and the loss of Japan's industrial infrastructure to the
943:
1394:. The Type 5 Ho-Ri was to use a 105 mm cannon with an additional 37 mm gun mounted in the front hull. The superstructure for the main gun was placed at the rear, the engine was positioned in the center of the chassis and the driver's station was in the front hull section; all similar in design to the German Ferdinand/
1284:
1195:
1116:
347:, Japan produced a large number of tanks. Although initially the Japanese used tanks to good effect in their campaigns, full-scale armored warfare did not occur in the Pacific and Southeast Asian theaters as it did in Europe, and tank development was neglected in favor of naval activities. Later, during the last year of
583:. According to Hara, the first tank on the agenda was to develop a medium main battle tank. The team started their design and worked hard to complete the project within the two years allocated. As this was the first tank designed in Japan, they had to begin with almost every component built from scratch.
1532:
and was a larger and more capable version of the earlier Type 2 Ka-Mi. However, given the fact the main priorities of the navy were in warship and aircraft production, and lacking in any definite plans for additional amphibious operations, production of the Type 3 Ka-Chi remained a very low priority.
1152:
was one of the largest guns used on
Japanese tanks. The thickest armor used was 50 mm on the front hull; it also had 25 mm on the turret, 25 mm on the sides and 20 mm on the rear deck. The Chi-Nu was the best and most powerful IJA tank to go into general production and deployment.
524:
tanks did not appear until the close of World War II; as with many innovative weapons projects launched by Japan in the final years of the war, production could not advance beyond either small numbers or the prototype stage due to material shortages, and the loss of Japan's industrial infrastructure
410:, requesting newer designs. However, the newer tanks were not available as these countries had difficulties supplying them to their own armored forces, and the only available model was the older Renault FT. The Japanese reluctantly imported the Renault FT tanks. In March 1927, the IJA also bought a
732:
was a replacement for the Type 89 medium tank, which was considered too slow for mechanized warfare. The prototypes were built by
Mitsubishi and production was started in 1936, with 2,300 completed by the end of the war. It was armed with a 37 mm main gun and two 7.7 mm (0.303 inch)
537:
For both security and logistical reasons, certain officers and engineers in the
Japanese Army Technical Bureau during the early 1920s were adamant that future tanks should be made in Japan. General Suzuki (chief of the Technical Bureau) protested at the Ministry of War decision to purchase foreign
1432:
had four turrets and weighed 120+ tons and required a crew of 11 men. It was 10 meters long by 4.2 meters wide with an overall height of 4 meters. The armor was 200 mm at its maximum, and the tank had a top speed of 25 km/h. It had two gasoline engines, and was armed in the main central
1244:
The Type 4 Chi-To was a thirty-ton, all-welded tank with a maximum armor thickness of about 75 mm. It was much larger than the Type 97 Chi-Ha, with a longer, wider, tall chassis, supported by seven road wheels on each side. The 400 hp (300 kW) gasoline engine was significantly more
1139:
medium tank. However, the development of the Type 4 Chi-To was delayed, and a "stopgap tank" was needed. Development of the Type 3 Chi-Nu occurred in 1943. It was the last design based directly on Type 97 lineage. The low priority given tanks, along with the raw material shortages meant that the
1060:
was developed in 1942 to replace the Type 97. The three-man turret and 47 mm gun of the Type 1 were retrofitted on the modified hull of the Type 97, which the factories were already producing. Its angled, thicker frontal armor was welded, as opposed to riveted. The
Mitsubishi Type 100
1567:
In the period between 1931 and 1938 the
Japanese built nearly 1,700 new tanks By 1939, Japan produced 2,020 operational tanks. In the following year, Japan had the 5th largest tank force in the world. The peak of Japanese tank production was in 1942, but declined afterwards owing to
905:("improved"). It used the high-velocity Type 1 47 mm tank gun in its new, larger three-man turret. It replaced the original model in production in 1942. In addition, "about 300" of the Type 97 tanks with the older model turret and 57 mm main gun were converted.
414:
Medium C to use for design study. During trials, the gasoline engine of the
Vickers C caught fire, leading the Japanese design team to call for a diesel engine for use in indigenous produced tanks. Then in 1930 they were able to acquire ten examples of its successor, the
517:, and the Philippines, large-scale Japanese use of tanks was limited during the early years of the war and therefore development of newer designs were not given high priority as the Japanese strategy shifted to a "defensive orientation" after the 1941-42 victories.
1006:"Chi-Ni Model A" prototype was accepted after field trials as the new Type 98 light tank, series production did not begin until 1942. The Type 98 had a two-man turret, an improvement on the asymmetrical turret used on the Type 95, carrying a
672:
was developed to overcome these shortcomings. The new design weighed 12.8 tons and used stronger and lighter steel plate instead of the Type 87's iron armor. Armament was a Type 90 57 mm gun, along with two Type 91 6.5 mm
677:. The Type 89 prototype was completed in 1929, with production starting in 1931, making this the first tank to be mass-produced in Japan. The designation is also known as the Type 89 "I-Go" and sometimes transliterated "Yi-Go".
1033:
in an enlarged turret, which gave the tank "slightly better performance". However, only 34 tanks were completed by the end of the war. No Type 2 Ke-To light tanks are known to have engaged in combat prior to Japan's surrender.
613:
tank, which had been purchased by the
Japanese Army in March 1927. Along with the Osaka Army Arsenal, Sagami Army Arsenal was also assigned to oversee the design and manufacture of assorted types of armored vehicles and tanks.
701:
and with the out-break of war with China, the peacetime budgetary limitations were removed. The
Mitsubishi "Chi-Ha" model was thereby accepted as the new Type 97 medium tank by the army as the replacement for the Type 89.
629:
that paired the bogie wheels and connected them to a coil spring mounted horizontally outside the hull. This suspension became standard on the majority of the subsequently designed
Japanese tanks and can be seen on the
998:
realized that the Type 95 was vulnerable to heavy machinegun fire–0.5 in (13 mm)–so it determined the development of a new light tank with the same weight as the Type 95, but with thicker armor was needed.
401:
battalion. However, the greatest problem was equipping these units, as the Japanese did not have any indigenous tank production capability at that time. The IJA therefore sent a mission to purchase more tanks from
1069:
generated 70 horsepower more than the Mitsubishi Type 97 diesel engine, and was thus more than able to compensate for the additional weight in armor. The Type 1 Chi-He was the first Japanese tank to carry a
1508:
light tank chassis. Production began in 1942 with only 182 to 184 units were built. Type 2 Ka-Mi was first used in combat on Guadalcanal in late 1942. Later they were encountered by US forces in fighting on the
688:
and improved frontal armor. Of the two versions made, a total of 113 Kō tanks and 291 Otsu tanks were produced. The Type 89 served with Japanese infantry divisions and first saw combat use in China during the
867:, with about 25 mm thick armor on its turret sides, and 30 mm on its gun shield, considered average protection in the 1930s. Some 3,000 units were produced by Mitsubishi, including several types of
538:
designs, which ultimately led to that decision being reversed. A special committee of the Imperial General Staff (Daihonei) worked on the feasibility of indigenous design and development of Japanese armor.
3503:
1577:
541:
However, indigenous design and production of armored vehicles would prove to be difficult, due to minimal experience with military motor vehicle design (the engineers had only designed several types of
459:
and employment. As with many other nations at the time, the Japanese viewed the tank as a tool largely used in direct support of their infantry, and were rarely allowed independent action. During the
1589:
1576:
priorities, along with material shortages. By 1944, total production of tanks and AFV's had fallen to 925 and for 1945, only 256 were produced. Japan developed many experimental and operative
3175:
474:
in 1939, the Japanese began to rethink their tank designs and doctrine, although their emphasis would continue to remain on supporting the infantry. However, with the beginning of the
924:), the 47 mm high-velocity gun did give the Shinhoto Chi-Ha a fighting chance against them and it is considered to be the best Japanese tank to have seen "combat service" in the
594:. At the time, there was little heavy industry allocated to the production of motor vehicles in Japan, so there were significant difficulties creating the prototype. The prototype
602:
was completed by February 1927. The 20-ton tank underwent field trials, but proved to be under-powered. The weight of the initial prototype and its low speed did not impress the
575:
Development of the first Japanese-designed tank began in June 1925. A team of engineers of the Technical Bureau participated in the development, including a young army officer,
1406:, with the boxy superstructure for the main 105 mm cannon designed to be integral with the hull's sides and placed at the center of the chassis (similar to the German
1402:. Another planned version was to have a twin 25 mm anti-aircraft gun mounted on top of the rear casemate superstructure. There was also a planned variant known as the
3752:
697:, beginning in 1937. However, by the late 1930s the Type 89 was shown to be fast becoming obsolete. The IJA therefore began a program to develop a replacement tank for
423:
or "Type B Tank"). Both types of tanks were still in active service in 1940, and additional vehicles and spare parts were obtained after the Japanese occupation of
58:
603:
3197:
1169:
550:), along with low priority for tank steel production. Moreover, the first design had to be completed in only two years or the program would be canceled.
22:
3313:
1265:
mounted in the front hull, and there was a ball mount on the side of the turret for a second one. Two Type 4 Chi-To tanks were completed prior to the
895:
1153:
However, given the fact available raw materials were in very short supply, and with much of Japan's industrial infrastructure being destroyed by
3661:
1540:
was a large, heavy prototype based on the Type 5 Chi-Ri chassis and Type 3 Ka-Chi. It was fitted with a modified turret of the one used on the
520:
Older tanks continued to be used as defensive emplacements and infantry support weapons. Advanced Japanese tank designs, which could challenge
982:
light tank by some sources. It was developed in 1938 to address deficiencies in the Type 95 design already apparent from combat experience in
818:
606:, so a new requirement was issued for a lighter tank, with a nominal 10-short-ton (9.1-metric-ton) weight. The new design was modeled after a
3149:
3095:
2940:
2921:
2851:
1494:
1360:
767:. On 22 December 1941 the Type 95 light tank earned the distinction of being the first tank to engage in tank vs tank combat with US manned
526:
3747:
995:
351:
the newest and best Japanese designs were not used in combat; they were kept back in expectation of defending the Japanese Home Islands.
3462:
1541:
1410:). The 105 mm main gun was produced and tested. However, according to multiple sources, no prototypes of the Ho-Ri were completed.
301:
193:
105:
3114:
3073:
3054:
3035:
3016:
2978:
2959:
2870:
1599:
1374:
183:
3656:
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2893:
733:
machine guns, one in the rear section of the turret and the other hull-mounted. The Type 95 weighed 7.4 tons and had three crewmen.
51:
1097:. A total of 170 units were built from 1943 to 1944, but they did not see combat use as they were allocated to the defense of the
1257:
that was in turn essentially a copy of a Bofors Model 1929 75 mm AA Gun, housed in a large powered, well-armoured hexagonal
887:. This convinced the army of the need for a more powerful gun. Development of a new 47 mm weapon was completed by 1941. The
1340:
used on the Type 4 Chi-To and with a front hull-mounted Type 1 37 mm tank gun. Eventually, an 88 mm gun (based on the
3742:
3666:
3543:
3538:
1249:, giving it a top speed of 45 km/h (28 mph). The tank had a range of 250 km (160 mi). The main armament, a
1168:. They were to be part of the "Mobile Shock Force" to be used for counter-attacks against the anticipated Allied invasion. The
868:
390:
Trials with these vehicles were successful, and the army decided to establish an armored force in 1925, planning to form three
3190:
1262:
455:
As with the Americans and the Italians, the Japanese originally adopted French-designed tanks, and were influenced by their
3418:
1500:
The Type 1 Mi-Sha was an early experimental design that led to the first production Japanese amphibious tank known as the
1454:
3762:
3400:
2724:
123:
90:
44:
3757:
228:
1078:
by the platoon commander. The newer tank proved to be superior to the Type 97 in design, speed and armor protection.
1351:
Along with the Type 4 Chi-To tanks, the Type 5 Chi-Ri was originally considered for use in the final defense of the
3616:
3601:
3308:
3232:
1594:
835:
791:
223:
188:
387:
or "Type A Tank"). The Mk IV was purchased in October 1918 while the Whippets and Renaults were acquired in 1919.
3706:
3686:
3681:
3571:
3323:
3318:
3183:
2843:
1529:
1453:
During the 1930s and 1940s, Japan produced a number of amphibious tank designs, including prototypes such as the
1325:
1278:
1189:
1110:
1090:
1043:
690:
559:
213:
208:
178:
128:
115:
1018:
in a coaxial mount. A total of 104 Type 98s are known to have been built: 1 in 1941, 24 in 1942 and 79 in 1943.
652:
3356:
3303:
3275:
3270:
991:
937:
711:
694:
647:
460:
344:
316:
306:
163:
77:
1580:, tanks and tank-destroyer types throughout the war; but largely held them in reserve, for home-land defense.
463:, Japanese tanks were successful, especially as the Chinese had no significant armoured forces of their own.
3676:
3285:
3280:
1007:
880:
823:
153:
3631:
3611:
3410:
3242:
1333:
1317:
1230:
1082:
872:
737:
521:
486:
production, and resources for the production of armored vehicles for the Army were diverted or curtailed.
471:
329:
3498:
3423:
1545:
1352:
1337:
1250:
1149:
1098:
1030:
888:
807:
376:
311:
100:
95:
2168:
1386:
tank destroyer was a more powerful tank destroyer (gun tank) than ones already produced, such as, the
1160:
The Chi-Nu did not see combat during the war. All produced units were retained for the defense of the
359:
3621:
3438:
3227:
1419:
1341:
1141:
909:
775:
light tanks in the Philippines) during World War II; and the only enemy tanks to have ever landed on
626:
510:
432:
203:
198:
148:
85:
3553:
3428:
1368:
1254:
1180:
had a "significant" number of the Type 3 Chi-Nu tanks produced at its depot by the end of the war.
1081:
Even so, production did not begin until 1943, due to the higher priority of steel allocated to the
371:
and tanks and obtained a variety of models from foreign sources. These models included one British
238:
67:
2517:
2454:
668:
The IJA decided that the Type 87 Chi-I was too heavy and slow to be used as its main tank, so the
579:
Tomio Hara. Hara later became the head of the tank development department and rose to the rank of
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
2239:
1364:
1356:
1266:
1165:
1154:
1382:
As with other Japanese tanks there were variants of the Type 5 Chi-Ri planned. The experimental
1348:, which was to be diesel powered and using the Type 5 75 mm tank gun as its main armament.
564:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3145:
3110:
3091:
3069:
3050:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2974:
2955:
2936:
2917:
2889:
2866:
2847:
1486:
1003:
894:
With the development of a new main tank gun came a revised version of the Type 97, designated
3385:
3237:
1510:
1429:
1391:
514:
489:
424:
368:
281:
261:
30:
3721:
3333:
3208:
1518:
1514:
1238:
1011:
580:
218:
158:
143:
18:
3596:
3533:
3375:
3370:
3361:
2882:
1441:
1399:
1387:
1324:. Intended to be a heavier, lengthened, more powerful version of Japan's sophisticated
1161:
1025:, an anti-aircraft tank that mounted a 20 mm AA gun. Another variant known as the
776:
756:
635:
502:
403:
286:
138:
3736:
3626:
3548:
3528:
3523:
3482:
3467:
3457:
3433:
3346:
3083:
1560:
1505:
1490:
1482:
1246:
1140:
Chi-Nu did not enter production until 1944. The Chi-Nu retained the same chassis and
1136:
1132:
1062:
1022:
972:
912:
Island of the Philippines in 1942. While it was vulnerable to opposing Allied tanks (
768:
760:
698:
685:
681:
631:
610:
506:
494:
448:
428:
276:
173:
168:
133:
26:
1089:
construction. After less than one year, production was discontinued in favor of the
716:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3671:
3651:
3606:
3477:
3472:
3395:
3390:
3341:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1446:
1321:
1234:
1026:
884:
864:
827:
795:
787:
783:
764:
752:
576:
467:
372:
348:
266:
3380:
3295:
2317:
1775:
1556:
1462:
1363:. With the end of the Pacific War, an incomplete Type 5 prototype was seized by
1313:
1222:
1075:
1015:
925:
721:
674:
661:
586:
The design was completed in May 1926 and production was ordered to begin at the
475:
443:
337:
296:
251:
1544:
that mounted a Type 1 25 mm gun. In addition, it had a front hull mounted
1344:) was planned for the turret. There were also plans for a variant known as the
1048:
3563:
3448:
3260:
3252:
2835:
2772:
1329:
1258:
1226:
1145:
1128:
1094:
1066:
975:
917:
622:
617:
The tank had a complex parallelogram suspension system with two pairs of road
398:
391:
380:
271:
256:
246:
2728:
2616:
1407:
983:
942:
772:
394:
2649:
1776:
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: "The Development of Imperial Japanese Tanks"
2810:, p. 3; "Japan was in the forefront of tank technology in the 1930s".
3219:
1569:
876:
799:
748:
741:
483:
456:
340:, and began developing its own indigenous designs during the late 1920s.
291:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3265:
1573:
1458:
1395:
1173:
1086:
680:
The Type 89 had two variants - the Kō ("A"), which used a water-cooled
607:
591:
547:
479:
416:
411:
36:
1177:
1131:
medium tank. Originally, the next tank in development to replace the
1093:, as the Type 1 Chi-He still would underperform against the American
913:
803:
745:
657:
407:
3170:
1533:
Only 12 to 19 Type 3 Ka-Chi tanks were built by the end of the war.
908:
Type 97 Shinhoto Chi-Ha tanks were first used in combat during the
2725:"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 2 Amphibious Vehicle "Ka-Mi""
1440:
1283:
1282:
1194:
1115:
1114:
1071:
987:
941:
860:
715:
651:
618:
587:
563:
543:
17:
1074:
as standard equipment in each tank, eliminating the need to use
921:
367:
Near the end of World War I, the Japanese showed an interest in
333:
3179:
3165:
40:
2773:
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 3 Amphibious Tank "Ka-Chi"
1720:
1718:
509:
were in general not suited to armored warfare, being largely
2907:. AFV Weapons Profiles No. 49. Profile Publications Limited.
1029:
light tank began production in 1944. It mounted an improved
802:-hulled turretless self-propelled gun similar to the German
435:
and used these as a basis for further development in tanks.
3135:. AFV Weapons Profile No. 54. Profile Publications Limited.
2695:
2693:
2022:
2020:
1590:
List of Japanese armoured fighting vehicles of World War II
1127:
medium tank was urgently developed to counter the American
2513:
2511:
1657:
1655:
1245:
powerful than the 180 kW (240 hp) engine of the
1893:
1891:
2540:
2538:
1497:
in campaigns in the Pacific with amphibious operations.
1378:
Experimental Type 5 gun tank Ho-Ri I mock-up scale model
2617:
Taki’s Imperial Japanese Army:105mm SP Gun Tank "Ho-Ri"
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2339:
2337:
2253:
2251:
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2193:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
1959:
1957:
1932:
1930:
891:
was designed specifically to counter the Soviet tanks.
782:
Several variants were built, among them: the prototype
2626:
2624:
1336:. Originally, the tank was to be fitted with the same
451:
captured by Soviet troops after battle of Khalkhin Gol
2650:
Taki’s Imperial Japanese Army: Super-Heavy Tank "O-I"
1144:
of the Type 1 Chi-He, but with a new large hexagonal
786:, which mounted the Type 97 57 mm tank gun; the
1157:
in 1945, its production run was severely curtailed.
1014:
of 760 m/s (2,500 ft/s) and a 7.7 mm
879:, but its shortcomings became clear during the 1939
794:
turret and its Type 97 57 mm tank gun; and the
621:
wheels per leaf spring arrangement. Hara designed a
3562:
3491:
3447:
3409:
3355:
3332:
3294:
3251:
3218:
2318:
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: "Tanks after Chi-Ha"
1328:, in performance it was designed to surpass the US
237:
114:
76:
3213:Japanese armored fighting vehicles of World War II
2881:
871:. Initial versions were armed with a low-velocity
1269:. Neither of the completed tanks saw combat use.
3133:Japanese Combat Cars, Light Tanks, and Tankettes
1485:; production amphibious transports included the
3504:Type 94 disinfecting and gas scattering vehicle
2933:The Illustrated Directory of Tanks of the World
2430:
2240:History of War: Type 98 Type 2 Ke-To Light Tank
1303:
1214:
962:
852:
693:in 1932. It was deployed for operations in the
3107:M4 Sherman vs Type 97 Chi-Ha: The Pacific 1945
1493:APC. All production units were for use by the
1297:
1208:
956:
846:
3191:
52:
8:
3171:Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa
2969:Rottman, Gordon L.; Takizawa, Akira (2008).
2914:Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank
1241:wartime tank to reach the production phase.
763:, and throughout the Pacific Theater during
3142:Japanese Tanks and Armoured Warfare 1932–45
1477:. Production amphibious tanks included the
604:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
3198:
3184:
3176:
790:, a conversion, re-fitted with the larger
59:
45:
37:
2518:History of War: Type 5 Chi-Ri Medium Tank
2455:History of War: Type 4 Chi-To Medium Tank
2169:History of War: Type 98 Chi-Ni Light Tank
2026:
1287:Incomplete prototype of the Type 5 Chi-Ri
684:, and the Otsu ("B"), with an air-cooled
3753:World War II military equipment of Japan
2795:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2281:
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2074:
2050:
2041:, pp. 16, 17 photo & caption.
2038:
1999:
1975:
1963:
1936:
1921:
1897:
1834:
1736:
1709:
1697:
1673:
1634:
1622:
736:Type 95 Ha-Go tanks served during the
554:Type 87 Chi-I (Experimental tank No.1)
427:. The Japanese also purchased several
2660:
2630:
1528:was based on an extensively modified
1495:Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces
7:
2840:Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939
2011:
1858:
1846:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1760:
1685:
1646:
996:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
3463:Type 98 20 mm AA half-track vehicle
1563:tank at the final stage of assembly
1542:Type 97 Shinhoto Chi-Ha medium tank
571:(試製1号戦車), 1927 (Imperial year 2587)
302:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
2971:World War II Japanese Tank Tactics
1600:List of Japanese armored divisions
1332:medium tanks being fielded by the
332:(IJA) initially purchased foreign
14:
2916:. Vol. One. Presidio Press.
2863:Super-heavy Tanks of World War II
1164:in anticipation of the projected
901:("new turret" Chi-Ha) or Type 97-
875:that was designed to support the
656:Type 89 Chi-Ro advancing towards
3207:
978:. It is also referred to as the
478:, Japan's priorities shifted to
1445:Australian soldiers testing a
1263:Type 97 heavy tank machine gun
1148:and a commander's cupola. The
1021:One prototype variant was the
964:Kyuhachi-shiki keisensha Ke-Ni
854:Kyunana-shiki chu-sensha chiha
1:
3419:Vickers Crossley armoured car
1455:Sumida amphibious armored car
859:was the most widely produced
724:, following surrender in 1945
379:, along with thirteen French
3434:Type 91 armored railroad car
3401:Short barrel 120 mm gun tank
971:was designed to replace the
501:In addition, the terrain of
3748:World War II tanks of Japan
3007:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2007a) .
2431:Rottman & Takizawa 2008
1304:
1237:. It was the most advanced
1215:
963:
853:
3779:
3105:Zaloga, Steven J. (2012).
3064:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2007b).
2880:Foss, Christopher (2003).
2520:Retrieved 10 December 2014
2481:, pp. 11, 14, 20, 30.
2457:Retrieved 10 December 2014
2296:, pp. 15, 20, 21, 22.
1595:Tanks in the Japanese Army
1519:Philippine island of Leyte
1417:
1276:
1187:
1155:American strategic bombing
1108:
1041:
935:
914:US M3 Lee/British M3 Grant
842:Type 97 medium tank Chi-Ha
836:Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank
833:
814:Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank
792:Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank
709:
645:
642:Type 89 Chi-Ro medium tank
638:medium tank, as examples.
557:
497:prototype, late in the war
3667:Type 2 Ke-To work vehicle
3662:Type 97 flamethrower tank
3451:and full-tracked vehicles
3140:McCormack, David (2021).
3045:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2005).
3026:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2003).
2988:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002).
2912:Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992).
2844:Stanford University Press
2842:. Vol. Two volumes.
2077:, pp. 10, 11, 16–22.
1530:Type 1 Chi-He medium tank
1504:, which was based on the
1473:(a/k/a Type 1 Ka-Mi) and
1326:Type 4 Chi-To medium tank
1305:Go-shiki chusensha Chi-ri
1298:
1293:Type 5 medium tank Chi-Ri
1279:Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank
1273:Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank
1216:Yonshiki chūsensha Chi-To
1209:
1204:Type 4 medium tank Chi-To
1190:Type 4 Chi-To medium tank
1184:Type 4 Chi-To medium tank
1111:Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank
1105:Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank
1091:Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank
1044:Type 1 Chi-He medium tank
1038:Type 1 Chi-He medium tank
957:
847:
560:Type 87 Chi-I medium tank
466:With their defeat by the
3357:Self-propelled artillery
992:Second Sino-Japanese War
952:Type 98 light tank Ke-Ni
938:Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank
932:Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank
712:Type 95 Ha-Go light tank
706:Type 95 Ha-Go light tank
695:Second Sino-Japanese War
691:First Battle of Shanghai
648:Type 89 I-Go medium tank
461:Second Sino-Japanese War
355:Initial tank procurement
317:Multiple rocket launcher
307:Self-propelled artillery
23:IJA 4th Armored Division
3519:T B swamp scout vehicle
2954:. Bellona Publication.
2952:Imperial Japanese Tanks
2861:Estes, Kenneth (2014).
1361:allied bombing of Japan
1221:was one of several new
1008:Type 100 37 mm tank gun
881:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
527:Allied bombing of Japan
505:and the islands of the
3743:Imperial Japanese Army
3657:Special number 3 Ku-Ro
3632:Type 98 20 mm AAG tank
3243:Type 97 Te-Ke tankette
3088:Japanese Tanks 1939–45
2931:Miller, David (2000).
2786:, pp. 32, 33, 43.
2571:, pp. 10, 30, 31.
2493:, pp. 18, 20, 30.
2469:, pp. 18, 20, 27.
2331:, pp. 17, 21, 22.
2120:, pp. 12, 13, 15.
2053:, pp. 18, 19, 20.
1564:
1450:
1390:, Type 1 Ho-Ni II and
1379:
1318:Imperial Japanese Army
1288:
1231:Imperial Japanese Army
1199:
1120:
1053:
947:
873:Type 97 57 mm tank gun
831:
738:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
725:
665:
596:Experimental tank No.1
572:
569:Experimental tank No.1
498:
452:
377:Medium Mark A Whippets
364:
336:for evaluation during
330:Imperial Japanese Army
34:
3424:Wolseley armoured car
3109:. Osprey Publishing.
3090:. Osprey Publishing.
3066:Japanese Armor Vol. 5
3047:Japanese Armor Vol. 4
3028:Japanese Armor Vol. 3
3009:Japanese Armor Vol. 2
2990:Japanese Armor Vol. 1
2973:. Osprey Publishing.
2950:Roland, Paul (1975).
2905:Japanese Medium Tanks
2822:, pp. 17, 19–24.
1873:, pp. 7, 10, 17.
1700:, pp. 3, 13, 15.
1559:
1546:Type 1 47 mm tank gun
1444:
1377:
1355:against the expected
1353:Japanese home islands
1338:Type 5 75 mm tank gun
1286:
1251:Type 5 75 mm tank gun
1197:
1150:Type 3 75 mm tank gun
1118:
1099:Japanese home islands
1051:
1031:Type 1 37 mm tank gun
945:
889:Type 1 47 mm tank gun
821:
808:Type 1 47 mm tank gun
779:soil during any war.
751:in 1939, against the
719:
655:
567:
492:
446:
433:Carden Loyd tankettes
362:
312:Self-propelled mortar
21:
3439:Type 93 armoured car
3131:Hara, Tomio (1973).
2903:Hara, Tomio (1972).
2675:, pp. 3, 4, 32.
2014:, pp. 350, 370.
1727:, pp. 3, 5, 29.
1420:O-I super-heavy tank
1414:O-I super-heavy tank
1342:Type 99 88 mm AA Gun
910:battle of Corregidor
511:tropical rainforests
3763:History of the tank
3612:Type 97 Ki-To SPAAG
3587:10 cm SPG Hi-Ro Sha
3554:Type 4 Work vehicle
3429:Chiyoda armored car
3233:Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha
1369:occupation of Japan
1255:Type 4 75 mm AA Gun
1253:, was based on the
1233:towards the end of
69:History of the tank
33:self-propelled guns
3758:Weapon development
3582:Type 95 heavy tank
3577:Type 91 heavy tank
3166:History of War.org
2935:. Zenith Imprint.
2751:, pp. 29, 30.
2702:, pp. 23, 24.
2663:, pp. 37, 38.
2559:, pp. 19, 20.
2421:, pp. 21, 22.
2308:, pp. 17, 21.
2272:, pp. 20, 21.
2230:, pp. 17, 18.
2089:, pp. 13, 14.
2002:, p. chart D.
1990:, pp. 67, 74.
1978:, pp. 10, 17.
1885:, pp. 19, 25.
1565:
1552:Overall production
1451:
1380:
1289:
1200:
1121:
1054:
948:
832:
726:
666:
573:
515:invasion of Malaya
499:
453:
383:(later designated
365:
35:
3730:
3729:
3514:F B swamp vehicle
3509:S B swamp vehicle
3151:978-1-78155-810-2
3097:978-1-8460-3091-8
3084:Zaloga, Steven J.
2942:978-0-7603-0892-9
2923:978-0-89141-462-9
2853:978-0-8047-1160-9
2595:, pp. 33–35.
2358:, pp. 3, 32.
1861:, pp. 15–17.
1739:, pp. 3, 22.
1712:, pp. 15–18.
1664:, pp. 7, 10.
1487:F B swamp vehicle
1316:developed by the
1312:was the ultimate
1229:developed by the
1170:4th Tank Division
1162:Japanese Homeland
869:specialized tanks
720:Type 95 Ha-Go in
513:. Aside from the
363:Japanese Whippets
325:
324:
3770:
3386:Type 3 Ho-Ni III
3334:Amphibious tanks
3314:Type 97 ShinHōtō
3266:Otsu-Gata Sensha
3238:Type 94 tankette
3212:
3211:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3155:
3136:
3120:
3101:
3079:
3060:
3041:
3022:
3003:
2984:
2965:
2946:
2927:
2908:
2899:
2887:
2876:
2857:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2727:. Archived from
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2370:, pp. 3, 5.
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2171:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1900:, pp. 5, 6.
1895:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1763:, pp. 3, 4.
1758:
1752:
1751:, pp. 3, 4.
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1676:, pp. 4, 5.
1671:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1578:armored vehicles
1511:Marshall Islands
1437:Amphibious tanks
1430:super-heavy tank
1392:Type 3 Ho-Ni III
1357:Allied invasions
1346:Type 5 Chi-Ri II
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1002:Even though the
970:
969:
966:
960:
959:
858:
856:
850:
849:
699:infantry support
546:and one type of
533:Japanese designs
425:French Indochina
421:Otsu-Gata Sensha
282:Main battle tank
262:Super-heavy tank
70:
61:
54:
47:
38:
31:Type 3 Ho-Ni III
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3722:Naval 12 cm SPG
3592:10 cm SPG Ji-Ro
3558:
3487:
3443:
3405:
3376:Type 1 Ho-Ni II
3362:tank destroyers
3359:
3351:
3328:
3290:
3247:
3228:Type Ka Kijusha
3214:
3206:
3204:
3162:
3152:
3139:
3130:
3127:
3125:Further reading
3117:
3104:
3098:
3082:
3076:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3038:
3025:
3019:
3006:
3000:
2987:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2949:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:, pp. 3–6.
2710:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2637:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:, pp. 6–7.
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:, pp. 1–4.
1785:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1586:
1554:
1515:Mariana Islands
1439:
1422:
1416:
1365:American forces
1308:
1295:
1281:
1275:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1166:Allied Invasion
1113:
1107:
1046:
1040:
1012:muzzle velocity
967:
954:
940:
934:
898:Shinhōtō Chi-Ha
863:medium tank of
844:
838:
824:Shinhoto Chi-Ha
816:
714:
708:
682:gasoline engine
650:
644:
634:light tank and
562:
556:
535:
441:
369:armored warfare
357:
326:
321:
233:
110:
72:
68:
65:
12:
11:
5:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Type 98 Chi-Ho
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Type 97 Chi-Ni
3599:
3597:Type 92 A-I-Go
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Type 100 Te-Re
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Type 1 Ho-Ni I
3367:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Type 97 Chi-Ha
3306:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Ko-Gata Sensha
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:External links
3158:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:978-1849086387
3115:
3102:
3096:
3080:
3075:978-8372371799
3074:
3061:
3056:978-8372371676
3055:
3042:
3037:978-8372371287
3036:
3023:
3018:978-8372371119
3017:
3004:
2998:
2985:
2980:978-1846032349
2979:
2966:
2961:978-0852424346
2960:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2884:Tanks: The 500
2877:
2872:978-1782003830
2871:
2858:
2852:
2836:Coox, Alvin D.
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2798:, p. 141.
2788:
2776:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2716:
2704:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2635:
2620:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2534:
2522:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2333:
2321:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2243:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2189:
2172:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2029:, p. 395.
2027:Hunnicutt 1992
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1953:
1941:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1688:, p. 220.
1678:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1553:
1550:
1521:in late 1944.
1438:
1435:
1418:Main article:
1415:
1412:
1400:tank destroyer
1388:Type 1 Ho-Ni I
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1267:end of the war
1188:Main article:
1185:
1182:
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
980:Type 98 Chi-Ni
946:Type 98A Ke-Ni
936:Main article:
933:
930:
834:Main article:
815:
812:
798:, a prototype
777:North American
744:) against the
710:Main article:
707:
704:
670:Type 89 Chi-Ro
664:, January 1942
646:Main article:
643:
640:
636:Type 97 Chi-Ha
558:Main article:
555:
552:
534:
531:
503:Southeast Asia
447:Japanese tank
440:
437:
385:Ko-Gata Sensha
356:
353:
345:war with China
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Tank destroyer
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
241:
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
154:Czechoslovakia
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
129:United Kingdom
126:
120:
118:
112:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
82:
80:
74:
73:
66:
64:
63:
56:
49:
41:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3775:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Type 5 Chi-Ri
3685:
3683:
3682:Type 4 Chi-To
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Type 98 Ta-Se
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Type 1 Mi-Sha
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Type 87 Chi-I
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Type 4 Ka-Tsu
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Type 97 Se-Ri
3527:
3525:
3524:Type 95 So-Ki
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:Type 4 Chi-So
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Type 98 So-Da
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Type 98 Ko-Hi
3456:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3347:Type 3 Ka-Chi
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3324:Type 3 Chi-Nu
3322:
3320:
3319:Type 1 Chi-He
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Type 98 Ke-Ni
3274:
3272:
3271:Type 95 Ha-Go
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2999:83-7237-097-4
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2895:0-7603-1500-0
2891:
2888:. Crestline.
2886:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:Tomczyk 2007b
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2763:, p. 24.
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2731:on 2012-01-27
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:, p. 37.
2632:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2607:, p. 10.
2606:
2605:Tomczyk 2007b
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:Tomczyk 2007b
2589:
2586:
2583:, p. 32.
2582:
2581:Tomczyk 2007b
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:Tomczyk 2007b
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2547:, p. 23.
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2532:, p. 29.
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:, p. 46.
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:, p. 15.
2444:
2439:
2436:
2433:, p. 16.
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:, p. 22.
2408:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:, p. 14.
2381:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2284:, p. 20.
2283:
2282:Tomczyk 2007a
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:Tomczyk 2007a
2266:
2263:
2260:, p. 20.
2259:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2218:, p. 14.
2217:
2216:Tomczyk 2007b
2212:
2209:
2206:, p. 17.
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:, p. 18.
2186:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:, p. 15.
2155:
2150:
2147:
2144:, p. 61.
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:, p. 16.
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:Tomczyk 2007a
2114:
2111:
2108:, p. 14.
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:, p. 19.
2064:
2063:Tomczyk 2007a
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:, p. 11.
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:, p. 27.
1950:
1945:
1942:
1939:, p. 10.
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 17.
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:, p. 10.
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:, p. 42.
1624:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1561:Type 3 Chi-Nu
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:Type 3 Ka-Chi
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1506:Type 95 Ha-Go
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:Type 4 Ka-Tsu
1488:
1484:
1483:Type 3 Ka-Chi
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Type 1 Mi-Sha
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:experimental
1427:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Allied forces
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1294:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:. It had one
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Type 3 Chi-Nu
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1205:
1198:Type 4 Chi-To
1196:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:Type 4 Chi-To
1134:
1133:Type 1 Chi-He
1130:
1126:
1125:Type 3 Chi-Nu
1119:Type 3 Chi-Nu
1117:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Imperial Navy
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:diesel engine
1059:
1058:Type 1 Chi-He
1052:Type 1 Chi-He
1050:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Type 98 Ta-Se
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
973:Type 95 Ha-Go
965:
953:
944:
939:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
899:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
843:
837:
829:
825:
820:
813:
811:
809:
806:, but with a
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
730:Type 95 Ha-Go
723:
718:
713:
705:
703:
700:
696:
692:
687:
686:diesel engine
683:
678:
676:
671:
663:
659:
654:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
632:Type 95 Ha-Go
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
611:Medium Mark C
609:
605:
601:
600:Type 87 Chi-I
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
570:
566:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
539:
532:
530:
528:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
495:Type 4 Chi-To
493:Side view of
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
450:
449:Type 95 Ha-Go
445:
438:
436:
434:
430:
429:Vickers 6-Ton
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
361:
354:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:Infantry tank
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
240:
236:
230:
227:
225:
224:United States
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
117:
113:
107:
106:Post–Cold War
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
62:
57:
55:
50:
48:
43:
42:
39:
32:
28:
27:Type 3 Chi-Nu
24:
20:
16:
3717:Type 5 To-Ku
3712:Type 5 Na-To
3707:Type 5 Ka-To
3702:Type 5 Ho-Ru
3697:Type 5 Ho-Ri
3692:Type 4 Ho-To
3677:Type 5 Ke-Ho
3672:Type 2 Ku-Se
3652:Type 3 Ke-Ri
3478:Type 1 Ho-Ha
3473:Type 1 Ho-Ki
3411:Armored cars
3396:Type 4 Ha-To
3391:Type 4 Ho-Ro
3342:Type 2 Ka-Mi
3304:Type 89 I-Go
3296:Medium tanks
3286:Type 4 Ke-Nu
3281:Type 2 Ke-To
3144:. Fonthill.
3141:
3132:
3106:
3087:
3068:. AJ Press.
3065:
3049:. AJ Press.
3046:
3030:. AJ Press.
3027:
3011:. AJ Press.
3008:
2992:. AJ Press.
2989:
2970:
2951:
2932:
2913:
2904:
2883:
2862:
2839:
2829:Bibliography
2815:
2803:
2791:
2784:Tomczyk 2003
2779:
2768:
2756:
2749:Tomczyk 2003
2744:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:the original
2719:
2712:Tomczyk 2003
2707:
2687:, p. 4.
2685:Tomczyk 2003
2680:
2673:Tomczyk 2003
2668:
2656:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2545:Tomczyk 2005
2530:Tomczyk 2005
2525:
2503:Tomczyk 2005
2498:
2491:Tomczyk 2005
2486:
2479:Tomczyk 2005
2474:
2467:Tomczyk 2005
2462:
2450:
2443:Tomczyk 2005
2438:
2426:
2414:
2380:Tomczyk 2005
2375:
2368:Tomczyk 2005
2363:
2356:Tomczyk 2005
2351:
2346:, p. 5.
2344:Tomczyk 2005
2324:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2149:
2142:Tomczyk 2005
2137:
2125:
2113:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2007:
1995:
1988:Tomczyk 2002
1983:
1971:
1949:Tomczyk 2002
1944:
1924:, p. 5.
1917:
1910:Tomczyk 2002
1905:
1883:Tomczyk 2002
1878:
1871:Tomczyk 2002
1866:
1854:
1849:, p. 5.
1842:
1830:
1823:Tomczyk 2002
1818:
1813:, p. 4.
1806:
1801:, p. 1.
1794:
1782:
1756:
1749:Tomczyk 2002
1744:
1732:
1725:Tomczyk 2005
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1662:Tomczyk 2002
1649:, p. 3.
1642:
1637:, p. 4.
1630:
1618:
1566:
1538:Type 5 To-Ku
1537:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1502:Type 2 Ka-Mi
1501:
1499:
1479:Type 2 Ka-Mi
1475:Type 5 To-Ku
1467:SR III Ha-Go
1452:
1447:Type 2 Ka-Mi
1425:
1423:
1403:
1384:Type 5 Ho-Ri
1383:
1381:
1350:
1345:
1322:World War II
1292:
1290:
1243:
1235:World War II
1203:
1201:
1159:
1124:
1122:
1080:
1076:signal flags
1057:
1055:
1027:Type 2 Ke-To
1020:
1001:
979:
951:
949:
907:
902:
897:
893:
885:Soviet Union
883:against the
865:World War II
841:
839:
828:Patriot Park
796:Type 5 Ho-Ru
788:Type 4 Ke-Nu
784:Type 3 Ke-Ri
781:
765:World War II
753:British Army
735:
729:
727:
679:
675:machine guns
669:
667:
616:
599:
595:
585:
574:
568:
540:
536:
519:
500:
468:Soviet Union
465:
454:
420:
419:(designated
389:
384:
366:
349:World War II
342:
327:
267:Cruiser tank
209:Soviet Union
96:World War II
15:
3381:Type 2 Ho-I
3360:(including
3253:Light tanks
2820:Zaloga 2007
2808:Zaloga 2007
2761:Zaloga 2007
2700:Zaloga 2007
2557:Zaloga 2007
2419:Zaloga 2007
2407:Zaloga 2007
2329:Zaloga 2007
2306:Zaloga 2007
2294:Zaloga 2007
2258:Zaloga 2007
2228:Zaloga 2007
2204:Zaloga 2007
2185:Zaloga 2007
2154:Zaloga 2012
2130:Zaloga 2007
2106:Zaloga 2007
2087:Zaloga 2007
2075:Zaloga 2007
2051:Zaloga 2007
2039:Zaloga 2007
2000:Zaloga 2007
1976:Zaloga 2007
1964:Zaloga 2007
1937:Zaloga 2007
1922:Zaloga 2007
1898:Zaloga 2007
1835:Roland 1975
1737:Zaloga 2007
1710:Zaloga 2007
1698:Zaloga 2007
1674:Zaloga 2007
1635:Zaloga 2007
1623:Zaloga 2007
1517:and on the
1463:SR II Ro-Go
1367:during the
1314:medium tank
1227:heavy tanks
1016:machine-gun
1004:Hino Motors
926:Pacific War
722:New Britain
662:Philippines
476:Pacific War
417:Renault NC1
381:Renault FTs
373:Heavy Mk IV
343:Due to the
338:World War I
297:Assault gun
252:Medium tank
204:South Korea
199:North Korea
149:New Zealand
86:World War I
3737:Categories
3564:Prototypes
3449:Half-track
2865:. Osprey.
2735:2016-09-27
2661:Estes 2014
2631:Estes 2014
1606:References
1330:M4 Sherman
1259:gun turret
1146:gun turret
1142:suspension
1129:M4 Sherman
1095:M4 Sherman
976:light tank
627:suspension
623:bell crank
431:tanks and
399:heavy tank
395:battalions
392:light tank
272:Flame tank
257:Heavy tank
247:Light tank
29:tanks and
3220:Tankettes
2012:Coox 1985
1859:Hara 1972
1847:Hara 1972
1811:Hara 1972
1799:Hara 1972
1787:Hara 1972
1761:Hara 1972
1686:Foss 2003
1647:Hara 1972
1408:Jagdtiger
1172:based in
1010:, with a
984:Manchukuo
958:九八式軽戦車 ケニ
918:M4 Medium
848:九七式中戦車 チハ
830:, Kubinka
773:M3 Stuart
625:scissors
457:doctrines
124:Australia
3544:Basso-Ki
3086:(2007).
2838:(1985).
1584:See also
1570:aircraft
1404:Ho-Ri II
1239:Japanese
1210:四式中戦車 チト
1135:was the
896:Type 97
877:infantry
861:Japanese
822:Type 97
800:casemate
769:American
749:Red Army
742:Nomonhan
484:aircraft
472:Nomonhan
439:Doctrine
397:and one
375:and six
292:Tankette
101:Cold War
91:Interwar
3647:Type TG
3642:Type TE
3637:Type TC
1574:warship
1459:SR I-Go
1457:(AMP),
1396:Elefant
1174:Fukuoka
1087:warship
1065:at 240
990:in the
771:tanks (
608:Vickers
592:Arsenal
581:general
548:tractor
525:by the
507:Pacific
480:warship
412:Vickers
404:Britain
229:Ukraine
164:Germany
116:Country
3148:
3113:
3094:
3072:
3053:
3034:
3015:
2996:
2977:
2958:
2939:
2920:
2892:
2869:
2850:
1513:, the
1481:, and
1449:, 1945
1398:heavy
1223:medium
1178:Kyushu
994:. The
804:Hetzer
746:Soviet
658:Manila
598:l/k/a
544:trucks
522:Allied
408:France
219:Sweden
194:Poland
184:Israel
159:France
144:Canada
3499:SS-Ki
3492:Other
1611:Notes
1299:五式中戦車
1072:radio
988:China
761:India
757:Burma
619:bogie
590:Army
588:Osaka
577:Major
334:tanks
214:Spain
189:Japan
179:Italy
139:China
25:with
3539:Ho-K
3146:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3051:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2848:ISBN
1572:and
1536:The
1524:The
1489:and
1424:The
1291:The
1225:and
1202:The
1123:The
1085:for
1056:The
986:and
950:The
922:T-34
920:and
840:The
759:and
728:The
482:and
406:and
328:The
239:Type
174:Iraq
169:Iran
134:Cuba
3622:O-I
1426:O-I
1320:in
1176:on
903:Kai
826:at
755:in
470:at
78:Era
3739::
2846:.
2692:^
2638:^
2623:^
2537:^
2510:^
2387:^
2336:^
2246:^
2192:^
2175:^
2161:^
2094:^
2019:^
1956:^
1929:^
1890:^
1768:^
1717:^
1654:^
1548:.
1469:,
1465:,
1461:,
1371:.
1302:,
1213:,
1101:.
1067:hp
961:,
928:.
916:,
851:,
810:.
660:,
529:.
3364:)
3199:e
3192:t
3185:v
3154:.
3119:.
3100:.
3078:.
3059:.
3040:.
3021:.
3002:.
2983:.
2964:.
2945:.
2926:.
2898:.
2875:.
2856:.
2738:.
1309:)
1296:(
1219:)
1207:(
968:)
955:(
857:)
845:(
740:(
60:e
53:t
46:v
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