148:
832:
591:
underwent trials in May 1863 while underway to China. There was a problem in the command structure for the fleet, since the
Chinese Government expected to receive the vessels directly under their own command, and had already assigned new commanding officers and names for the ships. However, Lay and
39:
620:) by the Chinese government. The Chinese refused to provide stores or funds since Osborn would not accept a new Chinese commander. When the authorities attempted to bribe the enlisted men from the fleet to join them, Osborn sent it to Chefoo (now
704:
elders. She was assigned to be used as a cargo ship. In disgust, Matsukata gave up command of the ship he had bought, only to see it converted into a warship just a few months later under the command of his assistant, Akatsuka
Genroku.
700:
Navy, and
Matsukata intended to convert her into a warship. However, already alarmed by the high cost, as the price was four times the budget Matsukata had been authorized, he was overruled by the
592:
Osborn agreed that Osborn would only accept orders from Lay, and he in turn would only pass orders on from the
Chinese Government if he agreed with them on an individual basis. The ships reached
1697:
749:, which chased her into Awa Strait. The two ships exchanged fire at a distance of 1,200-2,500 meters, without any actual hits. The exchange was named the
534:
during the 1850s. She was the flagship of the Lay-Osborn
Flotilla, the name given to a grouping of vessels which had been arranged to be sent to China by
1722:
1702:
1175:
581:
which were procured as new builds. Permission was given by the
British Government to enlist British sailors for the Chinese flotilla, and Captain
1692:
1144:
1061:
1128:
1099:
Lengerer, Hans (2020). "The
Kanghwa Affair and Treaty: A Contribution to the Pre-History of the Chinese–Japanese War of 1894–1895".
1089:
1074:
1047:
455:
278:
1233:
840:
1328:
1297:
576:
1273:
653:
was then laid up alongside the other remaining vessels of the flotilla, since their sales were embargoed until the end of the
603:
570:
368:
716:
1732:
1717:
1456:
1249:
1214:
1206:
825:
799:
738:
226:
1336:
1168:
1153:
1668:
550:
gave permission for Lay to proceed with this task, and provided the funds to procure the ships. While some, such as
1540:
1417:
1344:
1241:
817:
728:
1606:
1433:
1320:
1281:
722:
624:). Following the intervention of a British minister, the fleet was ordered to depart for India with Osborn taking
1660:
1574:
1550:
1526:
1479:
1425:
1289:
1257:
1222:
907:
467:
1355:
1707:
1582:
917:
734:
1633:
887:
1727:
1409:
1185:
1161:
879:
358:
400:
430:
was the largest of the vessels which made up the Lay-Osborn
Flotilla. She was 241.5 feet (73.6 m)
657:. She was then acquired by her Captain Forbes once again, following the end of the conflict in 1865.
28:
585:
was co-opted to command the fleet, with the ship under the direct command of
Charles Stuart Forbes.
478:(31.3 km/h; 19.4 mph), while on two boilers she could operate at an average speed of 14.2
1712:
1502:
846:
750:
674:
530:
in 1862 and launched on March 5, 1863. Whites had become well known for winning contracts with the
499:
459:
443:
309:
1311:
38:
1625:
697:
666:
654:
535:
408:
263:
51:
696:. With a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h), and six cannons, she was faster than anything in the
741:, joined the ship on January 3 as a third-class officer and a gunner. The night of January 3,
1386:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1085:
1070:
1043:
871:
785:
634:
551:
539:
416:
17:
863:
1447:
921:
773:
435:
95:
538:, then the Inspector General of Customs for Imperial China, to help suppress the ongoing
1516:
1369:
886:
Korea. The failure of this mission was one of the underlying factors in the subsequent
883:
768:
participated in the expedition against the last remnants of the pro-Tokugawa forces in
712:
687:
678:
582:
495:
431:
412:
354:
342:
303:
153:
135:
1686:
1649:
1564:
899:
781:
527:
519:
396:
203:
1641:
1596:
1493:
777:
701:
547:
531:
492:
486:
439:
350:
1123:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986.
1470:
1400:
1265:
805:
543:
479:
475:
463:
289:
715:
in
January 1868, where she was blockaded by three ships of the Tokugawa Navy:
562:
489:
471:
451:
1112:
1197:
828:
in May 1869, until the surrender of the last forces of the Republic of Ezo.
758:
346:
1058:
The Influence of the Civil War in the US on the Meiji Restoration in Japan
916:
was demobilized in 1894 and then assigned to the mine-laying group at the
692:(approx $ 250,000 at then current exchange rates), whence she was renamed
866:
and assigned to the newly formed Imperial Japanese Navy, and was renamed
795:
769:
593:
447:
214:
474:(1,699 kW). Her engines produced an average cruising speed of 16.9
682:
392:
84:
831:
470:; however during trials she was demonstrated at producing up to 2,279-
646:
621:
611:
376:
745:
escaped from Hyōgo harbour with two other ships. She was spotted by
753:
and was the first naval battle in Japan between two modern fleets.
895:
875:
639:
523:
404:
1042:] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: The Commercial Press (Hong Kong).
1080:
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).
1157:
784:, the expedition suffered a surprise attack by the Bakufu ship
776:
with the support of a few French military advisors such as
1107:(2). International Naval Research Organization: 110–131.
450:(1,016 t). The propulsion system consisted of a 300-
845:
of the Tokugawa Shogunate Navy (background), during the
1084:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
984:
982:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
906:
was also one of the ships which participated in the
1618:
1594:
1562:
1538:
1514:
1491:
1468:
1445:
1398:
1367:
1309:
1195:
999:
997:
1121:Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage
1082:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945
686:, on November 3, 1867, for the amount of 160,000
862:was transferred from the Satsuma Domain to the
332:
878:as part of Japan's ongoing attempts to obtain
326:
1169:
8:
1069:. Nabu Press (2010 reprint of 1923 edition)
870:at that time. In 1872, under the command of
569:was one of three dispatch vessels alongside
498:. Her secondary armament consisted of four
403:. She was constructed in 1862 by Whites at
386:
1176:
1162:
1154:
839:of the Satsuma navy (forefront), and the
485:The main armament on the vessel were two
1060:. South Pacific Study Vo.16 No.1 (1995)
830:
27:For other ships with the same name, see
932:
438:of 29 feet (8.8 m) and an average
1015:
988:
973:
950:
33:
894:was assigned to blockade the port of
144:
50:
7:
1003:
1698:Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1040:Album of Chinese Warships 1855-1911
816:. The encounter has been named the
596:in September, where it was renamed
522:, laid down at Whites' shipyard at
131:Sold to Charles Stuart Forbes, 1865
924:. She was sold for scrap in 1902.
25:
874:, she carried Japanese envoys to
482:(26.3 km/h; 16.3 mph).
456:oscillating cylinder steam engine
279:Oscillating cylinder steam engine
1723:Ships of the Satsuma Domain Navy
1703:Ships built on the Isle of Wight
442:of 9.25 feet (2.82 m). She
146:
37:
1139:. London: Chatham Publishing.
1135:Wright, Richard N. J. (2000).
1033:Zhōngguójūnjiàntúzhì 1855-1911
794:attacked the state-of-the art
616:
607:
381:
372:
268:2,279 ihp (1,699 kW)
18:Japanese warship Kasuga (1862)
1:
1693:Naval ships of Imperial China
1119:Reischauer, Haru Matsukata.
826:Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay
772:, where they had formed the
361:. She was originally named
353:, serving with the navy of
333:
292:(31 km/h; 20 mph)
1749:
1619:Acquisitions (before 1871)
1067:The Imperial Japanese Navy
818:Naval Battle of Miyako Bay
804:, but she was repulsed by
561:) were purchased from the
26:
1189:(July 1869–February 1871)
908:Taiwan Expedition of 1874
407:, she formed part of the
395:'), and was a wooden
327:
194:
45:
36:
1065:Jane, Frederick Thomas.
1035:
918:Takeshiki Guard District
898:. Under the command of
236:241.5 feet (73.6 m)
888:Ganghwa Island incident
812:and cannon response by
506:Construction and career
252:9.25 feet (2.82 m)
195:General characteristics
1186:Imperial Japanese Navy
1137:The Chinese Steam Navy
890:of 1875, during which
880:diplomatic recognition
854:Imperial Japanese Navy
850:
835:Encounter between the
820:. After these events
557:(subsequently renamed
359:Imperial Japanese Navy
357:, and later with the
341:was a Japanese wooden
1101:Warship International
834:
761:after that exchange.
466:, equipped with four
401:Imperial Chinese Navy
1733:Naval ships of China
1718:Naval ships of Japan
824:participated in the
739:Admiral of the Fleet
500:18-pounder long guns
415:Flotilla during the
310:18-pounder long guns
244:29 feet (8.8 m)
29:Japanese ship Kasuga
1184:First ships of the
847:Naval Battle of Awa
751:Naval Battle of Awa
675:Matsukata Masayoshi
511:Lay-Osborn Flotilla
52:Lay-Osborn Flotilla
1056:Haraguchi, Izumi.
1031:Chen, Yue (2013).
851:
698:Tokugawa shogunate
655:American Civil War
536:Horatio Nelson Lay
1680:
1679:
1146:978-1-861-76144-6
673:was purchased by
540:Taiping Rebellion
417:Taiping Rebellion
389:
317:
316:
138:, 3 November 1867
16:(Redirected from
1740:
1541:Bitchū-Matsuyama
1190:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1116:
1095:
1053:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
992:
986:
977:
971:
954:
948:
864:Meiji government
618:
609:
390:
387:
383:
374:
340:
338:
330:
329:
156:
151:
150:
149:
41:
34:
21:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1708:Paddle steamers
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1614:
1590:
1558:
1534:
1510:
1487:
1464:
1441:
1394:
1363:
1305:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1147:
1134:
1098:
1092:
1079:
1050:
1037:
1036:中國軍艦圖誌1855-1911
1030:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
995:
987:
980:
972:
957:
949:
934:
930:
922:Tsushima Island
858:In April 1870,
856:
774:Republic of Ezo
764:In March 1869,
735:Tōgō Heihachirō
663:
645:to Bombay (now
520:dispatch vessel
513:
508:
496:68-pounder guns
425:
397:dispatch vessel
345:warship of the
324:
304:68-pounder guns
257:Installed power
204:Dispatch vessel
182:2 February 1894
174:3 November 1867
152:
147:
145:
96:J. Samuel White
76:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1659:(Transports):
1656:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:(Transports):
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1573:(Transports):
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1549:(Transports):
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1525:(Transports):
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1354:(Transports):
1351:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1232:(Transports):
1229:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1132:
1117:
1096:
1090:
1077:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1008:
993:
978:
955:
931:
929:
926:
884:Joseon dynasty
872:Itō Toshiyoshi
855:
852:
662:
659:
583:Sherard Osborn
512:
509:
507:
504:
493:muzzle-loading
454:(220 kW)
424:
421:
399:built for the
355:Satsuma Domain
343:paddle steamer
315:
314:
313:
312:
306:
298:
294:
293:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
223:
219:
218:
217:(1,310 t)
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
179:Decommissioned
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
154:Satsuma Domain
142:
141:
140:
139:
136:Satsuma Domain
132:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
82:
78:
77:
75:
74:
68:
61:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1745:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:1862 in Japan
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1672:
1671:
1670:Karafuto Maru
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1129:0-674-78800-1
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1091:0-87021-893-X
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1075:1-142-91693-6
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:9789620703614
1045:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1018:, p. 18.
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
991:, p. 19.
990:
985:
983:
979:
976:, p. 17.
975:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
953:, p. 16.
952:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:Inoue Yoshika
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
848:
844:
843:
838:
833:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:on board the
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
725:
720:
719:
714:
713:Hyōgo harbour
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
685:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
605:
601:
600:
595:
590:
586:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Isle of Wight
525:
521:
518:was a wooden
517:
510:
505:
503:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Day & Co.
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
378:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
336:
323:
322:
311:
307:
305:
301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
291:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
267:
265:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
193:
190:Scrapped 1902
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
155:
143:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
86:
83:
80:
79:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
44:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1669:
1661:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1607:
1583:
1575:
1551:
1527:
1503:
1480:
1457:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1356:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1243:Shōkaku Maru
1242:
1234:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1136:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1081:
1066:
1057:
1039:
1032:
1011:
1006:, p. 8.
913:
912:
903:
891:
867:
859:
857:
841:
836:
821:
813:
809:
806:Gatling guns
800:
791:
786:
778:Jules Brunet
765:
763:
757:returned to
754:
746:
742:
730:Shōkaku Maru
729:
723:
717:
708:
707:
702:Shimazu clan
693:
688:
681:
677:, a leading
670:
664:
650:
642:
633:
629:
625:
615:
598:
597:
588:
587:
577:
571:
566:
558:
553:
548:Qing Dynasty
532:Ottoman Navy
515:
514:
484:
432:long overall
427:
426:
380:
363:
362:
351:Meiji period
334:
320:
319:
318:
222:Tons burthen
210:Displacement
164:
134:Sold to the
113:5 March 1863
70:
64:
1608:Kōsoku Maru
1504:Yōshun Maru
1435:Denryū Maru
1330:Teibō No. 2
1322:Teibō No. 1
1299:Chōgei Maru
1283:Risshō Maru
1267:Kanrin Maru
1216:Chiyodagata
1016:Wright 2000
989:Wright 2000
974:Wright 2000
951:Wright 2000
860:Kasuga Maru
837:Kasuga Maru
822:Kasuga Maru
814:Kasuga Maru
780:. While at
766:Kasuga Maru
755:Kasuga Maru
743:Kasuga Maru
724:Banryū Maru
709:Kasuga Maru
694:Kasuga Maru
544:Prince Gong
464:Southampton
458:, built by
321:Kasuga Maru
1713:1862 ships
1687:Categories
1662:Tōkyō Maru
1576:Ōsaka Maru
1552:Kaifū Maru
1528:Hijun Maru
1481:Izumi Maru
1427:Ennen Maru
1291:Kaiun Maru
1259:Hiryō Maru
1251:Kankō Maru
1235:Chōyō Maru
1025:References
842:Kaiyo Maru
782:Miyako Bay
747:Kaiyō Maru
718:Kaiyō Maru
661:Boshin War
563:Royal Navy
490:smoothbore
472:horsepower
452:horsepower
349:and early
335:Vernal Sun
275:Propulsion
118:In service
1357:Kayō Maru
1113:0043-0374
1004:Chen 2013
759:Kagoshima
737:, future
665:While at
630:Kwangtung
578:Kwangtung
448:long tons
444:displaced
347:Bakumatsu
215:long tons
121:1863–1864
102:Laid down
1584:Kōkyōsen
1448:Kumamoto
1275:Hōō Maru
1224:Fujiyama
1198:Shogunal
796:ironclad
770:Hokkaido
711:entered
671:Keangsoo
667:Nagasaki
651:Keangsoo
638:and the
626:Keangsoo
594:Shanghai
589:Keangsoo
572:Tientsin
567:Keangsoo
516:Keangsoo
434:, had a
428:Keangsoo
364:Keangsoo
297:Armament
171:Acquired
110:Launched
87:province
81:Namesake
65:Keangsoo
1651:Kawachi
1643:Musashi
1627:Tsukuba
1595:Former
1563:Former
1539:Former
1517:Morioka
1515:Former
1492:Former
1469:Former
1446:Former
1411:Nisshin
1399:Former
1370:Satsuma
1368:Former
1310:Former
1208:Kōtetsu
1196:Former
810:Kōtetsu
801:Kōtetsu
683:samurai
679:Satsuma
649:). The
604:Chinese
599:Chen Wu
546:of the
526:on the
487:mounted
468:boilers
393:Jiangsu
382:Jiāngsū
369:Chinese
249:Draught
92:Builder
85:Jiangsu
71:Chen Wu
46:History
1635:Settsu
1565:Kokura
1419:Mōshun
1380:Kasuga
1312:Chōshū
1143:
1127:
1111:
1088:
1073:
1046:
914:Kasuga
904:Kasuga
892:Kasuga
868:Kasuga
792:Kaiten
787:Kaiten
647:Mumbai
622:Yantai
617:Zhènwú
614::
612:pinyin
606::
554:Africa
446:1,000
423:Design
413:Osborn
379::
377:pinyin
371::
233:Length
213:1,289
165:Kasuga
1597:Sunpu
1494:Akita
1458:Ryūjō
1388:Kenkō
1346:Hōshō
1338:Un'yō
1038:[
928:Notes
896:Busan
882:from
876:Korea
798:ship
643:Thule
640:yacht
559:China
524:Cowes
480:knots
476:knots
440:draft
405:Cowes
391:'
290:knots
285:Speed
225:1000
1599:Navy
1567:Navy
1543:Navy
1519:Navy
1496:Navy
1473:Navy
1471:Tosa
1450:Navy
1403:Navy
1401:Saga
1372:Navy
1333:第二丁卯
1325:第一丁卯
1314:Navy
1219:千代田形
1200:Navy
1141:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1109:ISSN
1105:LVII
1086:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1044:ISBN
727:and
635:Amoy
575:and
552:HMS
436:beam
388:lit.
308:4 ×
302:2 ×
262:300
241:Beam
200:Type
187:Fate
161:Name
126:Fate
105:1862
73:(鎮吳)
67:(江蘇)
58:Name
1227:富士山
920:on
689:ryō
462:of
409:Lay
328:春日丸
288:17
264:nhp
1689::
1673:樺太
1665:東京
1654:河内
1646:武蔵
1638:摂津
1630:筑波
1611:行速
1587:虹橋
1579:大坂
1555:快風
1531:飛隼
1507:陽春
1484:和泉
1461:龍驤
1438:電流
1430:延年
1422:孟春
1414:日進
1391:乾行
1383:春日
1360:華陽
1349:鳳翔
1341:雲揚
1302:長鯨
1294:開運
1286:立象
1278:鳳凰
1270:咸臨
1262:飛龍
1254:観光
1246:翔鶴
1238:朝陽
1211:甲鉄
1103:.
996:^
981:^
958:^
935:^
910:.
902:,
790:.
733:.
721:,
669:,
632:,
628:,
610:;
608:鎮吳
565:,
542:.
502:.
419:.
385:;
375:;
373:江蘇
331:,
227:bm
1177:e
1170:t
1163:v
1149:.
1131:.
1115:.
1094:.
1052:.
849:.
602:(
411:-
367:(
339:)
325:(
31:.
20:)
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