Knowledge (XXG)

Japhetic theory

Source 📝

332:, In the article, Stalin rebuts the Japhetic hypothesis, stating that "N. Ya. Marr introduced into linguistics another and also incorrect and non-Marxist formula, regarding the ‘class character’ of language, and got himself into a muddle and put linguistics into a muddle. Soviet linguistics cannot be advanced on the basis of an incorrect formula which is contrary to the whole course of the history of peoples and languages." Since then, the Japhetic hypothesis has been seen as deeply flawed, both inside and outside the former Soviet Union, but some of Marr's surviving students continued to defend and develop it into the late 1960s. 36: 274:
to linguistics, arguing that these different strata of language corresponded to different social classes. He stated that the same social classes in widely different countries spoke versions of their own languages that were linguistically closer to one another than to the speech of other classes who
1674: 317:
from 1926 until 1930 and the Japhetic Institute of the Academy of Sciences from 1921 until his death in 1934. He was elected vice-president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1930.
246:
in the 1830s). In 1917, Marr enthusiastically endorsed the revolution, and offered his services to the new Soviet regime. He was soon accepted as the country's leading linguist.
1784: 279:
far beyond its original meaning, by trying to apply it to language. Marr also insisted that the notion that a people are united by common language was nothing more than
735: 632: 1740: 1681: 464: 1645: 614: 1769: 839: 1091: 582: 168:. The hypothesis gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s among some Soviet linguists for ideological reasons as it was thought to represent " 321: 185: 544:
Gerasimov, Ilya; Glebov, Sergey; Mogilner, Marina (2016). "Hybridity: Marrism and the Problems of Language of the Imperial Situation".
1694: 484:
First published in the June 20, July 4, and August 2, 1950 issues of Pravda; reprinted by Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow.
528: 503: 119: 275:
supposedly spoke “the same” language. This aspect of Marr's thinking was an attempt to extend the Marxist theory of international
1069: 866: 299: 53: 1194: 1799: 1719: 1661: 1377: 856: 270:
over which the Indo-European languages had imposed themselves. Using this model, Marr attempted to apply the Marxist theory of
100: 713: 57: 72: 1514: 1726: 981: 79: 1789: 1337: 1054: 607: 1747: 346: 1804: 1733: 1464: 1407: 931: 314: 46: 1347: 794: 205: 86: 328:, was published in major Soviet periodicals. It was inspired by the writings of Marr's most energetic opponent, 1305: 1199: 1165: 1049: 267: 1712: 1630: 1382: 1064: 1003: 774: 263: 68: 1794: 1774: 1544: 1412: 1325: 1300: 1290: 1148: 851: 718: 600: 472: 1549: 1534: 1427: 1059: 998: 993: 886: 427: 284: 1539: 1499: 1170: 976: 769: 698: 407: 153: 1635: 1469: 779: 371: 280: 276: 1705: 1604: 1579: 1417: 1367: 1242: 1076: 1024: 911: 891: 646: 561: 303: 259: 233: 313:
Obtaining recognition of his hypothesis from Soviet officials, Marr was permitted to manage the
1667: 1640: 1569: 1237: 1225: 1177: 1133: 1039: 681: 671: 524: 499: 295: 255: 294:
footing for it. He hypothesized that modern languages tend to fuse into a single language of
93: 17: 1779: 1609: 1310: 1269: 1231: 1153: 1123: 1118: 921: 553: 442: 329: 213: 177: 161: 1625: 1593: 1479: 1454: 1143: 1103: 1019: 951: 871: 844: 834: 829: 764: 243: 229: 180:. The hypothesis finally fell into disrepute and was largely discarded after 1950, when 1599: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1524: 1519: 1494: 1187: 1128: 961: 926: 724: 666: 656: 366: 356: 341: 307: 271: 1763: 1688: 1484: 1315: 1259: 1138: 1086: 1034: 881: 819: 814: 676: 661: 623: 565: 460: 351: 325: 181: 149: 1554: 1474: 1432: 1372: 1264: 1215: 1098: 1029: 916: 861: 809: 799: 789: 759: 688: 496:
Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities
225: 201: 145: 1459: 1220: 946: 936: 804: 754: 238: 217: 169: 165: 133: 35: 184:
published a scathing critique of the views of Marr and his supporters, titled "
1699: 1529: 1509: 1504: 1392: 1387: 1362: 1357: 1247: 1182: 1113: 1081: 988: 956: 896: 693: 361: 1675:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
1584: 1402: 1352: 1320: 1295: 1160: 966: 941: 906: 708: 651: 446: 173: 557: 1342: 901: 876: 824: 784: 703: 209: 157: 1589: 1489: 1422: 1332: 1285: 1252: 291: 197: 1397: 224:, Japheth's brother). Marr postulated a common origin of Caucasian, 971: 428:"The Rise and Fall and Revival of the Ibero-Caucasian Hypothesis" 592: 290:
To draw support for his speculative doctrine, Marr elaborated a
221: 596: 320:
In 1950, sixteen years after Marr's death, an article titled "
29: 1044: 589:): a hostile but thorough exposition of Japhetic hypothesis 415:. Cahiers de l’ILSL. Vol. 20. UniversitĂ© de Lausanne. 176:
science", but also had numerous detractors, most notably
1654: 1618: 1445: 1278: 1208: 1012: 747: 734: 639: 262:had existed across Europe before the advent of the 204:, in order to characterise his hypothesis that the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 409:Un paradigme perdu : la linguistique marriste 302:in the 1920s and 1930s to replace the existing 258:, Marr developed his hypothesis to claim that 27:Discredited theory of linguistic relationships 633:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 608: 8: 587:The Nationality Problem of the Soviet Union 498:. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. 1785:Science and technology in the Soviet Union 744: 615: 601: 593: 1741:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 1682:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 232:. This initial hypothesis pre-dated the 1646:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 383: 393:The Linguistic Theories of N. Ja. Marr 266:. They could still be recognised as a 236:(the first reference to it is made in 196:Marr adopted the term "Japhetic" from 152:(1864–1934) postulated that the 465:"Marxism and Problems of Linguistics" 7: 298:. This hypothesis was the basis for 58:adding citations to reliable sources 322:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 186:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 1695:James Randi Educational Foundation 25: 585:(chapter 4 of Roman Smal-Stocki, 395:. University of California Press. 300:a mass campaign of "Latinisation" 1092:Strauss–Howe generational theory 1070:Moon landing conspiracy theories 867:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 34: 1720:The Natural History of Quackery 1662:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 45:needs additional citations for 1: 523:. I. B. Tauris. p. 205. 18:Japhetic theory (linguistics) 1770:Obsolete scientific theories 1727:The Psychology of the Occult 982:Traditional Chinese medicine 857:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 714:Superseded scientific theory 583:The Soviet Linguistic Theory 1338:Electronic voice phenomenon 1195:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 1055:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 435:Historiographia Linguistica 306:of minority languages with 1821: 1734:The Ragged Edge of Science 1465:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 1408:Pseudoscientific metrology 932:Miracle Mineral Supplement 519:Dahrendorf, Ellen (2005). 426:Tuite, K. (January 2008). 315:National Library of Russia 1348:Facilitated communication 630: 212:area were related to the 200:, the name of one of the 1748:The Skeptic's Dictionary 1306:Biological transmutation 1226:Faster-than-light travel 1200:Enneagram of Personality 1166:Recovered-memory therapy 1050:9/11 conspiracy theories 406:SĂ©riot, P., ed. (2005). 347:DenĂ©-Caucasian languages 172:science" as opposed to " 160:area are related to the 150:Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr 1713:The Demon-Haunted World 1631:Bourgeois pseudoscience 1065:COVID-19 misinformation 1004:Young blood transfusion 775:Anthroposophic medicine 447:10.1075/hl.35.1-2.05tui 264:Indo-European languages 1800:Historical linguistics 1545:Corentin Louis Kervran 1413:Rapid prompting method 1301:Biodynamic agriculture 1291:Aquatic ape hypothesis 1149:Historical negationism 852:Doctrine of signatures 719:True-believer syndrome 494:Smith, Graham (1998). 391:Thomas, L. L. (1957). 1550:The Light (newspaper) 1535:William Donald Kelley 1428:Voice stress analysis 1060:Climate change denial 999:Wind turbine syndrome 994:Vertebral subluxation 887:Germ theory denialism 558:10.1353/imp.2016.0023 285:bourgeois nationalism 1540:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 1500:Ignatius L. Donnelly 1171:Past life regression 1030:Arabian Judah theory 977:Traditional medicine 770:Alternative medicine 699:Pathological science 154:Kartvelian languages 54:improve this article 1636:Demarcation problem 1470:Brigitte Boisselier 1099:Hollow Earth theory 1082:Generational theory 780:Applied kinesiology 372:Sun Language Theory 281:false consciousness 277:class consciousness 138:Japhetic hypothesis 1790:Soviet phraseology 1706:Skeptical Inquirer 1605:Paul Joseph Watson 1580:Hans Alfred Nieper 1418:Statement analysis 1368:Intelligent design 1243:Reactionless drive 1077:Conversion therapy 1025:Ancient astronauts 912:Leaky gut syndrome 892:HIV/AIDS denialism 647:Cargo cult science 521:The Unknown Stalin 304:Cyrillic alphabets 260:Japhetic languages 234:October Revolution 1805:Pseudolinguistics 1757: 1756: 1668:Cults of Unreason 1641:Scientific method 1570:Ministry of Ayush 1515:Nicholas Gonzalez 1441: 1440: 1378:Law of attraction 1358:Flat Earth theory 1238:Quantum mysticism 1178:Scientific racism 1134:Pseudoarchaeology 1040:Conspiracy theory 738:characterized as 682:Pseudomathematics 672:Pseudoarchaeology 296:communist society 256:Soviet government 214:Semitic languages 208:languages of the 162:Semitic languages 130: 129: 122: 104: 69:"Japhetic theory" 16:(Redirected from 1812: 1610:Andrew Wakefield 1311:Creation science 1270:Water-fueled car 1232:Perpetual motion 1154:Holocaust denial 1124:Nibiru cataclysm 1119:Nazi archaeology 922:Macrobiotic diet 745: 617: 610: 603: 594: 570: 569: 541: 535: 534: 516: 510: 509: 491: 485: 483: 481: 480: 471:. Archived from 457: 451: 450: 432: 423: 417: 416: 414: 403: 397: 396: 388: 330:Arnold Chikobava 230:Basque languages 178:Arnold Chikobava 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1650: 1626:Bogdanov affair 1614: 1594:Claude Vorilhon 1480:Robert Charroux 1455:Sucharit Bhakdi 1447: 1437: 1274: 1204: 1144:Genocide denial 1109:Japhetic theory 1104:Indigo children 1020:2012 phenomenon 1008: 952:Patent medicine 872:Energy medicine 845:Colon cleansing 830:Crystal healing 765:Adrenal fatigue 739: 737: 730: 635: 626: 621: 579: 574: 573: 543: 542: 538: 531: 518: 517: 513: 506: 493: 492: 488: 478: 476: 459: 458: 454: 430: 425: 424: 420: 412: 405: 404: 400: 390: 389: 385: 380: 338: 308:Latin alphabets 252: 244:Adam Mickiewicz 226:Semitic-Hamitic 194: 142:Japhetic theory 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1818: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1619:Related topics 1616: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1600:Randolph Stone 1597: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1575:Theodor Morell 1572: 1567: 1565:Joseph Mercola 1562: 1560:Jenny McCarthy 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525:Graham Hancock 1522: 1520:Goop (company) 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1495:Vernon Coleman 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1260:Teleportation‎ 1257: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1188:Melanin theory 1185: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1131: 1129:Parapsychology 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1013:Social science 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 985: 984: 974: 969: 964: 962:Primal therapy 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 927:Magnet therapy 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 848: 847: 840:Detoxification 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 751: 749: 742: 732: 731: 729: 728: 725:Voodoo Science 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 667:Fringe science 659: 654: 649: 643: 641: 637: 636: 631: 628: 627: 622: 620: 619: 612: 605: 597: 591: 590: 578: 577:External links 575: 572: 571: 536: 529: 511: 504: 486: 461:Stalin, Joseph 452: 441:(1–2): 23–82. 418: 398: 382: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 369: 367:Proto-language 364: 359: 357:Lemurian Tamil 354: 349: 344: 342:Georgy Danilov 337: 334: 324:", written by 272:class struggle 251: 248: 193: 190: 128: 127: 110:September 2009 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1817: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1795:Pseudoscience 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775:Pseudohistory 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1689:Fortean Times 1686: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485:Deepak Chopra 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448:pseudoscience 1444: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1316:Cryptozoology 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216:Anti-gravity‎ 1214: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139:Pseudohistory 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1087:Generationism 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045:5G conspiracy 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035:Catastrophism 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 983: 980: 979: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 882:FasciaBlaster 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 820:Correactology 818: 816: 815:Chromotherapy 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 750: 746: 743: 741: 740:pseudoscience 733: 727: 726: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 680: 678: 677:Pseudohistory 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662:Fringe theory 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 625: 624:Pseudoscience 618: 613: 611: 606: 604: 599: 598: 595: 588: 584: 581: 580: 576: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 540: 537: 532: 530:1-85043-980-X 526: 522: 515: 512: 507: 505:0-521-59968-7 501: 497: 490: 487: 475:on 2000-09-02 474: 470: 466: 462: 456: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 429: 422: 419: 411: 410: 402: 399: 394: 387: 384: 377: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Khazar theory 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 335: 333: 331: 327: 326:Joseph Stalin 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 249: 247: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220:(named after 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 191: 189: 187: 183: 182:Joseph Stalin 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: â€“  70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1555:Mike Lindell 1475:Rhonda Byrne 1446:Promoters of 1433:Water memory 1373:Laundry ball 1265:Tractor beam 1221:Cold fusion‎ 1108: 917:Lunar effect 862:Ear candling 810:Chiropractic 800:Bloodletting 790:Bates method 760:Aromatherapy 723: 689:Junk science 586: 552:(1): 27–68. 549: 545: 539: 520: 514: 495: 489: 477:. Retrieved 473:the original 469:marxists.org 468: 455: 438: 434: 421: 408: 401: 392: 386: 319: 312: 289: 283:created by “ 253: 237: 202:sons of Noah 195: 141: 137: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 1460:Del Bigtree 947:Panchagavya 937:Naturopathy 805:Body memory 755:Acupuncture 640:Terminology 242:written by 239:Pan Tadeusz 218:Middle East 170:proletarian 166:Middle East 134:linguistics 1764:Categories 1700:Quackwatch 1530:David Icke 1510:Max Gerson 1505:Gaia, Inc. 1393:Numerology 1388:Lysenkoism 1383:Levitation 1363:Graphology 1248:Dean drive 1183:Aryan race 1114:Mediumship 989:Trepanning 957:Phrenology 897:Homeopathy 795:Biorhythms 694:Paranormal 546:Ab Imperio 479:2020-07-07 378:References 362:Lysenkoism 268:substratum 254:Under the 250:Hypothesis 206:Kartvelian 80:newspapers 1655:Resources 1585:Mehmet Oz 1403:Polygraph 1353:Feng shui 1321:Dianetics 1296:Astrology 1161:Pseudolaw 967:Radionics 942:Palmistry 907:Iridology 709:Snake oil 652:Charlatan 566:147952048 174:bourgeois 148:linguist 1343:Eugenics 1326:Auditing 902:Humorism 877:Fad diet 825:Cryonics 785:Ayurveda 748:Medicine 704:Quackery 336:See also 210:Caucasus 158:Caucasus 1780:Japheth 1490:Clonaid 1423:Ufology 1333:Dowsing 1286:Alchemy 1253:EMDrive 1209:Physics 835:Cupping 736:Topics 292:Marxist 216:of the 198:Japheth 164:of the 156:of the 94:scholar 1398:Orgone 564:  527:  502:  228:, and 146:Soviet 136:, the 96:  89:  82:  75:  67:  1279:Other 972:Reiki 657:Crank 562:S2CID 431:(PDF) 413:(PDF) 101:JSTOR 87:books 1590:RaĂ«l 550:2016 525:ISBN 500:ISBN 222:Shem 192:Term 73:news 554:doi 443:doi 287:”. 188:". 144:of 140:or 132:In 56:by 1766:: 560:. 548:. 467:. 463:. 439:35 437:. 433:. 310:. 1596:) 1592:( 1234:‎ 1228:‎ 616:e 609:t 602:v 568:. 556:: 533:. 508:. 482:. 449:. 445:: 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Index

Japhetic theory (linguistics)

verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"Japhetic theory"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message
linguistics
Soviet
Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr
Kartvelian languages
Caucasus
Semitic languages
Middle East
proletarian
bourgeois
Arnold Chikobava
Joseph Stalin
Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
Japheth
sons of Noah
Kartvelian
Caucasus
Semitic languages
Middle East

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑