871:
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655:
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199:
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placoderms, which had true teeth that grew on the surface of the jawbone and had no roots, making them impossible to replace or regrow as they broke or wore down as they grew older, proves the common ancestor of all gnathostomes had teeth and place the origin of teeth along with, or soon after, the evolution of jaws.
543:
and had pelvic girdles more in common with placoderms than with other bony fish, show that it was a relative rather than a direct ancestor of the extant gnathostomes. It also indicates that spiny sharks and
Chondrichthyes represent a single sister group to the bony fishes. Fossil findings of juvenile
512:
Jaw development in vertebrates is likely a product of the supporting gill arches. This development would help push water into the mouth by the movement of the jaw, so that it would pass over the gills for gas exchange. The repetitive use of the newly formed jaw bones would eventually lead to the
1237:
of some ancestral jawless fishes that had a gill skeleton made of pieces of jointed cartilage. The common name "spiny sharks" is really a misnomer for these early jawed fishes. The name was coined because they were superficially shark-shaped, with a streamlined body, paired fins, and a strongly
1472:
The ancestor of all jawed vertebrates have gone through two rounds of whole genome duplication. The first happened before the gnathostome and cyclostome split, and appears to have been an autopolyploidy event (happened within the same species). The second occurred after the split, and was an
1311:
skeletons. The vast majority of fish are osteichthyes, which is an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, with over 435 families and 28,000 species. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish
1492:
elements. The first set of these elements surrounded the mouth to form the jaw. The upper portion of the second embryonic arch supporting the gill became the hyomandibular bone of jawed fish, which supports the skull and therefore links the jaw to the cranium. The
1131:, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class). Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates, the extant members of which all fall into
526:
had a bony skeleton and anatomical details associated with cartilaginous and bony fish, demonstrating that the absence of a bony skeleton in
Chondrichthyes is a derived trait. The fossil findings of primitive bony fishes such as
2750:
tissue like most other bones); (2) both structures form the upper and lower bars that bend forward and are hinged in the middle; and (3) the musculature of the jaw seem homologous to the gill arches of jawless fishes. (Gilbert
1059:
arches. A 380-million-year-old fossil of one species represents the oldest known example of live birth. The first identifiable placoderms evolved in the late
Silurian; they began a dramatic decline during the
494:(extinct fish with bony plates) were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
1702:
Rodriguez-Pascual, Fernando (27 October 2021), "The
Evolutionary Origin of Elastin: Is Fibrillin the Lost Ancestor?", in Sashank Madhurapantula, Rama; Orgel P.R.O., Joseph; Loewy, Zvi (eds.),
1389:, have lost some or all of their limbs, and many tetrapods have returned to partially aquatic or (in the case of cetaceans and sirenians) fully aquatic lives. The tetrapods evolved from the
555:
or "shark-like fishes", may mark
Gnathostomata's first appearance in the fossil record. Undeniably unambiguous gnathostome fossils, mostly of primitive acanthodians, begin appearing by the
435:. Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates, including humans. Most gnathostomes have retained ancestral traits like true
1886:
1453:
The appearance of the early vertebrate jaw has been described as "a crucial innovation" and "perhaps the most profound and radical evolutionary step in the vertebrate history".
1913:
1397:. The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which land colonization occurred, remain unclear, and are areas of active research and debate among
2876:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (28 September 2022).
2461:
870:
2821:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
2396:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
2333:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
5025:
4262:
5094:
3534:
2482:
3679:
1746:"Comparative study of cartilaginous fish divulges insights into the early evolution of primary, secondary and mucosal lymphoid tissue architecture"
5012:
4345:
1469:
that did survive, have yielded little insight into the deep remodelling of the vertebrate skull that must have taken place as early jaws evolved.
2946:
2265:
Sansom, Ivan J.; Smith, Moya M.; Smith, M. Paul (15 February 1996). "Scales of thelodont and shark-like fishes from the
Ordovician of Colorado".
5089:
2681:
2652:
1721:
1679:
4267:
1457:
had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws, and most jawless fish became extinct during the
Triassic period. However studies of the
1890:
1339:
2973:
1428:
Spindle diagram for the evolution of fish and other vertebrate classes. The earliest classes that developed jaws were the now extinct
2525:
2535:
2508:
2183:
Rücklin, Martin; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Johanson, Zerina; Trinajstic, Kate; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco (17 October 2012).
1238:
upturned tail; stout bony spines supported all the fins except the tail – hence, "spiny sharks". The earliest recorded acanthodian,
1201:). They may have been an independent phylogenetic branch of fishes, which had evolved from little-specialized forms close to recent
3709:
5051:
1952:
1628:
1914:"A new osteostracan fauna from the Devonian of the Welsh Borderlands and observations on the taxonomy and growth of Osteostraci"
4692:
3527:
4493:
2697:
Khonsari, R. H.; Li, B.; Vernier, P.; Northcutt, R. G.; Janvier, P. (2009). "Agnathan brain anatomy and craniate phylogeny".
5017:
4915:
4272:
2458:
5084:
4279:
476:
198:
4937:
4338:
1622:
Castro, L. Filipe C.; Gonçalves, Odete; Mazan, Sylvie; Tay, Boon-Hui; Venkatesh, Byrappa; M. Wilson, Jonathan (2014).
3720:
4978:
3559:
3520:
3714:
5030:
4991:
4247:
1979:"Discriminating signal from noise in the fossil record of early vertebrates reveals cryptic evolutionary history"
654:
4819:
4257:
1061:
779:
31:
2778:
Clack, J. A. (1994). "Earliest known tetrapod braincase and the evolution of the stapes and fenestra ovalis".
2602:"The origin of the vertebrate jaw: Intersection between developmental biology-based model and fossil evidence"
3704:
3686:
520:
was most likely the ancestor of present-day gnathostomes. A 419-million-year-old fossil of a placoderm named
4305:
3698:
5079:
4877:
4331:
2966:
2054:
Min Zhu; et al. (10 October 2013). "A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones".
1262:
1240:
460:
2105:
Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Choo, Brian; Qu, Qingming; Jia, Liantao; Zhao, Wenjin; Qiao, Tuo; Lu, Jing (2012).
5038:
2941:
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4790:
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4252:
3939:
2889:
2834:
2787:
2613:
2409:
2346:
2274:
2196:
2118:
2063:
1578:
1377:. Amphibians today generally remain semi-aquatic, living the first stage of their lives as fish-like
1014:
4649:
4424:
5099:
5056:
4752:
4451:
2732:
Hagfish genome illuminates vertebrate whole genome duplications and their evolutionary consequences
2731:
2165:
1321:
472:
482:
It is now assumed that
Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both
4720:
4670:
3988:
3836:
2921:
2858:
2803:
2714:
2441:
2378:
2290:
2228:
2087:
1944:
1775:
1727:
1477:
1304:
1178:
448:
193:
5043:
4660:
1624:"Recurrent gene loss correlates with the evolution of stomach phenotypes in gnathostome history"
4162:
4110:
4067:
4061:
4024:
4012:
3982:
3637:
3543:
2959:
2913:
2905:
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2582:
2531:
2504:
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2425:
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2362:
2220:
2212:
2146:
2079:
2016:
1998:
1936:
1868:
1816:
1767:
1717:
1675:
1604:
1448:
1083:
443:, and paired appendages (pectoral and pelvic fins, arms, legs, wings, etc.). Other traits are
165:
2669:
4295:
4206:
4189:
3903:
3818:
2897:
2842:
2795:
2706:
2621:
2572:
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2417:
2354:
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2006:
1990:
1928:
1858:
1850:
1806:
1757:
1707:
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1645:
1637:
1594:
1586:
1569:
1502:
1398:
1186:
1021:
572:
556:
349:
3692:
2107:"Fossil Fishes from China Provide First Evidence of Dermal Pelvic Girdles in Osteichthyans"
1209:, but their fins had a wide, bony base and were reinforced on their anterior margin with a
826:
733:
694:
4808:
4468:
4175:
4138:
4018:
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3375:
3129:
3095:
3022:
2465:
1345:
1218:
1078:
1045:
1017:
669:
135:
1320:). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420 million years ago, which are also
2893:
2838:
2791:
2617:
2413:
2350:
2308:
2278:
2200:
2122:
2067:
1839:"An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates"
1582:
4986:
4973:
4681:
4482:
4150:
4128:
4073:
4055:
4006:
3998:
3975:
3933:
3909:
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3244:
3216:
3123:
2577:
2552:
2141:
2106:
2011:
1978:
1863:
1650:
1623:
1599:
1564:
1324:, showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes.
1313:
1308:
1202:
1182:
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1089:
1069:
728:
688:
576:
314:
268:
181:
173:
169:
55:
35:
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5073:
4942:
4704:
4568:
4557:
4099:
3946:
3921:
3783:
3665:
3645:
3487:
3392:
3255:
2925:
2862:
2822:
2710:
2445:
2397:
2382:
2334:
2247:
1779:
1731:
1524:
1390:
1317:
747:
529:
522:
397:
97:
2807:
2718:
1948:
1838:
475:
to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the
4730:
4510:
4211:
4090:
4030:
3915:
3848:
3743:
3367:
3322:
3227:
3171:
3008:
2743:
2294:
2232:
2091:
1494:
1458:
1297:
1277:
1120:
713:
709:
684:
506:
324:
291:
177:
156:
1213:
spine. They are distinguished in two respects: they were the earliest known jawed
2642:
2131:
1932:
490:, were thought to have lacked pectoral or pelvic fins. In addition to this, some
4999:
4909:
4779:
4770:
4589:
4537:
4198:
4184:
4120:
4049:
3854:
3809:
3756:
3601:
3284:
3184:
2877:
2494:
1433:
1291:
1124:
552:
498:
72:
39:
17:
2901:
2846:
2762:
2421:
2358:
1811:
1794:
4758:
4741:
4639:
4609:
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4414:
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3960:
3897:
3842:
3824:
3623:
3614:
3480:
3419:
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3111:
3045:
2626:
2601:
2568:
2184:
1762:
1745:
1541:
1537:
1513:
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region in most fishes. It usually plays a role in suspending the jaws or the
1358:
1257:
1230:
1214:
1190:
1170:
1163:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1007:
1000:
981:
979:
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623:
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308:
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82:
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4170:
3927:
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3411:
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3002:
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records are known, the oldest unambigious evidence of jawed vertebrates are
1506:
1489:
1481:
1429:
1422:
1386:
1362:
1351:
1329:
1234:
1174:
1173:, or spiny sharks are a class of extinct fishes, sharing features with both
1100:
850:
759:
604:
588:
517:
491:
210:
185:
122:
66:
4900:
2917:
2854:
2586:
2437:
2374:
2224:
2150:
2083:
2020:
1994:
1872:
1854:
1820:
1771:
1641:
1608:
1156:
146:
2951:
1668:
Zaccone, Giacomo; Dabrowski, Konrad; Hedrick, Michael S. (5 August 2015).
994:
4952:
4894:
4825:
4796:
4527:
4372:
4133:
4078:
4035:
3830:
3629:
3607:
3569:
3381:
3309:
3297:
3059:
3030:
2983:
2747:
2469:
1529:
1518:
1473:
allopolyploidy event (the result of hybridization between two lineages).
1444:
1394:
1268:
1249:
1245:
1206:
1128:
1116:
1044:
were covered by articulated armoured plates and the rest of the body was
1033:
1029:
865:
774:
560:
487:
483:
329:
230:
112:
107:
92:
87:
77:
59:
2208:
2075:
1590:
1286:
4221:
3761:
3751:
3733:
3494:
3333:
3179:
1533:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1378:
1366:
793:
612:
600:
444:
440:
127:
102:
5004:
2503:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana, USA.: Indiana University Press.
1233:). The acanthodians' jaws are presumed to have evolved from the first
4366:
3584:
3400:
3357:
3346:
2996:
2799:
2670:"Homologies and Evolutionary Transitions in Early Vertebrate History"
2286:
1887:"The first vertebrate sexual organs evolved as an extra pair of legs"
1382:
1374:
1210:
1198:
1099:, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of
1041:
1025:
820:
596:
468:
464:
456:
452:
220:
4871:
3512:
1048:
or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first
551:-aged microfossils of what have been identified as scales of either
1181:, now understood to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern
4040:
1744:
Mitchell, Christian D.; Criscitiello, Michael F. (December 2020).
1498:
1253:
1226:
1112:
436:
4965:
2185:"Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates"
1064:, and the class was entirely extinct by the end of the Devonian.
4323:
3554:
3425:
3323:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
1912:
Keating, Joseph N.; Sansom, Robert S.; Purnell, Mark A. (2012).
1565:"The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates"
1485:
1370:
1104:
1096:
1095:
or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish with paired fins, paired
1056:
1052:
1037:
592:
4875:
4327:
3516:
2955:
1222:
1194:
1049:
429:
2823:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China"
2335:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China"
1488:
opened behind the mouth, and these gills became supported by
3217:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
2036:"Comparative Oral+ENT Biology" (2018). Pacific Open Texts. 4
1189:
was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of
361:
1272:
that represents the oldest unequivocal toothed vertebrate.
388:
382:
364:
1536:, China around 439 million years ago, which are placed as
376:
358:
2166:"Evolution's Bite: Ancient Armored Fish Was Toothy, Too"
1983:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1558:
1556:
2553:"Neural crest patterning and the evolution of the jaw"
1977:
Sansom, R. S.; Randle, E.; Donoghue, P. C. J. (2014).
1663:
1661:
1381:. Several groups of tetrapods, such as the reptillian
2500:
Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods
370:
355:
352:
4726:
4716:
4666:
4656:
4645:
4635:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4595:
4585:
4574:
4564:
4553:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4435:
4420:
4410:
4203:
4158:
4125:
4107:
3957:
3879:
3806:
3773:
3661:
3650:
3641:
3634:
3619:
3597:
3580:
2551:
Kimmel, C. B.; Miller, C. T.; Keynes, R. J. (2001).
1704:
1055:; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their
385:
373:
305:
284:
4884:
4807:
4778:
4769:
4740:
4703:
4680:
4508:
4481:
4466:
4434:
4391:
4288:
4240:
4149:
4098:
4089:
3997:
3956:
3878:
3869:
3805:
3772:
3742:
3732:
3568:
3410:
3391:
3366:
3355:
3331:
3307:
3282:
3253:
3225:
3197:
3170:
3155:
3110:
3084:
3058:
3043:
3021:
2248:"New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematics"
1671:
Phylogeny, Anatomy and Physiology of Ancient Fishes
422:
408:
379:
367:
2742:For example: (1) both sets of bones are made from
1205:. Acanthodians did, in fact, have a cartilaginous
607:. Some classification systems have used the term
611:. It is a sister group of the jawless craniates
1357:or tetrapods are the group of all four-limbed
4339:
3528:
2967:
2676:. Indiana University Press. pp. 57–121.
2049:
2047:
2045:
8:
2483:Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered
1307:group of fish that have bone, as opposed to
1107:. The class is divided into two subclasses:
2246:Hanke, Gavin; Wilson, Mark (January 2004).
1185:. In form they resembled sharks, but their
486:. Until recently these ancestors, known as
415:
401:
4872:
4775:
4709:
4516:
4478:
4474:
4403:
4399:
4388:
4346:
4332:
4324:
4095:
3875:
3739:
3535:
3521:
3513:
3407:
3363:
3339:
3315:
3290:
3265:
3237:
3209:
3167:
3163:
3116:
3088:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3018:
2974:
2960:
2952:
2672:. In Anderson, J. S.; Sues, H.-D. (eds.).
1795:"The evolution of adaptive immune systems"
1706:, Biochemistry, vol. 23, IntechOpen,
1260:with known anatomical features. Coeval to
559:, and become abundant by the start of the
145:
46:
2674:Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution
2625:
2576:
2140:
2130:
2010:
1862:
1810:
1761:
1711:
1649:
1598:
1225:, fixed in place and non-movable (like a
587:, which includes the familiar classes of
575:, broken into three top-level groupings:
516:Newer research suggests that a branch of
2942:Tree of Life discussion of Gnathostomata
2530:(3rd ed.). John Wiley. p. 14.
956:
583:, an extinct grade of armored fish; and
3102:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
1552:
1266:is the tooth-based acanthodian species
30:For the superorder of sea urchins, see
513:ability to bite in some gnathostomes.
2328:
2326:
1793:Cooper MD, Alder MN (February 2006).
1563:Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. (2015).
635: Gnathostomata
539:, which lived contemporaneously with
7:
4992:a80c0a05-9a2b-4059-bdd3-3982e033ae43
2254:: 187–214 – via Research Gate.
2164:Choi, Charles Q. (17 October 2012).
1832:
1830:
1476:The customary view is that jaws are
463:which has discrete lymphoid organs (
5095:Extant Ordovician first appearances
2947:The Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage
1393:about 395 million years ago in the
857:
812:
800:
766:
754:
720:
676:
640:
630:
618:
505:fish) are generally considered the
2647:. Westview Press. pp. 1–223.
2309:"Fossil reveals oldest live birth"
2252:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1921:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
571:Gnathostomata is traditionally a
4860:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3245:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
2711:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00388.x
1629:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1484:. In jawless fishes a series of
1421:
1338:
1285:
1256:and it is also the oldest jawed
1155:
1077:
993:
869:
825:
778:
732:
693:
653:
348:
197:
42:, a genus of parasitic nematodes
1750:Fish & Shellfish Immunology
1497:is a set of bones found in the
1361:, including living and extinct
960:Subgroups of jawed vertebrates
2878:"The oldest gnathostome teeth"
2398:"The oldest gnathostome teeth"
154:Example of jawed vertebrates:
1:
5090:Darriwilian first appearances
579:, or the cartilaginous fish;
4280:List of transitional fossils
2473:. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
2132:10.1371/journal.pone.0035103
1933:10.1080/02724634.2012.693555
1333:
1281:
1150:
1073:
1028:, which lived from the late
989:
477:variable lymphocyte receptor
3076:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
2034:Gridi-Papp, Marcos (2018).
1837:Zhu, Min (4 January 2012).
423:
409:
302:Total group Chondrichthyes
5116:
4916:Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)
3560:Timeline of fish evolution
3503:denote paraphyletic groups
3382:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
2902:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2
2847:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8
2422:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2
2359:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8
1875:– via Research Gate.
1812:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.001
1442:
1006:
38:. Not to be confused with
29:
27:Infraphylum of vertebrates
4858:
4712:
4519:
4477:
4406:
4402:
4387:
4361:
4314:
4248:Lists of prehistoric fish
3676:
3550:
3474:
3420:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
3376:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
3342:
3318:
3293:
3268:
3240:
3212:
3166:
3119:
3091:
3071:
3054:
3017:
2991:
2644:Discovering Fossil Fishes
2627:10.1007/s11434-012-5372-z
2600:Gai, Z.; Zhu, M. (2012).
2569:10.1017/S0021878201008068
1763:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.006
1528:from the early Silurian (
1328:
1276:
1139:
1068:
1062:Late Devonian extinctions
978:
964:
959:
862:
855:
817:
810:
798:
771:
764:
752:
725:
718:
681:
674:
645:
638:
628:
416:
402:
281:
276:
194:Scientific classification
192:
153:
144:
49:
3481:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
3273:Actinistia (coelacanths)
2606:Chinese Science Bulletin
2527:Vertebrate Palaeontology
1713:10.5772/intechopen.95411
1674:. CRC Press. p. 2.
1512:While potentially older
1316:) and lobe-finned fish (
484:pectoral and pelvic fins
32:Gnathostomata (echinoid)
4306:Vertebrate paleontology
3031:Leptocardii (lancelets)
2764:Evolutionary Embryology
1244:, comes from the lower
3185:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
2641:Maisey, J. G. (2000).
2524:Benton, M. J. (2005).
1995:10.1098/rspb.2014.2245
1855:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1033
1642:10.1098/rspb.2013.2669
1241:Fanjingshania renovata
691:(cartilaginous fishes)
461:adaptive immune system
328:(bony fish, including
318:(cartilaginous fishes)
5039:Paleobiology Database
2767:. Sinauer Associates.
2038:. Pacific Open Texts.
1303:or bony fishes are a
1217:, and they had stout
1074:Cartilaginous fishes
34:. For jaw worms, see
4987:Fauna Europaea (new)
4301:Transitional fossils
3940:Pseudopetalichthyida
3401:Testudines (turtles)
2668:Janvier, P. (2007).
2563:(1&2): 105–119.
1322:transitional fossils
1179:cartilaginous fishes
5085:Vertebrate taxonomy
3495:Reptilia (reptiles)
3203:(jawed vertebrates)
2894:2022Natur.609..964A
2839:2022Natur.609..969A
2792:1994Natur.369..392C
2746:cells (rather than
2618:2012ChSBu..57.3819G
2464:6 June 2013 at the
2414:2022Natur.609..964A
2351:2022Natur.609..969A
2279:1996Natur.379..628S
2209:10.1038/nature11555
2201:2012Natur.491..748R
2123:2012PLoSO...735103Z
2076:10.1038/nature12617
2068:2013Natur.502..188Z
1989:(1800): 2014–2245.
1893:on 20 December 2016
1591:10.1038/nature14438
1583:2015Natur.520..490B
473:V(D)J recombination
428:) 'mouth') are the
3989:Ischnacanthiformes
3837:Cephalaspidomorphi
3347:Mammalia (mammals)
3259:(lobe-finned fish)
3231:(bony vertebrates)
2557:Journal of Anatomy
2311:. BBC. 28 May 2008
1958:on 18 October 2016
1544:-chondrichthyans.
1415:Vertebrate classes
1391:lobe-finned fishes
1032:to the end of the
509:of Gnathostomata.
451:of the inner ear,
449:semicircular canal
5067:
5066:
4878:Taxon identifiers
4869:
4868:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4504:
4503:
4462:
4461:
4321:
4320:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4163:Palaeonisciformes
4111:Onychodontiformes
4068:Petalodontiformes
4062:Iniopterygiformes
4025:Phoebodontiformes
4013:Ctenacanthiformes
3983:Diplacanthiformes
3865:
3864:
3638:Myllokunmingiidae
3544:Evolution of fish
3510:
3509:
3492:³orders of class
3478:¹orders of class
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3298:Dipnoi (lungfish)
3193:
3192:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3039:
3038:
2888:(7929): 964–968.
2833:(7929): 969–974.
2786:(6479): 392–394.
2683:978-0-253-34926-2
2654:978-0-8133-3807-1
2612:(30): 3819–3828.
2408:(7929): 964–968.
2345:(7929): 969–974.
2273:(6566): 628–630.
2195:(7426): 748–751.
2062:(7470): 188–193.
1756:(Pt B): 435–443.
1723:978-1-83968-235-3
1681:978-1-4987-0756-5
1577:(7548): 490–497.
1455:Fish without jaws
1449:Evolution of fish
1405:
1404:
1269:Qianodus duplicis
1221:supporting their
1164:Acanthodes bronni
1148:
1084:Great white shark
987:
954:
953:
945:
944:
936:
935:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
839:
838:
341:
340:
333:
319:
272:
166:Spotted wobbegong
139:
50:Jawed vertebrates
16:(Redirected from
5107:
5060:
5059:
5047:
5046:
5034:
5033:
5021:
5020:
5008:
5007:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4956:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4873:
4864:
4776:
4728:
4718:
4710:
4668:
4658:
4647:
4637:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4576:
4566:
4555:
4545:
4535:
4525:
4517:
4479:
4475:
4437:
4422:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4389:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4296:Prehistoric life
4207:Pycnodontiformes
4205:
4190:Acipenseriformes
4160:
4127:
4109:
4096:
3959:
3904:Brindabellaspida
3881:
3876:
3819:Pteraspidomorphi
3808:
3775:
3740:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3663:
3652:
3643:
3636:
3621:
3599:
3582:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3408:
3364:
3360:
3340:
3336:
3316:
3312:
3291:
3287:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3180:Myxini (hagfish)
3168:
3164:
3160:
3117:
3089:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3019:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2930:
2929:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2800:10.1038/369392a0
2775:
2769:
2768:
2761:Gilbert (2000).
2758:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:10.1038/379628a0
2262:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2014:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1927:(5): 1002–1017.
1918:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1715:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1560:
1425:
1399:palaeontologists
1343:
1342:
1289:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1093:(cartilage-fish)
1081:
1022:prehistoric fish
997:
985:
957:
873:
858:
830:
829:
813:
801:
782:
767:
755:
736:
721:
698:
697:
677:
658:
657:
641:
631:
619:
426:
419:
418:
412:
405:
404:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
327:
317:
307:
286:
267:
202:
201:
149:
133:
132:
69:
53:Temporal range:
47:
21:
18:Jawed vertebrate
5115:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5042:
5037:
5029:
5024:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4832:
4820:Tetrapodomorpha
4809:Tetrapodomorpha
4803:
4765:
4736:
4699:
4676:
4513:
4500:
4471:
4469:Eugnathostomata
4458:
4430:
4396:
4383:
4357:
4352:
4322:
4317:
4310:
4284:
4228:
4176:Polypteriformes
4145:
4139:Tetrapodomorpha
4085:
4019:Hybodontiformes
3993:
3970:Acanthodiformes
3952:
3861:
3801:
3791:Paraconodontida
3768:
3736:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3696:
3684:
3674:
3593:Cephalochordate
3564:
3546:
3541:
3511:
3506:
3486:²subclasses of
3430:
3406:
3387:
3356:
3351:
3332:
3327:
3308:
3303:
3283:
3278:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3189:
3156:
3135:
3130:Aplousobranchia
3106:
3096:Stolidobranchia
3080:
3062:
3061:
3044:
3035:
3023:Cephalochordata
3013:
2987:
2980:
2938:
2933:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2466:Wayback Machine
2457:
2453:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1843:Biology Letters
1836:
1835:
1828:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1724:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1505:in the case of
1451:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1348:
1346:Fire salamander
1337:
1294:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1086:
1011:(plate-skinned)
1004:
984:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
840:
824:
692:
670:Eugnathostomata
652:
569:
447:, a horizontal
351:
347:
298:Eugnathostomata
266:
196:
140:
138:record, 444 Ma)
136:Late Ordovician
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
64:
63:
54:
51:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5113:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5048:
5035:
5022:
5009:
4996:
4983:
4974:Fauna Europaea
4970:
4957:
4947:
4934:
4921:
4906:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4693:Actinopterygii
4686:
4684:
4682:Actinopterygii
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4654:
4650:Ramirosuarezia
4643:
4633:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4572:
4562:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4520:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4494:Chondrichthyes
4487:
4485:
4483:Chondrichthyes
4472:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4425:Ramirosuarezia
4418:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Porolepiformes
4118:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:Symmoriiformes
4070:
4064:
4058:
4056:Eugeneodontida
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4007:Elasmobranchii
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3976:Climatiiformes
3972:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3934:Acanthothoraci
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3910:Petalichthyida
3906:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3784:Protoconodonta
3779:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3655:Myllokunmingia
3632:
3627:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3124:Phlebobranchia
3120:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:External links
2934:
2932:
2931:
2868:
2813:
2770:
2753:
2735:
2724:
2699:Acta Zoologica
2689:
2682:
2660:
2653:
2633:
2592:
2543:
2536:
2516:
2509:
2486:
2475:
2451:
2388:
2322:
2300:
2257:
2238:
2175:
2156:
2097:
2041:
2026:
1969:
1904:
1878:
1849:(3): 453–456.
1826:
1785:
1736:
1722:
1694:
1680:
1657:
1614:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1461:, the jawless
1427:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1385:and mammalian
1349:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1314:Actinopterygii
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1203:Chondrichthyes
1183:Chondrichthyes
1168:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1109:Elasmobranchii
1090:Chondrichthyes
1087:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1070:Chondrichthyes
1066:
1065:
1036:Period. Their
1005:
998:
991:
990:Armoured fish
988:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
961:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:
925:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
861:
856:
854:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
833:
832:
816:
811:
809:
799:
797:
789:
788:
785:
784:
770:
765:
763:
753:
751:
743:
742:
739:
738:
729:Actinopterygii
724:
719:
717:
705:
704:
701:
700:
689:Chondrichthyes
680:
675:
673:
665:
664:
661:
660:
644:
639:
637:
629:
627:
617:
577:Chondrichthyes
568:
567:Classification
565:
557:early Silurian
501:(bony armored
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
322:
321:
320:
315:Chondrichthyes
312:
311:(paraphyletic)
295:
279:
278:
274:
273:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
190:
189:
182:Nile crocodile
174:Silver arowana
170:Chondrichthyes
151:
150:
142:
141:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
70:
56:Early Silurian
52:
36:Gnathostomulid
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5112:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Gnathostomata
5078:
5077:
5075:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4944:
4943:Gnathostomata
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:Gnathostomata
4926:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4886:Gnathostomata
4883:
4879:
4874:
4863:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Sarcopterygii
4702:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:Entelognathus
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:Gnathostomata
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4355:Gnathostomata
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:cartilaginous
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3999:Cartilaginous
3996:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3947:Stensioellida
3944:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:Ptyctodontida
3919:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3666:Zhongxiniscus
3660:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3646:Haikouichthys
3639:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3577:Basal member
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3488:Sarcopterygii
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3393:Archelosauria
3390:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3256:Sarcopterygii
3252:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3200:Gnathostomata
3196:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3063:(Urochordata)
3057:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3009:Deuterostomia
3006:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:(s1): 52–68.
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2537:9781405144490
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2510:9780253356758
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:(4): e35103.
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1805:(4): 815–22.
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1525:Fanjingshania
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:cartilaginous
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Sarcopterygii
1315:
1310:
1309:cartilaginous
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:Fanjingshania
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1151:Spiny sharks
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:, known from
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
992:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
967:
963:
958:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
905:
904:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
874:
872:
867:
860:
859:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
835:
834:
831:
828:
822:
815:
814:
808:
807:
803:
802:
796:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
781:
776:
769:
768:
762:
761:
757:
756:
750:
749:
748:Sarcopterygii
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
735:
730:
723:
722:
716:
715:
712: /
711:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
690:
686:
679:
678:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
662:
659:
656:
650:
647: †
643:
642:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
621:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
542:
541:Entelognathus
538:
537:
532:
531:
530:Guiyu oneiros
525:
524:
523:Entelognathus
519:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
427:
425:
413:
411:
399:
398:Ancient Greek
393:
345:
344:Gnathostomata
331:
326:
323:
316:
313:
310:
304:
303:
301:
300:
299:
296:
293:
289:
283:
282:
280:
275:
270:
265:
264:Gnathostomata
262:
260:Infraphylum:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
152:
148:
143:
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4731:Styloichthys
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4511:Osteichthyes
4423:
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4393:
4354:
4253:spiny sharks
4212:Halecomorphi
4031:Xenacanthida
3916:Phyllolepida
3870:
3849:Pituriaspida
3810:Ostracoderms
3744:Cyclostomata
3734:Jawless fish
3683:
3664:
3653:
3644:
3622:
3600:
3583:
3500:
3493:
3479:
3426:Aves (birds)
3368:Lepidosauria
3228:Euteleostomi
3199:
3172:Cyclostomata
3007:Superphylum
2885:
2881:
2871:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2756:
2744:neural crest
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2303:
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2169:
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1982:
1972:
1962:15 September
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1953:the original
1924:
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1891:the original
1881:
1846:
1842:
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1753:
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1670:
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1517:
1511:
1495:hyomandibula
1475:
1471:
1452:
1434:spiny sharks
1401:at present.
1354:
1300:
1298:Osteichthyes
1282:Bony fishes
1278:Osteichthyes
1267:
1261:
1239:
1162:
1103:rather than
1092:
1020:of armoured
1010:
999:
968:Common name
868:
864:
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818:
804:
792:
777:
773:
772:
758:
746:
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726:
714:Osteichthyes
710:Euteleostomi
708:
685:Acanthodians
683:
682:
668:
651:
646:
634:
622:
570:
553:acanthodians
546:
540:
534:
528:
521:
515:
511:
507:sister taxon
502:
496:
481:
471:), and uses
421:
407:
343:
342:
325:Osteichthyes
297:
292:paraphyletic
263:
237:
178:Osteichthyes
157:Dunkleosteus
155:
44:
5000:iNaturalist
4910:Wikispecies
4791:Dipnomorpha
4780:Dipnomorpha
4771:Rhipidistia
4759:coelacanths
4721:Ptyctolepis
4671:Terenolepis
4590:Ligulalepis
4538:Andreolepis
4377:Subphylum:
4273:lobe-finned
4199:Neopterygii
4185:Chondrostei
4121:Rhipidistia
4100:Lobe-finned
4050:Holocephali
3855:Osteostraci
3757:Hyperoartia
3602:Cathaymyrus
3570:Forerunners
3412:Archosauria
3285:Rhipidistia
3001:(unranked)
2495:Clack, J.A.
2459:Bony fishes
1538:acanthodian
1482:gill arches
1459:cyclostomes
1359:vertebrates
1355:(four-feet)
1301:(bone-fish)
1292:Blue runner
1215:vertebrates
1125:Holocephali
573:infraphylum
499:Osteostraci
455:sheaths of
433:vertebrates
250:Subphylum:
65:439–0
40:Gnathostoma
5100:Infraphyla
5074:Categories
4753:Actinistia
4742:Actinistia
4661:Sparalepis
4640:Psarolepis
4610:Megamastax
4600:Lophosteus
4579:Janusiscus
4452:Placodermi
4440:Placodermi
4415:Janusiscus
4379:Vertebrata
4258:placoderms
4217:Ginglymodi
4151:Ray-finned
4116:Coelacanth
3961:Acanthodii
3898:Arthrodira
3883:Placoderms
3871:Jawed fish
3843:Galeaspida
3825:Thelodonti
3624:Haikouella
3615:Olfactores
3158:Vertebrata
3112:Enterogona
3046:Olfactores
2748:mesodermal
1548:References
1514:Ordovician
1478:homologous
1443:See also:
1430:placoderms
1363:amphibians
1334:Tetrapods
1258:vertebrate
1231:dorsal fin
1191:holosteans
1171:Acanthodii
1143:Acanthodii
1133:Teleostomi
1008:Placodermi
1001:Coccosteus
982:Placodermi
806:Sauropsida
649:Placodermi
624:Vertebrata
609:Amphirhina
605:amphibians
585:Teleostomi
581:Placodermi
549:Ordovician
536:Psarolepis
518:Placoderms
492:placoderms
414:) 'jaw' +
309:Acanthodii
288:Placodermi
277:Subgroups
269:Gegenbauer
254:Vertebrata
244:Olfactores
162:Placodermi
134:(Possible
4826:tetrapods
4824:includes
4795:includes
4757:includes
4630:Orvikuina
4620:Naxilepis
4548:Dialipina
4365:Kingdom:
4316:† extinct
4171:Cladistia
3928:Rhenanida
3892:Antiarchi
3797:Conodonta
3776:Conodonts
3310:Tetrapoda
3003:Bilateria
2926:252569771
2910:0028-0836
2863:252570103
2446:252569771
2430:1476-4687
2383:252570103
2367:1476-4687
2217:1476-4687
2003:0962-8452
1941:0272-4634
1780:226284286
1732:233943453
1503:operculum
1463:hagfishes
1408:Evolution
1387:cetaceans
1352:Tetrapoda
1330:Tetrapoda
1305:taxonomic
1235:gill arch
1187:epidermis
1147:(extinct)
1129:chimaeras
1101:cartilage
986:(extinct)
974:Comments
965:Subgroup
851:Synapsida
760:Tetrapoda
589:bony fish
488:antiarchs
459:, and an
330:tetrapods
217:Kingdom:
211:Eukaryota
186:Tetrapoda
4966:46557929
4950:BioLib:
4895:Wikidata
4797:lungfish
4528:Achoania
4373:Chordata
4371:Phylum:
4367:Animalia
4134:Lungfish
4079:Chimaera
3831:Anaspida
3630:Tunicate
3608:Lancelet
3060:Tunicata
2997:Animalia
2995:Kingdom
2984:chordate
2918:36171375
2855:36171377
2808:33913758
2719:56425436
2587:11523812
2497:(2012).
2470:SeaWorld
2462:Archived
2438:36171375
2375:36171377
2225:23075852
2151:22509388
2111:PLOS ONE
2084:24067611
2021:25520359
1949:32317622
1873:22219394
1821:16497590
1772:33161090
1636:(1775).
1609:25903631
1530:Aeronian
1519:Qianodus
1507:teleosts
1467:lampreys
1445:Fish jaw
1432:and the
1395:Devonian
1379:tadpoles
1367:reptiles
1250:Aeronian
1246:Silurian
1207:skeleton
1034:Devonian
1030:Silurian
971:Example
866:Mammalia
775:Amphibia
687:, incl.
601:reptiles
561:Devonian
231:Chordata
227:Phylum:
221:Animalia
207:Domain:
180:) and a
60:Holocene
4289:Related
4222:Teleost
3762:Lamprey
3752:Hagfish
3501:italics
3334:Amniota
2986:classes
2982:Extant
2890:Bibcode
2835:Bibcode
2788:Bibcode
2614:Bibcode
2578:1594948
2410:Bibcode
2347:Bibcode
2295:4257631
2275:Bibcode
2233:4302415
2197:Bibcode
2142:3318012
2119:Bibcode
2092:4462506
2064:Bibcode
2012:4298210
1864:3367742
1651:3866411
1600:4648279
1579:Bibcode
1540:-grade
1534:Guizhou
1480:to the
1375:mammals
1211:dentine
1199:bowfins
1026:fossils
1015:extinct
794:Amniota
613:Agnatha
597:mammals
503:jawless
457:neurons
445:elastin
441:stomach
410:gnathos
396:; from
5044:229694
5018:914179
5005:475987
4901:Q26214
3585:Pikaia
3358:Sauria
2924:
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2882:Nature
2861:
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2827:Nature
2806:
2780:Nature
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1570:Nature
1383:snakes
1373:, and
1219:spines
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1121:skates
1113:sharks
1046:scaled
1042:thorax
1013:is an
821:Sauria
603:, and
479:gene.
469:thymus
465:spleen
453:myelin
403:γνάθος
271:, 1874
5052:WoRMS
4979:12005
4953:15200
4569:Guiyu
4241:Lists
4041:Shark
3085:Acopa
2922:S2CID
2859:S2CID
2804:S2CID
2751:2000)
2715:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2379:S2CID
2291:S2CID
2229:S2CID
2088:S2CID
1956:(PDF)
1945:S2CID
1917:(PDF)
1776:S2CID
1728:S2CID
1532:) of
1499:hyoid
1486:gills
1371:birds
1254:China
1252:) of
1227:shark
1097:nares
1050:jawed
1018:class
593:birds
547:Late
437:teeth
430:jawed
424:stoma
417:στόμα
238:Clade
5057:1828
5031:7776
5026:NCBI
5013:ITIS
4818:see
4789:see
4751:see
4691:see
4492:see
4450:see
4268:bony
4091:Bony
3555:Fish
2914:PMID
2906:ISSN
2851:PMID
2678:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2583:PMID
2532:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2434:PMID
2426:ISSN
2371:PMID
2363:ISSN
2317:2008
2221:PMID
2213:ISSN
2147:PMID
2080:PMID
2017:PMID
1999:ISSN
1964:2016
1937:ISSN
1899:2014
1869:PMID
1817:PMID
1799:Cell
1768:PMID
1718:ISBN
1689:2016
1676:ISBN
1605:PMID
1542:stem
1522:and
1465:and
1447:and
1223:fins
1195:gars
1177:and
1175:bony
1119:and
1117:rays
1105:bone
1057:gill
1053:fish
1040:and
1038:head
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