64:
383:. The most recent trial, PITCHES, did not show an overall beneficial effect, but some researchers believe that it may still be useful to offer ursodeoxycholic acid to women whose bile acids are > 40 ÎĽmol/litre. While there is no cure for ICP, and no way to guarantee a successful outcome, studies have shown a slightly better fetal and maternal outcome from administration of ursodeoxycholic acid, whereas cholestyramine appears to only relieve itching.
40:
2633:
111:
Itching is a common symptom of pregnancy, affecting around 23% of women. The majority of times, itching is a minor annoyance caused by changes to the skin, especially that of the abdomen. However, there are instances when itching may be a symptom of ICP. Although typically noticed on the palms of the
969:
Abu-Hayyeh, S; Ovadia, C; Lieu, T; Jensen, DD; Chambers, J; Dixon, PH; Lovgren-Sandblom, A; Bolier, R; Tolenaars, D; Kremer, AE; Syngelaki, A; Noori, M; Williams, D; Marin, JJG; Monte, MJ; Nicolaides, KH; Beuers, U; Oude-Elferink, R; Seed, PT; Chappell, L; Marschall, H-U; Bunnett, NW; Williamson, C
437:
In the United States, some researchers have suggested that the risk of stillbirth is lower if induction occurs at 36 weeks. Whilst Ovadia's research suggests differently, it is important to note that in the United States bile acid tests can take up to seven days to be processed, and this means that
343:
ICP is diagnosed by blood tests including a serum bile acid test and liver function test. While most pregnant women experience some itch from time to time, itching without a visible rash, or persistent or extensive itch symptoms should be reported to the midwife or obstetrician. It is important to
632:
Dixon, PH; Wadsworth, CA; Chambers, J; Donnelly, J; Cooley, S; Buckley, R; Mannino, R; Jarvis, S; Syngelaki, A; Geenes, V; Paul, P; Sothinathan, M; Kubitz, R; Lammert, F; Tribe, RM; Ch'ng, CL; Marschall, HU; Glantz, A; Khan, SA; Nicolaides, K; Whittaker, J; Geary, M; Williamson, C (2014).
355:
of palms and soles, could be considered as potentially diagnostic of ICP but only with elevated bile acid levels (however LFTs are not always elevated in ICP patients). The serum bile acid blood test for ICP is a quantitative measurement of bile acids.
1941:
1876:
1861:
304:
Consequently, both genetic mutations in hepatocyte proteins involved in bile secretion together with inhibition of those proteins by high levels of hormone metabolites in pregnancy may have roles in the pathogenesis of ICP.
271:
Clustering of cases of ICP in families, geographic variation in rates of ICP, and recurrence of ICP in 45-70% of subsequent pregnancies all suggest a genetic component to the disease. Genetic mutations in the hepatocellular
390:
may help to avoid the risk of hemorrhage at delivery. However, experts in ICP will prescribe this if the woman reports pale stools, has very severe ICP (bile acids > 100 ÎĽmol/litre) or has a known clotting problem.
1934:
590:
1927:
3960:
2638:
3494:
1348:"Ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo in the treatment of women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) to improve perinatal outcomes: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (PITCHES)"
1086:
Stieger B, Fattinger K, Madon J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Meier PJ (2000). "Drug- and estrogen-induced cholestasis through inhibition of the hepatocellular bile salt export pump (Bsep) of rat liver".
1786:
Puljic A, Kim E, Page J; et al. (2015). "The risk of infant and fetal death by each additional week of expectant management in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy by gestational age".
394:
Delivery from 34 weeks may be important to reduce the risk of stillbirth, as a recent study identified the level of bile acids at which stillbirth risk rises. This research, published in
398:, also suggests that around 90% of women with ICP could wait until 39 weeks of pregnancy to be induced. However, this relies on regular bile acid testing with rapid return of results.
344:
note that as the level of itch does not correlate with bile acid levels (shown to be the most likely cause of stillbirth in ICP), the itch in ICP can range from being mild to severe.
259:
Treatment with progesterone in the third trimester of pregnancy has been shown to be associated with the development of ICP, and levels of metabolites of progesterone, particularly
2192:
1346:
Chappell, LC; Chambers, J; Dixon, PH; Dorling, J; Hunter, R; Bell, JL; Bowler, U; Hardy, P; Juszczak, E; Linsell, L; Rounding, C; Smith, C; Williamson, C; Thornton, JG (2019).
462:
2672:
194:
The causes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are still not fully understood, but are thought to be caused through a combination of genetics, hormones and environment.
1459:"Association of adverse perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with biochemical markers: results of aggregate and individual patient data meta-analyses"
2534:
3176:
1821:
1772:
1709:
1660:
3970:
1210:
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In addition to genetic changes to bile salt transport molecules, high levels of estrogen glucuronides have been shown to inhibit the bile salt export pump (BSEP)
287:
2771:
2810:
798:
Lammert F, Marschall HU, Glantz A, Matern S (December 2000). "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and management".
2665:
263:
progesterone, are higher in patients with ICP than unaffected women, suggesting that progesterone may have a bigger role than estrogen in ICP.
3038:
524:
492:
127:
Most women with this condition present in the third trimester (although it can present as early as seven weeks) with itching without a
3251:
2658:
2187:
682:
Dixon, PH; Sambrotta, M; Chambers, J; Taylor-Harris, P; Syngelaki, A; Nicolaides, K; Knisely, AS; Thompson, RJ; Williamson, C (2017).
1297:
Conti-Ramsden, F; McEwan, M; Hill, R; Wade, J; Abraham, G; Buckeldee, O; Williamson, C; Knight, CL; Girling, J; Chappell, LC (2019).
3923:
3770:
2590:
2445:
2372:
2067:
1625:
Zecca E, Costa S, Lauriola V; et al. (2003). "Bile acid pneumonia: A "new" form of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?".
542:"Pruritus in pregnancy: A study of anatomical distribution and prevalence in relation to the development of obstetric cholestasis"
3668:
2617:
227:
972:"Prognostic and mechanistic potential of progesterone sulfates in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus gravidarum"
922:"Prognostic and mechanistic potential of progesterone sulfates in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus gravidarum"
3809:
3421:
3404:
2909:
2904:
2781:
2238:
1976:
1031:"An expanded role for heterozygous mutations of ABCB4, ABCB11, ATP8B1, ABCC2 and TJP2 in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
684:"An expanded role for heterozygous mutations of ABCB4, ABCB11, ATP8B1, ABCC2 and TJP2 in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
2934:
371:. Furthermore, other causes of hepatitis, like hepatitis viruses, cancer and certain medications, should also be considered.
3663:
3619:
3513:
3335:
2119:
368:
3874:
3720:
2321:
635:"A comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation around six candidate loci for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
141:
Itching, in particular but not limited to that of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, without presence of a rash
1725:"Fetal mortality associated with cholestasis of pregnancy and the potential benefit of therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid"
3629:
3148:
2756:
2605:
2388:
2233:
608:
457:
131:. Typically, the itching is localized to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but can be anywhere on the body.
2843:
1299:"Detection of additional abnormalities or co-morbidities in women with suspected intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
2401:
1674:
Shaw D, Frohlich J, Wittmann BA, Willms M (1982). "A prospective study of 18 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy".
833:
Gonzalez MC, Reyes H, Arrese M, et al. (July 1989). "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in twin pregnancies".
2739:
359:
Other problems with the liver that occur in pregnancy should be considered by the treating clinician. These include
540:
Kenyon, AP; Tribe, RM; Nelson-Piercy, C; Girling, JC; Williamson, C; Seed, PT; Vaughn-Jones, S; Shennan, AH (2010).
3209:
3138:
2512:
2311:
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2021:
1967:
273:
3482:
3438:
3391:
3197:
2815:
2549:
2539:
2457:
2357:
347:
To obtain a diagnosis of ICP, a liver function test and a serum bile acid test should be requested. Although the
39:
3508:
3828:
3143:
3101:
2914:
2789:
2776:
2717:
2075:
1891:
1250:"Low serum selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
290:. It has been found that mothers of patients with this disease have a higher incidence of ICP, suggesting that
2746:
1395:
Walker, Kate F.; Chappell, Lucy C.; Hague, William M.; Middleton, Philippa; Thornton, Jim G. (27 July 2020).
1163:
3753:
3530:
3271:
3063:
2722:
2474:
2396:
2154:
1518:"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates"
3833:
3557:
3540:
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2924:
2800:
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2712:
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2167:
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2011:
1919:
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such as estradiol-17β-D-glucuronide, have been shown to cause cholestasis in animal studies, by reducing
3765:
3673:
3634:
3562:
2559:
2554:
2006:
1815:
1766:
1703:
1654:
286:
Genetic mutations affecting hepatic bile salt transport molecules have also been found in patients with
3684:
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3748:
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3465:
3048:
3043:
2877:
2795:
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2564:
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2149:
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1042:
695:
452:
380:
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63:
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3601:
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3545:
3518:
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3313:
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3232:
3204:
3126:
3121:
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3033:
2600:
2544:
2438:
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2352:
2333:
2182:
1996:
1880:
1615:
Fisk NM, Storey GN: "Fetal outcome in obstetric cholestasis. Br J Obstet Gynaec 1988;95:1137- 1143.
280:
3910:
3775:
3758:
3743:
3730:
3713:
3579:
3106:
3078:
2838:
2734:
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2529:
2504:
2469:
2316:
2306:
2001:
1547:
1498:
1191:
1011:
902:
351:
level may be raised, 20% of women with ICP will always have a normal LFT test result. This, plus
3214:
3012:
313:
A number of features of ICP suggest that environmental factors also have a role in the disease:
3888:
3869:
3242:
2479:
2451:
2411:
2406:
2341:
2215:
2016:
1991:
1959:
1902:
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951:
894:
850:
815:
775:
721:
664:
571:
520:
512:
488:
52:
334:
levels have been linked to ICP, although the role of selenium in bile secretion is not known.
3935:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3702:
3574:
3502:
3320:
3227:
3222:
3152:
3111:
2919:
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2301:
2033:
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1424:
1408:
1367:
1359:
1318:
1310:
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993:
983:
941:
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654:
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561:
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3163:
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3023:
2963:
2848:
2825:
2517:
2484:
2273:
2258:
2038:
116:
2650:
1046:
699:
301:, and high levels of progesterone to inhibit the ABCB4 (MDR3) phospholipid transporter.
3930:
3845:
3399:
3372:
3237:
3172:
3168:
3058:
3028:
2612:
2522:
2418:
2278:
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2207:
2085:
1885:
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1724:
1593:
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1372:
1347:
1323:
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1226:
1063:
1030:
998:
971:
946:
921:
770:
743:
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683:
659:
634:
566:
541:
364:
213:
1687:
1475:
1363:
1099:
811:
3954:
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3816:
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3552:
3535:
3447:
3192:
3019:
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2494:
2464:
2197:
2080:
846:
17:
1838:
1551:
1502:
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906:
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3091:
3007:
2899:
2889:
2855:
2489:
2423:
1412:
1195:
360:
1397:"Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
873:"Bile acids and progesterone metabolites in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
216:, which are associated with higher hormone levels, show a higher incidence of ICP.
1896:
1179:
3918:
3680:
3658:
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2028:
447:
240:
195:
97:
1799:
1054:
707:
434:
In most cases induction is typically recommended anywhere from 34 to 39 weeks.
317:
It has been reported that the incidence of ICP is higher in winter than summer.
3694:
3367:
3345:
2990:
2929:
2048:
1955:
1907:
1870:
889:
872:
395:
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57:
1420:
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112:
hands and the soles of the feet, the itching can occur anywhere on the body.
3644:
3614:
3477:
3455:
3308:
3159:
3133:
2995:
2985:
2872:
2833:
2766:
2092:
1951:
1123:"Role of multidrug resistance P-glycoproteins in cholesterol esterification"
387:
244:
207:
159:
101:
1807:
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1986:
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650:
424:
352:
331:
291:
220:
199:
176:
1583:
3330:
3096:
3000:
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2291:
465:(PUPPP) an itchy condition of pregnancy that is associated with a rash.
260:
165:
1534:
1517:
988:
937:
3796:
3414:
3300:
2295:
1865:
413:
Spontaneous premature labour when bile acids rise above 40 ÎĽmol/litre
298:
517:
Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and
Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology, 9/e
3246:
2976:
2254:
2225:
2058:
321:
276:
519:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 414.
483:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1248:
Kauppila A, Korpela H, Mäkilä UM, Yrjänheikki E (January 1987).
128:
105:
2654:
1923:
324:
has dropped from 14% of pregnancies before 1975 to 4% in 2016.
2193:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1121:
Debry P, Nash EA, Neklason DW, Metherall JE (January 1997).
438:
it may be more prudent to base delivery on the US research.
327:
ICP recurs in between 60% and 90% of subsequent pregnancies.
294:
carriers of these mutations are also predisposed to ICP.
108:
and can lead to complications for both mother and fetus.
1211:"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: recent advances"
511:
Saavedra, Arturo; Roh, Ellen K.; Mikailov, Anar (2023).
47:
High magnification micrograph showing liver cholestasis.
186:
Not all ICP sufferers have all of the above symptoms.
3961:
Maternal disorders predominantly related to pregnancy
210:
at the time when hormone levels are at their highest.
1843:
589:
Pillarisetty, Leela
Sharath; Sharma, Ashish (2023).
463:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy
386:
There is no evidence that giving oral water-soluble
158:
Increased clotting time (due to possibly associated
3909:
3795:
3788:
3729:
3643:
3600:
3446:
3437:
3390:
3344:
3299:
3185:
3072:
2962:
2949:
2824:
2698:
2689:
2583:
2503:
2387:
2251:
2224:
2206:
2148:
2110:
2101:
2057:
1975:
1966:
1847:
1723:Davies MH, Silva RC, Jones SR; et al. (1995).
1254:
British
Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)
51:
32:
410:Itching, which can become intense and debilitating
2535:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1839:E A Fagan "Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
134:Hallmarks of ICP include the following symptoms:
1209:Ovadia, Caroline; Williamson, Catherine (2016).
1162:Williamson, Catherine; Geenes, Victoria (2014).
202:are all thought to contribute to the condition.
1516:Glantz, A; Marschall, HU; Mattsson, LA (2004).
144:Itching that is more noticeable in the evening
2666:
1935:
1452:
1450:
1448:
406:Maternal consequences include the following:
288:progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
8:
2772:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1771:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1708:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
283:into bile, have been found in cases of ICP.
1401:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3792:
3443:
2959:
2811:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2695:
2673:
2659:
2651:
2107:
1972:
1942:
1928:
1920:
1844:
513:"15. Endocrine, metabolic, and nutritiona"
506:
504:
219:ICP resolves quickly after delivery, when
62:
29:
1748:
1592:
1582:
1533:
1484:
1474:
1428:
1371:
1322:
1273:
1138:
1062:
997:
987:
945:
888:
793:
791:
789:
769:
759:
715:
658:
565:
866:
864:
1567:"Intrahepatic Cholestasis of pregnancy"
1164:"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
744:"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
609:"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy"
475:
3971:Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions
1813:
1764:
1701:
1652:
737:
735:
3039:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2173:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2140:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
74:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
33:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
7:
2239:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
639:American Journal of Gastroenterology
591:"Pregnancy Intrahepatic Cholestasis"
2188:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
1227:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.004
96:, is a medical condition in which
25:
3924:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3771:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2446:Pain management during childbirth
2373:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1571:World Journal of Gastroenterology
871:Reyes H, Sjövall J (March 2000).
748:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
3669:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2632:
2631:
2618:Sexual activity during pregnancy
38:
2910:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2905:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2782:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1565:Geenes V, Williamson C (2009).
1127:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3664:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3514:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3336:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2120:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1413:10.1002/14651858.CD000493.pub3
379:Many providers will prescribe
369:acute fatty liver of pregnancy
279:, which controls secretion of
1:
3721:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2322:Prelabor rupture of membranes
1688:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)32430-9
1476:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31877-4
1364:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31270-X
1100:10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70224-1
812:10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80139-7
104:. It typically presents with
3630:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3149:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2757:Esophageal motility disorder
2601:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2252:Maternal care related to the
2234:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1180:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000346
847:10.1016/0168-8278(89)90079-2
458:List of cutaneous conditions
417:Fetal consequences include:
239:Estrogens, and particularly
230:could cause features of ICP.
214:Twin and triplet pregnancies
2402:Cephalopelvic disproportion
206:ICP commonly occurs in the
3987:
3615:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3139:Functional colonic disease
2935:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2513:Breastfeeding difficulties
2312:Constriction ring syndrome
2286:Braxton Hicks contractions
1800:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.02.012
1055:10.1038/s41598-017-11626-x
708:10.1038/s41598-017-11626-x
2816:Acute esophageal necrosis
2626:
2550:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2540:Pubic symphysis diastasis
1457:Ovadia, Caroline (2019).
1168:Obstetrics and Gynecology
890:10.3109/07853890009011758
742:Pusl T, Beuers U (2007).
485:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
226:Older high-dose estrogen
182:Upper right quadrant pain
119:, but may begin earlier.
46:
37:
2915:Gastric dumping syndrome
2790:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2777:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2076:Gestational hypertension
1315:10.1177/1753495X19868873
1266:10.1136/bmj.294.6565.150
597:. StatPearls Publishing.
320:The incidence of ICP in
228:oral contraceptive pills
179:(less than 10% of women)
86:cholestasis of pregnancy
3531:Alcoholic liver disease
3064:Bile acid malabsorption
3008:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2475:Umbilical cord prolapse
2397:Amniotic fluid embolism
2155:dermatoses of pregnancy
115:Onset is mostly in the
3541:Hepatic encephalopathy
2925:Buried bumper syndrome
2856:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2740:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2683:human digestive system
2591:Concomitant conditions
2570:Postpartum thyroiditis
2348:Circumvallate placenta
2168:Impetigo herpetiformis
2163:Gestational pemphigoid
2135:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2068:hypertensive disorders
1639:10.1542/peds.114.1.269
1215:Clinics in Dermatology
1140:10.1074/jbc.272.2.1026
920:Abu-Hayyeh, S (2015).
761:10.1186/1750-1172-2-26
558:10.1258/om.2010.090055
3766:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3635:Porcelain gallbladder
2747:Zenker's diverticulum
2560:Postpartum infections
2555:Postpartum depression
835:Journal of Hepatology
309:Environmental factors
90:jaundice of pregnancy
82:obstetric cholestasis
18:Jaundice of pregnancy
3570:Hepatorenal syndrome
3509:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3466:Autoimmune hepatitis
3291:Intestinal adhesions
3049:Short bowel syndrome
2878:Functional dyspepsia
2796:Esophageal stricture
2762:Nutcracker esophagus
2565:Postpartum psychosis
2434:Obstetrical bleeding
2329:Obstetrical bleeding
2150:Integumentary system
2125:Gestational diabetes
2104:related to pregnancy
2102:Other, predominantly
1741:10.1136/gut.37.4.580
651:10.1038/ajg.2013.406
613:www.marchofdimes.org
487:. St. Louis: Mosby.
453:Cholestatic pruritus
381:ursodeoxycholic acid
198:, environmental and
173:Decrease in appetite
3709:Choledocholithiasis
3580:Metabolic disorders
3546:Acute liver failure
3519:Portal hypertension
3471:Alcoholic hepatitis
3314:Radiation proctitis
3233:Mesenteric ischemia
3205:Gastroenterocolitis
3034:Blind loop syndrome
2844:Ménétrier's disease
2752:Barrett's esophagus
2545:Postpartum bleeding
2368:Placental abruption
2353:Monochorionic twins
2183:Prurigo gestationis
1788:Am J Obstet Gynecol
1676:Am J Obstet Gynecol
1584:10.3748/wjg.15.2049
1047:2017NatSR...711823D
700:2017NatSR...711823D
281:phosphatidylcholine
3884:Undefined location
3875:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3776:Pancreatic fistula
3759:Pancreatic abscess
3714:Biliary dyskinesia
3685:Mirizzi's syndrome
3186:Large and/or small
2866:Dieulafoy's lesion
2735:Boerhaave syndrome
2575:Puerperal mastitis
2530:Breast engorgement
2317:Monoamniotic twins
2307:Chorionic hematoma
1469:(10174): 899–909.
1358:(10201): 849–860.
1303:Obstetric Medicine
1035:Scientific Reports
1029:Dixon, PH (2017).
877:Annals of Medicine
688:Scientific Reports
546:Obstetric Medicine
402:Risks if untreated
223:production ceases.
123:Signs and symptoms
94:prurigo gravidarum
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3784:
3783:
3386:
3385:
3243:Bowel obstruction
2945:
2944:
2648:
2647:
2606:Thyroid disorders
2596:Diabetes mellitus
2480:Uterine inversion
2412:Shoulder dystocia
2407:Obstructed labour
2383:
2382:
2247:
2246:
2216:Chorea gravidarum
1992:Ectopic pregnancy
1917:
1916:
1577:(17): 2049–2066.
1535:10.1002/hep.20336
989:10.1002/hep.28265
938:10.1002/hep.28265
526:978-1-264-27801-5
494:978-1-4160-2999-1
274:transport protein
221:placental hormone
80:), also known as
71:
70:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3978:
3936:Pneumoperitoneum
3793:
3703:Common bile duct
3585:Wilson's disease
3575:Peliosis hepatis
3444:
3321:Proctalgia fugax
3228:Abdominal angina
3153:Ogilvie syndrome
3102:Pseudomembranous
2960:
2920:Gastric volvulus
2885:Pyloric stenosis
2696:
2681:Diseases of the
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2635:
2634:
2470:Postmature birth
2458:Placenta accreta
2363:Placenta praevia
2358:Placenta accreta
2302:Chorioamnionitis
2112:Digestive system
2108:
2034:Fetal resorption
2022:Rudimentary horn
1979:abortive outcome
1973:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1845:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1752:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1088:Gastroenterology
1083:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1001:
991:
982:(4): 1287–1298.
966:
960:
959:
949:
932:(4): 1287–1298.
917:
911:
910:
892:
868:
859:
858:
830:
824:
823:
795:
784:
783:
773:
763:
739:
730:
729:
719:
679:
673:
672:
662:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
605:
599:
598:
586:
580:
579:
569:
537:
531:
530:
508:
499:
498:
480:
170:Increased nausea
67:
66:
42:
30:
21:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3905:
3894:Internal hernia
3780:
3725:
3690:Biliary fistula
3648:
3639:
3625:Adenomyomatosis
3620:Cholesterolosis
3596:
3590:Hemochromatosis
3461:Viral hepatitis
3433:
3382:
3340:
3326:Rectal prolapse
3295:
3262:Fecal impaction
3252:Intussusception
3215:Crohn's disease
3181:
3164:Toxic megacolon
3076:
3074:Large intestine
3068:
3013:Curling's ulcer
2966:
2964:Small intestine
2953:
2941:
2849:Gastroenteritis
2820:
2685:
2679:
2649:
2644:
2622:
2579:
2523:Cracked nipples
2518:Low milk supply
2499:
2485:Uterine rupture
2379:
2274:Oligohydramnios
2259:amniotic cavity
2253:
2243:
2220:
2202:
2153:
2144:
2103:
2097:
2066:
2053:
2039:Molar pregnancy
1978:
1962:
1948:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1856:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1812:
1794:(5): 667.e1–5.
1785:
1784:
1780:
1763:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1700:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1651:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1407:(7): CD000493.
1394:
1393:
1389:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1260:(6565): 150–2.
1247:
1246:
1242:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1028:
1027:
1023:
968:
967:
963:
919:
918:
914:
870:
869:
862:
832:
831:
827:
797:
796:
787:
741:
740:
733:
681:
680:
676:
631:
630:
626:
617:
615:
607:
606:
602:
588:
587:
583:
539:
538:
534:
527:
510:
509:
502:
495:
482:
481:
477:
472:
444:
404:
377:
341:
311:
269:
267:Genetic factors
257:
237:
208:third trimester
200:genetic factors
192:
125:
117:third trimester
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:Hemoperitoneum
3928:
3927:
3926:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3400:Blood in stool
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3373:Anal dysplasia
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3238:Angiodysplasia
3235:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3173:Diverticulosis
3169:Diverticulitis
3166:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3059:Milroy disease
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Tropical sprue
3026:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2957:
2951:Lower GI tract
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2691:Upper GI tract
2687:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2613:Maternal death
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Fetal distress
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:Polyhydramnios
2276:
2268:amniotic fluid
2263:
2261:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2208:Nervous system
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:HELLP syndrome
2078:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:Pregnancy with
1970:
1964:
1963:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1888:
1873:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:Classification
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:External links
1831:
1828:
1827:
1778:
1735:(4): 580–584.
1715:
1682:(6): 621–625.
1666:
1633:(1): 269–272.
1617:
1608:
1557:
1528:(2): 467–474.
1508:
1444:
1387:
1338:
1309:(4): 185–191.
1289:
1240:
1201:
1154:
1133:(2): 1026–31.
1113:
1078:
1021:
961:
912:
860:
825:
806:(6): 1012–21.
785:
731:
674:
624:
600:
581:
532:
525:
500:
493:
474:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
460:
455:
450:
443:
440:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:Fetal distress
415:
414:
411:
403:
400:
376:
373:
365:HELLP syndrome
340:
337:
336:
335:
328:
325:
318:
310:
307:
268:
265:
256:
253:
236:
233:
232:
231:
224:
217:
211:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
174:
171:
168:
163:
156:
155:Lighter stools
149:
148:
145:
142:
124:
121:
100:occurs during
69:
68:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3983:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3805:Diaphragmatic
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Cholecystitis
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:Liver abscess
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:Liver failure
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:Enterocolitis
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:Malabsorption
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Gastroparesis
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Cushing ulcer
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Megaesophagus
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2495:Uterine atony
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Preterm birth
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2198:Stretch marks
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:Pre-eclampsia
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:Pathology of
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:(3): 327–34.
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:(1): 120–33.
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:(2): 422–30.
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
886:
883:(2): 94–106.
882:
878:
874:
867:
865:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
670:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
625:
614:
610:
604:
601:
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
533:
528:
522:
518:
514:
507:
505:
501:
496:
490:
486:
479:
476:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
439:
435:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:
418:
412:
409:
408:
407:
401:
399:
397:
392:
389:
384:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
350:
345:
338:
333:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
308:
306:
302:
300:
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
275:
266:
264:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
234:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
212:
209:
205:
204:
203:
201:
197:
189:
187:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:Less common:
146:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:Most common:
135:
132:
130:
122:
120:
118:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
65:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3883:
3862:
3739:Pancreatitis
3701:
3651:biliary tree
3524:Nutmeg liver
3501:
3427:Hematochezia
3378:Pruritus ani
3363:Anal abscess
3358:Anal fistula
3354:Anal fissure
3267:Constipation
3221:
3092:Appendicitis
2900:Gastroptosis
2890:Achlorhydria
2729:
2718:Eosinophilic
2637:
2630:
2490:Vasa praevia
2450:
2424:Locked twins
2340:
2290:
2266:
2172:
2139:
2012:Interstitial
1901:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1816:cite journal
1791:
1787:
1781:
1767:cite journal
1732:
1728:
1718:
1704:cite journal
1679:
1675:
1669:
1655:cite journal
1630:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1466:
1462:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1041:(1): 11823.
1038:
1034:
1024:
979:
975:
964:
929:
925:
915:
880:
876:
841:(1): 84–90.
838:
834:
828:
803:
799:
751:
747:
694:(1): 11823.
691:
687:
677:
645:(1): 76–84.
642:
638:
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:
603:
594:
584:
552:(1): 25–29.
549:
545:
535:
516:
484:
478:
436:
433:
416:
405:
393:
385:
378:
361:preeclampsia
358:
346:
342:
312:
303:
296:
292:heterozygote
285:
277:ABCB4 (MDR3)
270:
258:
255:Progesterone
241:glucuronides
238:
193:
185:
150:
147:Darker urine
136:
133:
126:
114:
110:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:
3919:Peritonitis
3681:Cholestasis
3659:Cholangitis
3602:Gallbladder
3490:Fatty liver
3410:Hematemesis
3392:GI bleeding
3198:Necrotizing
3127:Lymphocytic
3122:Collagenous
3117:Microscopic
3054:Steatorrhea
2955:Enteropathy
2801:Inlet patch
2723:Herpetiform
2708:Esophagitis
2429:Nuchal cord
2178:Linea nigra
2130:Hepatitis E
2063:proteinuria
2044:Miscarriage
2029:Embryo loss
2007:Heterotopic
448:Cholestasis
249:hepatocytes
162:deficiency)
98:cholestasis
3966:Hepatology
3955:Categories
3911:Peritoneal
3889:Incisional
3810:Congenital
3754:Hereditary
3731:Pancreatic
3695:Haemobilia
3368:Hemorrhoid
3346:Anal canal
3284:Infectious
3272:Functional
3107:Ulcerative
2991:Duodenitis
2930:Gastrinoma
2439:Postpartum
2334:Antepartum
2049:Stillbirth
1960:puerperium
1958:, and the
1956:childbirth
1903:DiseasesDB
1627:Pediatrics
1522:Hepatology
976:Hepatology
926:Hepatology
800:J. Hepatol
618:2022-04-27
595:StatPearls
470:References
430:Stillbirth
396:The Lancet
330:Low serum
247:uptake by
58:Obstetrics
3899:Richter's
3856:Spigelian
3851:Obturator
3841:Umbilical
3674:Ascending
3645:Bile duct
3478:Cirrhosis
3456:Hepatitis
3439:Accessory
3309:Proctitis
3160:Megacolon
3134:Dysentery
3044:Whipple's
2996:Jejunitis
2986:Enteritis
2873:Dyspepsia
2834:Gastritis
2767:Achalasia
2700:Esophagus
2505:Puerperal
2093:Eclampsia
1997:Abdominal
1968:Pregnancy
1952:pregnancy
1421:1469-493X
427:ingestion
388:Vitamin K
375:Treatment
339:Diagnosis
245:bile acid
235:Estrogens
190:Mechanism
160:vitamin K
102:pregnancy
53:Specialty
3829:Indirect
3824:Inguinal
3558:Pyogenic
3503:Vascular
3279:Diarrhea
3257:Volvulus
3223:Vascular
3162: /
3151: /
3112:Ischemic
3079:Appendix
2969:Duodenum
2839:Atrophic
2713:Candidal
2639:Category
2452:placenta
2342:placenta
2002:Cervical
1987:Abortion
1808:25687562
1647:15231944
1603:19418576
1552:44954417
1544:15368452
1503:72333644
1495:30773280
1439:32716060
1382:31378395
1333:33343695
1235:27265070
1188:24901263
1108:10648470
1073:28924228
1016:20203783
1008:26426865
970:(2016).
956:26426865
907:25925651
899:10766400
820:11131439
780:17535422
726:28924228
669:24366234
576:27582836
442:See also
425:Meconium
353:pruritus
332:selenium
261:sulfated
196:Hormones
177:Jaundice
3870:Petit's
3846:Femoral
3749:Chronic
3563:Amoebic
3331:Anismus
3097:Colitis
3024:Coeliac
3001:Ileitis
2973:Jejunum
2826:Stomach
2730:Rupture
2292:chorion
2017:Ovarian
1897:C535932
1759:7489950
1750:1382915
1696:7065033
1594:2678574
1486:6396441
1430:7389072
1373:6739598
1324:7726172
1284:3109544
1275:1245162
1196:9986882
1149:8995398
1064:5603585
1043:Bibcode
999:4869673
947:4869673
855:2768798
771:1891276
717:5603585
696:Bibcode
660:3887577
567:4989767
166:Fatigue
106:itching
3864:Lumbar
3834:Direct
3817:Hiatus
3797:Hernia
3649:Other
3415:Melena
3301:Rectum
2784:(GERD)
2296:amnion
1886:646.73
1806:
1757:
1747:
1694:
1645:
1601:
1591:
1550:
1542:
1501:
1493:
1483:
1463:Lancet
1437:
1427:
1419:
1380:
1370:
1352:Lancet
1331:
1321:
1282:
1272:
1233:
1194:
1186:
1147:
1106:
1071:
1061:
1014:
1006:
996:
954:
944:
905:
897:
853:
818:
778:
768:
754:: 26.
724:
714:
667:
657:
574:
564:
523:
491:
367:, and
363:, the
299:ABCB11
92:, and
60:
3789:Other
3744:Acute
3495:MASLD
3448:Liver
3422:Lower
3405:Upper
3247:Ileus
3083:Colon
2977:Ileum
2792:(LPR)
2584:Other
2389:Labor
2255:fetus
2226:Blood
2065:, and
2059:Edema
1871:O26.6
1548:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1192:S2CID
1012:S2CID
903:S2CID
322:Chile
3177:SCAD
2257:and
1908:6884
1892:MeSH
1881:9-CM
1822:link
1804:PMID
1773:link
1755:PMID
1710:link
1692:PMID
1661:link
1643:PMID
1599:PMID
1540:PMID
1491:PMID
1435:PMID
1417:ISSN
1405:2020
1378:PMID
1329:PMID
1280:PMID
1231:PMID
1184:PMID
1145:PMID
1104:PMID
1069:PMID
1004:PMID
952:PMID
895:PMID
851:PMID
816:PMID
776:PMID
722:PMID
665:PMID
572:PMID
521:ISBN
489:ISBN
129:rash
3483:PBC
3210:IBD
3144:IBS
1877:ICD
1862:ICD
1796:doi
1792:212
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1729:Gut
1684:doi
1680:142
1635:doi
1631:114
1589:PMC
1579:doi
1530:doi
1481:PMC
1471:doi
1467:393
1425:PMC
1409:doi
1368:PMC
1360:doi
1356:394
1319:PMC
1311:doi
1270:PMC
1262:doi
1258:294
1223:doi
1176:doi
1172:124
1135:doi
1131:272
1096:doi
1092:118
1059:PMC
1051:doi
994:PMC
984:doi
942:PMC
934:doi
885:doi
843:doi
808:doi
766:PMC
756:doi
712:PMC
704:doi
655:PMC
647:doi
643:109
562:PMC
554:doi
349:ALT
78:ICP
3957::
3647:/
3245::
3226::
3022::
2294:/
2061:,
1954:,
1906::
1895::
1884::
1869::
1866:10
1818:}}
1814:{{
1802:.
1790:.
1769:}}
1765:{{
1753:.
1743:.
1733:37
1731:.
1727:.
1706:}}
1702:{{
1690:.
1678:.
1657:}}
1653:{{
1641:.
1629:.
1597:.
1587:.
1575:15
1573:.
1569:.
1546:.
1538:.
1526:40
1524:.
1520:.
1497:.
1489:.
1479:.
1465:.
1461:.
1447:^
1433:.
1423:.
1415:.
1403:.
1399:.
1376:.
1366:.
1354:.
1350:.
1327:.
1317:.
1307:13
1305:.
1301:.
1278:.
1268:.
1256:.
1252:.
1229:.
1219:34
1217:.
1213:.
1190:.
1182:.
1170:.
1166:.
1143:.
1129:.
1125:.
1102:.
1090:.
1067:.
1057:.
1049:.
1037:.
1033:.
1010:.
1002:.
992:.
980:63
978:.
974:.
950:.
940:.
930:63
928:.
924:.
901:.
893:.
881:32
879:.
875:.
863:^
849:.
837:.
814:.
804:33
802:.
788:^
774:.
764:.
750:.
746:.
734:^
720:.
710:.
702:.
690:.
686:.
663:.
653:.
641:.
637:.
611:.
593:.
570:.
560:.
548:.
544:.
515:.
503:^
251:.
88:,
84:,
3683:/
3356:/
3175:/
3171:/
3085:)
3081:/
3077:(
2979:)
2975:/
2971:/
2967:(
2674:e
2667:t
2660:v
2152:/
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1879:-
1864:-
1854:D
1824:)
1810:.
1798::
1775:)
1761:.
1739::
1712:)
1698:.
1686::
1663:)
1649:.
1637::
1605:.
1581::
1554:.
1532::
1505:.
1473::
1441:.
1411::
1384:.
1362::
1335:.
1313::
1286:.
1264::
1237:.
1225::
1198:.
1178::
1151:.
1137::
1110:.
1098::
1075:.
1053::
1045::
1039:7
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