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1734:. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not available at this stage and cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage.
1413:, which, standing above the surrounding arid plain, collect atmospheric moisture which otherwise would probably escape elsewhere. Without its mountain water sources, the Amu Darya would not exist—because it rarely rains in the lowlands through which most of the river flows. Of the total drainage area, only about 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi) actively contribute water to the river. This is because many of the river's major tributaries (especially the
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1583:'s troops destroyed the dam in 1221, and the Amu Darya shifted to distributing its flow more or less equally between the main stem and the Uzboy. But in the 18th century, the river again turned north, flowing into the Aral Sea, a path it has taken since. Less and less water flowed down the Uzboy. When Russian explorer Bekovich-Cherkasski surveyed the region in 1720, the Amu Darya did not flow into the Caspian Sea anymore.
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received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. After the fall of the Soviet Union this system disintegrated and the
Central Asian nations have failed to reinstate it. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue.
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The river's total length is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) and its drainage basin totals 534,739 square kilometres (206,464 sq mi) in area, providing a mean discharge of around 97.4 cubic kilometres (23.4 cu mi) of water per year. The river is navigable for over 1,450 kilometres
1280:
and joins the Pamir River about 50 kilometres (31 mi) downstream. Bill
Colegrave's expedition to Wakhan in 2007 found that both claimants 2 and 3 had the same source, the Chelab stream, which bifurcates on the watershed of the Little Pamir, half flowing into Lake Chamaktin and half into the
1563:
has gone through several major shifts in the past few thousand years. Much of the time – most recently from the 13th century to the late 16th century – the Amu Darya emptied into both the Aral and the
Caspian Seas, reaching the latter via a large
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for extraction on its side of the Amu Darya basin. The deal will see a 15% royalty given to the Afghan government over the course of its 25-year term. The
Chinese see this basin as the third-largest potential gas field in the world.
1572:. The Uzboy splits off from the main channel just south of the river's delta. Sometimes the flow through the two branches was more or less equal, but often most of the Amu Darya's flow split to the west and flowed into the Caspian.
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1656:. A large refugee population of Central Asians, including Turkmen, Tajiks, and Uzbeks, fled to northern Afghanistan. In the 1960s and 1970s the Soviets started using the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya to irrigate extensive
1618:, called it Lake Victoria, and proclaimed he had found the source. Then, the French explorer and geographer Thibaut Viné collected a lot of information about this area during five expeditions between 1856 and 1862.
1397:
in
Tajikistan forms that country's border with China (in the east) and Pakistan (to the south). About 61% of the drainage lies within Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, while 39% is in Afghanistan.
1762:
demonstrate that from April 2022 to
February 2023, more than 100 km of canal was excavated. According to the Taliban, the initiative is expected to convert 550,000 hectares of desert into farmland.
1629:. Some in Britain feared that the Empire of Russia, which at the time wielded great influence over the Oxus area, would overcome these obstacles and find a suitable route through which to invade
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parent stream of the Little Pamir/Sarhad River. Therefore, the Chelab stream may be properly considered the true source or parent stream of the Oxus. The Panj River forms the border of
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People began to settle along the lower Amu Darya and the Uzboy in the 5th century, establishing a thriving chain of agricultural lands, towns, and cities. In about AD 985, the massive
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used to occur along the river's banks. After its extirpation, the Darya's delta was suggested as a potential site for the introduction of its closest surviving relative, the
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has been a major contributing factor to the shrinking of the Aral Sea since the late 1950s. Historical records state that in different periods, the river flowed into the
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The Oxus river, and Arnold's poem, fire the imaginations of the children who adventure with ponies over the moors of the West
Country in the 1930s children's book
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Rakhmatullaev, Shavkat; Huneau, Frédéric; Jusipbek, Kazbekov; Le
Coustumer, Philippe; Jumanov, Jamoljon; El Oifi, Bouchra; Motelica-Heino, Mikael; Hrkal, Zbynek.
1621:
The question of finding a route between the Oxus valley and India has been of concern historically. A direct route crosses extremely high mountain passes in the
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can be over 1,000 mm (39 in). Even before large-scale irrigation began, high summer evaporation meant that not all of this discharge reached the
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1417:) have been diverted, and much of the river's drainage is arid. Throughout most of the steppe, the annual rainfall is about 300 millimetres (12 in).
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disaster worse, and in 2023 Uzbek officials held talks on the canal with the
Taliban. The Taliban has made the canal a priority, with images supplied by
1676:. The Soviet Union fell in the 1990s and Central Asia split up into the many smaller countries that lie within or partially within the Amu Darya basin.
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fields in the
Central Asian plain. Before this time, water from the rivers was already being used for agriculture, but not on this massive scale. The
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1393:, the northeast corner of Afghanistan, a narrow portion of eastern Turkmenistan and the western half of Uzbekistan. Part of the Amu Darya basin
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The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir
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1333:, and other cities, but it does not reach what is left of the sea any more and is lost in the desert. Use of water from the Amu Darya for
1721:
1309:. It delineates the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan for another 100 kilometres (62 mi) before it flows into Turkmenistan at
2978:
2527:
1056:, and that this name was used by Greek, Mongol, Chinese, Persian, Jewish, and Afghan historians. However, this name is no longer used.
1957:
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873:, which roughly corresponded to present-day Central Asia. The Amu Darya has a flow of about 70 cubic kilometres per year on average.
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1540:, although they occurred at very different times. When the Mongols came to the area, they used the water of the Amu Darya to flood
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1668:, which would have diverted water along the dry Uzboy River bed into central Turkmenistan, was never built. In the course of the
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has expressed concern that the canal will have an adverse effect on its agriculture. The canal is also expected to make the
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2020:
2015:
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as the communities of "the vassal Khanates of Maimene, Khulm, Kunduz, and even the Badakshan and Wahkran." An Englishman,
2916:, Sir George Scott Robertson, Illustrated by Arthur David McCormick, Lawrence & Bullen, Limited, 1896, (Google eBook)
1844:
1603:
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1964:
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Western travelers in the 19th century mentioned that one of the names by which the river was known in Afghanistan was
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1881:(1973), places Flashman on the Amu Darya and the Aral Sea during the (fictitious) Russian advance on India during
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1301:. It subsequently forms the border of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), passing
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rivers, and which eventually joins the Panj Oxus branch 350 km downstream at Roshan Vomar in Tajikistan.
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Since the end of the 19th century, there have been four different claimants as the true source of the Oxus:
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1664:, Karshi Canal, and Bukhara Canal were among the largest of the irrigation diversions built. However, the
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3428:. With an essay on the Geography of the Valley of the Oxus by Colonel Henry Yule. London: John Murray.
3421:
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texts too refer to the river as Yakhsha/Vakhsha (and Yakhsha Arta ('Upper Yakhsha') referring to the
31:
3033:
3012:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–202.
2623:
3305:
3079:""Толибон"ни Ўзбекистон учун фожиали канални қуришдан тўхтатиб бўладими? — экспертлар билан суҳбат"
2106:
1818:
1809:
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Glantz, Michael H. (2005-01-01). "Water, Climate, and Development Issues in the Amu Darya Basin".
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According to the Quaternary International, it is possible that the Amu Darya's course across the
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853:. In its upper course, the river forms part of Afghanistan's northern border with Tajikistan,
3035:
Pre-Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in the Amu Darya Delta
1317:, and forms the border of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan from Halkabat. It is then split by the
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3404:. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint by Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company. Taipei. 1971.
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1064:) and to the river of Gozan (that is to say, the Amu, (called the Oxus by Europeans )) ..."
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1162:(900 mi). All of the water comes from the high mountains in the south where annual
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1995:
1985:
1942:
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1614:, came with an expedition to find the source of the river in 1839. He found modern-day
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2624:"Groundwater resources use and management in the Amu Darya River Basin (Central Asia)"
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1980:
1805:
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2600:(in Russian). Tashkent: Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia
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3226:"Afghanistan's Taliban administration in oil extraction deal with Chinese company"
1865:, with the Oxus as his stated goal, "to see certain famous monuments, chiefly the
1361:
engineers proposed to divert the Amu Darya to the Caspian Sea by constructing the
72:
2925:
Taliban and Talibanism in Historical Perspective, M Nazif Shahrani, chapter 4 of
2785:
2764:
Létolle, René; Micklin, Philip; Aladin, Nikolay; Plotnikov, Igor (October 2007).
2723:
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3301:
3211:"A Chinese company has signed an oil extraction deal with Afghanistan's Taliban"
2953:
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2005:
1990:
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84:. The Amu Darya drainage basin is in orange, and the Syr Darya basin in yellow.
3668:
3648:
3612:
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2692:
Destructive Water: Water-Caused Natural Disasters, their Abatement and Control
2661:. Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia. Archived from
2318:
1751:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1626:
1622:
1607:
1390:
1334:
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854:
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3381:, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005.
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567:
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489:
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321:
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1633:– but this never came to pass. The area was taken over by Russia during the
1591:
1545:
1410:
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958:
57:
3181:"Afghanistan's Taliban administration signs oil production deal with China"
3319:
2954:"Fishery in the Lower Amu Darya Under the Impact of Irrigated Agriculture"
1672:
in the 1970s, Soviet forces used the valley to invade Afghanistan through
1044:. River Amu Darya passes through one of the world's highest deserts.
3723:
2235:"Cooperative management of transboundary water resources in Central Asia"
1934:
1898:
1793:
1755:
1385:
The 534,769 square kilometres (206,475 sq mi) of the Amu Darya
1338:
1310:
1258:
1242:
1167:
1079:
954:
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850:
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1153:
1069:"the Gozan River is the River Balkh, i.e. the Oxus or the Amu Darya ..."
3658:
3638:
3293:
3056:"Uzbekistan pursues dialogue with Afghanistan on fraught canal project"
1771:
1770:(aka CAPEIC) signed a $ 720 million four-year investment deal with the
1679:
During the Soviet era, a resource-sharing system was instated in which
1532:). The river's drainage lies in the area between the former empires of
1488:
1483:
1455: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1402:
1401:
The abundant water flowing in the Amu Darya comes almost entirely from
1378:
1326:
1246:
1171:
1125: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1086:), and to the river Gozan (which is the Ammoo, also called Jehoon) ..."
1061:
950:
17:
2685:"Automated system of runoff forecasting for the Amudarya River basin"
2662:
1858:
1854:
1673:
1657:
1598:
By the 1800s, the ethnographic makeup of the region was described by
1579:
at the bifurcation of the forks started to divert water to the Aral.
1549:
1507:
1302:
1294:
1221:
1190:
999:
3209:
Madhok, Diksha; Popalzai, Ehsan; Popalzai, Masoud (6 January 2023).
2417:
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1514:. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between
3678:
3568:
3511:
3297:
2929:, 2008 Harvard Univ Press, edited by Robert D Crews and Amin Tarzi
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1519:
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2379:. Leiden with support and patronage from Encyclopaedia of Islam.
3583:
3458:
3273:"Pourquoi la Chine se laisse tenter par le pétrole des Taliban"
3255:"Taliban and China firm agree Afghanistan oil extraction deal"
2567:
Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia's Aral Sea Basin
1424:
1094:
3183:. Verdict Media Limited. Offshore Technology. 6 January 2023.
2989:
1178:
for the Aral to overflow during the 13th and 14th centuries.
910:
729:
723:
3240:"Afghanistan signs oil extraction deal with Chinese company"
3032:
Jungius, H., Chikin, Y., Tsaruk, O., Pereladova, O. (2009).
740:
3102:"What Afghanistan's Qosh Tepa Canal Means for Central Asia"
2683:
Agaltseva, N.A.; Borovikova, L.N.; Konovalov, V.G. (1997).
2205:
785:
746:
2854:. The Nineteenth Century: A monthly Review. Archived from
776:
2766:"Uzboy and the Aral regressions: A hydrological approach"
2570:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
743:
77:
Map of area around the Aral Sea. Aral Sea boundaries are
3153:"Chinese company signs oil extraction deal with Taliban"
3005:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
1644:
became the ruling power in the early 1920s and expelled
3169:. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Bloomberg. 6 January 2023.
1313:. It flows across Turkmenistan south to north, passing
2694:. International Association of Hydrological Sciences.
2307:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
1226:
Lake Chamaktin, which discharges to the east into the
1869:, a tower built as a mausoleum for an ancient king."
1293:
where it turns north and then north-west through the
998:
being the Persian word for 'lake' or 'sea'. Medieval
923:, the name of the largest tributary of the river. In
797:
788:
782:
779:
755:
720:
1931:
And tranquil, from whose floor the new-bathed stars
1389:
include most of Tajikistan, the southwest corner of
1025:
970:
737:
3561:
3545:
3499:
1610:period. Another Englishman, a naval officer called
1548:ran along part of the Amu Darya northwestward from
1381:, in 2014 it was replaced by the stationary bridge.
829:, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the
773:
734:
726:
680:
668:
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655:
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531:
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428:
389:
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355:
337:
298:
274:
260:
251:
241:
210:
205:
101:
89:
46:
30:This article is about the river. For the town, see
2912:by Henry Bathurst Hanna, 1895, (Google eBook), or
2266:"Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 7, section 4"
1907:Brimming, and bright, and large: then sands begin
1742:Since March 2022, the building of the 285 km
2146:
2722:. Central Asia Water Information. Archived from
2594:Дума о воде – взгляд в былое и немного о будущем
1927:The longed-for dash of waves is heard, and wide
1220:River flowing down the Little Pamir in the High
1170:– though there is some evidence the large Pamir
845:, and flows from there north-westwards into the
2532:. London: Bene Factum Publishing. p. 176.
2467:The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch
1911:And split his currents; that for many a league
1887:
1804:~ Mirza Nathan describing a battle between the
1786:
1768:Xinjiang Central Asia Petroleum and Gas Company
982:is said to have come from the medieval city of
3010:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2
2992:. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
1915:Through beds of sand and matted rushy isles —
1909:To hem his watery march, and dam his streams,
986:(later Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as
944:
934:
928:
3595:
3470:
3213:. Cable News Network. Warner Bros. Discovery.
2078:
1925:A foiled circuitous wanderer: — till at last
1788:The clashing noise of battle reached the sky
1074:"... and were brought into Halah (modern day
183:
153:
138:
8:
3124:
3122:
2753:. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 64.
2482:Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages
2124:
1895:Into the frosty starlight, and there moved,
865:, the river was regarded as the boundary of
168:
3242:. Al Jazeera Media Network. 6 January 2023.
3130:"The Taliban are digging an enormous canal"
2098:
2092:
1968:Panorama of Amu Darya River from 2016-04-06
1913:The shorn and parcelled Oxus strains along
894:
123:
108:
37:"Oxus" redirects here. For other uses, see
3602:
3588:
3580:
3477:
3463:
3455:
2119:
2100:
1929:His luminous home of waters opens, bright
1893:Out of the mist and hum of that low land,
1853:, describes its author's journey from the
1687:shared water originating from the Amu and
1606:, visited the Oxus around 1824 during the
1528:
1321:into many waterways that used to form the
1193:(once also known as Lake Victoria) in the
647:5,900 m/s (210,000 cu ft/s)
185:
71:
3426:A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus
3286:Nathan, Mirza (1936). M. I. Borah (ed.).
3196:"Taliban Seal Afghan Oil Deal With China"
3002:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) .
2927:The Taliban And The Crisis of Afghanistan
2442:"Afghanistan Virtual Jewish History Tour"
2283:
2281:
2279:
1917:Oxus, forgetting the bright speed he had
1471:Learn how and when to remove this message
1345:(from the east), or both, similar to the
1141:Learn how and when to remove this message
627:2,525 m/s (89,200 cu ft/s)
605:534,739 km (206,464 sq mi)
3224:Yawar, Mohammad Yunus (5 January 2023).
2617:
2615:
2228:
2226:
2099:
1307:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge
1299:Tajikistan–Afghanistan Friendship Bridge
2803:. University of Calgary. Archived from
2222:
2032:
1905:Right for the polar star, past Orgunjè,
1353:). Partly based on such records, first
637:420 m/s (15,000 cu ft/s)
3266:
3264:
2233:Daene C. McKinney (18 November 2003).
841:on the border between Afghanistan and
43:
3375:The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus
3344:"The Road to Oxiana. By Robert Byron"
2659:"Basin Water Organization "Amudarya""
2377:Historical Atlas of Islam (Hardcover)
2047:
1903:Under the solitary moon: — he flowed
1377:Pontoon Bridge on the Amu River near
1078:), and Habor (which is Pesh Habor or
7:
3810:Siberian Tiger Re-population Project
3271:SEIBT, Sébastian (10 January 2023).
2066:
1750:to divert water from the Amu Darya.
1453:adding citations to reliable sources
1123:adding citations to reliable sources
3077:Safarov, Ilyos (10 February 2023).
2960:. Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
2164:
2147:
2118:
2043:
1722:Siberian Tiger Introduction Project
1716:Siberian Tiger Introduction Project
1590:Russian troops crossing Amu Darya,
1527:
1502:beside the Amu Darya river, AD 1504
1015:
927:, the river is also referred to as
1889:But the majestic River floated on,
1040:for one of the four rivers of the
25:
3440:Drying of the Aral Sea: Timelapse
3253:Hoskins, Peter (6 January 2023).
3132:. The Economist. 16 February 2023
2825:Kozubov, Robert (November 2007).
2720:"Amudarya River Basin Morphology"
3805:Landforms of Badakhshan Province
3611:
3486:
1956:
1498:Bāqī Chaghānyānī pays homage to
1429:
1099:
769:
716:
93:Named for the city of Āmul (now
56:
3780:Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border
3320:"Oxus Series by Katharine Hull"
3289:Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume II
3151:Hoyt, Conrad (6 January 2023).
3100:Duffy, Seamus (19 April 2023).
2979:Water Pressures in Central Asia
2701:from the original on 2022-10-09
2640:from the original on 2022-10-09
2247:from the original on 2022-10-09
1919:In his high mountain-cradle in
1440:needs additional citations for
1110:needs additional citations for
3795:Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border
2831:Turkmenistan Analytic Magazine
2801:"The Course of the Oxus River"
2403:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2093:
2079:
1897:Rejoicing, through the hushed
1746:has been underway in northern
1552:before going westwards to the
1325:joining the Aral Sea, passing
1157:Map of the Amu Darya watershed
839:Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve
763:and historically known as the
546: • coordinates
468: • coordinates
391: • coordinates
300: • coordinates
62:Looking at the Amu Darya from
1:
3790:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border
3785:Afghanistan–Tajikistan border
2977:International Crisis Group. "
2510:Mock, J.; O'Neil, K. (2004),
2021:List of rivers of Afghanistan
2016:Extreme points of Afghanistan
1635:Russian conquest of Turkestan
961:twin river to Amu Darya). In
893:, the river was known as the
597:2,400 km (1,500 mi)
434:4,525 m (14,846 ft)
343:4,130 m (13,550 ft)
252:Physical characteristics
78:
3775:International rivers of Asia
3194:Gul, Ayaz (5 January 2023).
2914:The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush
2786:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.003
2631:Environmental Earth Sciences
2480:Moshe Gil; David Strassler,
2446:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2348:Page, Geology (2015-02-19).
2206:
1544:. One southern route of the
1230:, which in turn becomes the
971:
911:
585: • elevation
507: • elevation
430: • elevation
339: • elevation
3450:The Amu Darya Basin Network
3058:. Eurasianet. 24 March 2023
2890:When Men and Mountains Meet
2799:Volk, Sylvia (2000-11-11).
2135:آمو دریا/ਆਮੂ ਦਰਿਆ/Āmū Daryā
2125:
1933:Emerge, and shine upon the
1812:(translated by M. I. Borah)
1341:(from the south), into the
1026:
945:
929:
533: • location
456: • location
371: • location
276: • location
3836:
3379:Royal Geographical Society
2564:Peterson, Maya K. (2019).
2195:
2110:
1833:. There were two sequels,
1719:
1189:, which emerges from Lake
904:
885:Amu Darya delta from space
643: • maximum
633: • minimum
623: • average
511:326 m (1,070 ft)
36:
29:
3624:
2319:10.1007/s11027-005-7829-8
2172:
2134:
2088:
2058:
1510:called the Amu Darya the
1276:A glacier turns into the
1030:), which is derived from
935:
704:
651:
609:
515:
442:
438:
351:
347:
256:
184:
169:
154:
139:
124:
109:
70:
55:
3371:Curzon, George Nathaniel
2910:Can Russia invade India?
2850:Peter Kropotkin (1913).
2770:Quaternary International
2526:Colegrave, Bill (2011).
2059:Амударё/Amudaryo/امودریا
1648:. It later put down the
1625:and isolated areas like
949:which means an eye. The
919:— a clear derivative of
682: • right
170:د امو سیند (də Āmū Sīnd)
3416:Oxford University Press
2591:Kadyrov, Abrar (2011).
2529:Halfway House to Heaven
2049:[ɒːˈmuːdæɾˈjɒː]
1873:George MacDonald Fraser
1319:Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex
1257:, near the border with
1006:sources call the river
943:refers to the river as
801:), is a major river in
670: • left
50:Oxus, Wehrōd, Amu River
3765:Rivers of Turkmenistan
3493:Rivers in Turkmenistan
3412:Between Oxus and Jumna
3275:(in French). France24.
3155:. Washington Examiner.
2497:Tamerlane and the Jews
2187:
2156:
2142:
2074:
1952:
1878:Flashman at the Charge
1825:
1796:flowed like the river
1703:in summer. In return,
1595:
1503:
1491:
1382:
1273:
1270:Afghanistan-Tajikistan
1158:
1082:), and Hara (which is
969:the river is known as
895:
886:
805:, which flows through
589:28 m (92 ft)
3755:Rivers of Afghanistan
2495:Michael Shterenshis,
2465:George Passman Tate,
2270:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1766:In January 2023, the
1589:
1497:
1486:
1376:
1272:bridge over the Darya
1268:
1205:, where it joins the
1201:), and flows west to
1156:
975:(lit. 'good river').
884:
759:), also shortened to
568:44.10833°N 59.68111°E
490:37.10972°N 68.31222°E
413:39.22417°N 72.92389°E
322:37.45111°N 73.57250°E
39:Oxus (disambiguation)
27:River in Central Asia
3770:Rivers of Uzbekistan
3760:Rivers of Tajikistan
3618:Rivers of Tajikistan
3400:Gordon, T. E. 1876.
2772:. 173–174: 125–136.
2293:Encyclopædia Iranica
1847:'s 1937 travelogue,
1830:The Far-Distant Oxus
1449:improve this article
1119:improve this article
3306:Government of Assam
3198:. Voice of America.
2952:Pavlovskaya, L. P.
2778:2007QuInt.173..125L
2750:A History of Persia
1819:Baharistan-i-Ghaibi
1810:Musa Khan of Bengal
1738:Resource extraction
1538:Alexander the Great
1289:. It flows west to
891:classical antiquity
656:Basin features
564: /
486: /
409: /
318: /
140:Амударья (Amudaria)
3815:Rivers in Buddhism
3348:washingtonpost.com
3041:2016-10-22 at the
2984:2016-05-20 at the
2295:, online ed., 2009
2157:Amu Derya / Ceyhun
2111:Әмиўдәря/Ámiwdárya
1850:The Road to Oxiana
1666:Main Turkmen Canal
1646:Mohammed Alim Khan
1596:
1504:
1492:
1383:
1363:Transcaspian Canal
1274:
1245:at the end of the
1159:
1048:As the river Gozan
887:
573:44.10833; 59.68111
495:37.10972; 68.31222
418:39.22417; 72.92389
327:37.45111; 73.57250
155:Амыдеря (Amyderýa)
125:Амударё (Amudaryo)
110:Амударё (Amudaryo)
3742:
3741:
3577:
3576:
3408:Toynbee, Arnold J
3324:www.goodreads.com
2958:Karakalpak Branch
2940:Soviet–Afghan War
2938:Termez – See the
2577:978-1-108-46854-1
2539:978-1-903071-28-1
2513:Expedition Report
2350:"Amu Darya River"
2204:
2173:Амударья/Amudaria
1948:Sohrab and Rustum
1792:The blood of the
1670:Soviet–Afghan War
1650:Basmachi movement
1604:William Moorcroft
1481:
1480:
1473:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1024:
847:southern remnants
708:
707:
447:Source confluence
32:Amu Dar'ya (town)
16:(Redirected from
3827:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3581:
3532:Sumbar (Sari-su)
3491:
3490:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3441:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3167:"Times of India"
3163:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3030:
3024:
3023:
2999:
2993:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2908:See for example
2906:
2900:
2888:Keay, J. (1983)
2886:
2880:
2879:, 1994, page 100
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2852:"The Coming War"
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2542:. Archived from
2523:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2394:
2388:
2373:William C. Brice
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2302:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:آمودریا/Âmudaryâ
2037:
1960:
1835:Escape to Persia
1823:
1531:
1530:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1433:
1425:
1174:provided enough
1146:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1103:
1095:
1029:
1019:
1017:
974:
948:
941:Brahmanda Purana
938:
937:
932:
914:
908:
898:
821:. Rising in the
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
683:
671:
644:
634:
624:
579:
578:
576:
575:
574:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
537:Amudarya Delta,
508:
501:
500:
498:
497:
496:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
469:
457:
431:
424:
423:
421:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
392:
372:
340:
333:
332:
330:
329:
328:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
301:
277:
198:
190:
189:
187:
180:
172:
171:
165:
157:
156:
150:
142:
141:
135:
127:
126:
120:
112:
111:
83:
80:
75:
60:
44:
21:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3578:
3573:
3562:River (extinct)
3557:
3541:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3439:
3435:
3367:
3365:Further reading
3362:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3081:(in Uzbek). Kun
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3043:Wayback Machine
3031:
3027:
3020:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2990:CrisisGroup.org
2986:Wayback Machine
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2875:Peter Hopkirk,
2874:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2286:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2182:
2178:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2137:
2129:
2113:
2105:
2083:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2011:Zeravshan River
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1824:
1816:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1744:Qosh Tepa Canal
1740:
1724:
1718:
1600:Peter Kropotkin
1477:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1446:
1434:
1423:
1415:Zeravshan River
1407:Pamir Mountains
1371:
1255:Pamir Mountains
1251:Wakhan Corridor
1249:valley, in the
1195:Pamir Mountains
1147:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1116:
1104:
1093:
1050:
967:Sasanian period
965:sources of the
879:
863:ancient history
837:rivers, in the
825:, north of the
823:Pamir Mountains
772:
768:
733:
719:
715:
699:Zeravshan River
681:
669:
642:
632:
622:
586:
572:
570:
566:
563:
558:
555:
553:
551:
550:
547:
534:
506:
494:
492:
488:
485:
480:
477:
475:
473:
472:
467:
455:
429:
417:
415:
411:
408:
403:
400:
398:
396:
395:
390:
380:Pamir Mountains
370:
338:
326:
324:
320:
317:
312:
309:
307:
305:
304:
299:
285:Pamir Mountains
275:
237:
201:
192:
174:
159:
144:
129:
114:
85:
81:
66:
51:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Iskander Darya
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3434:
3433:External links
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3405:
3398:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3335:
3311:
3278:
3260:
3245:
3231:
3216:
3201:
3186:
3172:
3158:
3143:
3118:
3092:
3069:
3047:
3025:
3018:
2994:
2970:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2901:
2881:
2877:The Great Game
2868:
2842:
2817:
2791:
2756:
2736:
2711:
2675:
2650:
2611:
2583:
2576:
2556:
2538:
2518:
2502:
2499:, p. xxiv
2487:
2472:
2457:
2433:
2422:geography.name
2409:
2389:
2365:
2340:
2297:
2275:
2257:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2176:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Sherabad River
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:Matthew Arnold
1883:The Great Game
1867:Gonbad-e Qabus
1839:Oxus in Summer
1814:
1784:
1781:
1774:government of
1739:
1736:
1732:Siberian tiger
1720:Main article:
1717:
1714:
1561:Karakum Desert
1479:
1478:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1387:drainage basin
1370:
1367:
1349:(Jaxartes, in
1263:
1262:
1239:
1224:
1216:The Sarhad or
1214:
1149:
1148:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1042:Garden of Eden
963:Middle Persian
925:Sanskrit texts
878:
875:
706:
705:
702:
701:
695:Sherabad River
684:
678:
677:
672:
666:
665:
662:
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502:
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99:
98:
91:
87:
86:
76:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Border rivers
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
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3700:
3697:
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3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3553:Karakum Canal
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Atrek (Etrek)
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:1-4021-3090-2
3392:
3388:
3387:1-4021-5983-8
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3308:. p. 58.
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3019:90-04-08876-8
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2897:0-7126-0196-1
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2858:on 2019-10-16
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2807:on 2009-12-23
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2726:on 2010-10-17
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2665:on 2004-06-18
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2546:on 2018-11-06
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2484:, p. 428
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:90-04-06116-9
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2192:Ancient Greek
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2116:
2108:
2086:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Surkhan Darya
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Vankhsh River
1984:
1982:
1981:Oxus Treasure
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1922:
1900:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:Caspian tiger
1723:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:Qaraqum Canal
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:British India
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Konye-Urgench
1539:
1535:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1464:
1461:February 2021
1454:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:This section
1436:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:Ancient Greek
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:precipitation
1155:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1131:February 2021
1124:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:This section
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:biblical name
1035:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
942:
931:
926:
922:
918:
913:
907:
902:
897:
892:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
793:
766:
762:
758:
757:
756:AH-moo DAR-yə
751:
713:
703:
700:
696:
692:
691:Surkhan Darya
688:
685:
679:
676:
673:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
640:
636:
630:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
577:
549:
543:
540:
536:
530:
527:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
499:
471:
465:
462:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
422:
394:
388:
385:
381:
377:
374:
368:
365:
361:
360:Kyzylsu River
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
331:
303:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
250:
247:
244:
240:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
213:
209:
204:
196:
182:
178:
167:
163:
152:
148:
137:
133:
122:
118:
107:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
74:
69:
65:
59:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3633:
3506:
3425:
3411:
3401:
3374:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:
3314:
3288:
3281:
3248:
3234:
3219:
3204:
3189:
3175:
3161:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3109:. Retrieved
3106:The Diplomat
3105:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3050:
3045:. WWF Russia
3034:
3028:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2957:
2947:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:
2820:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2794:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2745:Sykes, Percy
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:the original
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2691:
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2630:
2602:. Retrieved
2593:
2586:
2566:
2559:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2528:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2469:, p. 11
2466:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2412:
2401:
2392:
2376:
2368:
2357:. Retrieved
2354:Geology Page
2353:
2343:
2313:(1): 23–50.
2310:
2306:
2300:
2269:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2179:
2165:Jayḥūn/جيحون
2067:Jeyhun/جیحون
2035:
1946:
1940:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1871:
1848:
1845:Robert Byron
1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1765:
1741:
1725:
1697:Turkmenistan
1678:
1642:Soviet Union
1639:
1620:
1597:
1581:Genghis Khan
1574:
1566:distributary
1558:
1534:Genghis Khan
1516:Greater Iran
1511:
1506:The ancient
1505:
1467:
1458:
1447:Please help
1442:verification
1439:
1400:
1384:
1297:passing the
1278:Wakhan River
1275:
1218:Little Pamir
1209:to form the
1207:Wakhan River
1203:Qila-e Panja
1180:
1160:
1137:
1128:
1117:Please help
1112:verification
1109:
1053:
1051:
1031:
1016:جَـيْـحُـوْن
1007:
995:
992:Turkmenistan
990:) in modern
983:
979:
977:
888:
867:Greater Iran
859:Turkmenistan
811:Turkmenistan
803:Central Asia
764:
760:
711:
709:
687:Vakhsh River
364:Vakhsh River
246:Central Asia
228:Turkmenistan
64:Turkmenistan
3302:British Raj
2418:"Amu Darya"
2398:"Amu Darya"
2287:B. Spuler,
2139:Azerbaijani
2126:də Āmū Sīnd
2063:Mazanderani
2006:Transoxiana
1991:Mount Imeon
1863:Afghanistan
1776:Afghanistan
1760:Planet Labs
1748:Afghanistan
1654:Ibrahim Bek
1652:and killed
1616:Lake Zorkul
1577:Gurganj Dam
1570:Uzboy River
1568:called the
1554:Caspian Sea
1343:Caspian Sea
1323:river delta
1315:Türkmenabat
1283:Afghanistan
1199:Mount Imeon
1187:Pamir River
1091:Description
988:Türkmenabat
819:Afghanistan
661:Tributaries
571: /
493: /
416: /
376:Alay Valley
325: /
289:Afghanistan
281:Lake Zorkul
265:Pamir River
218:Afghanistan
102:Native name
95:Türkmenabat
82: 2008
3749:Categories
3669:Kofarnihon
3422:Wood, John
3414:. London.
3353:2023-05-12
3329:2021-06-07
3228:. Reuters.
2964:2010-02-09
2862:2020-01-04
2836:2010-02-08
2811:2010-02-08
2730:2010-02-09
2705:2010-02-09
2669:2010-02-11
2644:2010-02-09
2550:2018-11-06
2451:2022-02-05
2427:2020-07-16
2359:2021-05-28
2251:2014-10-03
2217:References
2120:د آمو سيند
2107:Karakalpak
1899:Chorasmian
1783:Literature
1752:Uzbekistan
1709:Tajikistan
1705:Kyrgyzstan
1701:Uzbekistan
1693:Kazakhstan
1689:Syr Daryas
1685:Tajikistan
1681:Kyrgyzstan
1627:Kafiristan
1623:Hindu Kush
1608:Great Game
1391:Kyrgyzstan
1357:and later
1335:irrigation
1287:Tajikistan
1228:Aksu River
1211:Panj River
855:Uzbekistan
843:Tajikistan
827:Hindu Kush
815:Uzbekistan
807:Tajikistan
675:Panj River
602:Basin size
559:59°40′52″E
556:44°06′30″N
539:Uzbekistan
481:68°18′44″E
478:37°06′35″N
461:Tajikistan
404:72°55′26″E
401:39°13′27″N
384:Tajikistan
356:2nd source
313:73°34′21″E
310:37°27′04″N
293:Tajikistan
269:Panj River
233:Uzbekistan
223:Tajikistan
188:(Âmudaryâ)
3820:Amu Darya
3734:Zeravshan
3704:Syr Darya
3694:Shakhdara
3644:Fan Darya
3634:Amu Darya
3507:Amu Darya
2899:Chapter 9
2335:154617195
2327:1573-1596
2289:Āmū Daryā
2201:romanized
1794:Bengalees
1612:John Wood
1546:Silk Road
1411:Tian Shan
1369:Watershed
1347:Syr Darya
1291:Ishkashim
1253:, in the
1234:and then
1197:(ancient
1176:meltwater
1021:romanized
978:The name
959:Syr Darya
712:Amu Darya
614:Discharge
211:Countries
90:Etymology
47:Amu Darya
3724:Yazgulem
3699:Simiganj
3424:, 1872.
3410:. 1961.
3373:. 1896.
3136:26 March
3085:26 March
3062:26 March
3039:Archived
2982:Archived
2747:(1921).
2696:Archived
2635:Archived
2375:. 1981.
2242:Archived
2143:Amudərya
2101:ەمۇدەريا
2089:Amudaryo
2075:Amyderýa
1975:See also
1935:Aral Sea
1885:period.
1857:through
1815:—
1756:Aral Sea
1487:Ancient
1403:glaciers
1339:Aral Sea
1311:Atamurat
1305:and the
1259:Pakistan
1243:ice cave
1172:glaciers
1168:Aral Sea
1080:Peshawar
955:Jaxartes
851:Aral Sea
526:Aral Sea
206:Location
3719:Yaghnob
3674:Kyzylsu
3664:Khanaka
3659:Karatag
3639:Bartang
3527:Murghab
3517:Chandyr
3445:YouTube
3294:Gauhati
2942:article
2827:"Uzboy"
2774:Bibcode
2604:4 April
2203::
2169:Russian
2153:Turkish
2148:آمودریا
2131:Punjabi
2094:Амударё
2080:Амыдеря
2071:Turkmen
2040:Persian
1806:Mughals
1772:Taliban
1524:Persian
1489:Bactria
1421:History
1405:in the
1379:Urgench
1355:Tsarist
1331:Daşoguz
1327:Urgench
1247:Wakhjir
1236:Bartang
1232:Murghab
1062:Bokhara
1060:"Hara (
1023::
1008:Jeyhoun
1004:Islamic
994:, with
951:Avestan
939:). The
849:of the
195:Persian
186:آمودریا
162:Turkmen
147:Russian
3729:Zambar
3709:Vakhsh
3629:Ak-Suu
3500:Rivers
3397:(hbk).
3393:
3389:(pbk;
3385:
3257:. BBC.
3111:18 May
3016:
2895:
2574:
2536:
2383:
2333:
2325:
2161:Arabic
2115:Pashto
1921:Pamere
1901:waste,
1859:Persia
1855:Levant
1798:Jaihun
1699:, and
1674:Termez
1658:cotton
1594:. 1873
1550:Termez
1529:تُوران
1508:Greeks
1395:divide
1359:Soviet
1303:Termez
1295:Pamirs
1222:Wakhan
1191:Zorkul
1036:, the
1027:Jayḥūn
1012:Arabic
1000:Arabic
972:Wehrōd
946:Chaksu
921:Vakhsh
857:, and
831:Vakhsh
798:OK-səs
664:
617:
594:Length
261:Source
242:Region
191:
177:Pashto
173:
158:
143:
128:
113:
18:Jayhun
3684:Pamir
3679:Muksu
3569:Uzboy
3546:Canal
3537:Tejen
3522:Kushk
3298:Assam
3008:[
2699:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
2598:(PDF)
2331:S2CID
2291:, in
2245:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
2184:Latin
2085:Uzbek
2055:Tajik
2027:Notes
1691:with
1520:Ṫūrān
1500:Babur
1084:Herat
1076:Balkh
1054:Gozan
1033:Gihon
996:Daryā
936:वक्षु
930:Vakṣu
917:Greek
915:) in
901:Latin
877:Names
871:Turan
869:with
861:. In
521:Mouth
450:Kerki
132:Tajik
117:Uzbek
3714:Vanj
3689:Panj
3649:Gunt
3391:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3138:2023
3113:2023
3087:2023
3064:2023
3014:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2606:2024
2572:ISBN
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