33:
599:. As he and PARENA as a whole tended to be opposed to the implementation of power-sharing deals with the Hutu rebels, the government placed Bagaza under house arrest and banned PARENA from November 2002 to May 2003. In 2005, there were rumours that radical followers of Bagaza were organising a rebel group known as "Justice and Liberity United Front". Tensions abated when PARENA accepted ministerial position in the newly formed coalition government. Bagaza ran as PARENA's candidate for the
515:, regarding it as a threat to his power. The Church was increasingly targeted as the regime became increasingly repressive. Foreign missionaries were expelled and attempts were made to break its influence over the public and education. Bagaza banned Catholic media and church services, closed Church-run literacy centers, nationalized Church-run schools, and ordered the arrest and torture of Church figures. He ordered the closure of 87 churches, including
484:
1349:
571:, Burundi's first democratically elected president. The putschists killed Ndadaye, but failed to maintain control. Power was consequently returned to a civilian, democratic government. Bagaza subsequently denied any involvement in the putsch. Despite the coup's failure, he returned to Burundi where he founded the
594:
On 18 January 1997, Bagaza was placed under house arrest for gathering weapons for a plot against
President Buyoya. Two months later, the house arrest was changed into a prison sentence, though he was quickly released. Bagaza was subsequently involved in the peace talks which were supposed to end the
410:
and making modest reforms to improve conditions for Hutus who had been targeted under the
Micombero regime. He reformed taxation and the administration. He earned respect for his work ethic, as he "drove himself to work at 7:30 a.m. each day" instead of travelling in large cavalcades as most regional
440:
Officially, Bagaza attempted to address the country's ethnic tensions by banning all mention of ethnicity, declaring that everyone was just
Burundian or, more broadly, African. Researcher Nigel Watt argued that this move was just disguising the continued dominance of the Tutsi elite. Bagaza ensured
382:, though the "extent or nature of his involvement" remain unclear. In May he was, at the rank of captain, appointed adjunct chief of staff of the Burundian military in charge of logistics—largely because of his family's connections to the Micombero, replacing purged Hutu officer
464:. His infrastructure investments helped to shape Burundi's export ecenomy which came to rely on coffee, tea and sugar. Internationally, Bagaza successfully maneuvered between different political factions, securing economic aid from the
441:
that the Tutsi remained economically and politically dominant. In fact, the marginalization of Hutus in the economy and education increased during Bagaza's rule. This resulted in the emergence of the radical
710:
406:, the 30-member Supreme Revolutionary Council, which declared Bagaza president on 10 November 1976. He was thirty at the time. Bagaza initiated a number of reforms after taking power, attacking
303:
majority. His regime became increasingly repressive after it became consolidated in 1984, especially targeting the powerful
Catholic Church. His rule lasted until 1987 when his regime was
1434:
618:
Bagaza died in
Brussels, Belgium on 4 May 2016 at the age of 69 of natural causes and was buried in Bujumbura on 17 May 2016. He was survived by his wife Fausta and four daughters.
583:
as a former head of state. At the time, Bagaza was known for his extreme views, including general opposition to any power-sharing agreements with Hutu factions such as the
556:
1424:
1399:
1394:
386:. In November he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and made chief of the general staff. In May 1975 he was appointed to the Chamber of Accounts under the
615:
erupted in the country in the period leading up to the 2015 election, Bagaza and the other three still-living ex-presidents called for an international intervention.
1256:
419:
where they had fled during the genocide. Bagaza granted a few government posts to Hutu, appointing two Hutu ministers in his first cabinet. Burundi's
564:
1414:
924:
657:
523:
openings and officially limiting the time as well as money
Burundians were allowed to spend for traditional betrothal and mourning ceremonies.
1439:
1123:
603:, but withdrew when the Burundian opposition boycotted the elections. He stepped down as head of PARENA in March 2014, and was succeeded by
511:, he was re-elected president with 99.6 percent of the national vote. After the election, Bagaza organized a military operation against the
600:
508:
1249:
608:
560:
1142:
1419:
1188:
1161:
516:
1013:
612:
551:. Buyoya successfully deposed Bagaza's regime and established himself as president. Bagaza himself went into exile in neighbouring
1409:
536:
399:
363:
304:
282:
274:
968:
1404:
1242:
584:
480:. He expelled the large Congolese migrant community from Burundi, claiming that they had just decided to leave on their own.
527:
argued that these policies ultimately alienated too many
Burundians and led to Bagaza's deposition, a view shared by Watt.
307:
and he was forced into exile. He returned to
Burundi in 1994 and became involved in national politics as the leader of the
1270:
1043:
1429:
572:
500:
308:
286:
163:
837:
512:
886:
460:. He also initiated road building programs, expanded the availability of drinking water, and developed a port on
1318:
387:
1338:
519:. Protestant media was also targeted. He also tried to implement other "eccentricities" such as restricting
607:. He remained the main opposition leader in the Burundian Senate, and joined the opposition boycott of the
248:
591:, FRODEBU). He eventually began to advocate the division of Burundi into a "Tutsiland" and a "Hutuland".
1389:
1176:
299:, he introduced various reforms which modernised the state and made concessions to the country's ethnic
263:
71:
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176:
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425:
495:
Bagaza's regime introduced a new national constitution in 1981 which consolidated
Burundi as a
32:
1333:
1303:
1184:
1157:
1138:
1119:
665:
580:
457:
453:
429:, was abolished in 1977. Some Tutsi-held land was transferred to Hutu farmers. The end of the
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1283:
1209:
568:
383:
375:
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84:
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461:
335:
1021:
448:
Under Bagaza, a programme of economic modernization was begun to allow the emergence of
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403:
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politicians did at the time. Some Hutu refugees were allowed to return from exile in
339:
216:
128:
96:
469:
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449:
1109:
524:
347:
1234:
477:
442:
407:
209:
1051:
669:
420:
371:
351:
658:"Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Deposed Leader of a Troubled Burundi, Is Dead at 69"
559:
where he lived until 1993. Opposed to the empowerment of Hutu through the
1115:
416:
374:
degree. He returned to
Burundi in 1972. Bagaza was involved in President
367:
144:
579:, PARENA). PARENA was described as a Tutsi "extremist party". He was a
359:
252:
552:
548:
544:
331:
158:
124:
402:
on 1 November 1976. The constitution was temporarily suspended by a
925:"Leader of Burundi Reportedly Killed in a Coup by an Ethnic Rival"
507:, UPRONA), which he re-organised under his own leadership. In the
482:
473:
412:
379:
343:
342:
on 29 August 1946. His family were ethnic Hima, part of the wider
296:
270:
247:(29 August 1946 – 4 May 2016) was a Burundian army
300:
1238:
711:"Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, ousted Burundian president, dies at 69"
1183:. Vol. i. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 146.
281:
after his rise to power in 1966. Bagaza deposed Micombero in
1137:(Revised and updated ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co.
996:
994:
992:
990:
1108:
Lansford, Tom (2017). "Burundi". In Lansford, Tom (ed.).
768:
766:
969:"Burundi pays final tribute to former president Bagaza"
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
954:. Vol. 38, no. 6. November 1993. p. 6.
285:
in 1976 and took power himself as head of the ruling
819:
817:
804:
802:
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785:
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1111:
Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. Volume 1
354:, he enlisted in the army of the newly independent
222:
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195:
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182:
172:
151:
134:
111:
106:
90:
78:
65:
46:
23:
1074:"Burundi: Fear of ill-treatment / fear of torture"
437:poll tax earned Bagaza much goodwill among Hutus.
531:Deposition and involvement in democratic politics
1171:Young, Eric (2010). "Jean-Baptiste Bagaza". In
295:, UPRONA). Despite having participated in the
1435:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
1250:
1135:Burundi: Biography of a Small African Country
277:and rose through the ranks under the rule of
8:
312:
290:
651:
563:, he reportedly played a major part in the
61:1 November 1976 – 3 September 1987
1257:
1243:
1235:
1198:
963:
961:
887:"Former Burundi president dies in Belgium"
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
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631:
539:broke out in September 1987, led by Major
31:
20:
772:
380:genocidal killings of ethnic Hutu in 1972
1000:
911:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
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686:
452:, involving the construction of two new
1425:Royal Military Academy (Belgium) alumni
1400:Party for National Recovery politicians
1395:Union for National Progress politicians
627:
950:"Burundi's President Killed in Coup".
838:"Rule by Minority Persists in Burundi"
266:from November 1976 to September 1987.
16:President of Burundi from 1976 to 1987
757:
7:
1090:
873:
861:
823:
808:
793:
423:system of land tenure, known as the
215:Conspiracy against former president
589:Front pour la DĂ©mocratie au Burundi
577:Parti pour le Redressement National
314:Parti pour le Redressement National
305:overthrown in a further coup d'Ă©tat
450:small-scale capitalist agriculture
14:
1347:
1154:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
1014:"POST TRANSITION SENATORS' LIST"
433:as well as the abolition of the
362:in 1966 where he studied at the
458:Burundi's energy infrastructure
456:which still form the basis for
74:(1976–1978)
1415:Leaders who took power by coup
1360:
585:Front for Democracy in Burundi
505:Union pour le Progrès national
398:Bagaza overthrew Micombero in
326:Early life and military career
292:Union pour le Progrès national
273:in 1946, Bagaza served in the
1:
1156:. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press.
1114:. Thousand Oaks, California:
836:Brooke, James (4 June 1987).
543:, while Bagaza was abroad in
1440:Burundian military personnel
709:Langer, Emily (5 May 2016).
317:, PARENA). He died in 2016.
1050:(in French). Archived from
1020:(in French). Archived from
656:Chan, Sewell (4 May 2016).
573:Party for National Recovery
501:Union for National Progress
340:Belgian-ruled Ruanda-Urundi
309:Party for National Recovery
287:Union for National Progress
1461:
1152:Weinstein, Warren (1976).
601:2010 presidential election
513:Catholic Church in Burundi
445:party and militant group.
297:genocidal killings of 1972
1356:
1345:
1279:
1223:
1214:
1206:
1201:
251:and politician who ruled
238:
234:
230:
203:
102:
54:
42:
30:
1420:Leaders ousted by a coup
1044:"The Senate composition"
370:until 1971. He earned a
1410:Burundian life senators
487:Location of Burundi in
283:a bloodless coup d'Ă©tat
1181:Encyclopedia of Africa
497:one-party dictatorship
492:
364:Royal Military Academy
313:
291:
1405:Presidents of Burundi
1266:Presidents of Burundi
1173:Appiah, Kwame Anthony
1133:Watt, Nigel (2016) .
1078:Amnesty International
486:
1217:President of Burundi
1118:. pp. 218–228.
1054:on 29 September 2007
1024:on 29 September 2007
346:. After studying in
245:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
226:Mpanga Prison (1997)
49:President of Burundi
25:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
715:The Washington Post
597:Burundian Civil War
330:Bagaza was born in
1430:People from Rutovu
1202:Political offices
1177:Gates, Henry Louis
842:The New York Times
662:The New York Times
493:
454:hydroelectric dams
356:Kingdom of Burundi
344:Tutsi ethnic group
275:Burundian military
271:Tutsi ethnic group
223:Imprisoned at
72:Édouard Nzambimana
1367:
1366:
1233:
1232:
1224:Succeeded by
1125:978-1-5063-2718-1
931:. 22 October 1993
876:, pp. 42–43.
864:, pp. 41–42.
358:. He was sent to
264:military dictator
242:
241:
1452:
1361:
1351:
1274:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1210:Michel Micombero
1207:Preceded by
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1080:. 19 March 1997.
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581:senator for life
569:Melchior Ndadaye
517:Gitega Cathedral
509:election of 1984
384:Martin Ndayahoze
376:Michel Micombero
348:Catholic schools
316:
294:
279:Michel Micombero
212:
191:Military service
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121:
119:
107:Personal details
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85:Michel Micombero
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35:
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462:Lake Tanganyika
400:a military coup
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336:Bururi Province
328:
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208:
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152:Political party
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117:
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1144:978-1849045094
1143:
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1124:
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1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:, p. 230.
1083:
1065:
1035:
1005:
1003:, p. 227.
986:
957:
942:
929:New York Times
916:
914:, p. 220.
904:
891:africanews.com
878:
866:
854:
828:
813:
798:
777:
773:Weinstein 1976
762:
760:, p. 146.
727:
682:
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609:2015 elections
561:1993 elections
532:
529:
489:Central Africa
404:military junta
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269:Born into the
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142:(aged 69)
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122:29 August 1946
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67:Prime Minister
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44:
43:
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37:Bagaza in 1978
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1227:Pierre Buyoya
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1190:9780195337709
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1163:9780810809628
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1001:Lansford 2017
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975:. 17 May 2016
974:
973:allafrica.com
970:
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953:
952:Africa Report
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912:Lansford 2017
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839:
832:
829:
826:, p. 42.
825:
820:
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814:
811:, p. 43.
810:
805:
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799:
796:, p. 41.
795:
790:
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775:, p. 75.
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605:ZĂ©non Nimbona
602:
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582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
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555:and later in
554:
550:
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542:
541:Pierre Buyoya
538:
537:military coup
530:
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388:Supreme Court
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217:Pierre Buyoya
214:
211:
210:Conviction(s)
206:
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177:Fausta Bagaza
175:
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129:Ruanda-Urundi
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97:Pierre Buyoya
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70:
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45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1390:Tutsi people
1339:Ndayishimiye
1288:
1215:
1180:
1153:
1134:
1110:
1101:Bibliography
1086:
1077:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1047:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:the original
1017:
1008:
977:. Retrieved
972:
951:
945:
933:. Retrieved
928:
919:
907:
895:. Retrieved
893:. 4 May 2016
890:
881:
869:
857:
845:. Retrieved
841:
831:
718:. Retrieved
714:
673:. Retrieved
661:
617:
613:major unrest
593:
588:
576:
534:
504:
494:
470:Eastern Bloc
466:Western Bloc
447:
439:
434:
430:
424:
397:
394:Dictatorship
329:
268:
260:
244:
243:
140:(2016-05-04)
92:Succeeded by
56:
18:
1445:Hima people
1385:2016 deaths
1380:1946 births
1058:12 November
1028:12 November
979:12 November
897:12 November
847:12 November
565:coup d'Ă©tat
525:Bob Krueger
80:Preceded by
1374:Categories
1334:Nkurunziza
1314:Ntaryamira
1221:1976–1987
935:7 November
758:Young 2010
622:References
499:under the
478:Arab world
476:, and the
443:PALIPEHUTU
431:Ubugererwa
426:Ubugererwa
408:corruption
196:Allegiance
138:4 May 2016
118:1946-08-29
1329:Ndayizeye
1284:Micombero
1091:Watt 2016
874:Watt 2016
862:Watt 2016
824:Watt 2016
809:Watt 2016
794:Watt 2016
670:0362-4331
372:sociology
352:Bujumbura
321:Biography
257:president
147:, Belgium
57:In office
1362:military
1179:(eds.).
1116:CQ Press
1048:senat.bi
1018:senat.bi
567:against
417:Tanzania
368:Brussels
261:de facto
199:Burundi
183:Children
145:Brussels
47:2nd
1358:interim
1299:Ndadaye
611:. When
360:Belgium
253:Burundi
249:officer
1324:Buyoya
1309:Kinigi
1294:Buyoya
1289:Bagaza
1187:
1160:
1141:
1122:
720:19 May
668:
553:Uganda
549:Canada
545:Quebec
468:, the
421:feudal
332:Rutovu
173:Spouse
164:PARENA
159:UPRONA
125:Rutovu
1304:Ngeze
675:4 May
557:Libya
474:China
435:ikori
413:Zaire
1271:List
1185:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1060:2016
1030:2016
981:2016
937:2019
899:2016
849:2016
722:2021
677:2016
666:ISSN
415:and
301:Hutu
259:and
135:Died
112:Born
521:bar
378:'s
366:in
350:in
338:in
255:as
1376::
1175:;
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989:^
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547:,
535:A
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