285:
neither to a return to the feudal system nor a complete societal transformation. He used symbols of the monarchy to communicate his message and often emphasised his princely status at public appearances, but he stressed that UPRONA would support the monarchy "only insofar as this regime and its dynasty favoured the genuine emancipation of the
Murundi people". The party enjoyed some cohesive success in Usumbura, but never truly cultivated a mass political base, especially outside the capital. UPRONA's internal rules set devolved responsibilities to the central committee, but in practice the party operated at the whim of Rwagasore; it retained relatively weak organisational capability and was held together by his charismatic leadership. His populist tendencies and personal popularity led many of the original chiefs who had supported UPRONA, including founding member Biha, to leave the party and engage in their own political activities.
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to discuss nationalist ideas. According to Biha, UPRONA was created in 1957 to protest a
Belgian administrative reorganisation that disempowered the monarchy. According to linguist Ellen K. Eggers, UPRONA was formed in the late 1950s and Rwagasore became heavily involved with it in 1958. Historian
284:
coastline. The party initially was strongly identified with the interests of the Bezi lineage of Ganwa and support for traditional institutions, but this alignment fell apart after
Rwagasore came into conflict with his father. Under Rwagasore, UPRONA pushed a program of modernisation, committing
279:
Rwagasore took virtual control over the movement, though his familial connection to the Mwami disqualified him from holding any party offices and he officially served UPRONA only as an advisor. UPRONA was able to secure the early financial support of the
Swahili population in Bujumbura and
1352:
1321:
258:
Sources differ on the circumstances of UPRONA's founding. According to political scientist Warren
Weinstein, UPRONA was created shortly after a 1958 meeting of customary chiefs and clergy convened by Burundian prince
1436:
1524:
360:, UPRONA boycotted councillors' and presidential elections but decided to participate in the legislative elections claiming the need to form an opposition bloc in Parliament and to better compete in the
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1471:
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1643:
1509:
1446:
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309:
276:, Rwagasore founded the party in late 1959. It received official recognition from the colonial administration as a political party on 7 January 1960.
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wrote that
Rwagasore and some associates organised the first UPRONA meetings in September and October 1958. According to Governor
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342:
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Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au
Burundi. Essai d'analyse et d'interprétation à partir des partis politiques
82:
1499:
1313:
139:
1595:
1136:
The issues and challenges of democratization in
Burundi. Essay of analysis and interpretation from political parties
1610:
1570:
1129:
323:
322:
FRODEBU. Since 1993, in the case of failure to be elected, UPRONA has always made sure to secure the position of
289:
46:
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1411:
1262:
315:
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1198:
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counterparts, UPRONA remained the dominant force in
Burundian politics until the latter stages of the
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402:
180:
464:
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that ruled the country from 1966 to 1993. In 1993, UPRONA placed second in contested elections to
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125:
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67:
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330:
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223:
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National
Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
1322:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
219:
159:
90:
1147:
1229:
296:(assassinated in 1961). From that time until 1965, the party also had some
304:, became Prime Minister of Burundi. The party was taken over by President
1219:
1381:
1300:
215:
87:
17:
326:
or Prime Minister and some of the top positions in the government.
1157:
Meurtre Au Burundi : La Belgique et l'assassinat de Rwagasore
235:
94:
1142:(PhD thesis) (in French). Université Pau et des Pays de l'Adour.
346:
334:
297:
239:
1271:
1505:
Party for Peace, Democracy, Reconciliation, and Reconstruction
1161:
Murder in Burundi: Belgium and the assassination of Rwagasore
1437:
Movement for the Rehabilitation of Citizens – Rurenzangemero
1525:
Party for the Promotion of the Toiling Masses – Abanyamwete
1520:
Party for the Liberation of the Burundian People – Agakiza
999:
997:
1535:
Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development
1515:
Party for the Integral Renewal of Burundi – Intahemana
1467:
New Alliance for Democracy and Development in Burundi
1163:] (in French). Editions IWACU, Investig' Action.
1563:
1374:
1343:
1312:
349:-based party) on 30 April 2003. At the legislative
152:
138:
124:
116:
101:
81:
73:
63:
53:
32:
1442:National Alliance for Law and Economic Development
300:support, and three of its Hutu members, including
226:but subsequently became an integral part of the
1510:Party for the Economic Independence of Burundi
988:
353:, the party won 7.2% and 15 out of 118 seats.
1447:National Council for the Defense of Democracy
1283:
8:
1496:Party for National Concord – Abasangirajambo
1472:Pan Africanist Socialist Movement – Inkinzo
1182:(third ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
1422:Kaze – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
1290:
1276:
1268:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1015:
45:
29:
1555:Union for Peace and Democracy–Zigamibanga
1003:
1039:
838:
526:
376:
234:after 1966. Dominated by members of the
218:. Initially it emerged as a nationalist
981:
1487:Party for Democracy and Reconciliation
1402:Front for Democracy in Burundi–Nyakuri
1392:Burundo-African Alliance for Salvation
1051:
1027:
1644:Political parties established in 1960
1545:Social Democratic Party – Dusabikanye
238:and increasingly intolerant to their
7:
1457:National Liberation Forces – Icanzo
25:
1492:Party for Justice and Development
1299:
1239:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
1224:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1180:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
964:
957:
956:
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927:
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158:
1586:Free Socialist Party of Burundi
1540:Rally for the People of Burundi
1482:Party for a Non-Violent Society
292:and Burundian National Hero is
1477:Parliamentary Monarchist Party
1427:Liberal Alliance for Democracy
1397:Front for Democracy in Burundi
1128:Banshimiyubusa, Denis (2018).
965:
935:
928:
899:
824:
817:
645:
611:
343:Front for Democracy in Burundi
201:Union pour le Progrès national
120:"UPRONA Ni wewe duhanze Amaso"
38:Union pour le Progrès national
1:
1530:People's Reconciliation Party
1452:National Forces of Liberation
1359:National Congress for Liberty
1328:National Congress for Liberty
1241:. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press.
1649:Political parties in Burundi
1639:Parties of one-party systems
1306:Political parties in Burundi
1550:Union for National Progress
1500:Party for National Recovery
1365:Union for National Progress
1334:Union for National Progress
523:National Assembly elections
314:and became a pillar of the
246:in 2003. It is currently a
193:Union for National Progress
35:Union for National Progress
1665:
1611:Lists of political parties
1576:Christian Democratic Party
1237:Weinstein, Warren (1976).
1201:[About 'Burundi']
1197:Harroy, Jean-Paul (1988).
27:Political party in Burundi
1604:
1462:National Liberation Front
1218:Lemarchand, René (1970).
1178:Eggers, Ellen K. (2006).
166:
157:
44:
991:, pp. 221–222, 224.
1412:Independent Labor Party
1263:UPRONA official website
1199:"A propos de 'Burundi'"
1155:De Witte, Ludo (2021).
1634:Independence movements
1571:Burundi Workers' Party
373:Presidential elections
316:military dictatorships
248:minor opposition party
200:
1207:Bulletins des SĂ©ances
333:handed over power to
288:UPRONA's most famous
224:Belgian colonial rule
1417:Independents of Hope
1090:, pp. 330, 339.
403:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
1615:Politics of Burundi
1591:Party of the People
1407:Green Party-Intwari
1114:, pp. 331–332.
1018:, pp. 326–327.
989:Banshimiyubusa 2018
302:Pierre Ngendandumwe
244:Burundian Civil War
171:Politics of Burundi
1221:Rwanda and Burundi
339:Domitien Ndayizeye
320:Melchior Ndadaye's
236:Tutsi ethnic group
1621:
1620:
1314:National Assembly
1248:978-0-8108-0962-8
1189:978-0-8108-5302-7
1170:978-2-930827-87-2
973:
972:
832:
831:
520:
519:
368:Electoral history
351:elections in 2005
329:UPRONA President
222:in opposition to
189:
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176:Political parties
140:National Assembly
16:(Redirected from
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835:Senate elections
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383:Party candidate
377:
306:Michel Micombero
274:Jean-Paul Harroy
232:Michel Micombero
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49:
30:
21:
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1607:Portal:Politics
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1112:Lemarchand 1970
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1100:Lemarchand 1970
1098:
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1088:Lemarchand 1970
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1082:
1076:Lemarchand 1970
1074:
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1064:Lemarchand 1970
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1016:Lemarchand 1970
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496:Gaston Sindimwo
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370:
294:Louis Rwagasore
282:Lake Tanganyika
261:Louis Rwagasore
256:
230:established by
228:one-party state
212:political party
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68:Louis Rwagasore
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1596:People's Party
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1257:External links
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1104:
1102:, p. 333.
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1068:
1066:, p. 328.
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1054:, p. 611.
1044:
1042:, p. 108.
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1004:Weinstein 1976
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290:Prime Minister
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1375:Unrepresented
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1213:(4): 607–622.
1212:
1209:(in French).
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1040:De Witte 2021
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92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
58:Abel Gashatsi
56:
52:
48:
43:
31:
19:
1581:Common Front
1549:
1364:
1333:
1238:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1179:
1160:
1156:
1135:
1130:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
984:
506:
475:
444:
413:
355:
328:
310:
287:
278:
265:LĂ©opold Biha
257:
220:united front
204:
192:
190:
77:January 1960
1387:ADC–Ikibiri
1122:Works cited
1052:Harroy 1988
1028:Eggers 2006
356:During the
311:coup d'Ă©tat
209:nationalist
91:nationalism
1628:Categories
1148:1085890695
976:References
407:1,752,579
153:Party flag
1230:254366212
851:Position
842:Election
545:Position
530:Election
380:Election
181:Elections
97:interests
88:Burundian
54:President
803:108,865
739:17 / 106
731:251,759
703:15 / 118
695:174,575
659:461,691
555:627,453
438:742,360
108:Red and
83:Ideology
1564:Defunct
1382:Abahuza
811:2 / 123
775:2 / 121
767:71,189
734:11.06%
667:16 / 81
662:21.87%
631:52 / 65
597:21 / 33
563:58 / 64
558:81.23%
500:73,353
469:60,380
441:32.86%
414:Elected
392:Result
341:of the
337:leader
254:History
216:Burundi
207:) is a
146:2 / 123
74:Founded
64:Founder
1345:Senate
1245:
1228:
1186:
1167:
1146:
1138:]
951:1 / 43
922:2 / 43
893:2 / 41
863:2 / 49
845:Seats
806:2.54%
770:2.49%
698:7.21%
539:Seats
533:Votes
503:1.70%
472:2.14%
410:99.6%
386:Votes
205:UPRONA
197:French
132:1 / 43
126:Senate
117:Anthem
110:
106:
102:Colors
18:UPRONA
1203:(PDF)
1159:[
1140:(PDF)
1134:[
308:in a
112:white
95:Tutsi
1355:(34)
1330:(32)
1324:(86)
1243:ISBN
1226:OCLC
1184:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1144:OCLC
969:2nd
945:2020
939:2nd
916:2015
910:2nd
887:2010
881:4th
857:2005
848:+/–
828:3rd
799:2020
793:3rd
763:2015
757:2nd
727:2010
721:3rd
691:2005
685:2nd
655:1993
649:1st
621:1982
615:1st
587:1965
581:1st
551:1961
542:+/–
507:Lost
491:2020
476:Lost
460:2015
445:Lost
429:1993
398:1984
347:Hutu
335:Hutu
298:Hutu
263:and
240:Hutu
191:The
1367:(1)
1361:(1)
1336:(2)
785:15
713:15
677:36
641:31
607:37
573:58
345:(a
214:in
1630::
1613:-
1609:-
1211:34
1205:.
996:^
961:1
873:2
749:2
536:%
389:%
364:.
250:.
203:,
199::
1291:e
1284:t
1277:v
1251:.
1232:.
1192:.
1173:.
1150:.
515:N
484:N
453:N
422:Y
195:(
20:)
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