354:. After ten years' labour the new map of China was completed on 1 January 1717. The fundamental method employed was the exact measurement of distances from which was obtained the longitude and latitude of places; this, supplemented and controlled by the observations of the meridians of the sun and the polar stars, directly gave the latitude. The missionaries were sometimes assisted by the observation of eclipses of the moon and the satellites of Jupiter, of which more perfect process they desired to make use to obtain longitudes, but conditions did not permit.
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142:(Amsterdam, 1655). He was greatly assisted in this work by Chinese books of geography, where he found a mass of descriptive information, the distances between important places, and even maps which however were very crude, the distances having been measured with little exactitude. These imperfect data he supplemented and completed by astronomical observations made in the chief towns by himself and his associates; hence the positions of his Atlas are remarkably accurate. The favour enjoyed by the missionaries with the
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never allow them sufficient time for observation of meridians, the measurement of roads, the variation of the needle (magnetic needle), the rhomb, and the estimation of positions from these elements. The work being finished the completed map had to be sent in haste to the emperor ... compared to what was done elsewhere for maps of countries smaller than China and
Tartary this work can but do honour to the Tatar prince who commanded such a worthy undertaking and assuredly it did not discredit our Fathers."
232:(8 June 1708) and began operations on the great Wall. On 16 October they estimated its extent to be 21° long., or almost half the widest breadth of the United States from east to west and had determined the positions of the fortified towns "by which it was flanked", according to Régis. At the end of two months, Bouvet, being ill, retired to Beijing. Régis and Jartoux reached the western edge of the Great Wall at
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of map-makers to do missionary work, to procure assistance and protection for the missionaries of the provinces, and to establish new missions. The
Chinese and Tartar mandarins who accompanied them hindered them exceedingly; they had orders not to let the Fathers go where they would, ... and would
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measured their route to the eastern extremity of the famous rampart by means of regularly divided cords, keeping track of directions with the assistance of a compass, and frequently observing the meridian of the sun in order to calculate latitudes. In four days they reached the
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The early Jesuit missionaries had already endeavoured to make known to Europe the true geography of China, of which at the end of the 16th century even the best cartographers were utterly ignorant. Their achievements up to the middle of the 17th century are summed up in the
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on 14 September 1683, or 13 September 1679, and in 1698 went on the
Chinese mission, where he served science and the Catholic religion for forty years, and took the chief share in the making of the general map of the Chinese Empire. He died in
452:. One part of the first volume is occupied with Prolegomena which contain the most valuable introduction to the Chinese higher classics that has yet been published ("Notions of the Chinese concerning God and the spirits", 1852, 69).
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Gaubil describes his great virtue as humility and modesty, and says: "He was universally esteemed and loved by the missionaries of various bodies, Christians and the people of the Court who associated with him".
248:. They returned to Beijing on 10 January 1709. Their map pleased the Kangxi Emperor, who requested the continuation of the work for the provinces outside the Great Wall and for China proper.
189:(1688–98) acquiring more geographical information concerning them. In 1701 the great work of the general map of the empire, begun by the topographical drawing of the capital city of
408:, the geologist and explorer of China, wrote "If we consider the time at which it was made, the map of the Jesuits, as a whole, may be called a masterpiece" (China, I, 686).
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gave new impetus to scholarly labours in the mission, especially to geography. Provided with perfected instruments and trained in the methods of the astronomers of the
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and others who worked at the meridian assisted by all the necessary instruments and having plenty of time at their disposals. Our
Fathers made use of the
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Régis also turned his attention to the ancient
Chinese books (king). Gaubil praises his "sane criticism" on the subject, and the English sinologist
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435:, Paris, fr. MS. 17, 242; Du Halde availed himself of the writing to a great extent but would have done better to publish it entire.
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and its environs, including the ancient summer residences of the emperors and 1700 towns or villages, was assigned to
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Jartoux, who with Régis and
Fridelli had the largest share in it, sent a copy to France, where it was published by
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and completed their work by the mensuration of an interior lateral wall which had brought them to
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384:"When thinking of a map of China and Tatary, you had in mind such men as MM.
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158:) during two journeys made to that country with the emperor (1682–1683).
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487: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
425:(1735). Régis composed a short commentary on it under the name of
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92:(11 June 1663 or 29 January 1664 – 24 November 1738) was a French
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Nouvelle géographie de la Chine et de la
Tartarie orientale
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146:(1662–1722) made it possible for them to improve on this.
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to the west. The year 1712 brought a new reinforcement;
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The arrival in China in 1687 of French
Jesuits sent by
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Parennin then induced him to consent to a map of the
442:writes: "Régis is known as the interpreter of the
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448:. His work was edited at Stuttgart, in 1834, by
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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374:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
197:, a Belgian of Namur, and three Frenchmen,
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338:. Meanwhile, Fridelli and Bonjour were at
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
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185:made eight journeys through Tatary and
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503:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
417:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville
178:Histoire de l'Académie des Sciences
601:French Roman Catholic missionaries
493:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
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150:collected the earliest ideas of "
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290:and Cardoso made the maps of
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591:17th-century French Jesuits
357:In reply to a criticism of
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119:. He was received into the
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466:Jesuit missions in China
183:Jean-François Gerbillion
32:This article includes a
16:French Jesuit missionary
422:Description de la Chine
406:Ferdinand de Richthofer
61:more precise citations.
433:Bibliothèque Nationale
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500:Catholic Encyclopedia
282:in the north and the
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312:Anne-Marie de Mailla
223:. Bouvet, Régis and
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495:Jean-Baptiste Régis
251:Régis, Jartoux and
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90:Jean-Baptiste Régis
586:People from Istres
203:Dominique Parrenin
148:Ferdinand Verbiest
111:Régis was born at
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34:list of references
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269:Augustinian
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267:, and the
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524:Biography
398:avocation
394:Chazelles
304:Guangdong
261:Manchuria
234:Jiayuguan
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460:See also
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187:Mongolia
175:and the
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