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382:, not published them for de Mairan. Alternatively, it may be that de Mairan simply was not available to present this work himself. It was quite common at the time, when travels were slow, for one scientist to present the work of another. Whatever the case, this rather obscure one-page contribution by a prolific and highly respected academician did stand the test of time. It is by far the most if not the only paper by de Mairan which is still quoted in the current scientific literature (bar purely historical reviews). When describing his work with
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have internal clocks driving leaf rhythms, but rather that they were able "to sense the Sun without ever seeing it". The concept of an internal clock was actually not formulated until much later, although de Mairan did suggest that "it would be curious to test whether, using kilns heated to higher or lower temperatures, one could artificially recreate a day & night perceptible to ; and whether in doing so one could reverse the order of the phenomena of true day & true night."
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through the atmosphere at two different known angular elevations being given, to find what part of the absolute light of the sun is intercepted by the atmosphere at any desired elevation." In this paper, de Mairan made a hypothesis based on mere observations, supposing that the ratio had been measured, even though it had not. The significance of de Mairan's work, although incorrect, led his protégé,
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on 26 November 1678. De Mairan lost his father, François d'Ortous, at age four and his mother twelve years later at age sixteen. Over the course of his life, de Mairan was elected into numerous scientific societies and made key discoveries in a variety of fields including ancient texts and astronomy.
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plant and performed a simple experiment where he exposed the plants to constant darkness and recorded the behaviour. De Mairan's key conclusion was that the daily rhythmic opening and closing of the leaves persisted even in the absence of sunlight. However, de Mairan did not infer that heliotropes
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of its elevation. He neglected the effects of atmosphere, admitting that he did not know how much the sun's heat would be absorbed by it. Two and a half years later, he presented a paper to the
Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris: "Problem: the ratio of two degrees or quantities of sunlight seen
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Despite
Marchant's publication of de Mairan's work, which might have suggested the existence of endogenous biological clocks, rhythms in plant movements were for a long time thought to be extrinsically controlled, by light and dark cycles, or magnetic and temperature oscillations, or even a
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as "Secrétaire perpétuel" of the Académie in 1740, a position he accepted only for 3 years, and thus duly resigned in 1743. De Mairan also served as the Académie's assistant director and later director intermittently between 1721 and 1760. Eventually, de Mairan was appointed editor of the
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241:. In 1702, he returned home to BĂ©ziers and began his lifelong study of several fields, most notably astronomy and plant rhythms. Furthermore, during his time in BĂ©ziers, he ate almost every day with the Bishop,
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But his botanist friend Jean
Marchant, to whom de Mairan had described his observations, decided that the finding was so important that he would tell the world about it at a scientific meeting in Paris in
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where he remained pensionnaire until 1743 and served as secretary from 1741 to 1743. In 1746, he was reinstated as pensionnaire géomètre, or full-time boarding
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Ellen McNiven Hine (1996): Jean-Jacques
Dortous de Mairan and the Geneva connection: Scientific networking in the eighteenth century (The Voltaire Foundation)
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leaf movements in constant conditions, finding them to be 22–23 hours long. This was probably the first hint of what is now called the circadian (from Latin
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The following is an abbreviated list of publications (with their
English translations) organised by Dr. Robert A. Hatch at the University of Florida:
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252:. In 1723, de Mairan, who had become a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, co-founded the Académie de Béziers under the protection of
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Beyond astronomical and circadian observations, de Mairan actively worked in several other fields of physics including "heat, light, sound,
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of light that causes cold in winter and heat in summer. He postulated that the sun's heating effect was related to the square of the
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In 1729, de Mairan performed an experiment that demonstrated the existence of circadian rhythms in plants, specifically the
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His observations and experiments also inspired the beginning of what is now known as the study of biological
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In 1731, he published "Traite
Physique et Historique De l'Aurore Boreale" (a short summary appeared in the
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451:) nature of such endogenous rhythms, found in practically all living organisms, including some bacteria.
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Zordan, Mauro; Costa, Rodolfo; MacIno, Giuseppe; Fukuhara, Chiaki; Tosini, Gianluca (2000).
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in a cucumber plant in constant conditions, similar to what de Mairan observed, can be seen
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492:(St. Petersburg) in 1718. De Mairan was also a member of the Royal Societies of London,
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and other great lords heaped extravagant gifts upon him. He was also secretary to the
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Dissertation on the cause of light phosphates and noctilucence or nightly light
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Middleton, WEK (May 1964). "The Early
History of the Visibility Problem".
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Dissertation sur la cause de la lumiere des phosphores et des noctiluques
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Dissertation sur l'estimation et la mesure des forces motrices des corps
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In 1729, de Mairan constructed an experiment showing the existence of a
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In 1823, almost a century after de Mairan's work, the Swiss botanist
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are caused by the Sun, as the interaction of the atmosphere with the
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Essay on the estimation of the measures of acting forces on the body
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models or the rhythmic running activity of mice, founder of modern
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988:"The physiology and molecular bases of the plant circadian clock"
946:"Temporal Organization: Reflections of a Darwinian Clock-Watcher"
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Lettre de m. de Mairan a Madame. Sur la question des forces vives
27:
18th-century French geophysicist, astronomer, and chronobiologist
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Honorary members of the Saint
Petersburg Academy of Sciences
370:. He was intrigued by the daily opening and closing of the
268:). Eventually, de Mairan received official lodging in the
400:, recognised the work of Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan.
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These results may have gone unnoticed had his colleague,
321:(See 'Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants' below).
909:
Making Waves: Irving Dardik and His
Superwave Principle
612:
Letter to Mme
Chatelet on the Question of Living Forces
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François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac
1085:"Mairan, Jean-Jacques Dortous De | Encyclopedia.com"
1132:. Paris: Nouvelle biographie generale. p. 335.
192:(26 November 1678 – 20 February 1771) was a French
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568:(Bordeaux, 1715) (Essays on barometric variations)
636:Traité physique et historique de l'aurore boréale
347:) in which he put up a novel hypothesis that the
1416:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
944:Pittendrigh, Colin S.; Harold A. Miller (1993).
881:"Clock Classics: It all started with the plants"
834:"Biological Clocks – Garden Variety Experiments"
324:In 1731, he also observed a nebulosity around a
1166:Clock Classics: It all started with the plants
757:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1161:Biological Clocks — Garden Variety Experiments
48:Engraving by Pierre-Charles Ingouf (1746–1800)
1238:François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire
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566:Dissertation sur les variations du barometre
426:mysterious, yet-to-be identified X-factor.
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1130:Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
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1426:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1411:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
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776:"Circadian Clocks: What Makes Them Tick?"
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480:. Also, in 1735, de Mairan was elected a
459:In 1718, de Mairan was inducted into the
360:Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants
293:In 1719, De Mairan discussed the varying
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317:in plants, presumably originating from
753:"An account of a book by Mr de Mairan"
630:He also published mathematical works.
209:. At the age of 92, de Mairan died of
484:and in 1769, a Foreign Member of the
225:from 1694–1697 with a focus on
7:
455:Scientific societies and recognition
288:Observations and notable experiments
229:. In 1698 he went to Paris to study
965:10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.000313
420:
260:(and himself a protégé of a former
243:Louis-Charles des Alrics du Rousset
906:Lewin, Roger (29 September 2005).
858:de Mairan's paper can be accessed
689:"Mairan, Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de"
25:
1436:Members of the Académie Française
486:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
463:. The Cardinal de Fleury and the
119:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
540:Sur la question des forces vives
433:expanded on it by measuring the
1406:Deaths from pneumonia in France
1401:18th-century French astronomers
1246:Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan
469:Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle
421:De Mairan's experimental legacy
190:Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan
148:
36:Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan
1128:de Fouchy, Grandjean (1774) .
883:. ScienceBlogs. Archived from
221:De Mairan attended college in
213:in Paris on 20 February 1771.
18:Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
1:
1396:University of Toulouse alumni
1035:McClung, Robertson C (2006).
986:Somers, DE (September 1999).
1421:Fellows of the Royal Society
1156:At the dawn of chronobiology
461:Académie Royale des Sciences
431:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
332:. This was later designated
953:Annual Review of Physiology
780:Chronobiology International
482:Fellow of the Royal Society
476:, a science periodical, by
467:selected Mairan to replace
256:, acting prime minister of
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1294:Ustazade Silvestre de Sacy
345:Philosophical Transactions
276:. It is reported that the
111:French Academy of Sciences
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1037:"Plant Circadian Rhythms"
573:Dissertation sur la glace
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1262:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
117:, Foreign Member of the
1230:Jacques Testu de Belval
237:under the teachings of
200:), born in the town of
1053:10.1105/tpc.106.040980
836:. HHMI. Archived from
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478:Chancellor d'Aguesseau
89:University of Toulouse
1146:Galileo project entry
792:10.1081/CBI-100101056
687:Westfall, Richard S.
538:
531:Selected publications
1302:Eugène Marin Labiche
1089:www.encyclopedia.com
864:available in English
502:Institute of Bologna
1391:People from BĂ©ziers
739:10.1364/AO.3.000599
731:1964ApOpt...3..599K
693:The Galileo Project
550:, the shape of the
518:Académie de Béziers
474:Journal des sçavans
435:free running period
319:an endogenous clock
239:Nicolas Malebranche
194:natural philosopher
178:Nicolas Malebranche
1270:Jean-Sifrein Maury
1207:Académie française
1115:Westfall Catalogue
1004:10.1104/pp.121.1.9
912:. Harmony/Rodale.
887:on 18 October 2011
620:Émilie du Châtelet
588:(Bordeaux, 1717) (
576:(Bordeaux, 1716) (
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488:as well as to the
254:Cardinal de Fleury
154:Cardinal de Fleury
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919:978-1-62336-240-9
614:), one side of a
465:Count of Maurepas
405:circadian rhythms
398:Colin Pittendrigh
262:Bishop of BĂ©ziers
207:circadian rhythms
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126:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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506:Academy of Rouen
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315:circadian rhythm
306:, to invent the
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879:(29 May 2008).
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1092:. Retrieved
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